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1
Shavell, Steven. Acquisition and disclosure of information prior to economic exchange. [Cambridge: Harvard Law School, 1991.
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2
Machiels-Bongaerts, Maureen. Mobilizing prior knowledge in text processing: The selective-attention hypothesis versus the cognitive set-point hypothesis. [Maastricht]: Universitaire Pers Maastricht, 1993.
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Ontario Council of Regents for Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology. Prior Learning Assessment Steering Committee. Information systems for prior learning assessment support: Discussion paper. [North Bay, Ont: Canadore College, 1994.
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4
United States. President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee. Issue review: A review of NSTAC issues addressed prior to NSTAC XIX. [Washington, D.C.?: The Committee, 1997.
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5
Office, General Accounting. Government consultants: Agencies' consulting services contract obligations for fiscal year 1987 : fact sheet for the Honorable David Pryor, Chairman, Subcommittee on Federal Services, Post Office, and Civil Service, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.
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6
Golan, Amos. Prior Information. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0008.
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In this chapter I introduce and quantify prior information and show how to incorporate it into the info-metrics framework. The priors developed arise from fundamental properties of the system, from logical reasoning, or from empirical observations. I start the chapter with the derivation of priors for discrete distributions, which can be handled via the grouping property, and a detailed derivation of surprisal analysis. Constructing priors for continuous distributions is more challenging. That problem is tackled via the method of transformation groups, which is related to the mathematical concept of group theory. That method works for both discrete and continuous functions. The last approaches I discuss are based on empirical information. The close relationship between priors, treatment effects, and score functions is discussed and demonstrated in the last section. Visual illustrations of the theory and numerous theoretical and applied examples are provided.
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Venegas-Martinez, Francisco. Some studies on information measures and prior distributions. 1988.
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8
Prado, Raquel. Multistate models for mental fatigue. Herausgegeben von Anthony O'Hagan und Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.29.
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This article discusses the use of structured, multivariate Bayesian dynamic models in the analysis of experimental data involving large-scale electroencephalography (EEG) signals or time series generated on individuals subject to tasks inducing mental fatigue. It first provides an overview of the goals and challenges in the analysis of brain signals, using the EEG case as example, before describing the development and application of novel time-varying autoregressive and regime switching models, which incorporate relevant prior information via structured priors and fitted using novel, customized Bayesian computational methods. In the experiment, a subject was asked to perform simple arithmetic operations for a period of three hours. Prior to the experiment, the subject was confirmed to be alert. After the experiment ended, the subject was fatigued. The study demonstrates that Bayesian analysis is useful for real time detection of cognitive fatigue.
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K, Srull Thomas, Wyer Robert S und Smith Eliot R, Hrsg. Content and process specificity in the effects of prior experiences. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990.
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10
Kenetsu hoso: Senji janarizumu shishi. Keyaki Shuppan, 1995.
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11
Kelly, Patricia, William Friedman, Tara Addis, Mark Elwood, Claire Neal, Mark Sarner und Simon Sutcliffe. Getting the public involved in cancer control – doing something besides worrying. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550173.003.0016.
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Chapter 16 discusses how cancer control – with its greater emphasis on prevention and information prior to a cancer diagnosis – benefits from employing a public engagement/social mobilization model in many ways.
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Mirowski, Philip, und Edward Nik-Khah. Three Different Modalities of Information in Neoclassical Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.003.0008.
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There were eventually three major formats explored by the Cowles economists in their quest to incorporate information into the existing neoclassical model: information as thing, information as inductive index, and information as symbolic computation. We describe the major ways they differed from one another, comparing the inspirational views of Claude Shannon, David Blackwell, and Alan Turing. Further, each came with its own characteristic mathematical formalism, not easily reconciled with prior microeconomics, which tended to be irreducible to the other candidates.
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Jr, Robert S. Wyer, und Thomas K. Srull. Content and Process Specificity in the Effects of Prior Experiences: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume III. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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14
Ottati, Victor, und Chase Wilson. Open-Minded Cognition and Political Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.143.
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Dogmatic or closed-minded cognition is directionally biased; a tendency to select, interpret, and elaborate upon information in a manner that reinforces the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. Open-minded cognition is directionally unbiased; a tendency to process information in a manner that is not biased in the direction of the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. It is marked by a tendency to consider a variety of intellectual perspectives, values, attitudes, opinions, or beliefs—even those that contradict the individual’s prior opinion. Open-Minded Cognition is assessed using measures that specifically focus on the degree to which individuals process information in a directionally biased manner. Open-Minded Cognition can function as an individual difference characteristic that predicts a variety of social attitudes and political opinions. These include attitudes toward marginalized social groups (e.g., racial and ethnic minorities), support for democratic values, political ideology, and partisan identification. Open-Minded Cognition also possesses a malleable component that varies across domains and specific situations. For example, Open-Minded Cognition is higher in the political domain than religious domain. In addition, Open-Minded Cognition is prevalent in situations where individuals encounter plausible arguments that are compatible with conventional values, but is less evident when individuals encounter arguments that are extremely implausible or that contradict conventional values. Within a situation, Open-Minded Cognition also varies across social roles involving expertise. Because political novices possess limited political knowledge, social norms dictate that they should listen and learn in an open-minded fashion. In contrast, because political experts possess extensive knowledge, social norms dictate that they are entitled to adopt a more dogmatic cognitive orientation when listening to a political communication.
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Wagner, Michael. Information Structure and Production Planning. Herausgegeben von Caroline Féry und Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.39.
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Utterances are planned and realized incrementally. Which information is salient or attended to prior to initiating an utterance has influences on choices in argument structure and word order, and affects the prosodic prominence of the constituents involved. Many phenomena that the linguistic literature usually treats as reflexes of the grammatical encoding of information structure, such as the early ordering of topics, or the prosodic reduction of old information, are treated in the production literature as a consequence of how contextual salience interacts with production planning. This article reviews information structural effects that arise as a consequence of how syntactic and phonological information is incrementally encoded in the production process, and how we can tell these effects apart from grammatically encoded aspects of information structure that form part of the message.
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Boulouque, Clémence. Another Modernity. Stanford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503612006.001.0001.
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STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Stanford, California STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Stanford, California © 2020 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press....
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Ward, Gregory, Betty J. Birner und Elsi Kaiser. Pragmatics and Information Structure. Herausgegeben von Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.10.
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Information structure deals with the question of how—and specifically, in what order—we choose to present the informational content of a proposition. In English and many other languages, this content is structured in such a way that given, or familiar, information precedes new, or unfamiliar, information. Because givenness and newness are largely matters of what has come previously in the discourse, information structuring is inextricably tied to matters of context—in particular, the prior linguistic context—and this is what makes information structure quintessentially pragmatic in nature. While it has long been recognized that various non-canonical word orders function to preserve a given-before-new ordering in an utterance, a great deal of research has focused on how to determine the specific categories of givenness and newness that matter for information structuring. A growing body of psycholinguistic work explores the role that these categories play in language comprehension.
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Bailey, Jane, und Sara Shayan. Systematic Government Access to Private-Sector Data in Canada. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685515.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on Canadian law as it applies to government access to private-sector data. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms implicitly provides constitutional protection of privacy by prohibiting unreasonable search and seizure by the state (s. 8) and by limiting government intrusion on life, liberty and security of the person (s. 7). With some exceptions, the Charter requires law enforcement agencies to seek prior authorization before accessing personal information. However, Canada’s national security intelligence agencies are subject to more relaxed standards. The Privacy Act regulates federal government institutions’ relationship with personal information, whereas the private sector is regulated by the Personal Information and Protection of Electronic Documents Act. However, numerous exceptions in both statutes allow for (and in some cases encourage), information sharing between private-sector and state entities.
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Kaukiainen, Yrjö. Finnish Sailors, 1750-1870. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780968128831.003.0011.
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This chapter begins with an introduction to Finnish shipping prior to 1700, before discussing in detail its expansion in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and exploring the country’s integration into the international maritime world. The report includes estimations of numbers of crew and officers in the Finnish Merchant Marine during this era of growth and provides information on social structure, ages, wages and working conditions while addressing the difficulties in presenting complete and reliable data.
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Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Linguistic Signs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0013.
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The semantic meaning of a linguistic form is its intentional content. Parts of sentence meaning that have traditionally been thought to be determined by speaker intentions—the resolution of ambiguity and vagueness, the reference of proper names, indexicals, demonstratives, and anaphors—are actually settled by public semantics. True descriptive language carries natural information that matches semantic content, so it can be understood by an interpreter in the same way that ordinary non-intentional infosigns are understood; no recognition of speaker intentions is required. But true descriptive language also carries much additional information the understanding of which is supplied by speakers and hearers from their own prior knowledge.
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(Editor), Thomas K. Srull, Jr., Robert S. Wyer (Editor) und Thomas K. Srull (Editor), Hrsg. Advances in Social Cognition: Content and Process Specificity in the Effects of Prior Experiences (Advances in Social Cognition,) (Paperback). Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990.
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22
Ebrey, David. Identity and Explanation in the Euthyphro. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805762.003.0003.
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According to many interpreters, Socrates in the Euthyphro thinks that an answer to ‘what is the holy?’ should pick out some feature that is prior to being holy. While this is a powerful way to think of answers to the ‘what is it?’ question, one that Aristotle develops, I argue that the Euthyphro provides an important alternative to this Aristotelian account. Instead, an answer to ‘what is the holy?’ should pick out precisely being holy, not some feature prior to it. I begin by showing how this interpretation allows for a straightforward reading of a key argument: Socrates’ refutation of Euthyphro’s proposal that the holy is the god-loved. Then I address considerations that seem to favour the Aristotelian account. I end by explaining how answers to ‘what is f-ness?’ questions are informative on this account, even though they do not identify anything other than f-ness.
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Juillard, Michel. Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Models. Herausgegeben von Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan und Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.4.
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Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models have become popular in macroeconomics, but the combination of nonlinear microeconomic behavior of the agents and model-consistent expectations raise intricate computational issues; this chapter reviews solution methods and estimation of DSGE models. Perfect foresight deterministic models can easily be solved with a great degree of accuracy. In practice, medium-sized stochastic models can only be solved by local approximation or the perturbation approach. The Bayesian approach to estimation is privileged. It provides a convenient way to communicate both the prior information available to the econo-metrician and new information revealed by the data. This chapter focuses on methods frequently used in applied work rather than aiming at being exhaustive.
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Jr., Robert S. Wyer (Editor) und Thomas K. Srull (Editor), Hrsg. Content and Process Specificity in the Effects of Prior Experiences: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume III (Advances in Social Cognition). Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990.
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25
Potter, Mary C. The Immediacy of Conceptual Processing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0011.
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Understanding requires thought, and thought requires memory, both short-term memory for the ongoing thinking process and longer-term memories that constitute one’s relevant knowledge. In a variety of studies the chapter shows that conceptual knowledge comes into play faster than standard models of long-term memory retrieval suppose and reflects a larger immediate capacity than models of short-term or working memory have suggested. It proposes a new form of memory termed conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) to account for the speed and appropriateness with which our prior knowledge shapes current perception and thought. When we identify a new stimulus, not only its concept but also other associated information in long-term memory is immediately activated, allowing new conceptual structures to be formed that relate the new information to relevant knowledge. Activated information that does not become structured is quickly forgotten and may never become conscious.
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Butz, Martin V., und Esther F. Kutter. Top-Down Predictions Determine Perceptions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0009.
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While bottom-up visual processing is important, the brain integrates this information with top-down, generative expectations from very early on in the visual processing hierarchy. Indeed, our brain should not be viewed as a classification system, but rather as a generative system, which perceives something by integrating sensory evidence with the available, learned, predictive knowledge about that thing. The involved generative models continuously produce expectations over time, across space, and from abstracted encodings to more concrete encodings. Bayesian information processing is the key to understand how information integration must work computationally – at least in approximation – also in the brain. Bayesian networks in the form of graphical models allow the modularization of information and the factorization of interactions, which can strongly improve the efficiency of generative models. The resulting generative models essentially produce state estimations in the form of probability densities, which are very well-suited to integrate multiple sources of information, including top-down and bottom-up ones. A hierarchical neural visual processing architecture illustrates this point even further. Finally, some well-known visual illusions are shown and the perceptions are explained by means of generative, information integrating, perceptual processes, which in all cases combine top-down prior knowledge and expectations about objects and environments with the available, bottom-up visual information.
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Audi, Robert. Seeing, Knowing, and Doing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197503508.001.0001.
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This book provides an overall theory of perception and an account of knowledge and justification concerning the physical, the abstract, and the normative. It has the rigor appropriate for professionals but explains its main points using concrete examples. It accounts for two important aspects of perception on which philosophers have said too little: its relevance to a priori knowledge—traditionally conceived as independent of perception—and its role in human action. Overall, the book provides a full-scale account of perception, presents a theory of the a priori, and explains how perception guides action. It also clarifies the relation between action and practical reasoning; the notion of rational action; and the relation between propositional and practical knowledge. Part One develops a theory of perception as experiential, representational, and causally connected with its objects: as a discriminative response to those objects, embodying phenomenally distinctive elements; and as yielding rich information that underlies human knowledge. Part Two presents a theory of self-evidence and the a priori. The theory is perceptualist in explicating the apprehension of a priori truths by articulating its parallels to perception. The theory unifies empirical and a priori knowledge by clarifying their reliable connections with their objects—connections many have thought impossible for a priori knowledge as about the abstract. Part Three explores how perception guides action; the relation between knowing how and knowing that; the nature of reasons for action; the role of inference in determining action; and the overall conditions for rational action.
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Eveland, William P., und R. Kelly Garrett. Communication Modalities and Political Knowledge. Herausgegeben von Kate Kenski und Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.018.
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Recent research has made clear that the process by which individuals obtain information about politics through the media and other communication sources is complex and multifaceted. The effects of communication on knowledge can vary by medium or the mix of sources that individuals choose, by the motivations and background characteristics of the user, and by the type of knowledge being considered. Whether “knowledge” (as opposed to misperceptions or simply beliefs) is the end result of communication depends crucially on the nature of the information being presented and the prior beliefs of the user. The authors review the state of the art research in this domain and offer suggestions for how scholarship must adjust to the changing environment brought about by technological change and increasing partisanship and polarization among politicians, the media, and the public.
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Jones, Sam, und Ricardo Santos. Updating great expectations: The effect of peer salary information on own-earnings forecasts. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/895-5.
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How jobseekers set their earnings expectations is central to job search models. To study this process, we track the evolution of own-earnings forecasts over 18 months for a representative panel of university-leavers in Mozambique and estimate the impact of a wage information intervention. We sent participants differentiated messages about the average earnings of their peers, obtained from prior survey rounds. Demonstrating the stickiness of (initially optimistic) beliefs, we find an elasticity of own-wage expectations to this news of around 7 per cent in the short term and 16 per cent over the long term, which compares to a 22 per cent elasticity in response to unanticipated actual wage offers. We further find evidence of heterogeneous updating heuristics, where factors such as the initial level of optimism, cognitive skills, perceived reliability of the information, and valence of the news shape how wage expectations are updated. We recommend institutionalizing public information about earnings.
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Cabrelli, David. 19. Transfers of Undertakings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198813149.003.0019.
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This chapter examines the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 (TUPE). It first assesses the legal position prior to the introduction of the Acquired Rights Directive 2001, which is the source of TUPE. It then analyses the principal implications of TUPE and its provisions. It considers the circumstances when TUPE will apply and the extent to which TUPE has been interpreted progressively to include economic transactions and arrangements which transcend the transfer of an organization’s business and assets. The chapter also examines the impact of TUPE on the contract of employment, and discusses the information and consultation obligations imposed on transferors.
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Clealand, Danielle Pilar. Martí’s Cuba. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632298.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 discusses racial democracy and black activism prior to 1959, during the Cuban Republic. The historical foundations of racial ideology in Cuba offer critical information about how the revolution developed its racial discourse. Racial ideology during this period was a dominant narrative, but was not institutionalized to prohibit discussion of racism. Consequently, this period saw the development of an above-ground black voice represented through associations, clubs, press, and a black political party. These voices were silenced by the revolution and the chapter chronicles an important history of black activism and expression that was relegated to the private sphere after 1959.
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Samek-Lodovici, Vieri. Constraint Conflict and Information Structure. Herausgegeben von Caroline Féry und Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.27.
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This article examines the insights brought about by a conflict-based approach to the study of information structure. It does so mainly, but not exclusively, through a chronological survey of particularly significant analyses that modelled the syntactic displacements induced by focalization as the effect of prosodic constraints governing the position of prosodic prominence. The historic and conceptual relations between these analyses are highlighted, together with the main theoretical issues they raise and address. While most analyses are based on optimality theory, the article does not assume any prior knowledge of this framework and is accessible to all scholars.
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Karen L, Remmer. The Outcomes of Investment Treaty Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780198809722.016.0004.
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This chapter explores variations in dispute outcomes in investment treaty arbitration. Building on the literature on political institutions, the study places the theoretical importance of actor information about the rules of the game and the resources of the participants at the centre of analysis. Such information shapes the strategy of the players and their relative ability to compete successfully, establishing the basis for hypotheses about variations in dispute outcomes. Drawing on the universe of known disputes, the analysis relies on statistical models and data capable of addressing concurrently the full range of potential dispute outcomes rather than particular categories of wins and losses. States do not just win or lose treaty-based investment disputes; disputes can also be concluded by decisions to discontinue arbitral proceedings and by settlements negotiated between states and investors prior to an arbitral award. Consistent with theoretical expectation, the findings indicate that dispute outcomes vary in response to the evolution of the system of dispute settlement over time, sector of investment, and access to international legal expertise, thereby underlining the pivotal role of information flows in investment dispute settlement.
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Roach, Lee. 7. Capital and capital maintenance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815143.003.0007.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the two principal types of capital that companies acquire: share capital (capital obtained by selling shares) and debt capital (capital borrowed from others). Having obtained share capital through the selling of shares, the law requires that the company ‘maintain’ that capital by not distributing it in unauthorized ways, notably by prohibiting companies from returning capital to the shareholders prior to liquidation.
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Arnold, Charles. Development of Mackenzie Inuit Culture. Herausgegeben von Max Friesen und Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.30.
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Prior to the appearance of Euroamericans and the cultural disruptions that followed in their wake, the western regions of the Canadian Arctic were occupied by Inuit groups who had strong affinities to specific home territories. Although each group had its own name, outside observers have applied the term “Mackenzie Inuit” to them collectively on the basis of shared cultural traits and their proximity to the Mackenzie River, whose resources first attracted them. Information from archaeology, historical records, and local oral histories is drawn upon to formulate an interpretive framework for the origins and development of Mackenzie Inuit over a period spanning 500 to 600 years.
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Golan, Amos. Foundations of Info-Metrics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.001.0001.
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This book provides a framework for info-metrics—the science of modeling, inference, and reasoning under conditions of noisy and insufficient information. Info-metrics is an inherently interdisciplinary framework that emerged from the intersection of information theory, statistical inference, and decision-making under uncertainty. It allows us to process the available information with minimal reliance on assumptions that cannot be validated. This book focuses on unifying all information processing and model building within a single constrained optimization framework. It provides a complete framework for modeling and inference, rather than a problem-specific model. The framework evolves from the simple premise that our available information is often insufficient to provide a unique answer for decisions we wish to make. Each decision, or solution, is derived from the available input information along with a choice of inferential procedure. The book contains many multidisciplinary applications that demonstrate the simplicity and generality of the framework in real-world settings: These include initial diagnosis at an emergency room, optimal dose decisions, election forecasting, network and information aggregation, weather pattern analyses, portfolio allocation, inference of strategic behavior, incorporation of prior information, option pricing, and modeling an interacting social system. This book presents simple derivations of the key results that are necessary to understand and apply the fundamental concepts to a variety of problems. Derivations are often supported by graphical illustrations. The book is designed to be accessible for graduate students, researchers, and practitioners across the disciplines, requiring only basic quantitative skills and a little persistence.
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Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Introduction to Part I. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0017.
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This book weaves together themes from natural ontology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language and information, areas of inquiry that have not recently been treated together. The sprawling topic is Kant’s how is knowledge possible? gbut viewed from a contemporary naturalist standpoint. The assumption is that we are evolved creatures that use cognition as a guide in dealing with the natural world, and that the natural world is roughly as natural science has tried to describe it. Very unlike Kant, then, we must begin with ontology, with a rough understanding of what the world is like prior to cognition, only later developing theories about the nature of cognition within that world and how it manages to reflect the rest of nature. And in moving from ontology to cognition we must traverse another non-Kantian domain: questions about the transmission of information both through natural signs and through purposeful signs, including, especially, language.
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Cox, Sue, und Nicola Thomas. Patient education and involvement in pre-dialysis management. Herausgegeben von David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0142.
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A well-structured, patient-focused education programme is essential in the pre-dialysis setting. It is well recognized that patients with progressive chronic kidney disease stages 4 and 5 need to access appropriate levels of education to ensure patient choice, preparation, and timely commencement of renal replacement therapy. This education needs to be structured to suit different learning styles, individualized in approach and provided by healthcare professionals who have appropriate training and skills. There are many barriers to learning and individuals need information at different times, in different formats, and varying levels. Assessment and individualized planning is paramount prior to any information being provided to ensure maximum benefit. Education should be provided in many formats and tailored to meet the individual’s needs. Patient involvement in education (peer education) is recommended. All education programmes should be continuously evaluated and user involvement is a must when developing and evaluating any aspect of the education programme.
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Ezell, Margaret J. M. Sociable Texts: Manuscript Circulation, Writers, and Readers in Britain and Abroad. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198183112.003.0006.
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During the Commonwealth period, manuscript circulation networks continued to disseminate texts although at a lesser level than in the 1620s. Some were formed prior to the war at the Universities or Inns of Court, others were based on family or geography, and some had international reach. Samuel Hartlib’s extensive correspondence network circulated information between England and the Continent, while informal networks of friends and family likewise sustained communications. Catholic families had well-developed networks for circulating manuscripts, books, and people. Others such as Katherine Philips in Wales developed networks of literary friends. Thomas Stanley supported numerous friends and family, including Andrew Marvell and Robert Herrick, as they engaged on translation projects and collected their poems for publication.
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James H, Carter. 5 The Selection of Arbitrators. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198753483.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses the process of selecting arbitrators. Arbitrators are often selected based on the counsel’s prior experience with them, in one connection or another. Sometimes, in the absence of such information, counsel may make a selection simply on the basis of the arbitrator’s reputation. The selection may be made without any contact with the prospective arbitrator but, typically, counsel prefer to interview one or more arbitrator candidates to determine first-hand what a prospective arbitrator’s actual experience, commitment, and availability are. The rules governing such arbitrator “beauty contests” are addressed, to some extent, by the American Arbitration Association/American Bar Association Code of Ethics for Arbitrators in Commercial Matters (AAA/ABA Code of Ethics) and some arbitration rules.
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Kozelsky, Mara. Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190644710.003.0010.
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At the end of the war, government officials made an effort to calculate losses along the war zone. Even before all the information had been gathered, they concluded that the Crimean War was much more devastating than any previous conflict, including Napoleon’s invasion of 1812. The largest state aid program undertaken in the Russian empire followed, which nevertheless fell short of regional need. Unable to eke out survival in a hostile and exhausted land, nearly 200,000 Crimean Tatars left their homelands for the Ottoman Empire in one of the single largest mass migrations prior to the First World War. This chapter describes the effects of the war on the area and the steps taken to alleviate the suffering of the Crimean population in the postwar period.
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Roach, Lee. 2. Promotion of the company. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198759133.003.0002.
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EachConcentraterevision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more.Concentratesshow you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the legal position of persons in the process of incorporating a company (known as ‘promoters’), and the legal relationship that exists between them and the unformed company and with any third parties who contract with the promoters or the company prior to it being incorporated. A promoter cannot make a secret profit out of the company’s promotion and will usually be personally liable on a contract entered into on behalf of a company if that company had not been incorporated at the time the contract was entered into.
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Consensus on Operating Practices for the Control of Feedwater and Boiler Water Chemistry in Industrial and Institutional Boilers. ASME Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.885093.
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The Water Technology Subcommittee of the ASME Research and Technology Committee on Water and Steam in Thermal Systems, under the leadership of Mr. Robert D. Bartholomew has revised the Consensus on Operating Practices for the Control of Feedwater Boiler Water Chemistry in Modern Industrial Boilers, first published in 1979 with prior revisions published in 1994 and 1998. The task group consisted of a cross section of manufacturers, operators, chemical treatment contractors and consultants involved in the fabrication and operation of industrial and institutional boilers. Members of this group are listed in the acknowledgments. This current document is an expansion and revision of the original, with reordered and modified texts where considered necessary. While significant revisions have been incorporated, it is recognized that there are areas of operating practice not addressed herein. Additional information is available from the references. It is the plan of the ASME Research Committee to continue to review this information, and revise and reissue this document as necessary to comply with advances in boiler design and water conditioning technology.
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McLean, Kelly, und SreyRam Kuy. Proving the Value of Simulation in Laparoscopic Surgery. Herausgegeben von SreyRam Kuy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0017.
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This landmark study examined the value of simulation training in laparoscopic surgery. This study examining the MISTELS training program showed that inanimate laparoscopic simulators can be used to teach, practice, and assess basic laparoscopic skills prior to entering the operating room and performing surgery on live patients. The MISTELS simulation training program is the basis for the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) program administered by Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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Samanta, Jo, und Ash Samanta. 7. Organ transplantation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815204.003.0007.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter deals with statutory provisions governing human tissue and organ transplantation, with particular reference to the Human Tissue Act 2004. It first considers the position at common law with regards to property in the human body, followed by a discussion of appropriate consent given by potential donors prior to their death or by deceased donors. Organ donation from living persons and ethical issues surrounding organ transplantation are then explored. The chapter concludes by looking at alternative sources of organs, including xenotransplantation and artificial organs. Relevant court cases are cited where appropriate.
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Golan, Amos. A Complete Info-Metrics Framework. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0009.
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In this chapter I develop the complete info-metrics framework for inferring problems and theories under all types of uncertainty and missing information. That framework allows for uncertainty in the observed values and about the functional form, as captured by the constraints. Using the derivations of Chapter 8, it also extends the info-metrics framework to include priors. The basic properties of the complete framework are developed as well. Generally speaking, that framework can be viewed as a “meta-theory”—a theory of how to construct theories and consistent models given the available information. This accrues all the benefits of the maximum entropy formalism but additionally accommodates a larger class of problems. The derivations are complemented with a complete visual representation of the info-metrics framework. Theoretical and empirical applications are provided.
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Becht, IV, Charles. Process Piping: The Complete Guide to ASME B31.3, Fourth Edition. ASME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.883792.
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Fully updated for the 2020 Edition of the ASME B31.3 Code, this fourth edition provides background information, historical perspective, and expert commentary on the ASME B31.3 Code requirements for process piping design and construction. It provides the most complete coverage of the Code that is available today and is packed with additional information useful to those responsible for the design and mechanical integrity of process piping. The author and the primary contributor to the fourth edition, Don Frikken are a long-serving members, and Prior Chairmen, of the ASME B31.3, Process Piping Code committee. Dr. Becht explains the principal intentions of the Code, covering the content of each of the Code's chapters. Book inserts cover special topics such as calculation of refractory lined pipe wall temperature, spring design, design for vibration, welding processes, bonding processes and expansion joint pressure thrust. Appendices in the book include useful information for pressure design and flexibility analysis as well as guidelines for computer flexibility analysis and design of piping systems with expansion joints. From the new designer wanting to known how to size a pipe wall thickness or design a spring to the expert piping engineer wanting to understand some nuance or intent of the code, everyone whose career involves process piping will find this to be a valuable reference.
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Monaghan, Nicola. 11. Fraud. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811824.003.0011.
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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter discusses the offence of fraud under the Fraud Act 2006. There are three ways in which fraud may be committed. Section 2 of the Fraud Act 2006 provides for fraud by false representation; s.3 provides for fraud by failing to disclose information; and s.4 provides for fraud by abuse of a position of financial trust. Dishonesty is common to all three of these ways of committing fraud. The defendant must intend, by making the representation, to make a gain for himself or another, or to cause loss to another, or to expose another to a risk of loss.
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Hollins, Timothy J., und Nathan Weber. Monitoring and Regulation of Accuracy in Eyewitness Memory. Herausgegeben von John Dunlosky und Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.22.
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Eyewitness metacognition has been studied in two broad areas, event memory and identification decisions. Event memory research has focused primarily on metacognitive control over what is reported, while identification research has focused primarily on metacognitive monitoring. Event memory studies show that witnesses can control the accuracy and precision of answers that they choose to report but control is limited by social factors such as perceived informativeness or concerns with self-presentation. Contrary to prior claims, recent eyewitness identification research shows that confidence is predictive of the likely accuracy of a selection from a lineup, but is not informative about the accuracy of lineup rejections. The few studies to examine the control in identification suggest that the option to respond don’t know offers a practical method to improve the quality of identification evidence with minimal impact on the amount of trustworthy evidence obtained.
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Martin, Andrew D. Bayesian Analysis. Herausgegeben von Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady und David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0021.
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This article surveys modern Bayesian methods of estimating statistical models. It first provides an introduction to the Bayesian approach for statistical inference, contrasting it with more conventional approaches. It then explains the Monte Carlo principle and reviews commonly used Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. This is followed by a practical justification for the use of Bayesian methods in the social sciences, and a number of examples from the literature where Bayesian methods have proven useful are shown. The article finally provides a review of modern software for Bayesian inference, and a discussion of the future of Bayesian methods in political science. One area ripe for research is the use of prior information in statistical analyses. Mixture models and those with discrete parameters (such as change point models in the time-series context) are completely underutilized in political science.