Dissertationen zum Thema „Printing strategies“

This thesis is focused on creating polymer lattice struts without any necessary support in full length using robotic 3D printing. The aim of the thesis is to find suitable process parameters and printing strategies with respect to the accuracy of the polymer struts. A statistical model of effects of individual process parameters has been produced to achieve stated objectives. The model enables finding optimal process parameters. The printing strategies for thus established process parameters are tested to increase the accuracy of the finished print and the quality of the bonds between individual struts. The accuracy assessment is executed using optical 3D metrology. The maximum deviation from the nominal shape 0.54mm has been accomplished using discovered process parameters and printing strategies.

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, System Design and Management Program, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 49).
Forecasting demand and managing spare part inventory has long been a challenge for products that have a very long lifecycle time. With demand being discrete, low and sporadic, understanding of the actual demand is erroneous and hence forecasting the right demand for a Last-Time-Build has been difficult. Managers routinely build buffer stock to avoid missing contractual agreements, with extremely high penalties for running out of stock. Thus, Last-Time- Build strategies have been expensive and non-profit yielding. With the advent of 3D printing technology and its superiority in terms of the ability to setup shop at a low cost and print parts as and when required, make it a very promising technology in solving the issue of spare part inventory management. In this thesis, a model-based approach was taken to the decision making of Last-Time-Build. By use of financial modeling and non-linear optimization tools, optimal strategies to best use 3D printing technology have been recommended, under several conditions of demand uncertainty. The most optimal results are achieved when a Hybrid approach is employed. The Hybrid approach is a combination of a Last-Time-Build via traditional manufacturing method that is supplemented with parts printed via 3D printer, to cater to changing demand, at a future point of time. The model helps in determining the best combination of parts that need to be built ahead and the parts that can be built later via 3D printing for various demand projections and a given service level that needs to be met. The sensitivity of each of the different variables involved on the decision making is also highlighted. The higher the uncertainty in demand, the more lucrative is the hybrid approach to solving the problem of spare part inventory management.
by Subhankar Das.
S.M. in Engineering and Management

The focus of this thesis is the critical review of Additive Printing (AP) or 3D-printing, and optimization strategies for the introduction of new materials. During the course of tenure, four classes of solids were investigated to determine the hurdles presented from each system. Specifically, the investigation developed techniques for optimization of ink production, green-film deposition, and laser sintering parameters surrounding the Optomec AJP system (AJP). In the assessment, statistical experimental design, analysis and material characterization techniques have been utilized. Final recommendations disseminate current best practices for new ink and material development, along with factor analysis of input variables for phase and material properties, along with insights for future research of these systems. The first chapter provides a general introduction to the field of AP. The second chapter focuses specifically on Optomec aerosol-jet process (AJP) techniques, and expands the discussion to process parameters, information concerning the fabrication/characterization procedure followed for each system, and includes: a detailed description of the materials investigated. This is important because printing parameters, optimization, and approach may be divergent for optimization within each strain; and is meant as an aid to resolve some technical issues for future investigators. The third chapter is fully dedicated to the results concerning the fabrication and the characterization of amorphous boron powder to film. Chapter four discusses future research options, ideas and directions. Appendices are provided for any which wish to investigate the orthogonal arrays used, or the combinatorial effects resulting in the attributes of the material system final products.
Master of Science

Additive manufacturing (AM), also called 3-dimensional printing (3DP), emerged as a disruptive technology affecting multiple organizations' business models and supply chains and endangering incumbents' financial health, or even rendering them obsolete. The world market for products created by AM has increased more than 25% year over year. Using Christensen's theory of disruptive innovation as a conceptual framework, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the successful strategies that 4 individual managers, 1 at each of 4 different light and high-tech manufacturing companies in the Netherlands, used to adopt AM technology into their business models. Participant firms originated from 3 provinces and included a value-added logistics service provider and 3 machine shops serving various industries, including the automotive and medical sectors. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, member checking, and analysis of company documents that provided information about the adoption of 3DP into business models. Using Yin's 5-step data analysis approach, data were compiled, disassembled, reassembled, interpreted, and concluded until 3 major themes emerged: identify business opportunities for AM technology, experiment with AM technology, and embed AM technology. Because of the design freedom the use of AM enables, in combination with its environmental efficiency, the implications for positive social change include possibilities for increasing local employment, improving the environment, and enhancing healthcare for the prosperity of local and global citizens by providing potential solutions that managers could use to deploy AM technology.

This work develops and examines design strategies for reducing the stiffness of 3D-printed compliant mechanisms. The three aspects of a flexure that determine its stiffness are well known: material, boundary conditions, and geometry. In a highly constrained design space however, flexure stiffness may remain unacceptably high even while arriving at the limits of design constraints. In this work, changes to geometry and boundary conditions are examined that lead to drastically reduced stiffness behavior without changing flexure thickness, width, or length. Changes to geometry can result in very complex mechanisms. However, 3D printing enables almost arbitrarily complex geometries. This dissertation presents three design strategies for stiffness reduction: static balancing, lattice flexures, and compound joints. Static balancing refers to changes in the boundary conditions that result in a near-zero net change in potential energy storage over the useful deflection of a flexure. In this work, I present a method for static balancing that utilizes non-dimensional parameters to quickly synthesize a joint design with stiffness reduced by nearly 90%. This method is not only simple and straightforward, it is applicable to a wide range of flexure topologies. The only requirements on the joint to be balanced are that it must be approximated as a pin joint and torsion spring, and it must have a well-understood stiffness when subjected to a compressive load. Lattice flexures result from modifications to geometry that reduce cross-sectional area without changing width or thickness. However, the reduction in stiffness is greater than the reduction in cross sectional area. This can occur because the bending load is now carried by beams partially in torsion. Two lattice geometries are proposed and analyzed in detail using analytic and numeric techniques. It is shown that the off-axis stiffness behavior of lattice flexures can be better than that of conventional blade flexures while bending stiffness is reduced >60%. Compound joints are those that consist of arrays of flexures arranged co-axially. This arrangement provides increased range of motion, generally decreased stiffness, and improved stability. Additionally, a method is herein presented to reduce the parasitic center shift of a compound joint to nearly zero at a specified deflection. The penultimate chapter demonstrates how all three strategies can be used together, and includes new results to facilitate their combination.

Longtemps délaissée comme source primaire des études historiques en Espagne, la presse est devenue, depuis les travaux pionniers d'Alberto Gil Novales, une source incontournable pour nombre de chercheurs. A côté des rubriques consacrées aux seules informations et des articles de fond, qui intéressent essentiellement l'histoire événementielle et celle des mentalités, les diverses annonces qu'accueillent généralement les périodiques permettent des études socio-économiques particulièrement utiles en ce qui concerne le XVIII° siècle. María José Seoane a déjà exploité ce genre de sources pour la période 1808-1819 à partir de la Gaceta de Madrid et du Diario de Madrid. Pour notre part, nous attachant à la période qui couvre le règne de Charles IV (1788-1808) et utilisant les annonces de librairie publiées dans l'ensemble des périodiques madrilènes de cette période, nous entendons ne pas nous contenter dans notre thèse de produire les listes des ouvrages annoncés mais, à partir de celles-ci, faire le bilan de la production imprimée pendant la seconde moitié du XVIII° siècle, étudier les réseaux de diffusion de ces ouvrages ainsi que les stratégies mises en place par les auteurs et les éditeurs avant de constater les succès et échecs de leurs entreprises. Nous pensons apporter ainsi une contribution utile à l'étude du livre et de la lecture et permettre ainsi de mieux appréhender ce qui fut le premier vecteur de diffusion des Lumières en Espagne
Long neglected as a primary source of historical studies in Spain, the Press has become a valuable source for a lot of researchers since the pioneering work of A.G.N. Alongside sections solely devoted to information and feature stories, which are of particular interest to the history of events and mentalities, the numerous notices which make up the contents of periodicals allow for particularly useful socio-economic studies as regards the eighteenth century.Maria José Seoane already relied on this kind of sources from La Gaceta de Madrid and Diario de Madrid for the period spanning between 1808 and 1819. As far as we are concerned, focusing on the period covering Charles IV's reign (1788-1808) and using bookshop publications from all of Madrid 's periodicals of the time, we intend not to confine our thesis to the simple enumeration of the reading lists but, on the contrary, to evaluate the print production of the second half of the eighteenth century, at the light of those reading lists. We also intend to study the diffusion networks as well as the strategies that were developed by writers and editors alike before the successes or failures of their undertaking. We thus hope to make a valuable contribution to the study of books and book reading and therefore allow for a better understanding of what was the first vehicle for the dissemination of the ideas of The Enlightenment in Spain

In dieser Arbeit wurde eine neue Markierungsstrategie von Antikörpern mit dem Markierungsreagenz MeCAT (Metal Coded Tag) unter physiologischen Reaktionsbedingungen, sowie deren Anwendung in einem 8-fach Multiplex-Immunoassay von in Formalin-fixierten und in Paraffin-eingebetteten Gewebeschnitten entwickelt. Für eine aussagekräftige LA-ICP-MS Detektion von MeCAT-modifizierten Antikörpern, wurde eine Standardisierung für biologische Proben auf NC-Membranen, basierend auf einer homogenen Aufbringung eines internen Standards und Kalibrierstandards durch einen kommerziell verfügbaren Tintenstrahldrucker entwickelt und mit der ICP-MS Analyse von Lösungen evaluiert. Die LA-ICP-MS wurde in zwei 8-fach Multiplex-Immunoassays von Tissue Micro Arrays vom Prostatakarzinom und in Maushirngewebeschnitten zur Einschätzung von neurogenerative Erkrankungen erfolgreich eingesetzt werden. Es konnte hierbei gezeigt werden, dass das Nachweisvermögen, der hier entwickelten Methode bereits ausreicht, um die gängigen klinischen Biomarker mit guter Ortsauflösung nachzuweisen.
In this work a new tagging strategy of antibodies with the tagging reagent MeCAT (Metal Coded Tag) was developed under physiological reaction conditions. Their application was proved in an 8-fold multiplex immunoassay of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections. For a significant LA-ICP-MS detection of MeCAT tagged antibodies standardization for biological samples owere developed. The standardization based on a homogeneous deposition onto the NC membrane via conventional CD-ink-jet printer was validated in addition with the ICP-MS analysis of solutions. The internal standardization of LA-ICP-MS was successfully applied in two 8-fold multiplex immunoassays for Tissue Micro Arrays (TMA) of prostate cancer and for detection of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases in mouse brain tissue sections. In both examples it could be shown that the detection capability of the new tagging strategy in combination with the printing standardization allows the detection of the clinical biomarker with good spatial resolutions.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A avaliação de decisões estratégicas em condições de profunda incerteza é um desafio significativo para as organizações. Em condições onde informação disponível permite que stakeholders cheguem a um consenso sobre o futuro que será mais provável, ferramentas de planejamento baseadas em predição podem suportar o processo decisório de modo confiável. No entanto, em situações de instabilidade, onde o futuro é altamente incerto, a avaliação de decisões estratégicas utilizando predições pode levar a decisões equivocadas. Tais condições de incerteza frequentemente ocorrem em mercados nascentes, onde há alta incerteza relacionada ao processo de difusão de um novo produto. Na Indústria da Manufatura Aditiva, enquanto alguns especialistas estimam que a indústria pode chegar a faturar 21 bilhões de dólares em 2020, outros estimam que este mercado pode valer até 550 bilhões até 2025. Esta pesquisa emprega a simulação computacional de dinâmica de sistemas utilizando o método Robust Decision Making (RDM) para avaliar decisões estratégicas de fabricantes de sistemas de impressão 3D profissional. Para tanto, este trabalho amplia modelos de dinâmica competitiva e difusão de novos produtos para permitir a simulação no contexto da manufatura aditiva. Em seguida, são desenvolvidos algoritmos necessários para a análise RDM. Para avaliar decisões estratégicas em um amplo conjunto de futuros plausíveis, 10.800 simulações são realizadas. Em seguida, a robustez das estratégias avaliadas é testada, e as vulnerabilidades da estratégia mais robusta localizada são examinadas utilizando técnicas estatísticas. Finalmente, o trabalho identifica estratégias alternativas à estratégia mais robusta. Os resultados da simulação sugerem que fabricantes de sistemas de impressão 3D profissional deveriam perseguir uma estratégia de dominação do mercado agressiva, com um modelo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento e proteção intelectual fechado. Finalmente, o trabalho discute implicações gerenciais e teóricas relacionadas à avaliação de decisões estratégicas em condições de incerteza profunda.
Strategic Decision Making under deep uncertainty is a relevant challenge to organizations. When the available information allows sound decision making based on predictions, traditional decision making tools based on maximum expected value can lead to the right decision. Under conditions of deep uncertainty, however, decision making based on predict-then-act approaches might mislead and build overconfidence. In the 3D printing industry, uncertainty is highly relevant. While some experts forecast that this industry will worth 21 billion dollars by 2020, other estimates point that this market can have an economic impact of 550 billion by 2025. This dissertation leverages system dynamics simulation, using the Robust Decision Making (RDM) approach as the analytical framework to evaluate 3D printing Systems Manufacturers’ strategic decisions. I extend an existing competitive dynamics model allowing it to take into account expiring patents dynamics, an important aspect of the 3D printing industry. Then, I test 54 different strategies under 200 different scenarios, highlighting the most robust strategies. Afterwards, I examine the vulnerabilities of a candidate strategy using machine learning algorithms. The experiments showed that aggressive strategies dominate their conservative counterparts, using robustness as a criteria. Also, the results do not lend support to open source Research and Development strategies. Finally, I discuss managerial implications to the 3D printing industry, and theoretical contributions to the Strategic Decision-Making literature.

The thesis assesses market value of company CENTA, spol. s r.o. for strategic decision purposes. The crucial method is income-based valuation method, which is assisted by asset-based valuation method. The first part of the thesis includes strategic, financial and SWOT analysis. Afterwards particular valuation methods are applied. In conclusion statement of value as at 31.12.2006 is reported.

碩士
國立清華大學
高階經營管理碩士在職專班
103
This study focuses on the entry strategy of 3D printing market. The case is a 13-year-old optical company, dedicated to independent research and development, manufacturing various types of optical modules and optical components. Products widely used in projectors, mobile projection device, rear projection TV, video wall, surveillance camera and other fields. Though the pioneering stages, suffered from the financial crisis in 2008 and the European debt crisis in 2010, YNG Inc. still maintained growing up. Seeking sustainable development and the business opportunities, YNG Inc. needs to develop the marketing strategy, create channel, and quickly get into the 3D printing industry to expand revenue and growth momentum. For ODM business, this study adopted Michael Porter's five-force analysis to explore the external environment of 3D printing industry, found that the threat of potential competitors is high, YNG Inc. should highlight its own product advantages (cost effective & accuracy), access key technology patents, and enhanced product quality and services. For own brand development, this study adopted STP model to analyze its market selection and entry points, and then applied SWOT analysis to determine the product marketing strategy. The results found that YNG Inc. should actively develop product technologies (3D printing software, 3D scanner, UV resin), establishment of marketing and business channels, to provide innovative services and brand value in order to build customer loyalty.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
企業管理系高階產業經營碩士在職專班
106
The culture of printing industry has been passed down for many years of history. Because of Taiwan’s economy is depressed, the transfer of industry, the price competition of manufacturer and the impact of electronic, enterprise decreased the printing production year after year. Therefore, the printing industry faces with survival problem, which let printing manufacturers consider machine equipment, develop new products, cultivation of talent and considering of expansion. The vicious cycle causes the production of printing industry falling gradually. To survive in this difficult environment has become the critical point of the printing industry. The method to carry out this study was using case study method, and the printing manufacture is as a research subject. We can know that printing manufactures faces poor equipment, talent connection, promotion method, sales declined and operation cost, through PEST analysis, five forces analysis, value chain analysis and SWOT analysis. In the future, printing manufacture should purchase automation equipment, build the website and try to strategic partnership with others.

碩士
逢甲大學
電子商務碩士在職專班
100
The traditional printing industry is facing more challenges after Taiwan entry into the WTO, in a competitive environment, the traditional printing industry is the gradual loss of competitiveness. The traditional printing industry is a sunset industry, poor efficiency and lack of information. The rise of e-book industry, e-book industry and printing industry in the manufacturing part is same. Some of printing company in transition into e- book industry. The contents of thesis researched, Problem of the printing industry in the transition process, decision-making process,the correct transformation steps and establish the right business model.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
圖文傳播學系
95
Taiwan mostly takes small and medium-sized enterprises as the core which operated the reducing of human capital, equipment promoting and production cost in the printing industries. With the unfavorable situation, the SMEs of printing industry become to lack the advantage of economic scale and difficultly compete with large factories in Taiwan. In addition, the printing technology caused to decrease the categories of physics, chemistry and computer technologies take as a leading factor. Therefore, the printing industry loses the threshold and makes homogeneity of the products. Whole the printing industries must face the market of the price competition. Finally, the environment of printing industry needs to pursue a new innovative strategy to increase the competition in printing industry. 　　The research plans to adopt the methods of literature review, interview and focus group interview and carries on in-depth analysis of printing industry. The researcher probes the internal, external factors of printing industry and finds out the competition advantages. The study is separated into two parts which contain face-to-face interview with new venture that was situated in incubators and use focus groups interview with scholars of incubators and managers of printing industry. First, the study finds that university-incubators haven’t provided the incubation services totally to the new ventures as the literature reviews because of the incubators management. Before taking the next part of focus groups interview, the research makes a hypothesis of virtual incubator that integrates the advantages of others incubators and becomes the incubation essence of this research. So the purpose of the research uses the fundamental of incubation essences which are developed the innovative strategies through the focus group interview in printing industry. Second, the research finds that the incubation essences that are developed virtual incubator needs to four categories: first, is the virtual operation platform which provides with dynamic and knowledge-based teams, second are formation virtual incubators members that need the firms of industry, government and civil society; third is operation model that will be take the cluster, consortium and center-firms models; final are virtual services which involves the communication skills and accesses to entrepreneurial start-up support of incubators.

碩士
義守大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
98
Since Taiwan joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), the domestic and international competition that the industries have to face is becoming more serious and the boundaries of the industries have also moved gradually due to the serious competition. As the overall environment evolves, the traditional printing industry is faced with many severe challenges, which include the narrowed printing market due to the widespread digital technology, serious fall in price, and high cost of operation. Thus, many of the traditional printing firms try to restructure their enterprises. This study first investigates the operation problems that Taiwan traditional printing firms have faced now. And then, we discuss the selection of digital content firms to be the new industry for printing firms. Moreover, we propose three transformation strategies for traditional printing firms to be transformed into digital content firms. And, we also analyze the three transformation strategies to distinguish their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, we also choose a traditional printing firm, NKT Printing Corporation, for our case study to compare the feasibilities of the three transformation strategies to NKT Printing Corporation. The results of this study can be used for the managers of traditional printing firms to understand the advantages and disadvantages of different transformation strategies, so that they can properly select a transformation strategy to restructure their firms.

碩士
國立臺灣藝術大學
圖文傳播藝術學系碩士班
99
To promote the trade liberalization between cross-strait, the two governments signed Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement, ECFA in 2010. Since the market is expanding and trade barriers are alleviating, the managerial strategies after signing ECFA for Taiwan printing industry is an important issue which needs to be discussed. If different industries can put forward their needs, it can be beneficial references for the government when processing the follow–up consultation of ECFA. Furthermore, government can carry out properly coordinated sets of measures for those industries which may be affected or impacted strongly by trade liberalization. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to confer managerial strategies for Taiwan printing industry after signing ECFA. This research comprehends on industry environment, competitive position and possible strategy in accordance to ECFA signing for Taiwan printing industry. Through persuading questionnaire to Taiwan printing industry, this study separates managerial strategies into five dementions by function which are marketing, manufacturing, R & D, financial and personnel matters. This research comprehends main strategy for Taiwan printing industry after signing ECFA by descriptive and variance statistical analysis. Results showed because of market saturation of Taiwan, mastering China and overseas markets is a trend. After signing ECFA, lower production cost is the most important strategy for the industry. Secondary is the language skills and communication skills and professional competence training of staffs. Thirdly is the R&D strategy or providing customized and environmentally-friendly services which are on the trends and international market demanding. For marketing strategy, the industry thought that brand management of company has higher the importance. Financial strategy is not concerned to be changed urgently right after ECFA signing.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
管理研究所
101
Before 21th century, traditional printing has already become a very mature industry. Under full development of Europe, America, and Japan, either hardware equipment or quality of software system are qualified enough to satisfy the demand of the market. Therefore, paper production in every country has already been in a high blooming or even oversupply situation. In recent years, as the environment protection and carbon reduction are been highly respect, and development of the digital printing, invest in digital UV printing is an alternative for tradition industry to reborn. After having the skill of using digital UV printing, they found that the traditional skills in printing are not important anymore. The quality of printing are totally depends on the level of equipments. In the market competition, the key points are the variety and the quality of product and also the way to promote the product. The purpose of this research is to know digital printing industry in Taiwan and focus on the way of promotion, analyze it, and propose a structural discussion of the future of the market in Taiwan. After discussing with the expert scholar related Researcher will collect promoting tools, consumer behavior, five forces analysis, SWOT analysis and discussion of marketing mix from recourses and conclude some questions related. After that, researcher will interview and make questionnaires for the companies in the field. Through this way, the researcher hopes to understand the management strategies and promoting mode of the companies. Moreover, through analyzing and induction, the researcher hopes to make some related advises of promotion and management strategies for the future market. As the competition of traditional printing industry heat up and the reduction of the profit, invest in digital UV printing is a good choice. Under a new industry competition, how to elevate the competitive advantages and having effective promoting strategies will be the way for companies to develop digital printing industry. Researcher also hopes that this research become a reference for companies.

博士
國立臺灣師範大學
工業教育學系
99
The printing industry in Taiwan has displayed qualitative as well as quantitative changes over the past ten years or so, gaining in both knowledge and technology intensiveness. This study examines the development strategies employed by Taiwan’s printing industry concerning advanced printing technologies amid the trend toward emerging technologies. This study collects data from a semi-structured questionnaire combined with literature review, experts’ advice, two focus group interviews, as well as the opinions of 220 insiders of Taiwan’s printing and high-tech industries. The author uses “the theoretical foundation of technologies; the development of emerging technologies; the application and development of advanced printing technologies; a questionnaire focused on the dimensions, disciplines, layers and details” as R&D tools for discussion. This study adopts statistic methods such as an induction-based quantitative analysis utilizing the statistical measures of average and standard deviation, along with a qualitative analysis based on opinions and statements collected through interviews. The results are shown in a percentile format (chi-square tests), and all the questionnaire items have reached statistical significance with (***) P<.001 in the goodness of fit test, demonstrating consistency and expert validity. The discussion on Taiwan’ strategies of developing advanced printing technologies reached conclusions in the following aspects: 1. The application of theoretical foundations to printing techniques amid the trend toward emerging technologies; 2. The application of innovative/advanced printing technologies and the development of the philosophical concept of “move, shift and transform”; 3. Building the “Ferris Wheel” model of development strategy to promote Taiwan’s high-tech printing industry; 4. Aggressively applying the results of interdisciplinary integration of applied printing technologies to industrial development, in order to demonstrate the global competitiveness of Taiwan; 5. Implementing as planned the interdisciplinary personnel recruitment/training mechanism, so as to bolster industry-school cooperation and accreditation program(s). 6. Expanding the interdisciplinary R&D effort for high-tech, adaptive and key printing technologies. 7. Providing the second-generation entrepreneurs in printing industry with consultancy, helping them set up an integrated, innovative business model while enhancing their willingness to invest. 8. Establishing “the application and development strategies of Taiwan’s advanced printing technologies amid the trend toward emerging technologies”. Based on the research findings and conclusions, the researcher developed in the summary a “Ferris Wheel” model of development strategy for advanced printing technologies, citing a philosophy on innovation. The strategy will hopefully provide a platform that integrates the “momentum” of advanced printing technologies to the Industrial Development Bureau, Ministry of Economic affairs; Bureau of Employment and Vocational Training, Ministry of the Interior; Small and Medium Enterprises Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs; Department of Technology and Vocational Education, Ministry of Education. Meanwhile, the strategy serves as guidelines for interdisciplinary integration between the printing and high-tech industries. The researcher put forth several topics for further researches, calling on and encouraging researchers to contribute to the country’s high-tech printing industry and economic development as well.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1993.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-65).

Salt formation is a routinely used strategy for poorly water-soluble drugs and traditionally performed with small inorganic counterions. High energy crystal lattices as well as effects on the local pH within the aqueous boundary layer during dissolution drive the increased dissolution rate and apparent solubility. Ionic liquids however, by definition low melting ionic salts with often large organic counterions, combine an increased dissolution rate with solubilization of the drug by the counterion itself. Long lasting supersaturation profiles of increased kinetic solubility were reported for several drugs formulated as ionic liquids increasing their overall bioavailability. Furthermore, aggregation and micellization between highly lipophilic compounds and amphiphilic bile acids was described before, demonstrating the capabilities of the human body itself to utilize solubilization of poorly water-soluble compounds. Development of novel counterions not only tailoring the desired physicochemical properties e.g. dissolution rate of the parent drug but adding – in a best-case scenario synergistic – pharmacological activity has been driven forward in the last years. However, salt formation can only be applied for ionizable i.e. acidic or basic compounds. While co-crystals can be used as a nonionized alternative, their formation is not always successful leading to an urgent need for other formulation strategies. In these lines, development of 2D and 3D printing techniques has been ongoing for the last decades and their pharmaceutical application has been demonstrated. The versatile nature and commercial availability allow a decentralized production further elaborating this technique for a highly flexible and patient-oriented supply with medication. This thesis focuses on the theoretical background and potential application of salt formation in the pharmaceutical development of a drug candidate. The first section presents the current knowledge and state of the art in preparation of low melting ionic liquids i.e. salts and is translated to the in vitro investigation of molecular interaction between the poorly water-soluble drug imatinib and components of the human intestinal fluid in the second section. Development of novel antibiotic counterions and assessment of their potential use in pharmaceutical formulations with fluoroquinolones is described in the last two sections. Chapter I describes the application of low melting ionic liquids in pharmaceutical formulation and details their development in the last two decades from versatile organic solvents in chemical synthesis towards amorphous strategies for drug delivery. The chapter gives a general overview on molecular structure and physicochemical properties of several drug containing ionic liquids and details the mechanisms which attribute to a typically fast dissolution, increased aqueous solubility as well as enhanced permeation which was reported in several publications. Chapter II translates the increased aqueous solubility of drugs by an organic counterion to the human gastrointestinal tract with taurocholate and lecithin as main drivers for the solubilization of highly lipophilic and poorly water-soluble drugs. Investigation of the interaction of imatinib – a poorly water-soluble weak base – with fasted- and fed state simulated intestinal fluids revealed a complex interplay between the components of the intestinal fluid and the drug. Mixed vesicles and micelles were observed in concentration dependent aggregation assays and revealed differences in their size, molecular arrangement as well as composition, depending on the tested drug concentration. Overall, the study outlines the effective interaction of weakly basic drugs with taurocholate and lecithin to minimize recrystallization during intestine passage finally leading to favorable supersaturation profiles. Chapter III focuses on the development of novel antibiotic counterions which potentially move the evolution of ionic liquids from a pharmaceutical salt with tailored physicochemical properties to a synergistic combination of two active pharmaceutical ingredients. The natural occurring anacardic acid derived from the cashew nut shell inspired a series of antibacterial active acidic compounds with increasing alkyl chain length. Their physicochemical properties, antibacterial activity, bacterial biofilm inhibition and cytotoxicity were detailed and in vivo activity in a Galleria mellonella model was assessed. This group of anacardic acid derivatives is synthetically accessible, easily modifiable and yielded two compounds with favorable activity and physicochemical profile for further drug development. Chapter IV outlines the potential application of anacardic acid derivatives in pharmaceutical formulations by salt formation with fluoroquinolone antibiotics as well as novel techniques such as 2D/3D printing for preparation of drug imprinted products. Despite anacardic acid derivatives demonstrated promising physicochemical properties, salt formation with fluoroquinolone antibiotics was not feasible. However, 2D/3D printed samples with anacardic acid derivative alone or in combination with ciprofloxacin demonstrated physical compatibility between drug and matrix as well as antibacterial activity against three S. aureus strains in an agar diffusion assay. Conclusively, drug printing can be applied for the herein tested compounds, but further process development is necessary. In summary, preparation of low melting ionic liquids, salts or co-crystals is an appropriate strategy to increase the aqueous solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs and tailor physicochemical properties. The counterion itself solubilizes the drug and furthermore potentially interferes with the complex micellar environment in the human intestine. However, salt formation as routinely used formulation strategy is not feasible in every case and development of alternative techniques is crucial to hurdle challenges related to unfavorable physicochemical properties. The outlined techniques for 2D/3D drug printing provide versatile production of drug products while extending the design space for novel drug development
Die Salzbildung mit pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen – als routinemäßig durchgeführte Strategie für schlecht wasserlösliche Substanzen – wird traditionell mit kleinen, anorganischen Gegenionen durchgeführt. Eine tragende Rolle spielen hierbei ein hochenergetisches Kristallgitter sowie die Beeinflussung des pH-Wertes in der ruhenden Grenzschicht während des Auflösungsprozesses. Diese treiben eine beschleunigte Auflösungsrate sowie eine Erhöhung der scheinbaren Löslichkeit an. Ionische Flüssigkeiten stellen per Definition niederschmelzende ionische Salze mit oftmals großen, organischen Gegenionen dar. Sie kombinieren, aufgrund ihrer hohen Gitterenergie, eine beschleunigte Auflösungsratemit der Solubilisierung des Wirkstoffs durch das Gegenion. Langanhaltende Übersättigungen mit erhöhter kinetischer Löslichkeit und eine damit einhergehende, verbesserte Bioverfügbarkeit, wurden bereits bei verschiedenen Wirkstoffen beobachtet, die als ionische Flüssigkeiten formuliert wurden. Auch der menschliche Körper nutzt diesen Effekt und solubilisiert schlecht wasserlösliche Substanzen durch Aggregation und Mizellisierung lipophiler Substanzen mit amphiphilen Gallensäuren. Die Entwicklung neuartiger – meist kationischer – Gegenionen wurde in den letzten Jahren vorangetrieben. Vor allem Gegenionen, die nicht nur die gewünschten physikochemischen Eigenschaften (z.B. Auflösungsrate) hervorbringen, sondern einen eigenen – im besten Fall synergistischen – pharmakologischen Effekt aufweisen. Jedoch kommt eine Salzbildung nur für ionisierbare Substanzen respektive Säuren und Basen in Frage. Während Co-Kristalle als Alternative für nicht-ionisierbare Substanzen dienen können, ist deren Herstellung nicht immer erfolgreich und neue Formulierungsstrategien werden notwendig. Deshalb wurde unter anderem die Entwicklung von 2D- und 3D-Druckverfahren in den letzten Jahrzehnten vorangetrieben und deren Relevanz für pharmazeutische Fragestellungen aufgezeigt. Die vielseitige Natur und kommerzielle Verfügbarkeit des 2D/3D-Drucks erlaubt eine dezentrale Produktion und ermöglicht eine flexible und patientenorienterte Medikamentenversorgung. Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich vorrangig mit den theoretischen Hintergründen und den praktischen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Salzbildung in der pharmazeutischen Entwicklung eines potenziellen Wirkstoffes. Das erste Kapitel präsentiert den gegenwärtigen Stand der Technik zur Verwendung von niederschmelzenden ionischen Flüssigkeiten. Diese Erkenntnisse werden im Anschluss auf eine Untersuchung der Interaktionen des schlecht wasserlöslichen Wirkstoffs Imatinib und den Bestandteilen der menschlichen Verdauungssäfte übertragen. Die Entwicklung neuartiger, antibiotisch wirksamer Gegenionen und deren potenzielle Verwendung in pharmazeutischen Formulierungen mit Fluorchinolonen ist Gegenstand der letzten zwei Kapitel. Kapitel I beschreibt niederschmelzende ionische Flüssigkeiten in pharmazeutischen Formulierungen und führt deren Entwicklung in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten aus: Vom vielfältig anwendbaren, organischen Lösemittel für die chemische Synthese hin zur amorphen Darreichungsform. Das Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über die molekularen Strukturen und physikochemischen Eigenschaften verschiedener wirkstoffbeinhaltender, ionischer Flüssigkeiten. Hierbei werden die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen dargelegt, was im Besonderen die rasche Auflösung, eine erhöhte Löslichkeit in wässrigen Medien sowie eine Beeinflussung der Permeation meint. Kapitel II überträgt die Beobachtung einer erhöhten Löslichkeit in Gegenwart eines organischen Gegenions auf den menschlichen Verdauungstrakt, in dem Taurocholat und Lecithin hauptverantworlich für die Solubilisierung von liphilen und schlecht wasserlöslichen Substanzen sind. Untersuchungen der Interaktion von Imatinib, einer schlecht wasserlöslichen, schwachen Base, mit simulierten, intestinalen Flüssigkeiten zeigten ein komplexes System aus Bestandteilen der intestinalen Flüssigkeit und dem Wirkstoff. Gemische aus Vesikel und Mizellen, die mithilfeeines Aggregationsassays untersucht wurden, zeigten, in Abhängigkeit von momentanen Wirkstoffkonzentrationen, Unterschiede in ihrer Größe sowie der molekularen Anordnung und Zusammensetzung. Zusammenfassend beschreibt dieses Kapitel die effektive Interaktion von schwachen Basen mit Taurocholat und Lecithin sowie eine Möglichkeit zur Minimierung von Rekristallisation und damit der Aufrechterhaltung von übersättigten Zuständen während der Wirkstoff den Verdauungstrakt passiert. Kapitel III befasst sich mit der Entwicklung neuartiger antibiotischer Gegenionen. Diese treiben möglicherweise die Weiterentwicklung von ionischen Flüssigkeiten mit optimierten physikochemischen Eigenschaften zu synergistischen Kombinationen aus zwei pharmakologisch aktiven Substanzen voran. Die natürlich vorkommende Anacardsäure, welche sich aus der Schale der Cashewnuss gewinnen lässt, hat eine Reihe von antibakteriellen, sauren Substanzen inspiriert, die sich allein in der Länge ihrer Alkylkette unterschieden. Physikochemische Eigenschaften, antibakterielle Aktivität, Inhibition des bakteriellen Biofilms sowie Zytotoxizität wurden untersucht und anschließend in vivo mittels Galleria mellonella-Modell beleuchtet. Diese Gruppe aus Anacardsäurederivaten ist synthetisch zugänglich, einfach chemisch modifizierbar und brachte zwei Substanzen mit vorteilhafter Aktivität und physikochemischen Eigenschaften zur weiteren Entwicklung hervor. Kapitel IV beschreibt die potenzielle Anwendung der Anacardsäurederivate in pharmazeutischen Formulierungen. Durch Salzbildung mit Fluorchinolon-Antibiotika sowie Nutzung neuerer Techniken, wie dem 2D/3D-Druck, wurden wirkstoffbedruckte Darreichungsformen hergestellt. Obwohl die Anacardsäurederivate vielversprechende physikochemische Eigenschaften zeigten, eigneten sie sich nicht für eine Salzbildung mit Fluorchinolonen. Trotzdem war es möglich Anacardsäurederivate allein oder in Kombination mit Ciprofloxacin auf Oberflächen zu drucken, wobei keine physische Inkompatibilität zwischen Wirkstoff und Matrix erkennbar war jedoch eine antibakterielle Wirkung gegen drei S. aureus Stämme gezeigt werden konnte. Abschließend stellte sich der Druck von Wirkstoffen, mit den untersuchten Techniken, als machbar heraus, wobei eine Weiterentwicklung des Prozesses sicherlich notwendig ist. Zusammenfassend stellt die Herstellung von niederschmelzenden, ionischen Flüssigkeiten, Salzen oder Co-Kristallen eine geeignete Strategie dar, die Löslichkeit schlecht wasserlöslicher Substanzen zu verbessern und deren physikochemische Eigenschaften zu optimieren. Das Gegenion kann dabei dazu beitragen den Wirkstoff zu solubilisieren, wobei es sehr wahrscheinlich ist, dass er auch mit dem komplexen mizellaren System des menschlichen Verdauungstrakts interagiert. Trotzdem ist eine routinemäßige Salzbildung nicht in allen Fällen zielführend und alternative Technologien müssen entwickelt werden, um die Herrausforderungen mit unvorteilhaften physikochemischen Eigenschaften zu meistern. Die beschriebenen 2D/3D-Druckverfahren bieten hierbei eine Produktion variabler und vielfältiger Darreichungsformen und erweitern den Gestaltungsraum für neuartige Wirkstoffentwicklungen

碩士
東吳大學
EMBA高階經營碩士在職專班
103
Abstract In recent years the developing of 3D printing industry influence by the domestic economic booms and the raising of citizens incomes, 3D Printing have become aware of products’ quality, which makes all 3D printing companies face intense competition than ever in Taiwan. From the comparing the price to the quality and service, the demands of consumers have changes the direction of major market, Taiwan’s 3D printing companies, chain retail stores are the key marketing channel for branding and sales, therefore, This research is going to study the following key factors:(1) The main influence of marketing strategies to brand value of 3D printing company(2)In the case study of HIROSE, which is to find out the vial influence on brand value of HIROSE brand valuation methodology.(3)In the case study of HIROSE brand valuation methodology at the certificated market, which provides strategies of raising brand value of 3D printing industry in the future. The result of study which indicates that the core values of the brand are product’s strategies, advertising, price promotion and the selling channel of stores. From the marketing point of view, by improving product design to increase the differentiation, enforcing the product quality and service among the market, by experiencing the product and service, which to increase the brand royalty to the targeted customers, then to create Prestige and establish brand value. the effect of advertising, price promotion and convenient location of the store will be all very limited. If the core value of the brand does not satisfy consumers. Keywords: 3D Printing, Brand Value, Marketing Strategy, HIROSE

碩士
世新大學
企業管理研究所(含碩專班)
96
It is a common phenomenon of industrial clustering for various businesses in Taiwan. Since the manufacturers from up-and-down stream may produce the same or similar products, they have either vertical or horizontal relations leading to compete or cooperate mutually and forming the phenomenon of linking and clustering with partners. By using the advantage of close geographic location, the manufacturers can exchange their resources and information to build a stable long-term cooperation relationship among partners, and enhance their operating performance and competitiveness. For the printing industry, there is a positive impact on clustering effect. The partners within the cluster may lie at different hierarchy of value chain with different operational strategies and goals. They adopt individual manufacturing strategies and outsourcing models to reduce manufacturing costs and the waste of resource. This further forms an integrated network which is agile and flexible among the members to attain lots of substantial merits and profits. The main purposes of current study are to investigate the relationship and influence of the variables including the hierarchy of value chain, manufacturing strategies, outsourcing models and clustering effects. The study chose the printing industry as example to perform an empirical study by conducting a questionnaire survey. For analyzing the data, the researcher adopted some statistical methods to test the variances, latent factors, and correlations among variables. The findings indicate that the clustering phenomenon of printing industry is formed by the highly correlated dependent relations of a variety of manufacturing characteristics. The benefits of the clustering are from the up and down stream manufacturer’s specialization and complementary. The industrial attributes may influence the cognition of practitioners about the forming factors of clustering phenomenon, and the hierarchy of value chain may affect firm’s manufacturing strategies and outsourcing models. Besides, firm’s manufacturing strategies are related to their outsourcing models, and significantly affect the clustering effects of cost, flexibility, and relationship.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
科技應用與人力資源發展學系
103
Since the critical patent of 3D printing expired in 2014, fair-price printing machine has been gradually released. Thus, 3D printing technology begins to be evaluated the feasibility and practicability to implement in education. Based on this, the research which combine the instructional strategy and 3D printing to make learning by doing, besides design the teaching curriculum with STEM teaching method aims to discuss the effectiveness of 3D printing technology with instructional strategy in high school students’ abstract reasoning and practicing, learning motivation and the ability of hands-on on learning science abstract concepts. The participants of this research are first-grade students from five classes in one senior high school in Taipei. Based on the quasi- experimental design, the study focuses on three situations: the experimental group one received hands-on curriculum through instructional strategy and 3D printing technology; the experimental two received hands- on curriculum with 3D printing and the control group received hands-on curriculum with hands-on craft. In the experimental design, the students have to solve the questions through group discussion and 3D printing technology or hands-on craft. By using the strategy of materializing the abstract concept, the research looks forward to enhancing students’ learning effectiveness, motivation and the skills of hands-on.