Bücher: „Privacy expectations“

1

Nouwt, Sjaak, Berend R. de Vries und Corien Prins, Hrsg. Reasonable Expectations of Privacy? The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-589-6.

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2

Privacy and the Internet: Your expectations and rights under the law. 2. Aufl. New York: Oceana, 2009.

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3

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet, Hrsg. Behavioral advertising: Industry practices and consumers' expectations : joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection and the Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, June 18, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.

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4

Ben, Jongbloed, Enders Jürgen und Jongbloed Ben, Hrsg. Public-Private Dynamics in Higher Education: Expectations, Developments and Outcomes. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, 2007.

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5

Burnell, Derek. Investment expectations: A unit record analysis of data from the private new capital expenditure survey. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1993.

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6

Cole, Bill. Solicitors in private practice - their work and expectations: Findings from the Law Society's Omnibus Survey January 1997. London: Law Society, 1997.

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7

Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations / Hard Times / A Christmas Carol / A Tale of Two Cities. New York, USA: Chatham River Press, 1986.

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8

Sjaak, Nouwt, Vries Berend R. de und Prins C, Hrsg. Reasonable expectations of privacy?: Eleven country reports on camera surveillance and workplace privacy. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2005.

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9

Reasonable Expectations of Privacy?: Eleven country reports on camera surveillance and workplace privacy (Information Technology and Law). Asser Press, 2005.

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10

Privacy and the Internet: Your Expectations and Rights under the Law (Oceana's Legal Almanac Series Law for the Layperson). Oxford University Press, USA, 2002.

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11

Banu, Roxana. Recognition, Rights, and Reasonable Expectations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819844.003.0006.

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This chapter provides an analysis of the way in which rights theories in private international law are constructed depending on whether one takes the state or the individual as the point of reference and whether one portrays an individualistic or a relational image of the transnational agent. It outlines the differences between early nineteenth-century individualistic theories, late nineteenth century state-centered rights theories, and the nineteenth-century relational internationalist perspective introduced in Chapter 2. The chapter suggests that historically the misrecognition of individuals and their pleas for justice was a corollary to the state-centered internationalist position under the private-public international law association. It further argues that relational internationalist theorists tried to create a cross-reference between individual reasonable expectations and larger sociopolitical considerations. Such theories emphasized a spectrum from liberty to social responsibility, based on their differentiation and analysis of the various types of private law relationships in the transnational realm.

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12

Vickery, Jacqueline Ryan, und S. Craig Watkins. Worried About the Wrong Things. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262036023.001.0001.

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It’s a familiar narrative in both real life and fiction, from news reports to television storylines: a young person is bullied online, or targeted by an online predator, or exposed to sexually explicit content. The consequences are bleak; the young person is shunned, suicidal, psychologically ruined. In this book, Jacqueline Ryan Vickery argues that there are other urgent concerns about young people’s online experiences besides porn, predators, and peers. We need to turn our attention to inequitable opportunities for participation in a digital culture. Technical and material obstacles prevent low-income and other marginalized young people from the positive, community-building, and creative experiences that are possible online. Vickery explains that cautionary tales about online risk have shaped the way we think about technology and youth. She analyzes the discourses of risk in popular culture, journalism, and policy, and finds that harm-driven expectations, based on a privileged perception of risk, enact control over technology. Opportunity-driven expectations, on the other hand, based on evidence and lived experience, produce discourses that acknowledge the practices and agency of young people rather than seeing them as passive victims. Vickery first addresses how the discourses of risk regulate and control technology, then turns to the online practices of youth at a low-income, minority-majority Texas high school. She considers the participation gap and the need for schools to teach digital literacies, privacy, and different online learning ecologies. Finally, she shows that opportunity-driven expectations can guide young people’s online experiences in ways that balance protection and agency.

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13

Cate, Fred H., und Beth E. Cate. Systematic Government Access to Private-Sector Data in the United States II. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685515.003.0009.

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This chapter covers the US Supreme Court’s position on access to private-sector data in the United States. Indeed, the Supreme Court has written a great deal about “privacy” in a wide variety of contexts. These include what constitutes a “reasonable expectation of privacy” under the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution; privacy rights implicit in, and also in tension with, the First Amendment and freedom of expression; privacy rights the Court has found implied in the Constitution that protect the rights of adults to make decisions about activities such as reproduction, contraception, and the education of their children; and the application of the two privacy exemptions to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).

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14

Wilhelmsson, Thomas, und Samuli Hurri. From Dissonance to Sense: Welfare State Expectations, Privatisation and Private Law. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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15

1949-, Wilhelmsson Thomas, und Hurri Samuli, Hrsg. From dissonance to sense: Welfare state expectations, privatisation, and private law. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1999.

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16

Wilhelmsson, Thomas, und Samuli Hurri. From Dissonance to Sense: Welfare State Expectations, Privatisation and Private Law. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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17

Wilhelmsson, Thomas, und Samuli Hurri. From Dissonance to Sense: Welfare State Expectations, Privatisation and Private Law. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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18

Wilhelmsson, Thomas, und Samuli Hurri. From Dissonance to Sense: Welfare State Expectations, Privatisation and Private Law. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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19

From Dissonance to Sense: Welfare State Expectations, Privatisation and Private Law. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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20

(Editor), Thomas Wilhelmsson, und Samuli Hurri (Editor), Hrsg. From Dissonance to Sense: Welfare State Expectations, Privatisation and Private Law. Ashgate Publishing, 1999.

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21

Sargent, Thomas J. Rational Expectations and the Reconstruction of Macroeconomics. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158709.003.0001.

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This chapter discusses the rational expectations reconstruction of macroeconomics. In particular, it examines how the hypothesis of rational expectations has been used to develop econometric models that take into account that people's behavior patterns will vary systematically with changes in government policies—the rules of the game. The chapter looks at two examples that illustrate the general presumption that the systematic behavior of private agents and the random behavior of market outcomes both will change whenever agents' constraints change, as when government policy or other parts of the environment change. The first example deals with investment decision, and the second concerns the inflationary effects of government deficits. The chapter also considers the implications of the rational expectations approach for the ways in which policymakers and their advisers think about the choices confronting them.

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22

Leigland, James. Public-Private Partnerships in Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861829.001.0001.

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Expectations are high regarding the potential benefits of public–private partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure development in poor countries. The development community, led by the G20, the United Nations, and others, expects PPPs to help with “transformational” megaprojects as well as efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). But PPPs have been widely used only since the 1990s. The discussion of PPPs is still dominated by best-practice guidance, academic studies that focus on developed countries, or ideological criticism. Meanwhile, practitioners have quietly accumulated a large body of empirical evidence on PPP performance. The purpose of this book is to summarize and consolidate what this critical mass of evidence-based research says about PPPs in low-income countries (LICs) and thereby develop a more realistic perspective on the practical value of these mechanisms. The focus of the book is on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), home to most of the world’s poorest countries, although insights from other regions and more affluent developing countries are also included. Case studies of many of the best-known PPPs in Africa are used to illustrate these findings. This book demonstrates that PPPs have not met expectations in poor countries, and are only sustainable if many of the original defining characteristics of PPPs are changed. PPPs do have a small but meaningful role to play, but only if expectations remain modest and projects are subject to transparent evaluation and competition. Experiments with PPP mechanisms underway in some countries suggest ways in which PPPs may be evolving to better realize benefits in poor countries.

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23

Borucki, Isabelle, und Wolf Jürgen Schünemann, Hrsg. Internet und Staat. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845290195.

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You cannot form a state with the Internet—or can you? In contrast to post-territorial expectations from the early days of the Internet, the state seems to be increasingly in demand when it comes to coming to terms with the digital revolution. What is more, state structures have never been irrelevant in terms of the Internet but have influenced both it and digitalisation since their beginnings. This book explores the intriguing relationship between the Internet and the state in depth from an interdisciplinary perspective that includes political science, legal studies and communication studies. By examining sovereignty, privacy and security, the contributions it contains address the fundamental understandings and functions of the state. They deal with regulatory areas that have changed dynamically in the digital era: data protection, the administration of critical Internet resources and the regulation of media content. Finally, they also consider the changes to the players involved in this field and the courses of action open to them: parties and political communication, e-government and e-participation. With contributions by Isabelle Borucki, Andreas Busch, Myriam Dunn Cavelty, Florian Egloff, Katharina Gerl, Paula Helm, Norbert Kersting, Jan Niklas Kocks, Julia Pohle, Claudia Ritzi, Wolf J. Schünemann, Sandra Seubert, Thorsten Thiel, Martin Warnke and Alexandra Zierold.

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24

Hunter, Stephanie Josephine. Adult language learners expectations and perceptions of service quality in a private language school: An exploratory investigation. 1997.

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25

Banu, Roxana. Individual- and State-Centered Perspectives in Nineteenth-Century Private International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819844.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses two different intellectual motivations in nineteenth-century PrIL, namely the attempt to align PrIL with PublIL and with private law respectively. The chapter shows that scholars like Antoine Pillet and Ernst Zitelmann, who attempted to align private with public international law, injected a formalistic and neutral notion of state sovereignty into PrIL. It further argues that various scholars focusing on private law and on the rights and expectations of individuals, rather than states, portrayed a relational, socially constituted image of the transnational agent, rather than the atomistic image generally associated with nineteenth-century private law theories. Lastly, this chapter describes the scholarship of Pasquale Mancini as a particular kind of humanistic perspective, which, in contrast to the relational internationalist perspective, both narrowed and enlarged individual liberty in the transnational realm.

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26

Schmidt, Rodney Allen. Public sector external debt, and exchange rate expectations, and private demand for domestic and foreign assets: theory and evidence from Latin America. 1994.

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27

Starr, William B. Socializing Pragmatics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0007.

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Lepore and Stone (2015) focus on two theoretically useful notions of meaning: conventional meaning and speaker meaning. For Lepore and Stone (2015, ch.14), the former consists of our mutual expectations about how language is used—conventions—to make ideas public. The latter consists in ideas that are made public by virtue of the speaker’s basic intentions in speaking (Lepore and Stone 2015, ch.13). This essay argues that there is a third, more basic notion of meaning I call significance. The significance of an utterance is not reducible to the content it makes mutual, because it is partly based on the private commitments speakers have when they make utterances and the private commitments hearers form on the basis of utterances. More specifically, significance is the private speaker commitments and hearer effects, which explain why utterances of a given type are reproduced in a population of agents (Millikan 2005). This leads to an approach that differs from Lepore and Stone (2015) in the treatment of non-conventional interpretive effects, speech acts, and deception.

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28

Schmidt, Vivien A. Europe's Crisis of Legitimacy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797050.001.0001.

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Expectations are high regarding the potential benefits of public–private partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure development in poor countries. The development community, led by the G20, the United Nations, and others, expects PPPs to help with “transformational” megaprojects as well as efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). But PPPs have been widely used only since the 1990s. The discussion of PPPs is still dominated by best-practice guidance, academic studies that focus on developed countries, or ideological criticism. Meanwhile, practitioners have quietly accumulated a large body of empirical evidence on PPP performance. The purpose of this book is to summarize and consolidate what this critical mass of evidence-based research says about PPPs in low-income countries (LICs) and thereby develop a more realistic perspective on the practical value of these mechanisms. The focus of the book is on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), home to most of the world’s poorest countries, although insights from other regions and more affluent developing countries are also included. Case studies of many of the best-known PPPs in Africa are used to illustrate these findings. This book demonstrates that PPPs have not met expectations in poor countries, and are only sustainable if many of the original defining characteristics of PPPs are changed. PPPs do have a small but meaningful role to play, but only if expectations remain modest and projects are subject to transparent evaluation and competition. Experiments with PPP mechanisms underway in some countries suggest ways in which PPPs may be evolving to better realize benefits in poor countries.

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29

Banu, Roxana. Legitimacy and Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819844.003.0007.

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This chapter provides an analysis of state-centered and individualistic theories of legitimacy in PrIL and distinguishes them from the relational internationalist perspective. It shows that state-centered theories determined the legitimacy of applying one law or another within interstate relationships. Individualistic theories linked the legitimacy of the applicable law to particular dimensions of political affiliation. By contrast, this chapter shows how relational internationalist authors envisioned different dimensions of legitimacy from both the state-centered and the individualistic positions, by focusing on an interpersonal relationship, as opposed to an isolated individual, and on private law, as opposed to constitutional or public law generally. According to the relational internationalist perspective, the legitimacy of imposing one law over another is justified on different grounds, including by reference to the actions of the parties, their expectations, the values underlying private law relationships, and the embeddedness of a legal relationship within one or several communities.

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30

Bruce-Clark, Peter, und Ashby H. B. Monk. Sovereign Development Funds. Herausgegeben von Douglas Cumming, Geoffrey Wood, Igor Filatotchev und Juliane Reinecke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754800.013.30.

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In a slowing global economy with diminished confidence in the long-term prospects of public financial markets, many institutional investors are looking for innovative, and often private, investment strategies to meet expected return targets. One source of potential inspiration has, perhaps surprisingly, come from the community of sovereign development funds. SDFs are strategic, government-sponsored investment organizations with dual objective functions: to deliver high financial performance, while fostering development. Despite expectations that this dual function inevitably leads to financial underperformance, certain SDFs have actually delivered consistently high investment returns, especially in private markets. As such, SDF strategies are increasingly being used as models for investment strategies among non-developmental investment organizations. This chapter explores the rise of SDFs, explains the differences between SDFs and SWFs, and substantiates variations in their models of governance and management. In doing so, its goal is to situate SDFs in the changing world of global financial markets and public policy.

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31

Barcellos, Vinicius de Oliveira. Constituição, Propriedade Privada e Tributação: A possibilidade de adoção de políticas fiscais voltadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-556-9.

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Books such as this inspire and enable us to believe that, even with distressing present times, we are building ideas for a better future, not just for the ones “chosen” by a supposed deity, but even to those to whom a legitimate expectation of a dignified life was historically denied. This is why this work needs to be read. It is moved by the courage of thinking and by the commitment to hope. Differently than the infantilized optimism, hope is a condition of possibility to continue guiding life through utopia, such as was once the unforgettable Galeano suggested, for, mor or less like the revered Uruguayan Hermano said, if it is not possible to reach hope, it becomes the uncontrollable force that makes us all continue in the journey. The work here presents is an indisputable lighthouse that guides us all through indispensable utopia. (professor Marciano Buffon).

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32

Quiggin, John. Global Financial Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817345.003.0009.

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This chapter covers the macroeconomic aspects of the Global Financial Crisis, the subsequent Great Recession/Lesser Depression and the policy responses in developed and developing countries. DESA was one of the first international bodies to recognize the impending threat of financial crisis and to advocate the use of Keynesian fiscal stimulus. In the aftermath of the crisis, the goal of most international institutions was to seek an early return to pre-crisis ‘normality’. This was reflected in a rapid turn towards fiscal consolidation, justified by the expectation that private sector expansion would offset public sector austerity. By contrast, WESP correctly warned of the dangers of a premature end to fiscal stimulus.

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33

Voukelatos, Vassilis. A comparison of quality expectations and perceptions of actual quality performance between the customers of the private and public sector Greek retail banks with reference to the Athens region. 1996.

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34

Cordella, Antonio, Andrea Paletti und Maha Shaikh. Renegotiating Public Value with Co-Production. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0008.

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In the context of public sector organizations, the governance model for co-production could help to deliver better public services that fulfill the expectations of citizens, via crowdsourcing. This chapter considers how and why co-production is a valuable solution for producing public services, but also highlights the challenges that public sector organizations face when co-production is adopted without being customized for public sector service delivery. In the context of the public sector, co-production needs to be focused on public value creation and not on public service production processes. This subtle shift in focus allows us to discuss how and why adopting co-production models that are successful in the private sector cannot be applied directly to public sector organizations; instead they need to be tailored in the light of a better understanding of the requirements of public value creation.

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35

Broyde, Michael J. Co-religionist Commerce Is Better Adjudicated in Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190640286.003.0004.

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State and federal courts are available to resolve disputes between co-religionist parties the same way that they are available to all Americans. Religious parties, however, are increasingly choosing to avoid resolving co-religionist conflicts of this kind in traditional courts, instead opting for private dispute resolution methods based on religious principles. This chapter explores this phenomenon by focusing on an argument put forth by Professors Michael A. Helfand and Barak D. Richman that state and federal courts can and should be more willing to engage in resolving co-religionist disputes. This chapter argues that one of the reasons for the increased demand for and importance of religious arbitration is that secular courts are poorly equipped to address such cases in ways that effectively uphold the understandings and expectations of religious parties engaged in co-religionist commercial conflicts.

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36

Charles T, Kotuby, und Sobota Luke A. Ch.2 Modern Applications of the General Principles of Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190642709.003.0002.

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The purpose of this chapter is to define the general principles of law as they have been applied in national courts and international tribunals. For instance, the very concept of the law requires good faith adherence to contractual obligations (pacta sunt servanda) and the good faith exercise of legal rights. States as well as private parties are also precluded from contradicting their actions (estoppel) or abusing their rights, thereby defeating the legitimate expectations of another. Nor may they benefit from their own wrong or be unjustly enriched at another’s expense. All parties are liable for acts caused by and attributable to them, and the concept of responsibility requires that the consequences of their wrongful act be wiped out. In their various iterations and permutations, these exemplary principles are the logical consequences of the rule of law and the foundation of every legal order.

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37

Hensel, Fanny. Songs for Pianoforte, 1836–1837. Herausgegeben von Camilla Cai. A-R Editions, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.31022/n022.

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The piano pieces Fanny Hensel composed in 1836 and 1837 represent a landmark in her development as a composer, because for the first and only time she sought to publish a major collection of music under her own name. These pieces are an important type of nineteenth-century music written not for the public concert hall but for private gatherings of connoisseurs. The expectations of this style are as particular and exacting as those of the concert hall. These fairly short pieces—with appealing melodies, but also with sections of sharp contrast and technical display—are intended not only to appeal to the emotions but to dazzle with their brilliance. This first edition of Hensel's piano music written in 1836–37 makes available a significant body of her work and thus broadens our knowledge of her style.

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38

Biezen, Ingrid van, und Petr Kopecký. The Paradox of Party Funding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758631.003.0004.

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This chapter addresses the role of public funding in party organizational transformation. Focusing mainly on European democracies, and using the new systematic data obtained from the Political Party Database, this chapter makes two contributions to the party politics literature. First, a range of existing findings about the importance of state subsidies for party life are re-examined, probing in particular the extent to which party incomes depend on public funding, as opposed to private donations and membership fees. Second, the association between parties’ dependence on state subsidies and party organization is explored, probing in particular the relationship between public monies and the size of parties’ memberships. Unlike the first exploration, which largely confirms most existing conclusions about the patterns of party financing, the findings from the second exploration appear to be more challenging: contrary to usual expectations, state funding of political parties does not necessarily undermine party membership.

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39

Amadi, Sam. Improving Electricity Access through Policy Reform. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819837.003.0017.

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In Nigeria, an estimated 170 million people depend on less than 4,000 megawatts of electricity from the grid for economic and social needs. Since 2000 the country has embarked on an ambitious power sector reform programme, the main objective of which is to ensure adequate, available, and reliable electricity. The power sector reform adopts a neo-liberal development model that is based on the triple strategy of liberalization, commercialization, and privatization. This strategy has relied heavily on the reform of the existing legal regime of state institutions so as to attract foreign private capital to increase capacity, expand connection, and improve reliability. This chapter reviews the incompletely theorized neo-liberal assumptions in the reform policies and shows how these assumptions have undermined the efficacy of legal reform in the electricity industry and resulted in failed expectation.

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40

Steiner, Eva. Administrative Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790884.003.0011.

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This chapter concerns French administrative law. It examines the characteristic features and principal rules, procedures, and remedies related to administrative activities. The chapter also considers administrative law in its historical perspective and how this has led to a major structural distinction which has been applied in France since the 1789 Revolution the distinction between public and private ‘functions’. It is important to note that in the last decades, there has been a significant impact of EU law on the development of administrative law in the legal system of EU Member States, including France and the United Kingdom. In this respect, the common adoption by European states of general principles such as the principle of legitimate expectation and the principle of proportionality have had the effect of bringing the public law body of these countries closer together.

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41

Trollope, Anthony. Can You Forgive Her? Herausgegeben von Dinah Birch. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199578177.001.0001.

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‘She loved him much, and admired him even more than she loved him…Would that he had some faults!’ Alice Vavasor is torn between a risky marriage with her ambitious cousin George and the safer prospect of a union with the formidably correct John Grey. Her indecision is reflected in the dilemmas of her friend Lady Glencora, confined in the proprieties of her life with Plantagenet Palliser but tempted to escape with her penniless lover Burgo Fitzgerald, and of her aunt, the irreverent widow Mrs Greenow, who must choose between a solid farmer and an untrustworthy soldier as her next husband. Each woman finds her choice bound up with the cold realities of money, and the tension between public expectation and private inclination. Can You Forgive Her? is the first of Trollope’s six Palliser novels, and its focus on the exercise of power, whether in the masculine world of parliament and the professions, or within the domesticities of friendship, courtship, and marriage, signals a new breadth and diversity of interest in his fiction.

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42

Vander Wel, Stephanie. Hillbilly Maidens, Okies, and Cowgirls. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043086.001.0001.

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Well before the success of Loretta Lynn and Dolly Parton, female artists were integral to the commercial expansion and aural reception of country music. Women in early country music took on and redefined the theatrical and musical roles of the hillbilly maiden, the unruly Okie, the singing cowgirl, and the honky-tonk angel in live performance, on radio, in film, and in the recording studio. This book accounts for the vibrant presence of female country artists through an interdisciplinary focus on performance and vocal expression in relation to the cultural currents of the 1930s and 1950s. Across a variety of media, women’s country music engendered new ways of making sense of public and private spaces (such as the home, the dance hall, and the honky-tonk) that were integral to the real and imagined lives of working-class women striving for upward social mobility and/or resisting the rigidity of middle-class codes of behavior. Connecting the female singing voice to the theatrics of the popular stage and to the musical practices of specific country styles, this study shows how women in country music wielded a range of performative devices in order to work within and against social and commercial expectations.

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43

Levien, Michael. Dispossession without Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190859152.001.0001.

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Since the mid-2000s, India has been beset by widespread farmer protests against “land grabs.” Dispossession without Development argues that beneath these conflicts lay a profound transformation in the political economy of land dispossession. While the Indian state dispossessed land for public-sector industry and infrastructure for much of the 20th century, the adoption of neoliberal economic policies since the early 1990s prompted India’s state governments to become land brokers for private real estate capital—most controversially, for Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Using long-term ethnographic research, the book demonstrates the consequences of this new regime of dispossession for a village in Rajasthan. Taking us into the diverse lives of villagers dispossessed for one of North India’s largest SEZs, it shows how the SEZ destroyed their agricultural livelihoods, marginalized their labor, and excluded them from “world-class” infrastructure—but absorbed them into a dramatic real estate boom. Real estate speculation generated a class of rural neo-rentiers, but excluded many and compounded pre-existing class, caste, and gender inequalities. While the SEZ disappointed most villagers’ expectations of “development,” land speculation fractured the village and disabled collective action. The case of “Rajpura” helps to illuminate the exclusionary trajectory of capitalism that underlay land conflicts in contemporary India—and explain why the Indian state is struggling to pacify farmers with real estate payouts. Using the extended case method, Dispossession without Development advances a sociological theory of dispossession that has relevance beyond India.

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Harlow, Luke E. Social Reform in America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0019.

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Any discussion of nineteenth-century religious Dissent must look carefully at gender. Although distinct from one another in important respects, Nonconformist congregations were patterned on the household as the first unit of God-given society, a model which fostered questions about the relationship between male and female. Ideas of gender coalesced with theology and praxis to shape expectations central to the cultural ethos of Nonconformity. Existing historiographical interpretations of gender and religion that use the separate spheres model have argued that evangelical piety was identified with women who were carefully separated from the world, while men needed to be reclaimed for religion. Despite their virtues, these interpretations suppose that evangelicalism was a hegemonic movement about which it is possible to generalize. Yet the unique history and structures of Nonconformity ensured a high degree of particularity. Gender styles were subtly interpreted and negotiated in Dissenting culture over and against the perceived practices and norms of the mainstream, creating what one Methodist called a ‘whole sub-society’ differentiated from worldly patterns in the culture at large. Dissenting men, for instance, deliberately sought to effect coherence between public and private arenas and took inspiration from the published lives of ‘businessmen “saints”’. Feminine piety in Dissent likewise rested on integration, not separation, with women credited with forming godly communities. The insistence on inherent spiritual equality was important to Dissenters and was imaged most clearly in marriage, which transcended the public/private divide and supplied a model for domestic and foreign mission. Missionary work also allowed for the valorization and mobilization of distinctive feminine and masculine types, such as the single woman missionary who bore ‘spiritual offspring’ and the manly adventurer. Over the century, religious revivals in Dissent might shift these patterns somewhat: female roles were notably renegotiated in the Salvation Army, while Holiness revivals stimulated demands for female preaching and women’s religious writing, making bestsellers of writers such as Hannah Whitall Smith. Thus Dissent was characterized throughout the Anglophone world by an emphasis on spiritual equality combined with a sharpened perception of sexual difference, albeit one which was subject to dynamic reformulation throughout the century.

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