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1
Loxley, Diana. Problematic shores: The literature of islands. London: Macmillan, 1990.
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Loxley, Diana. Problematic shores: The literature of islands. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.
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Bettini, Virginio, und Daniele Zannin. Portoscuso: La gassificazione della V.I.A. : il gassificatore Ati-Sulcis, le problematiche ambientali connesse al progetto. Napoli: CUEN, 2002.
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Godreau, Isar P. Place, Race, and the Housing Debate. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038907.003.0002.
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This chapter provides a detailed ethnographic account of the housing controversy in San Antón. It places particular emphasis on the racial and spatial coordinates that informed debate over its implementation, pointing to the problematic and contested deployment of scripts of nostalgia, homogeneity, matrifocality, harmony, and unchanging traditions that marked San Antón as an exceptional place of racialized difference. The controversy over housing showed the inadequacy of an approach that romanticized the community without considering the social relationships of power that shaped it and, more importantly, without discussing its transformations with residents. Moreover, the housing project failed to recognize San Antón residents' everyday practices and desires as modern, casting them instead as bearers of unchanging traditions.
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Problematic Shores. Palgrave Macmillan, 1990.
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Balboni, Michael J., und Tracy A. Balboni. Problematic Rapprochement Strategies. Herausgegeben von Michael J. Balboni und Tracy A. Balboni. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199325764.003.0014.
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Current rapprochement strategies for medicine and spirituality are in tension with three distinct constituencies: skeptics, spiritual generalists, and religious particularists. Each constituency needs to compromise without losing its core values. Skeptics need to reconsider partnership with religion. Skeptics would gain by having an alliance with the social force of religions, which may alone can resist expanding market and bureaucratic forces. Spiritual generalists should move away from insisting that generic spirituality be accepted by all while still having a place at the table to advocate for their particular view. Distancing the movement of spirituality and health from religion provides some short-term gains but will unlikely lead to medicine’s meaningful transformation. Religious particularists must embrace both a functional definition of religion and the importance of empirical research of spirituality and religion. While finding common ground between these diverse groups is challenging given our current social context, new strategies are necessary for rapprochement.
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Fantl, Jeremy. On Inviting Problematic Speakers to Campus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807957.003.0008.
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This chapter argues that it is often impermissible to invite problematic speakers to campus. Opponents of campus speech codes often argue that it is important to invite problematic speakers in order to teach students resilience. On the contrary, I argue, if you know that their past or future behavior is both wrong and reflects accurately on their current attitudes or dispositions, it is impermissible to invite them. To do so can require you to stand in solidarity with the problematic speaker and thereby stand against—to betray—those who have been or will be victimized by their speech or behavior. Inviting a speaker to campus comes with obligations to the speaker—obligations of politeness and respect. Because it is impermissible to satisfy those obligations to certain kinds of problematic speakers, it is impermissible to invite them in the first place.
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Loxley, Diana. Problematic Shores: The Literature of Islands. Palgrave Macmillan, 1991.
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Gatta, John. Houses of the Spirit. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646547.003.0002.
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Domiciles ordinarily represent the first space that humans occupy, structures through which they begin to realize their own being and relation to the larger world. It is also in and through houses that humans may first experience themselves as souls, gaining sacramental intimations of a spirituality mediated through yet also beyond the materiality of their primal shelter. This chapter reflects on the diverse ways in which house structures, even as they are stationed in space, play a critical role in the spiritual journeying of writers such as Henry Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Harriet Beecher Stowe. With reference to fictional works by Willa Cather, Marilynne Robinson, and Ernest Gaines, this chapter also reflects on the problematic complications of humankind’s relation to home places—that is, on what it means to be displaced and the existential consequence of encountering former houses that are no longer homes.
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McGill, Sarah. The Financialization Thesis Revisited: Commodities as an Asset Class. Herausgegeben von Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler und Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.51.
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Roughly coinciding with the onset of the commodity price boom of the 2000s was an influx of financial investment in commodity derivatives. This ‘financialization’ has given rise to debates regarding the potential influence of investors on commodity prices. This chapter examines these debates and places them within the context of the wider scholarship on financialization. It argues that critiques of financialization are problematic in several important respects. They are underpinned by long-standing suspicions and misconceptions of derivatives trading as a socially unproductive or harmful activity; they tend to conflate the participation of financial investors with ‘speculation’. The chapter finds that the term ‘financialization’ is ultimately misleading for in its characterization of the new institutional realities of the commodity price formation process. Rather than attempting to demarcate ‘purely’ financial investment in commodities from commercial trading, ‘financialization’ should refer to the growth of ‘hyper’ or short-term trading that occurs in commodity markets.
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1955-, Herrera Bravo Ramón, und Salazar Revuelta María, Hrsg. Problemática del derecho romano ante la implantación de los nuevos planes de estudio. [Jaén]: Universidad de Jaén, 1999.
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Okasha, Samir. Agents and Goals in Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.001.0001.
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In evolutionary biology, there is a mode of thinking which is quite common, and philosophically significant. This is ‘agential thinking’. In its paradigm case, agential thinking involves treating an evolved organism as if it were an agent pursuing a goal, such as survival and reproduction, and treating its phenotypic traits, including its behaviours, as strategies for achieving this goal. Less commonly, the entities that are treated as agent-like are genes or groups, rather than individual organisms. Agential thinking is related to the familiar Darwinian point that organisms’ evolved traits are often adaptive, but it goes beyond this. For it involves deliberately transposing a set of concepts—goals, interests, strategies—whose original application is to rational human agents, to the biological world at large. There are two possible attitudes towards agential thinking in biology. The first sees it as mere anthropomorphism, an instance of the psychological bias which leads humans to see intention and purpose in places where they do not exist. The second sees agential thinking as a natural and justifiable way of describing or reasoning about Darwinian evolution and its products. The truth turns out to lie in between these extremes, for agential thinking is not a monolithic whole. Some forms of agential thinking are problematic, but others admit of a solid justification, and when used carefully, can be a source of insight.
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Nancy, Jean-Luc. Portrait. Übersetzt von Sarah Clift und Simon Sparks. Fordham University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823279944.001.0001.
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This book examines the practice of portraits as a way in to grasping the paradoxes of subjectivity. This book is written from the perspective that the portrait is suspended between likeness and strangeness, identity and distance, representation and presentation, exactitude and forcefulness. It can identify an individual, but it can also express the dynamics by means of which its subject advances and withdraws. The book consists of two extended essays written a decade apart but in close conversation, in which the author considers the range of aspirations articulated by the portrait. Heavily illustrated, it includes a newly written preface bringing the two essays together and a substantial Introduction, which places the author's work within the range of thinking of aesthetics and the subject, from religion, to aesthetics, to psychoanalysis. Though undergirded by a powerful grasp of the philosophical and psychoanalytic tradition that has rendered our sense of the subject so problematic, this book is at heart an unpretentious reading of three dozen portraits, from ancient drinking mugs to recent experimental or parodic pieces in which the artistic representation of a sitter is made from their blood, germ cultures, or DNA. The contemporary world of ubiquitous photos, the book argues, in no way makes the portrait a thing of the past. On the contrary, the forms of appearing that mark the portrait continue to challenge how we see the bodies and representations that dominate our world.
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Jarjour, Tala. Sense and Sadness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190635251.001.0001.
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Sense and Sadness is a story of the living practice of Syriac chant in Aleppo, Syria. To understand and explain this oral tradition, the book puts forward the concept of the emotional economy of music aesthetics, an economy in which the emotional and the aesthetic interrelate in mutually indicative ways. The book is based on observing chant practice in the Syrian Orthodox Church in contemporary contexts in the Middle East and beyond, while keeping as its nexus of analysis the Edessan chant of St. George’s Church of Hayy al-Suryan and focusing on Passion Week. It examines written sources on the music of Syriac chant in light of ethnographic analysis, thus combining various modes of knowledge on this problematic subject. This historically informed reading of an early Christian liturgical tradition reveals contemporary modes of significance in the dynamic social and political surroundings of a community that endures exile after exile. The book thus places the music, and its subject(s), in a global context the only stable element of which is uncertainty. The first of the book’s four parts addresses issues of contextuality, such as geographic and temporal situationality, along with musical complexity in conceptions of modality. The second and third parts address overlapping modes of knowledge and value, respectively, in the musical ecclesiastical enterprise. The final part brings together the book’s subthemes. Spirituality, ethnic religiosity, authority, and value-based forms of identification and sociality are brought to bear on analyzing ḥasho: the mode, emotion, and time of commemorating divine suffering and human sadness.
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Bonnefoy, Laurent. Yemen and the World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922597.001.0001.
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Contemporary Yemen has an image-problem. It has long fascinated travelers and artists, and to many the country embodies both Arab and Muslim authenticity; it stands at important geostrategic and commercial crossroads. Yet, strangely, Yemen is globally perceived as somehow both marginal and passive, while also being dangerous and problematic. The Saudi offensive launched in 2015 has made Yemen a victim of regional power struggles, while the global “war on terror” has labelled it a threat to international security. This perception has had disastrous effects without generating real interest in the country or its people. On the contrary, Yemen's complex political dynamics have been largely ignored by international observers--resulting in problematic, if not counterproductive, international policies. Yemen and the World aims at correcting these misconceptions and omissions, putting aside the nature of the world's interest in Yemen to focus on Yemen's role on the global stage. Laurent Bonnefoy uses six areas of modern international exchange--globalization, diplomacy, trade, migration, culture and militant Islamism--to restore Yemen to its place at the heart of contemporary affairs. To understand Yemen, he argues, is to understand the Middle East as a whole.
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Anooshahr, Ali. Mongols in the Tarikh-i Rashidi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693565.003.0006.
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This chapter will continue to investigate Central Asia by showing how the Mongol prince Mirza Haydar Dughlat (d. 1551) ruminated wistfully about his Mongol origins nostalgically as a time of aristocratic order that had vanished by his day. Yet Mirza Haydar also had to confront negative aspects of that past such as paganism and violence. In short the author perceived Turco-Mongol origins as a biological problem which was however not ethnic. Here too, as in the case of Transoxania in the previous chapter, Turkestani origins were always problematic and were deferred to another time and place beyond the author’s present context and circumstances.
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Margaretten, Emily. Shelter Hopping. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039607.003.0002.
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This chapter outlines the institutional displacements and disenfranchisements of Durban's street youth population. It follows their movements from shelter to shelter as they attempt to establish a semblance of stability in a precarious situation of state-sanctioned evictions and arrests. One of these shelters is Thuthukani, a children's street shelter located in the metropolis of Durban. The chapter also discusses the centrality of Point Place as a viable yet problematic housing option for older street youth and females. In this sense, it sets up the overarching narrative of the study, in which the youth look to each other to mitigate the hardships of their urban poverty.
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Reynolds, Elizabeth K., und Linda C. Mayes. Impulsivity in Adolescents. Herausgegeben von Jon E. Grant und Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0132.
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Adolescence is the time between the beginning of sexual maturation and adulthood, typically bounded by the ages of 13 to 19 years. One construct that holds a central place in many theories of development and psychopathology is impulsivity. Impulsivity has been considered to play an important role in normal behavior as well as linked to several problematic behaviors that are present or arise during adolescence. Impulsivity, considered to be a multidimensional construct, has been defined and measured in a variety of ways. This chapter will discuss the definitions of impulsivity, measurement (including self-report and behavioral tasks), developmental course, behaviors and disorders in which it is implicated, and future directions.
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Letsas, George. The Margin of Appreciation Revisited. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0018.
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The idea that states have discretion in complying with their human rights obligations, and the idea that human rights obligations should be compatible with a degree of diversity between states, are either trivial or misleading. In order to assess properly the doctrine of the Margin of Appreciation, one has to reconstruct it as a normative thesis about the conditions under which an international human rights court should place substantial weight on a decision by a domestic authority. Thus understood, however, the doctrine is problematic as it offends the values underlying human rights and the rule of international law. The chapter evaluates Andreas Follesdal’s particular defence of the Margin of Appreciation and argues that neither sovereignty nor democracy provides normative support for unqualified judicial deference. It argues further that the exceptions Follesdal wishes to place on deference to democratic institutions end up covering the whole of the scope of human rights obligations, making the idea of deference redundant.
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Brown, Andrew, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, Brian Grant, Barrie Greiff, Duane Hagen, Stephen Heidel et al. On the Value of Work. Herausgegeben von Andrew Brown, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, Brian Grant, Barrie Greiff, Duane Hagen, Stephen Heidel et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190697068.003.0001.
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Work is essential to healthy and adaptive human psychological functioning. The work ethic couples work and reward in order to endow work with meaning. The healthy workplace supports relationships and behaviors that promote a strong work ethic and cohesive group function such that the overall goals of the workplace can be accomplished and the mental health of the individual workers is enhanced. This book describes key drivers that disrupt the workplace environment and provides strategies and tools to address problematic behaviors and emotions that place the mental health of employees at risk and reduce the effectiveness of the organization. These tools can help managers, employees, and company leaders to optimize work functioning and informs mental health professionals who treat employees in distress.
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Wijdicks, Eelco F. M. International Criteria of Brain Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190662493.003.0003.
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Brain death criteria have mostly developed when there are organ donation policies in place. The variability in criteria and practices around the world is striking but also inherently problematic, with no consensus in sight. This chapter surveys the criteria across the continents, including in Canada, Europe, South America, Africa, Asian and the Middle East, and Australia and New Zealand. There is a specific focus on the brain death criteria in the United Kingdom and alleged contrasts with U.S. guidelines. A discussion of how best to achieve uniform criteria, despite obstacles, is described. Toward that effort a case is made to and allow the diagnosis of brain death if, after excluding any possible confounder, all brainstem reflexes have disappeared and the patient has become demonstrably apneic.
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Ledoux, Joseph. What are Fear and Anxiety? Listening to the Brain. Herausgegeben von Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar und Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0036.
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Imprecise language plagues discussions of “anxiety disorders” and other forms of mental illness. For example, failure to clearly distinguish the constructs “fear” and “anxiety” leads to confused interpretations of findings. Moreover, because both terms are most commonly used to refer to subjective experiences, their use in describing both subjective experiences and behavioral and physiological responses that sometimes, but not always, occur with the experiences, is also problematic. The failure of anxiolytic drug development is due in part to unrealistic expectations generated by imprecise use of the terms fear and anxiety. In order for the science of fear and anxiety to advance, scientists need to pay more attention to their scientific language.
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Dallam, Marie W. The 21st-Century Cowboy Church Movement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190856564.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 seeks to distinguish the ideology and approaches of the present-day cowboy church movement. Drawing heavily on the author’s experiences as a participant observer, this chapter explores cowboy church worship elements and physical spaces—including the roles played by live band music and arenas in attracting new worshippers—and examines the grassroots educational seminars that strive to unite leaders around core teachings. It also discusses several problematic issues, such as the consequences of having high numbers of “new” Christians, debates about arena ministry, and conflicting stances on morality taken by clusters of leaders. It thereby also showcases the diversity among cowboy churches.
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Hermanson, Chrisantha. Scrutinizing Intentions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812852.003.0008.
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Most humanitarian interventions are suspected of having secondary, non-humanitarian motives. This chapter interrogates whether, and when, the presence of some such secondary motive counts against an intervention morally. The problematic cases are those in which secondary motives lead the intervening power to take actions beyond what are necessary to achieve the stated humanitarian purpose of the intervention. While the intended beneficiaries of any humanitarian intervention can be assumed to consent to its primary aim of rescuing them, they cannot be assumed to consent to these additional actions taken in pursuit of secondary, non-altruistic ambitions. The chapter also considers abuses that might take place in the aftermath of intervention, during post-atrocity reconstruction. The central concern here is with offers of aid or loans for reconstruction that are conditional on imposed criteria.
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Ehrlich, Matthew C., und Joe Saltzman. Professionalism. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039027.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses how popular culture has portrayed professionalism's key tenets. Apart from questioning whether journalists are true professionals (or even should be professionals) scholars have been particularly interested in the role of “objectivity” in journalism and in the practice and philosophy behind journalism ethics. In popular culture, so-called objective reporting is shown to be deeply problematic and is often implicitly equated to a lack of passion and commitment. Still, professional values do have a place as ethical dilemmas are brought to dramatic life and journalists who violate the public trust suffer the consequences of their misdeeds. Indeed, pop culture reinforces many of the critiques of professionalism—hard, cold reality trumps principles taught in school; reportorial objectivity is difficult to achieve; and ethical choices are fraught with unforeseen consequences.
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Goodall, Alex. Divided Loyalties. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038037.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on how the Palmer Raids of the winter of 1919–20 were the most draconian single instance of federal repression in the United States' peacetime history. Nothing in the McCarthy era can compare to the mass arrests and beatings, arbitrary incarcerations, and summary deportations that took place in dozens of cities across the nation. Capping off a year of industrial crisis, foreign insecurity, and political conflict, they helped solidify the divisions of the war years, institutionalizing them in an underground communist movement on one side and new patriotic organizations on the other. Given the power of the repressive politics that arised between 1917 and 1920, it is a surprising and problematic fact that the national Republican administrations of the 1920s saw no new countersubversive policies developed.
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Ott, Walter. The Cartesians. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791713.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the crisis of perception as it figures in the work of four of Descartes’s immediate successors: Louis de la Forge, Robert Desgabets, Pierre-Sylvain Régis, and Antoine Arnauld. La Forge opts for a version of Descartes’s last view, which has no place for natural geometry. Desgabets defends a version of Descartes’s earliest view, which requires the mind to turn to the brain image. Régis thinks we sense colors and sounds and the rest and then use these to imagine extension. Arnauld’s case is especially problematic, since he rejects the mind-independent existence of sensible qualities but seems committed to some version of direct realism. He is then left with the question how the mind projects these illusory states on to extended bodies, a question for which he has no answer.
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Morales, Harold D. Radicals. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190852603.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 is a critical appraisal of media practices that assume conflict rather than peaceful coexistence. It engages the “clash of civilizations” thesis articulated by both Samuel Huntington and the Mujahedeen Team, a Latino Muslim hip-hop group. The assumed media war contributes to both the reduction of Latino Muslims into simplistic binaries, between so-called good and bad Muslims, and also links a so-called Latino nature to radical religiosity. News coverage of Antonio Martinez’s arrest on charges of terrorism placed this problematic practice on full display. Responses by Latino Muslim leaders and organizations, however, often assumed a media war themselves. The chapter recommends that a better approach to “clashes of civilizations” or “cosmic wars” is to deny their very existence or overshadow their discursive relevance with much more complex, diverse, and fluid visions of American diversity.
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McLaughlin, Robert L. Sondheim and Postmodernism. Herausgegeben von Robert Gordon. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195391374.013.0002.
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This chapter places the musical theater of Stephen Sondheim and his collaborators in two contexts: the late-1960s aesthetic exhaustion of the integrated musical play and the rise of postmodernism as a cultural dominant. Self-referentially unintegrated and self-consciously performative, Sondheim’s musicals move beyond the constraints of the musical play and participate in the postmodern critique of narrative as an aesthetic, epistemological, and ontological structure.Company(1970) andFollies(1971) use a formal critique of narrative to disconnect identity from the structure of the life story.Merrily We Roll Along(1981) employs a backward-moving narrative to problematize a structure-completing, progressive conception of time.Road Show(2008) replaces the exhausted master narrative of the American Dream with multiple temporary and contingent narratives.
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Kerins, Mark. Multichannel Gaming and the Aesthetics of Interactive Surround. Herausgegeben von John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman und Carol Vernallis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733866.013.014.
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This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. This chapter examines multichannel sound—specifically 5.1-channel surround sound—in video games, using gaming genres to explore the varying ways that games structure the three-way relationship among a multichannel sound track, onscreen visuals, and the game play itself. This approach uncovers distinct strategies of multichannel usage in platformers, first-person shooters, third-person 3D games, and rhythm games, and shows how these differ from traditional cinematic multichannel uses, especially in the way they problematize the relationship between image and sound. These differing approaches to game aesthetics illustrate different ways of conceiving the relationship among players, their in-game avatars, and the game world, with the sound mixing “rules” programmed into a game revealing the type of immersion and interactivity the game can promote. For example, some strategies reinforce the player–avatar connection, whereas others increase the distance between them. The chapter concludes by considering how industrial and technical factors unique to gaming impact multichannel sound usage.
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Beebee, Helen. Epiphenomenalism for Functionalists. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0015.
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This chapter focuses on an assumption implicitly made by most recent attempts to solve the exclusion problem for mental causation, that mental (and so multiply realized) properties are ‘distinct existences’ from their alleged effects. Without that assumption, no such solution can work, since we have excellent grounds for thinking that there is no causation between entities that are not distinct from one another. But, assuming functionalism—which, after all, constitutes the grounds for thinking that mental properties are multiply realized in the first place—mental properties are not distinct from the effects to which they are alleged to bear causal relevance, since functional properties are defined in terms of the causal roles of their realizers. The chapter argues, however, that the natural consequence—epiphenomenalism with respect to mental properties—is not as problematic as many philosophers tend to assume.
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van Oosterhout, J. (Hans), und Pursey P. M. A. R. Heugens. Much Ado about Nothing. Herausgegeben von Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon und Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0009.
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This article refutes the underlying conceptual need for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the first place. All told, these critiques offer some serious challenges to the CSR field, although the conclusions reached by each of the contributors differ as to their degree of optimism or pessimism regarding its potential. The conceptual critique of the CSR concept is structured as follows. First, this article introduces some distinctions for evaluating CSR as an academic concept. It then sketches a short history of CSR concept formation, and elaborates on definitions and operationalizations of the CSR concept. Finding that CSR is problematic both theoretically and empirically, it proceeds to explore what—if any—role remains for the notion of CSR in business and society research. It concludes that it would be prudent for the field to dispense with the notion of CSR altogether.
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Carr, Madeline. Cyberspace and International Order. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0010.
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When The Anarchical Society was published in 1977, the world was on the doorstep of seismic technological change. Forty years later, the information age has placed cyber security at the centre of many global political concerns including armed conflict and international law. The ongoing difficulties associated with accurately attributing cyber attacks introduce a new dimension of anarchy in international relations. This essay draws on Bull’s ideas about social interplay to explore the problem of attribution in cyberspace. It finds that the difficulties of identifying (even) state actors undermine some of the processes and institutions upon which Bull based his ideas. However, it also finds that Bull’s work is useful in unpicking exactly why attribution is so problematic for international relations. Ultimately, Bull’s expectation that actors will look for social solutions to maintain order appears to be holding up in the information age much as it did in the industrial age.
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Gillon, Carrie, und Nicole Rosen. Articles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795339.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the article system in Michif. Articles are particularly problematic for the French DP/Plains Cree VP split posited for Michif (Bakker 1997). Despite being French-derived, the Michif articles do not behave like their French counterparts. Michif definite articles occupy a lower position within the DP than French definite articles do, and Michif lacks definiteness, despite having borrowed both the definite and indefinite articles. Even more problematically, the singular definite articles are used to Algonquianize non-Algonquian vocabulary—both within the DP and the VP. Thus, a piece of French morphosyntax has been appropriated to create structures that can be interpreted within Algonquian syntax, providing more evidence that ultimately the Michif DP is Algonquian, rather than French.
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Perry, Matthew J. Defining Gender. Herausgegeben von Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando und Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.33.
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This chapter examines how law contributed to the definition and establishment of gender in the Roman world, and ways that gender shaped the law. Lawmakers and jurists established distinct legal statuses for men and women, and it was critical to elucidate precisely how individuals fit into this legal framework. Even when not deliberately defining gender to clarify law or legislating overtly gendered matters, legal sources reveal gendered thinking. In establishing the specific rules governing Roman society, lawmakers and jurists drew upon and reproduced prevalent and entrenched assumptions and beliefs about the nature of men and women and their place in the world. The final section of the chapter outlines the legal regulation of sexuality, critical to defining gender norms in the Roman world. The proper performance of sexual conduct was an important element of gender archetypes; those individuals who deviated from established standards were deemed problematic and potentially dangerous.
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Bhopal, Raj S. The concept of risk and fundamental measures of disease frequency: Incidence and prevalence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0007.
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In epidemiology, risk refers to the likelihood, or in statistical language probability, of an individual in a defined population developing a disease or other adverse health problem. The prime measures of disease frequency, including probability of outcomes, in epidemiology are incidence rates and prevalence proportions. The incidence rate is the number of new cases in relation to a population, time, and place. Prevalence proportion measures all disease or a risk factor in a population, either at a particular time (point prevalence) or over a time period (period prevalence, lifetime prevalence). Rates and proportions are most accurately presented by age and sex groups (‘specific’ rates and proportions), but for ease of interpretation they may be grouped as overall, actual (crude) rates. The collection of both disease, risk factor and population data to achieve accurate figures of incidence rates and prevalence proportions is problematic, and remains a major challenge.
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Cooper, Ian. Frenzy. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325369.001.0001.
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Frenzy (1972) was Alfred Hitchcock's penultimate film, and arguably one of his most misunderstood and neglected. Whereas even Psycho (1960) did eventually become respectable — indeed, it is a good contender for the most admired of the Master's films — Frenzy still remains problematic for many. While Raymond De Foery makes his feelings clear in the title of his book, Alfred Hitchcock's Frenzy: The Last Masterpiece, Hitchcock's controversial biographer Donald Spoto calls the film ‘repulsive’ and ‘a closed and coldly negative vision of human possibility’. Frenzy is perhaps Hitchcock's most nakedly autobiographical film, representing both a comeback and farewell to the city of his birth. But it started out as a very different kind of project. This book discusses the evolution of the film, its production, reception, and place in Hitchcock's oeuvre, as well as its status as a key film of ‘sleazy Seventies’ British cinema.
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Bosse, Joanna. Bringing Coherence to the Sensuous Life. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039010.003.0006.
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This chapter explores the nature of partnership and connection in ballroom dance as well as the convention of leading and following. In particular, it explains how ballroom dance provides an opportunity to bring coherence to the sensuous life, a coherence that is tested by the contradictory expectations placed upon Regent dancers as middle-class, heterosexual men and women in twenty-first-century America. The chapter first describes how men and women relate to one another on and off the dance floor before discussing the “princess factor” in ballroom dance. It also considers the rhetorical and performative strategies used by dancers to reconfigure ballroom's conventional role in constructing gender and heterosexual normativity in movement and sound. It shows that dancers actively engage problematic and antiquated aspects of beauty and resignify them with contemporary sensibilities about equity and connection. It argues that performance enables dancers to create a discrete and singular, if not coherent, experience through which they wrestle with the incoherent, inconsistent reality of gender.
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Szmukler, George. Treatment pressures and ‘coercion’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0009.
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In this chapter, compulsion is presented in a broader context of ‘treatment pressures’. A hierarchy of pressures is presented, each increment moving in a more coercive direction. It comprises persuasion; interpersonal leverage; inducements; threats; and compulsion. The last has been dealt with in previous chapters. The distinction between inducements and threats turns on whether rejecting a conditional proposal—if you do X, I will do Y; if you don’t, I will do Z—results in the subject being ‘worse off’ or not according to a ‘moral baseline’. Threats involve proposals making the person worse off and represent ‘coercion’; inducements, where rejection does not make the person worse off, do not. However, in the context of mental health care, inducements can be problematic. While threats, often covert, are very common in mental health care, they are considered unethical. Perhaps, if regulated, they could have a place. Justifications, across the board, can follow a ‘capacity–will and preferences’ approach.
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Notley, Margaret. "Taken by the Devil". Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190069865.001.0001.
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The book takes censorship as an entry point into Berg’s Lulu. Beginning in 1894 with the suppression of the Ur-Lulu, Wedekind’s original play, responses to acts of censorship played a role in ultimately determining the opera’s shape and tone. When Wedekind rewrote material from the Ur-Lulu as two supposedly self-sufficient plays, Erdgeist and Die Büchse der Pandora, he responded in different ways to the threat of further censorship. The resulting discrepancies between the later plays, second order consequences of censorship, created obstacles to the joining of them that Berg and other dramaturges, beginning with Wedekind himself, would undertake. Berg worked to overcome the second order consequences by composing intricate leitmotivic connections between the opera’s halves, each based on one of the plays. Recognizing fundamental differences between the plays, this book seeks to recover some of the nuances in the plays and Berg’s treatment of them that have been obscured by assumptions of their unity. It also considers the contradiction between dramatic material that many spectators find sordid and the beauty of much of the music, in particular three musical passages that make a Liebestod effect, and traces this to differences between Wedekind and Berg. The artistic stance known as fin-de-siècle decadence was responsible for deliberately offensive features of the Ur-Lulu. Berg associated the Lulu character with the beauty of major-minor tonality, a musical system over-ripe and in that sense decadent at the turn of the century, in that way enabling a problematic symbolic reading of the also problematic misogynistic material.
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Cheah, Joseph. Buddhism, Race, and Ethnicity. Herausgegeben von Michael Jerryson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199362387.013.16.
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This chapter argues that race and ethnicity have been central factors in the development of US Buddhism. It begins with a construction of North American convert Buddhism, whose antecedent goes back to a process of Orientalism initiated by Brian Houghton Hodgson, Eugene Burnouf, and other founding figures of Western Buddhism. Then it examines the term “ethnic Buddhist” as a problematic and unstable category, an assimilationist underpinning in the theories employed by many investigators of US Buddhism that treats ethnicity as an extension of race, the employment of racial formation theory in the study of US Buddhism, the limitation of totalizing teleology and the use of Gramscian theory to transcend the limits of teleology, and the pivotal role that human agency has played in the adaptation of Buddhist practices and beliefs by Asian immigrant Buddhists to the US context.
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Huggins, Mike. Early Modern Sport. Herausgegeben von Robert Edelman und Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.16.
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The early modern, however defined, is a “sporting” period whose formal-structural characteristics and the extent of its continuity with modern sport are both still often debated. This chapter argues that it played a much more important role than is often recognized in the development of modern sports. Even though sport could sometimes be morally, religiously, and politically problematic, “sporting” material could then be found in a wide range of sources, from recreational guidebooks, manuals, and personal papers to fiction and newspapers. Such material was often linked to the lives of royal courts and the “better sort” rather than the common people, about whom, like women’s involvement, we know less. The more widespread development of rules was encouraged by their association with betting practices. The period also saw new sports lifestyles, better playing skills, new forms of associativity and institutionalization, slowly growing standardization, and the slow emergence of professionalism.
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Huber, Patrick. The “Southernness” of Country Music. Herausgegeben von Travis D. Stimeling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190248178.013.22.
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This chapter presents an overview of Bill C. Malone’s “southern thesis,” as first articulated in his 1968 study, Country Music, U.S.A.: A Fifty-Year History, and examines the influential role that this regional interpretation has played in shaping country music scholarship. The chapter surveys some of the major trends in the scholarly literature over the past five decades regarding the music’s perceived southernness. It explores Malone’s problematic presentation of the American South as an exceptional region rooted in a unique rural folk culture, and the resulting historiographical debates. The chapter also identifies some significant topical and interpretative lacunae that now pervade the country music scholarship as a result of Malone’s interpretation, and suggests several approaches to rectifying these omissions, including reinterpreting prewar country music as a commercial product of a modern, urban-industrial America and focusing attention on the American regional traditions and musical tributaries that contributed to its creation.
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Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman und Jørn Braa. Complexity and Public Health Informatics in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0007.
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This chapter enriches the Expanded PHI perspective through the lens of complexity. Current technical health systems and institutional developments, including the increasing inter-connections between them, and the uncertainities associated with both context and goals are enhancing complexity exponentially. Simple linear approaches to design and develop systems can no longer work, as they imply trying to bring order into processes which by definition defy them. Cloud computing and big data are offered as examples to depict this rising complexity, providing rich opportunities to materialize them. Many organizations are adopting outsourcing models as a means to manage this complexity. However, outsourcing comes in multiple hues and shades, from a simple use of third party hardware to the externalization of the whole value chain of activities, including the analysis and use of data. Public health informatics in LMICs, which are population-based and taking place in largely resource-constrained and unstructured settings, are by definition problematic to outsource and should be approached with caution. An incremental approach where a ‘cultivation strategy’ addresses uncertainities, and ‘attractors’ draw in user-participants are more likely to succeed.
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Jones, Kathryn N., Carol Tully und Heather Williams. Hidden Texts, Hidden Nation. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789621433.001.0001.
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This book examines the representation of Wales and ‘Welshness’ in texts by French (including Breton) and German-speaking travellers from 1780 to the present day, focusing on key points in the period of Welsh modernisation from the Industrial Revolution to the post-devolution era. Since the emergence of the travel narrative as a popular source of information and entertainment in the mid-18th century, writing about Wales has often been embedded and hidden in accounts of travel to ‘England’. This book seeks to redefine perceptions of Wales by problematizing the notion of ‘invisibility’ often ascribed to the Welsh context and by broadening perspectives outwards to encompass European perceptions. Works uncovered for the first time include travelogues, private correspondences, travel diaries, articles and blogs which have Wales or Welsh culture as their focus. The ‘travellers’ analysed in this volume ‘travellers’ feature those travelling for the purpose of leisure, scholarship or commerce as well as exiles and refugees. By focusing on Wales, a minoritized nation at the geographical periphery of Europe, the authors are able to problematize notions of hegemony and identity within the genre, relating to both the places encountered (the ‘travellee’ culture) and the places of origin (the travellers’ cultures). This book thereby makes an original contribution to studies in travel writing and provides an important case study of a culture often minoritized in the field, but that nevertheless provides a telling illustration of the dynamics of intercultural relations and representation.
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Williams, Justin. Theorizing the Non-human through Spatial and Environmental Thought. Herausgegeben von Teena Gabrielson, Cheryl Hall, John M. Meyer und David Schlosberg. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685271.013.38.
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This chapter explores the relationship between environmental thought and geographic spatial theory. Both lines of thought problematize the role of non-humans in political and ethical life. Although both environmental and spatial thinkers argue for a dynamic exchange between humans and nature, the environment, the built environment, or their non-human surroundings, they tend to focus on different elements of those non-human surroundings and deploy different conceptual frameworks to analyze them. Additionally, environmental thinkers attend more to the ability of the non-human world to thwart, interfere with, or otherwise constitute social action, a trend that, when combined with spatial thinkers’ broad understanding of non-humans and developed conceptual categories, such as place and scale, can produce richer, fuller accounts of how non-humans figure into political life.
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Landy, Joshua. To Thine Own Selves Be True-ish. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698515.003.0007.
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This chapter presents the core challenge before Hamlet as that of achieving authenticity in the face of inner multiplicity. Authenticity—which this chapter will take to mean (1) acting on the (2) knowledge of (3) what one truly is, beneath one’s various masks and social roles—becomes a particularly pressing need under conditions of (early) modernity, when traditional forms of action-guidance are at least halfway off the table. But authenticity is highly problematic when the self that is discovered turns out to be multiple. Which self, exactly, should one be true to? Hamlet’s solution, this chapter suggests, is an “actor’s ethos,” in which each of his aspects is given its day in the sun, granted full commitment by means of what we now call “method acting.” That is what Hamlet learns from the players—and that too is what we stand to learn from Hamlet: not an idea but a method.
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Forlenza, Rosario. Democracy and the Power of Memory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817444.003.0006.
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This chapter focusses on the memory of the war experience, which developed through varying narrative reconstructions and played a formative role in the self-understanding and self-construction of the nation. Postwar Italy was characterized by selective memory regimes that produced new symbolic representations of the nation. The chapter inserts narratives of a new beginning (second Risorgimento) of post-fascist Italy as a democratic nation into the sea of contested memories, driven by sacrifice, victimhood, and the existential trope of rebirth. It weaves together different aspects of remembering and forgetting, the problematic status of the Resistance, and the role of the Allies in portraying Italians as having been seduced by the evil Germans, thus alleviating them from responsibility. The proposition here is that the fluctuation of the narratives of the Resistance in the politics of republican Italy must engage with the symbolic dimension and the non-rational mode of action and reflection.
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Lake, Peter. Tragedy and Religion. Herausgegeben von Michael Neill und David Schalkwyk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198724193.013.11.
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In the post-Reformation period the relationships between revenge and justice and between revenge and political resistance became newly pressing and problematic. This chapter argues that in his two revenge tragedies of the Elizabethan fin de siècle, Titus Andronicus and Hamlet, Shakespeare stages those relationships and the concomitant difficulties. In each case he was arguably using the temporal and geographical distance afforded him by the play's setting—in the case of Titus, a remote, wholly pagan, and entirely made-up Rome, and in the case of Hamlet an entirely foreign and temporally remote (albeit also remarkably contemporary) Denmark—in order to address questions that in the context of a play about recent English history might have proven a little too close to home. The two plays share certain central characteristics—Hamlet indeed might well be read as something of a reworking of Titus—and this chapter proceeds through a comparison between the two, organized around the central triad of revenge, religion, and resistance.
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James, David. Discrepant Solace. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789758.001.0001.
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Consolation has always played an uncomfortable part in the literary history of loss. But in recent decades its affective meanings and ethical implications have been recast by narratives that appear to foil solace altogether. Illuminating this striking archive, Discrepant Solace considers writers who engage with consolation not as an aesthetic salve but as an enduring problematic for late twentieth- and twenty-first-century fiction and memoir. Making close readings of emotion crucial to understanding literature’s work in the precarious present, David James examines writers who are rarely considered in conversation, including Sonali Deraniyagala, Colson Whitehead, Cormac McCarthy, W.G. Sebald, Doris Lessing, Joan Didion, J. M. Coetzee, Marilynne Robinson, Julian Barnes, Helen Macdonald, Ian McEwan, Colm Tóibín, Kazuo Ishiguro, Denise Riley, and David Grossman. These figures overturn critical suppositions about consolation’s kinship with ideological complaisance or dubious distraction, producing unsettling perceptions of solace that shape the formal and political contours of their writing.