Dissertationen zum Thema „Prévision du trafic routier“
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Allain, Guillaume. „Prévision et analyse du trafic routier par des méthodes statistiques“. Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/351/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe industrial partner of this work is Mediamobile/V-trafic, a company which processes and broadcasts live road-traffic information. The goal of our work is to enhance traffic information with forecasting and spatial extending. Our approach is sometimes inspired by physical modelling of traffic dynamic, but it mainly uses statistical methods in order to propose self-organising and modular models suitable for industrial constraints. In the first part of this work, we describe a method to forecast trafic speed within a time frame of a few minutes up to several hours. Our method is based on the assumption that traffic on the a road network can be summarized by a few typical profiles. Those profiles are linked to the users' periodical behaviors. We therefore make the assumption that observed speed curves on each point of the network are stemming from a probabilistic mixture model. The following parts of our work will present how we can refine the general method. Medium term forecasting uses variables built from the calendar. The mixture model still stands. Additionnaly we use a fonctionnal regression model to forecast speed curves. We then introduces a local regression model in order to stimulate short-term trafic dynamics. The kernel function is built from real speed observations and we integrate some knowledge about traffic dynamics. The last part of our work focuses on the analysis of speed data from in traffic vehicles. These observations are gathered sporadically in time and on the road segment. The resulting data is completed and smoothed by local polynomial regression
Maza, Elie. „Prévision de trafic routier par des méthodes statistiques : espérance structurelle d’une fonction aléatoire“. Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30238.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the first part of this thesis, we describe a travel time forecasting method on the Parisian motorway network. This method is based on a mixture model. Parameters are estimated by an automatic classification method and a training concept. The second part is devoted to the study of a semi-parametric curve translation model. Estimates are carried out by an M-estimation method. We show the consistency and the asymptotic normality of the estimators. In the third part, we widen the function warping model by considering that the warping functions result from a random process. That enables us to define, in an intrinsic way, a concept of structural expectation and thus to get round the non identifiability of the model. We propose an empirical estimator of this structural expectation and we show consistency and asymptotic normality
Dochy, Thierry. „Arbres de régression et réseaux de neurones appliqués à la prévision de trafic routier“. Paris 9, 1995. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1995PA090034.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSalotti, Julien. „Méthodes de sélection de voisinage pour la prévision à court-terme du trafic urbain“. Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI077.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the context of Smart Cities, there is a growing need to inform drivers, anticipate congestion and take action to manage the state of the traffic flow on the road network. This need has driven the development of a large number of traffic forecasting methods. The last decades have seen the rise in computing power, in storage capacity and in our ability to process information in real-time. More and more road segments are equipped with traffic sensors. These evolutions are new elements to take into consideration in order to design accurate traffic forecasting algorithms. Despite the large amount of research efforts on this topic, there is still no clear understanding of which criteria are required in order to achieve a high forecasting performance at the network scale. In this thesis, we study two real datasets collected in two main French cities: Lyon and Marseille. The Lyon dataset describes the traffic flow on an urban network. The Marseille dataset descrobes the traffic flow on urban freeways. We evaluate the performance of methods from different fields: time series analysis (autoregressive models), and different subfields of machine learning (support vector machines, neural networks, nearest-neighbors regression). We also study different neighborhood selection strategies in order to improve the forecasting accuracy, while decreasing the complexity of the models. We evaluate a well-known approach (Lasso) and apply for the first time on traffic data a method based on information theory and graphical models (TiGraMITe), which has shown very effective on similar physics applications. Our experimental results confirm the usefulness of neighborhood selection mechanisms in some contexts and illustrate the complementarity of forecasting methods with respect to the type of network (urban, freeway) and the forecasting horizon (from 6 to 30 minutes)
Laharotte, Pierre-Antoine. „Contributions à la prévision court-terme, multi-échelle et multi-variée, par apprentissage statistique du trafic routier“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSET013/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe maturity of information and communication technologies and the advent of Big Data have led to substantial developments in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) : from data collection to innovative processing solutions. Knowledge of current traffic states is available over most of the network range without the use of intrusive infrastructure-side collection devices, instead relying on wireless transmission of multi-source data. The increasing use of huge databases had a strong influence on traffic management, including forecasting methods. These approaches followed the recent trend towards innovative works on statistical learning. However, the prediction problem remains mainly focused on the local scale. The prediction for each road link relies on a dedicated, optimized and adapted prediction model. Our work introduces a traffic-forecasting framework able to tackle network scale problems. The study conducted in this thesis aims to present and evaluate this new “global” approach, in comparison to most-used existing works, and then to analyze its sensitivity to several factors. The traffic-forecasting framework, based on multi-variate learning methods, is detailed after a review of the literature on traffic flow theory. A multi-dimensional version of the k nearest-neighbors, a simple and sparse model, is evaluated through several use cases. The originality of the work stands on the processing approach, applied to data collected through new measurement process (e.g. Bluetooth, floating car data, connected vehicles). Then, the performance of our primary approach is compared to other learning-based methods. We propose an adaptation of kernel-based methods for the global prediction framework. The obtained results show that global approaches perform as well as usual approaches. The spatial and temporal specificities of the methods are highlighted according to the prediction accuracy. To improve the forecasting accuracy and reduce the computation time, we propose an identification and selection method targeting critical links. The results demonstrate that the use of a restricted subset of links is sufficient to ensure acceptable performances during validation tests. Finally, the prediction framework resilience is evaluated with respect to non-recurrent events as incidents or adverse weather conditions affecting the nominal network operations. The results highlight the impact of these non-recurrent conditions on real-time forecasting of short-term network dynamics. This enables the design of a further operational and resilient prediction framework. This perspective of forecasting matches the current applications relying on embedded systems and addressing the traffic network supervisor’s expectations
Chevrolet, Dominique. „Deux études de transport urbain : ordonnancement des phases d'un carrefour, modèles désagrégés de déplacements dans l'agglomération grenobloise“. Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00321160.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSutto, Lisa. „Le rôle de l’expertise économique dans l’élaboration des politiques alpines de transport et du projet Lyon-Turin : vers l’émergence d’un espace alpin ?“ Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO22002/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe context of freight transport in transit through the Alps is marked by several decades of traffic flow growth. Such a growth has been uneven over time and from passage to passage. A second element characterises this context. It deals with the peculiar fragility of the alpine areas to traffic impacts: the rising of environmental concerns in these regions appears to be stronger than elsewhere. The aim of this thesis is to comprehend the elaboration of transportation public policies concerning the transalpine traffics. Firstly, we endeavour to assess to which extent this decision making process has contributed towards the emergence of a geopolitical alpine space. Secondly, we seek to clarify the role of economical tools inside this process. The issue will be addressed at two different scales, on the basis of two case studies: the history of the Lyon-Turin project, aiming at retracing the evolution of the strategic goals it has integrated over time; the analysis of the alpine cooperation systems dealing with transports issues developed at the whole alpine arc scale. Outcomes show a progressive “alpinisation” of the transit question. Firstly, it results of a representation of the Alps as a system of interconnected passages. Secondly, it relies on the construction of some structures of cooperation bringing together actors involved by transalpine transit. Another group of outcomes shows that the economical assessment tools and their usage are closely linked to this “alpinisation” process. It also highlights an evolution from a deterministic approach, where economical tools mainly play a justification role for some pre-established strategies, to a procedural approach, where they are shared by actors and used in order to simulate different political options and to help so in designing policies
Zuo, Jingwei. „Apprentissage de représentations et prédiction pour des séries-temporelles inter-dépendantes“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG038.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTime series is a common data type that has been applied to enormous real-life applications, such as financial analysis, medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, astronomical discovery, etc. Due to its complex structure, time series raises several challenges in their data processing and mining. The representation of time series plays a key role in data mining tasks and machine learning algorithms for time series. Yet, a few methods consider the interrelation that may exist between different time series when building the representation. Moreover, the time series mining requires considering not only the time series' characteristics in terms of data complexity but also the concrete application scenarios where the data mining task is performed to build task-specific representations.In this thesis, we will study different time series representation approaches that can be used in various time series mining tasks, while capturing the relationships among them. We focus specifically on modeling the interrelations between different time series when building the representations, which can be the temporal relationship within each data source or the inter-variable relationship between various data sources. Accordingly, we study the time series collected from various application contexts under different forms. First, considering the temporal relationship between the observations, we learn the time series in a dynamic streaming context, i.e., time series stream, for which the time series data is continuously generated from the data source. Second, for the inter-variable relationship, we study the multivariate time series (MTS) with data collected from multiple data sources. Finally, we study the MTS in the Smart City context, when each data source is given a spatial position. The MTS then becomes a geo-located time series (GTS), for which the inter-variable relationship requires more modeling efforts with the external spatial information. Therefore, for each type of time series data collected from distinct contexts, the interrelations between the time series observations are emphasized differently, on the temporal or (and) variable axis.Apart from the data complexity from the interrelations, we study various machine learning tasks on time series in order to validate the learned representations. The high-level learning tasks studied in this thesis consist of time series classification, semi-supervised time series learning, and time series forecasting. We show how the learned representations connect with different time series learning tasks under distinct application contexts. More importantly, we conduct the interdisciplinary study on time series by leveraging real-life challenges in machine learning tasks, which allows for improving the learning model's performance and applying more complex time series scenarios.Concretely, for these time series learning tasks, our main research contributions are the following: (i) we propose a dynamic time series representation learning model in the streaming context, which considers both the characteristics of time series and the challenges in data streams. We claim and demonstrate that the Shapelet, a shape-based time series feature, is the best representation in such a dynamic context; (ii) we propose a semi-supervised model for representation learning in multivariate time series (MTS). The inter-variable relationship over multiple data sources is modeled in a real-life context, where the data annotations are limited; (iii) we design a geo-located time series (GTS) representation learning model for Smart City applications. We study specifically the traffic forecasting task, with a focus on the missing-value treatment within the forecasting algorithm
Aw, Abdallahi Bechir. „Modèles hyperboliques pour le trafic routier“. Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE5625.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBez, Rolf. „Modélisation des charges dues au trafic routier /“. Lausanne : Ecole polytechnique fédérale Département de génie civil ICOM-Construction métallique, 1989. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=793.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLaarabi, Mohamed Haitam. „Optimisation multicritère des itinéraires pour transport des marchandises dangereuses en employant une évaluation en logique floue du risque et la simulation du trafic à base d'agents“. Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0074/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEveryday thousands of trucks transporting hundreds of thousands of tons of dangerous goods by various modalities and both within and across nations. However, the term “dangerous” indicates an intrinsic adversity that characterize these products, which can manifest in an accident leading to release of a hazardous substance (e.g. radioactive, flammable, explosive etc.). In this situation, the consequences can be lethal to human beings, other living organisms and damage the environment and public/private properties.The importance of dangerous goods boils down to the significant economic benefits that generates. In fact, one cannot deny the contribution of the transport of all fossil fuel derived product, which represents more than 60% of dangerous goods transported in Europe. Eni, the Italian leading petrochemical company, every day operates a fleet of about 1,500 trucks, which performs numerous trips from loading terminals to filling stations. Distribution of petroleum products is a risky activity, and an accident during the transportation may lead to serious consequences.Aware of what is at stake, the division Eni R&M - Logistics Secondary, historically active in Genoa headquarters, is collaborating since 2002 with the DIBRIS department at University of Genoa, and the CRC at Mines ParisTech, with the purpose of studying possible improvements regarding safety in transport of dangerous goods, particularly petroleum products. Over years, this collaboration has led to the development of different technologies and mainly to an information and decision support system. The major component of this system is a platform for monitoring Eni fleet, at the national level, to deliver the products to the distribution points, called the Transport Integrated Platform (TIP). These vehicles are equipped with a device capable of transmitting data stream in real-time using a GPRS modem. The data transmitted can be of different nature and contain information about the state of the vehicle and occurred events during the trip. These data are intended to be received by centralized servers then get processed and stored, in order to support various applications within the TIP.With this in mind, the studies undertaken throughout the thesis are directed towards the development of a proposal to further minimize the risk related to the transportation of dangerous goods. In other words, a trade-off based model for route selection taking into consideration economic and safety factors. The objective is prompted by the need to support existent regulations and safety standards, which does not assure a full warranty against accidents involving dangerous goods.The goal is carried out by considering the existent system as basis for developing an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) aggregating multiple software platforms. These platforms should allow planners and decision makers to monitor in real-time their fleet, to assess risk and evaluate all possible routes, to simulate and create different scenarios, and to assist at finding solutions to particular problems.Throughout this dissertation, I highlight the motivation for such research work, the related problem statements, and the challenges in dangerous goods transport. I introduce the TIP as the core for the proposed ITS architecture. For simulation purposes, virtual vehicles are injected into the system. The management of the data collection was the subject of technical improvement for more reliability, efficiency and scalability in real-time monitoring of dangerous goods shipment. Finally, I present a systematic explanation of the methodology for route optimization considering both economic and risk criteria. The risk is assessed based on various factors mainly the frequency of accident leading to hazardous substance release and its consequences. Uncertainty quantification in risk assessment is modelled using fuzzy sets theory
Sulface, Allain. „Simulation du trafic routier et communication inter-véhicules“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28507/28507.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHatchi, Roméo. „Analyse mathématique de modèles de trafic routier congestionné“. Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090048/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is devoted to the mathematical analysis of some models of congested road traffic. The essential notion is the Wardrop equilibrium. It continues Carlier and Santambrogio's works with coauthors. With Baillon they studied the case of two-dimensional cartesian networks that become very dense in the framework of $\Gamma$-convergence theory. Finding Wardrop equilibria is equivalent to solve convex minimisation problems.In Chapter 2 we look at what happens in the case of general networks, increasingly dense. New difficulties appear with respect to the original case of cartesian networks. To deal with these difficulties we introduce the concept of generalized curves. Structural assumptions on these sequences of discrete networks are necessary to obtain convergence. Sorts of Finsler distance are used and keep track of anisotropy of the network. We then have similar results to those in the cartesian case.In Chapter 3 we study the continuous model and in particular the limit problems. Then we find optimality conditions through a duale formulation that can be interpreted in terms of continuous Wardrop equilibria. However we work with generalized curves and we cannot directly apply Prokhorov's theorem, as in \cite{baillon2012discrete, carlier2008optimal}. To use it we consider a relaxed version of the limit problem with Young's measures. In Chapter 4 we focus on the long-term case, that is, we fix only the distributions of supply and demand. As shown in \cite{brasco2013congested} the problem of Wardrop equilibria can be reformulated in a problem à la Beckmann and reduced to solve an elliptic anisotropic and degenerated PDE. We use the augmented Lagrangian scheme presented in \cite{benamou2013augmented} to show a few numerical simulation examples. Finally Chapter 5 is devoted to studying Monge problems with as cost a Finsler distance. It leads to minimal flow problems. Discretization of these problems is equivalent to a saddle-point problem. We then solve it numerically again by an augmented Lagrangian algorithm
Brotcorne, Luce L. D. „Approches opérationnelles et stratégiques des problèmes de trafic routier“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGhorayeb, Ali. „Capteur catadioptrique pour le diagnostic du trafic routier urbain“. Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0101.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis we present an optimal omnidirectional visual sensor which can replace perspective camera network for traffic diagnosis. The proposed system has the advantage, by the number and the designed mirror, to generate a single view of the crown and junction ways of the crossroads by maximizing the number of useless pixels. So, the percentage of pixels used directly for subsequent phases of image processing is optimal. We describe the methodology used to design such a sensor. In addition, to assess our sensor, we also developed image processing methods that provide useful indicators for estimating the state of the traffic as the crossroads occupancy rate, the vehicle speed and the flow of vehicles. We compare this optimal sensor to the traditional ones that used parabolic, hyperbolic, spherical mirror or a mirror that has constant horizontal resolution to observe the scene. We prove that optimal sensor has better results than traditional ones
Delle, Monache Maria Laura. „Lois de conservation pour la modélisation du trafic routier“. Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4056/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis we consider two coupled PDE-ODE models. One to model moving bottlenecks and theother one to describe traffic flow at junctions. First, we consider a strongly coupled PDE-ODE systemthat describes the influence of a slow and large vehicle on road traffic. The model consists of a scalarconservation law accounting for the main traffic evolution, while the trajectory of the slower vehicle isgiven by an ODE depending on the downstream traffic density. The moving constraint is expressed byan inequality on the flux, which models the bottleneck created in the road by the presence of the slowerDépôt de thèse – Donnéescomplémentairesvehicle. We prove the existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem for initial data of bounded variation.Moreover, two numerical schemes are proposed. The first one is a finite volume algorithm that uses alocally nonuniform moving mesh. The second one uses a reconstruction technique to display thebehavior of the vehicle. Next, we consider the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards traffic flow model on ajunction composed by one mainline, an onramp and an offramp, which are connected by a node. Theonramp dynamics is modeled using an ordinary differential equation describing the evolution of thequeue length. The definition of the solution of the Riemann problem at the junction is based on anoptimization problem and the use of a right of way parameter. The numerical approximation is carriedout using a Godunov scheme, modified to take into account the effects of the onramp buffer. Aftersuitable modification, the model is used to solve an optimal control problem on roundabouts. Two costfunctionals are numerically optimized with respect to the right of way parameter
Oberoi, Kamaldeep Singh. „Modélisation spatio-temporelle du trafic routier en milieu urbain“. Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR075/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor past several decades, researchers have been interested in understanding traffic evolution, hence, have proposed various traffic models to identify bottleneck locations where traffic congestion occurs, to detect traffic patterns, to predict traffic states etc. Most of the existing models consider traffic as many-particle system, describe it using different scales of representation and explain its evolution quantitatively by deducing relations between traffic variables like flow, density and speed. Such models are mainly focused on computing precise information about traffic using acquired traffic data. However, computation of such precise information requires more processing resources. A way to remedy this problem is to consider traffic evolution in qualitative terms which reduces the required number of processing resources. Since traffic is spatio-temporal in nature, the models which deal with spatio-temporal phenomenon can be applied in case of traffic. Such models represent spatio-temporal phenomenon from qualitative as well as quantitative standpoints. Depending on the intended application, some models are able to differentiate between various entities taking part in the phenomenon, which proves useful in case of traffic since different objects like vehicles, buildings, pedestrians, bicycles etc., directly affecting traffic evolution, can be included in traffic models. Qualitative spatio-temporal models consider the effects of different entities on each other in terms of spatial relations between them and spatio-temporal evolution of the modeled phenomenon is described in terms of variation in such relations over time. Considering different traffic constituents and spatial relations between them leads to the formation of a structure which can be abstracted using graph, whose nodes represent individual constituents and edges represent the corresponding spatial relations. As a result, the evolution of traffic, represented using graph, is described in terms of evolution of the graph itself, i. e. change in graph structure and attributes of nodes and edges, with time. In this thesis, we propose such a graph model to represent traffic. As mentioned above, one of the applications of existing traffic models is in detecting traffic patterns. However, since such models consider traffic quantitatively, in terms of acquired traffic data, the patterns detected using such models are statistical (a term employed by Pattern Recognition researchers) in the sense that they are represented using numerical description. Since graph-based traffic model proposed in this thesis represents the structure of traffic, it can be employed to redefine the meaning of traffic patterns from statistical to structural (also a term from Pattern Recognition community). Structural traffic patterns include different traffic constituents and their inter-links and are represented using time-varying graphs. An algorithm to detect a given structural traffic pattern in the spatio-temporal graph representing traffic is proposed in this thesis. It formalizes this problem as subgraph isomorphism for time-varying graphs. In the end, the performance of the algorithm is tested using various graph parameters
Firozaly, Jérémy. „Homogénéisation d’équations de Hamilton-Jacobi et applications au trafic routier“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1064/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis report deals with the homogenization in space and time of some first order Hamilton-Jacobi equations. It contains two contributions. The corresponding equations are derived from traffic flow modelling. We finally present some results of almost periodic homogenization. In the first chapter, we consider a one dimensional pursuit law with delay which is derived from traffic flow modelling. It takes the form of an infinite system of first order coupled delayed equations. Each equation describes the motion of a driver who interacts with the preceding one: such a model is referred to as a ``follow-the-leader" model. We take into account the reaction time of drivers. We derive a macroscopic model, namely a Hamilton-Jacobi equation, by a homogenization process for reaction times that are below an explicit threshold. The key idea is to show, that below this threshold, a strict comparison principle holds for the infinite system. Above this threshold, we show that collisions can occur. In a second time, for well-chosen dynamics and higher reaction times, we show that there exist some microscopic pursuit laws that do not lead to the previous macroscopic model. Such a law is here derived as a perturbation of the stationnary solution, for which all the vehicles are equally spaced at initial times. The second chapter is dedicated to the homogenization of a Hamilton-Jacobi equation for traffic lights. We consider an infinite road where lights are equally spaced and with a constant phase shift between two lights. This model takes the form of a first order Hamilton-Jacobi equation with an Hamiltonian that is discontinuous in the space variable and the notion of viscosity solution is the one introduced by C. Imbert and R. Monneau (2017). Each light is modelled as a time-periodic flux limiter and the traffic flow between two lights corresponds to the classical LWR model. The global Hamiltonian will be time-periodic but not periodic in space for a general phase shift. We first show that the rescaled solution converges toward the solution of the expected macroscopic model where the effective Hamiltonian depends on the phase shift. In a second time, numerical simulations are used to analyse the effect of the phase shift on the effective Hamiltonian and to reveal some properties of the effective Hamiltonian from the numerical observations. In the third chapter, we are interested in some homogenization problems of Hamilton-Jacobi equations within the almost periodic setting which generalizes the usual periodic one. The first problem is the evolutionary version of the work cite {ishii2000almost}, with the same stationary Hamiltonian. The second problem has already been solved in the second chapter but we use here almost periodic arguments for the time periodic and space almost periodic Hamiltonian. We only study the ergodicity of the associated cell problems. We finally discuss open problems, the first one concerning a space and time almost periodic Hamiltonian and the second one being a microscopic model for traffic flow modelling where the Hamiltonian is almost periodic in space
Gashaw, Sosina Mengistu. „Modélisation de trafic routier hétérogène pour systèmes de transport intelligents“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4202/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis dissertation models and analyzes heterogeneous traffic flow, with a particular focus on mixed traffic flow consisting of cars and two-wheelers. The increase in traffic congestion induces commuters to switch to powered two wheelers (PTWs), i.e. motorcycle, mopeds and scooters, because of their high maneuverability and space efficiency. The growth in number of PTWs, combined with their unique mobility features, results in complex traffic characteristics which are difficult to recreate with the existing modeling approaches. We develop an analytical model that can accurately reproduce the traffic features in a mixed flow of cars and PTWs. The traffic stream is decomposed into two vehicle classes, PTWs and cars. The fundamental properties are derived by employing a porous flow approach. It is assumed that the speed of a vehicle class is dictated by the physical and motion properties of the vehicle class, and the distribution of free spaces on the road. We propose an approximation method to derive the free-space distribution. In order to explore broader aspects of the traffic flow characteristics, notably required by intelligent transport system (ITS) applications, we formulate the model in the Lagrangian and the Eulerian frameworks. Further, we provide a numerical method for the discretization of the mathematical model. We analyze the flow characteristics of mixed PTWs and cars traffic and identify important properties, which give insights for future ITS solutions and traffic policy makers. The applicability of the model for different ITS applications is illustrated. Finally, the developed model is validated using a microsimulation tool
Goatin, Paola. „Analyse et approximation numérique de quelques modèles macroscopiques de trafic routier“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00765410.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGodin, Olivier. „Information visuelle multirésolution pour l'estimation de la vitesse du trafic routier“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6583.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRousseau, Julien. „Contribution à la modélisation du trafic routier dans l'algèbre min-plus“. Angers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ANGE0060.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMartinet, Simon. „Estimation in-situ des facteurs d’émission des polluants du trafic routier“. Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSET006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUrban air pollution is a major issue for human health and the environment. Road traffic is the main source of pollution in urban areas and contributes significantly to air pollution in these areas despite improvements in pollution control technologies and engines. To measure and improve knowledge of pollutant emissions from road vehicles, different methods exist, each with its own advantages and limitations. For example, measurements on a test bench make it possible to study vehicle emissions according to their technology and with good reproducibility of test conditions. However, this approach remains limited, particularly for the representativeness of vehicle fleet emissions under real operating conditions. The limited knowledge of emissions of unregulated pollutants, such as BTEX, C9-22 alkanes, carbonyl compounds, particulate matter and soot carbon, which have adverse effects on health and the environment and are rarely measured due to the complexity of metrology, is a second area for further study of traffic emissions. The objective of this work is to estimate in-situ emission factors for unregulated pollutants from road traffic, under real vehicle traffic conditions and for fleets whose composition is precisely characterized. For this purpose, the work of this thesis has made it possible to develop and implement methodologies for in-situ measurement, in urban areas, of unregulated pollutant emissions from road traffic, and to estimate emission factors based on measurements made at different sites (open roadside site and confined site). These emission factors are established for unregulated pollutants, and for a precisely defined actual vehicle fleet (detailed knowledge of the composition of the vehicle fleet in use and local traffic conditions). The emission factors thus determined in-situ are compared with those derived from bench measurements in order to verify their consistency and analyse them according to the different measurement sites and the impact of the composition of the fleet on pollutant emissions. Three in-situ measurement campaigns were carried out, two roadside in urban areas (open sites) and one in a tunnel near an urban area (confined site). The concentrations of the targeted pollutants measured at these three sites, as well as the different fleet compositions and traffic conditions identified, were used to estimate emission factors per vehicle or for the entire fleet
Bourrel, Emmanuel. „Modélisation dynamique de l'écoulement du trafic routier : du macroscopique au microscopique“. Lyon, INSA, 2003. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2003ISAL0073/these.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTo satisfy road managers needs (in particular in terms of decision-making and evaluation of their actions of exploitation), many dynamic traffic flow models have been developed in order to represent propagation of vehicles on a road section. Those models describe traffic flow in a more or less aggregated way and are generally classified into two main groups: microscopic models, which are interested in the dynamics of individualized vehicles, and macroscopic models, more aggregated models which describe traffic as a fluid. One of the difficulties encountered in the study of those models is the great disparity of scales to be considered. The aim of this thesis is to look further into these scales problems (in particular by studying the link that exists between microscopic and macroscopic models) through the development of a hybrid model of traffic flow (a hybrid model is defined as the coupling between a microscopic model and a macroscopic model). The interest of a hybrid model is that it makes it possible to adapt the traffic flow model to the needs to model the various elements of a network. It is thus possible to describe some specific elements where the local phenomena of traffic flow can have global consequences with the microscopic model(toll station, on-ramp, roundabout. . . ) while preserving a global vision of the flow on the rest of the network with the macroscopic model. Although there are some models of this type in the literature, there is no global view of the problems related to hybridization. So it is very difficult to judge the relevance of existing models. This is why we propose in this thesis a general theoretical framework defining these models, in particular by determining the fundamental properties that a hybrid models must have to be valid. We then propose a new hybrid model based on a first order macroscopic model (the Lighthill-Whitham- Richards model). The characteristic of that model is that it makes it possible to take into account the diversity of vehicles behaviour in the microscopic part by introducing distributions on some parameters. The results provided by this model are then studied for three examples of application (one-way toll station, crossing between a major and a minor road, combination of two intersections) in which we show the interest of the coupling between microscopic and macroscopic models
Leclercq, Ludovic. „Modélisation dynamique du trafic et applications à l'estimation du bruit routier“. Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2002ISAL0070/these.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTo estimate the noise emitted by an irregular traffic precisely, it is necessary to take into account its spatiotemporal evolution. This PhD suggests using a traffic model to describe the flow behaviour and to couple it with noise monograms which finely determine vehicles’ emission in order to estimate the dynamic variations of noise levels. The used traffic model is a first order macroscopic one. As the situations where vehicles accelerate are identified as important to estimate noise emission precisely, this model is extended to allow the correct representation of the vehicles’ kinematics during transitional phases. This extension consists of introducing a constraint on the maximal acceleration to complete the basis equation of the model. This constraint is integrated analytically and numerically with the development of a discretized form of the bounded acceleration model. The consistence of the discretization scheme is ensured by the study of the convergence of the numerical solutions to the analytical ones. The kinematics profiles resulting from the model are also studied by simulation in the case of a starting flow at a traffic signal. The traffic model is then coupled with the noise emission monograms supplied by the INRETS-LTE laboratory. A complementary model is needed to realise this operation in order to estimate vehicles’ gear ratio from their kinematics states because the traffic model does not represent this variable. The results of the global model are presented for two typical situations (a traffic signal and a congested restriction of capacity) to show the interest of a fine description of the traffic flow behaviour as far as noise estimation is concerned. The results of the model are also compared with experimental data in order to validate the representation of vehicles’ kinematics in the case of a starting platoon
Brulin, Mathieu. „Analyse sémantique d'un trafic routier dans un contexte de vidéo-surveillance“. Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14589/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAutomatic traffic monitoring plays an important role in traffic surveillance. Video cameras are relatively inexpensive surveillance tools, but necessitate robust, efficient and automated video analysis algorithms. The loss of information caused by the formation of images under perspective projection made the automatic task of detection and tracking vehicles a very challenging problem, but essential to extract a semantic interpretation of vehicles behaviors. The work proposed in this thesis comes from a collaboration between the LaBRI (Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique) and the company Adacis. The aim is to elaborate a complete video-surveillance system designed for automatic incident detection.To reach this objective, traffic scene analysis proceeds from low-level processing to high-level descriptions of the traffic, which can be in a wide variety of type: vehicles entering or exiting the scene, vehicles collisions, vehicles' speed that are too fast or too low, stopped vehicles or objects obstructing part of the road... A large number of road traffic monitoring systems are based on background subtraction techniques to segment the regions of interest of the image. Resulted regions are then tracked and trajectories are used to extract a semantic interpretation of the vehicles behaviors.The motion detection is based on a statistical model of background color. The model used is a mixture model of probabilistic laws, which allows to characterize multimodal distributions for each pixel. Estimation of optical flow, a gradient difference estimation and shadow and highlight detection are used to confirm or invalidate the segmentation results.The tracking process is based on a predictive filter using a motion model with constant velocity. A simple Kalman filter is employed, which allow to predict state of objets based on a \textit{a priori} information from the motion model.The behavior analysis step contains two approaches : the first one consists in exploiting information from low-level and mid-level analysis. Objects and their trajectories are analysed and used to extract abnormal behavior. The second approach consists in analysing a spatio-temporal slice in the 3D video volume. The extracted maps are used to estimate statistics about traffic and are used to detect abnormal behavior such as stopped vehicules or wrong way drivers.In order to help the segmentaion and the tracking processes, a structure model of the scene is proposed. This model is constructed using an unsupervised learning step. During this learning step, gradient information from the background image and typical trajectories of vehicles are estimated. The results are combined to estimate the vanishing point of the scene, the lanes boundaries and a rough depth estimation is performed. In parallel, a statistical model of the trafic flow direction is proposed. To deal with periodic data, a von-Mises mixture model is used to characterize the traffic flow direction
Bourrel, Emmanuel Lesort Jean-Baptiste. „Modélisation dynamique de l'écoulement du trafic routier du macroscopique au microscopique /“. Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2004. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=bourrel.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLeclercq, Ludovic Lesort Jean-Baptiste. „Modélisation dynamique du trafic et applications à l'estimation du bruit routier“. Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2003. http://csidoc.insa-lyon.fr/these/2002/leclercq/index.html.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHouot, Jennifer. „Pollution de l'air, trafic routier, et risque de leucémie chez l'enfant“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS108/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn adults, the relationship between benzene exposure (IARC, Group 1) and leukemia has been demonstrated in workplace for high-level exposure. This pollutant is emitted at low concentration in environment, especially by road traffic and petrol stations. The objective was to investigate the relationship between benzene exposure at low-level dose and childhood leukemia. The record-based GEOCAP study included all cases of childhood leukemia diagnosed in France over 2002-2007 and 30,000 contemporaneous population-based control children highly representative of the source population. The length of major roads was calculated around the residence of each geocoded subject in a 150-m buffer. We assigned them the yearly estimates of benzene and NO2 concentrations at the square where his residence was located on a 2-km2 grid covering continental France. The distance to the nearest petrol station from the residence was also calculated for all subjects. The length of major roads around the residence was positively and significantly associated with the risk of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). This association was more evident with benzene and NO2 2-km estimates, combined with the length of major roads indicator to enhance the exposure contrasts. The distance to the nearest petrol station was positively but non-significantely associated with AML, and some of this association was explained by a confouding effect of the length of major roads around the residence. This work suggests that exposure to benzene emitted in environment may increase the risk of AML in children
Ayadi, Abdelhamid. „Solutions globales de l'équation du transport routier“. Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112124.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work is the study global existence, the unicity and the regularity of the solution of the vehicular traffic equation modelized by Prigogine-Herman. Our purpose is – to study the vehicular traffic equation with relaxation and without any interaction (i. E. The probability of free passage is equal to one), - to study the vehicular traffic equation without relaxation and with interactions, - to study the vehicular traffic equation (i. E. With relaxation and interactions)
Billot, Romain. „Analyse et modélisation de l'impact de la météorologie sur le trafic routier“. Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557812.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDimon, Catalin. „Contributions à la modélisation et la commande des réseaux de trafic routier“. Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00801762.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMoreau, Guillaume. „Modelisation du comportement pour la simulation interactive : application au trafic routier multimodal“. Rennes 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REN10123.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVojak, Robert. „Analyse et modélisation multi fractales de signaux complexes : application au trafic routier“. Paris 9, 1996. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1996PA090016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKaaniche, Khaled. „Analyse de scènes aériennes pour le diagnostic du trafic routier et autoroutier“. Amiens, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AMIE0523.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFREVILLE, ELSA. „Selection de variables, regularisation statistique. Application a la prevision du trafic routier“. Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066097.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKSONTINI, Feirouz. „Modèle d'agent fondé sur les affordances : application à la simulation de trafic routier“. Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982059.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBriant, Régis, und Régis Briant. „Modélisation multi échelles de l'impact du trafic routier sur la qualité de l'air“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00765205.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTordeux, Antoine. „Étude de processus en temps continu modélisant l'écoulement de flux de trafic routier“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596941.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChiarello, Felisia Angela. „Lois de conservation avec flux non-local pour la modélisation du trafic routier“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4076.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we provide mathematical traffic flow models with non-local fluxes and adapted numerical schemes to compute approximate solutions to such kind of equations. More precisely, we consider flux functions depending on an integral evaluation of the conserved variables through a convolution product. First of all, we prove the well-posedness of entropy weak solutions for a class of scalar conservation laws with non-local flux arising in traffic modeling. This model is intended to describe the reaction of drivers that adapt their velocity with respect to what happens in front of them. Here, the support of the convolution kernel is proportional to the look-ahead distance of drivers. We approximate the problem by a Lax- Friedrichs scheme and we provide some estimates for the sequence of approximate solutions. Stability with respect to the initial data is obtained through the doubling of variable technique. We study also the limit model as the kernel support tends to infinity. After that, we prove the stability of entropy weak solutions of a class of scalar conservation laws with non-local flux under higher regularity assumptions. We obtain an estimate of the dependence of the solution with respect to the kernel function, the speed and the initial datum. We also prove the existence for small times of weak solutions for non-local systems in one space dimension, given by a non-local multi-class model intended to describe the behaviour of different groups drivers or vehicles. We approximate the problem by a Godunov-type numerical scheme and we provide uniform L∞ and BV estimates for the sequence of approximate solutions, locally in time. We present some numerical simulations illustrating the behavior of different classes of vehicles and we analyze two cost functionals measuring the dependence of congestion on traffic composition. Furthermore, we propose alternative simple schemes to numerically integrate non-local multi- class systems in one space dimension. We obtain these schemes by splitting the non-local conservation laws into two different equations, namely, the Lagrangian and the remap steps. We provide some estimates recovered by approximating the problem with the Lagrangian- Antidiffusive Remap (L-AR) schemes, and we prove the convergence to weak solutions in the scalar case. Finally, we show some numerical simulations illustrating the efficiency of the LAR schemes in comparison with classical first and second order numerical schemes. Moreover, we recover the numerical approximation of the non-local multi-class traffic flow model proposed, presenting the multi-class version of the Finite Volume WENO (FV-WENO) schemes, in order to obtain higher order of accuracy. Simulations using FV-WENO schemes for a multi-class model for autonomous and human-driven traffic flow are presented. Finally, we introduce a traffic model for a class of non-local conservation laws at road junctions. Instead of a single velocity function for the whole road, we consider two different road segments, which may differ for their speed law and number of lanes. We use an upwind type numerical scheme to construct a sequence of approximate solutions and we provide uniform L∞ and BV estimates. Using a Lax-Wendroff type argument, we prove the well-posedness of the proposed model. Some numerical simulations are compared with the corresponding (discontinuous) local model
Ksontini, Feirouz. „Modèle d'agent fondé sur les affordances : application à la simulation de trafic routier“. Thesis, Valenciennes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VALE0027/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe work described in this thesis aims to improve the validity of traffic simulations in urban and suburban areas. We propose to consider the driving context, the heterogeneity of vehicles (motorized two-wheelers, vehicle, truck, etc.) and the driver behavior in terms of space occupation. The purpose is to produce in simulation the observed real world phenomena such as faufilement behavior (two-wheelers, emergency vehicles, cases of intersections). We address the traffic simulation byconsidering a behavioral approach based on multi-agent systems. Previous work have proposed non- generic solutions, for the particular case of motorized two-wheelers. We propose a new agent model to better take into account the context of driving and driver behavior in terms of space occupation. We endow agent driver with an ego-centered representation of the environment based on the concept of affordances. We use the affordances to identify the possible actions, in terms of space occupation, afforded by environment. The proposed agent model was implemented with ArchiSim. This implementation has allowed to reproduce a real traffic situation and to compare the results to real data. Different experiments were conducted to assess the quality of the proposed solution
Briant, Régis. „Modélisation multi échelles de l'impact du trafic routier sur la qualité de l'air“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1115/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRoadway traffic contributes to atmospheric pollution near roads, with pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles (PM) along with some volatile organic compounds (VOC), as well as at larger spatial scales (urban and regional background pollution) with pollutants formed in the atmosphere such as ozone (O3) and the secondary fraction of PM. Because of interactions between local and background pollutants, it is desirable to combine into a single computational tool, regional and local scale models. This multi-scale modeling method has been widely used to simulate the impact of chimney emissions (point sources) with a sub-grid treatment of plume or puff models instead within a 3-dimensional Eulerian model. However, such a method is not applicable to a road network because of the prohibitive computations associated with the line source discretization into a set of point sources. Thus, a new multi-scale modeling method was developed, which treats the plumes emitted from line sources as sub-grid components of an Eulerian model. First, an improved formulation of a Gaussian plume model for line sources was developed. This new model was then subject to a detailed evaluation with near roadway measurements along with other Gaussian models. The incorporation of the Gaussian plume model into an Eulerian model (Polair3D) was implemented as part of the modeling platform Polyphemus. The performance (computational effectiveness and precision) of the new multi-scale model (Plume-in-Grid) was evaluated and compared to those of a stand-alone Gaussian and Eulerian models. The multi-scale model treats nitrogen oxide (NOx) chemistry along with major VOC. The multi-scale treatment has an important effect on the concentration of some pollutants in terms of local and urban background pollution
Pasche, Claude. „Optimisation convexe dans les réseaux avec applications au trafic routier et à l'énergie électrique /“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1987. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=669.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChanut, Stéphane. „Modélisation dynamique macroscopique de l'écoulement d'un trafic routier hétérogène poids lourds et véhicules légers“. Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0040/these.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe traffic composition is one of the phenomenon that road managers have to address. In particular a question arises: the impact on the flow of trucks. This thesis proposes a traffic flow model making it possible to describe the behavior of a heterogeneous traffic. This proposed model is a macroscopic one, with two classes. The traffic is described like a continuous flow and is assumed to be composed of two homogeneous classes: trucks and passenger cars, which are different from their speeds and their lengths. The model is completely solved and a numerical resolution is built with a Godunov scheme. A particular attention is paid to the passing phenomenon and its effects on the flow by a specific modelling. The applications of the model are numerous, in particular for what concerns the test of regulation strategies for a heterogeneous traffic
Costeseque, Guillaume. „Contribution à l'étude du trafic routier sur réseaux à l'aide des équations d'Hamilton-Jacobi“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1081/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work focuses on modeling and simulation of traffic flows on a network. Modeling road traffic on a homogeneous section takes its roots in the middle of XXth century and it has generated a substantial literature since then. However, taking into account discontinuities of the network such as junctions, has attracted the attention of the scientific circle more recently. However, these discontinuities are the major sources of traffic congestion, recurring or not, that basically degrades the level of service of road infrastructure. This work therefore aims to provide a unique perspective on this issue, while focusing on scale problems and more precisely on microscopic-macroscopic passage in existing models. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the relationship between microscopic car-following models and macroscopic continuous flow models. The asymptotic passage is based on a homogenization technique for Hamilton-Jacobi equations. In a second part, we focus on the modeling and simulation of vehicular traffic flow through a junction. The considered macroscopic model is built on Hamilton-Jacobi equations as well. Finally, the third part focuses on finding analytical or semi-analytical solutions, through representation formulas aiming to solve Hamilton-Jacobi equations under adequate assumptions. In this thesis, we are also interested in a generic class of second order macroscopic traffic flow models, the so-called GSOM models
Troïanowski, Mathieu. „Bruit de trafic routier : implications comportementales et écophysiologiques chez la rainette verte Hyla arborea“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10213/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRoad traffic noise is undoubtedly the most important source of anthropogenic noise on terrestrial habitat. This thesis, at the interface between behaviour and physiology was designed to experimentally determine the impacts of road traffic noise exposure on both animal communication systems (acoustic and visual) and physiology (stress, immunity ...) The choice of Hyla arborea, species using both acoustic and coloured signals for communication, allowed us to efficiently test our various hypotheses. While in many bird species changes in acoustic communication system have been observed (in both the transmitter and receiver) my results do not show such disturbances in H. arborea. However, for the first time, I was able to highlight the impact of road traffic noise on visual communication, chronic exposure to traffic noise resulting in colouration loss in male. In addition, physiological measures have allowed me to show that road traffic noise exposure is stressful (corticosterone level rise) and has immunosuppressive effect (due stress rise) in H.arborea. Thus, this thesis demonstrates that road traffic noise may have a larger effect than previously thought by impacting, in addition to the acoustic communication, visual communication (impact on coloured signals) and animal physiology
Chanut, Stéphane Lesort Jean-Baptiste Buisson Christine. „Modélisation dynamique macroscopique de l'écoulement d'un trafic routier hétérogène poids lourds et véhicules légers“. Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2006. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=chanut.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTlig, Mohamed. „Coordination locale et optimisation distribuée du trafic de véhicules autonomes dans un réseau routier“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0049/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we focus on traffic coordination and optimization in road intersections, while accounting for intelligent autonomous vehicles. This thesis is organized in two parts. The first part focuses on the problem of sharing a one-lane road between two opposite flows of vehicles. The state of the art shows few studies addressing this issue. We propose two reactive coordination approaches that minimize vehicle delays and measure their performances statistically through simulations. The second part of the thesis addresses the problem of generic traffic management in a traffic network. We develop a stop-free approach that explores a principle alternating vehicles between flows at intersections, and it provides distributed algorithms optimizing this alternation at each intersection and in the overall network. We present the modeling choices, the algorithms and the simulation study of our approach and we compare its performances with existing approaches
Gomez, Garcia Arturo. „Architecture VPAIR : agents de police virtuels pour la gestion par ITS du trafic routier“. Paris 13, 2012. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/intranet/edgalilee_th_2012_gomez_garcia.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleProblem of vehicular traffic congestion. Our research aims to provide an alternative architecture in complement to the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) with the following objectives: i) design of an affordable architecture based on traffic information systems, ii) the inclusion of this architecture in the standards of current ITS architectures, iii) the traffic route assignment problem, and iv) the traffic data dissemination. To overcome the complexity of traffic congestion in urban settlements we propose an alternative architecture called VPAIR (Virtual Police Agents for ITS Traffic Routing) ori- ented to complement the actual ITS frameworks. Here, the principal actor is the Inter- vehicle communications built upon a design of light infrastructure and cost affordable. Our architecture responds mostly to the demands of related ITS services dealing with the traffic congestion. Especially in cities unable to deploy current solutions because of budget constraints. However, another important aspect is the breach in implementing such IVC-based proposals into running ITS implementations. In order to close this gap, we examine the existent ITS architectures and propose an integration process to conform our architecture proposal into ITS standards based on a case study. Notwithstanding the several approaches to deal with traffic congestion, the traffic information systems aims are improving the fluidness of transport while dodging new congestion sources that might degrade the transportation mobility. This can be delimited to the traffic route assignment problem. We propose a simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment to tackle the traffic congestion in order to improve greatly the global travel time of the drivers. Finally, we review an important player in the proposed architecture: the traffic data dissemination. We propose a composite solution to provide a pervasive dissemination of the traffic information. Moreover, we assess our solutions by simulation-based evaluations under a city-size scenario in order to study more faithfully the impact of our solution
Sarica, Thibaud. „Modélisation de l'impact du trafic routier sur les concentrations de polluants en zone urbaine“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2023. https://these.univ-paris-est.fr/intranet/2023/TH2023ENPC0020.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn urban areas and in particular in the streets, populations are exposed to high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter including organic aerosols (OM) and black carbon (BC). In order to better understand the sources and to represent the evolution of the concentrations in the streets, a multiscale modeling is used, with the street-network model MUNICH coupled to the regional chemistry-transport model Polair3D, and to the chemical module SSH-aerosol to represent the formation of the secondary compounds at the different scales.The influence of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from road traffic, non-exhaust emissions due to tire wear and asphalt emissions are studied with sensitivity scenarios. The reference simulation uses standard emission factors obtained from the COPERT methodology. The use of recent speciation measurement data allows for a better characterization of the emitted VOCs, in particular intermediate, semi and low volatile organic compounds (I/S/LVOC), resulting in a reduction of OM concentrations of up to 27%. A 219% increase in BC emissions from tire wear, consistent with the literature, doubles BC concentrations. Asphalt emissions strongly increase I/S/LVOC emissions. The simulated PM concentrations taking into account these emissions compare well with observations, highlighting the importance of better characterizing this missing source in the models.Simulations are then performed for the year 2030 to assess the future impacts of traffic emissions on concentrations. The introduction of ultra-low emission vehicles, compliant with future European emission standards, results in a large reduction in emissions compared to a representative fleet of 2014. NO2 and BC emissions are reduced by 70%, resulting in a decrease in concentrations of 52% for NO2, 42% for BC, and 20% for PM. Emissions from a fleet of only ultra-low emission vehicles are 99% and 80% lower for NO2 and BC respectively, reducing NO2 concentrations by 80% and BC concentrations by 45%.To represent the concentration gradients in the streets and to better estimate the population exposure, a new version of MUNICH is developed. Instead of considering homogeneous concentrations in each street segment, the street volume is discretized with three vertical levels. A horizontal discretization into two zones is also introduced under specific conditions with a parameterization from the OSPM model. The concentrations simulated in the streets of Copenhagen and eastern Paris with this discretized version of MUNICH compare better with observations than those simulated with the homogeneous version, and the concentrations of NO2, BC and OM are higher at the bottom of the streets