Dissertationen zum Thema „Prescription process“

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O presente trabalho visa a discutir e analisar a aplicação da prescrição intercorrente no processo administrativo fiscal. Partiu-se de uma hipótese, segundo a qual, uma vez instaurado o contencioso administrativo-fiscal, a permanência da instrução por mais de 05 (cinco) anos, com ou sem impulso oficial, sem a conclusão do seu julgamento, faz ocorrer a prescrição intercorrente da pretensão do ente público em exigir o crédito tributário definitivamente constituído, com a devida extinção da obrigação tributária atribuída ao sujeito passivo. Para a construção de tal tese, foram identificados dois aspectos inerentes ao raciocínio prescritivo, quais sejam, o transcurso do tempo e a omissão do credor em fazer exigir a pretensão reconhecida. Como suporte ao tema desenvolvido, necessário se fez identificar e versar sobre: o tempo do Direito como um tempo finito; o auto de infração/notificação fiscal de lançamento como norma jurídica, individual e concreta, mas, antes de tudo, definitiva; bem como destacar o liame estabelecido entre a prescrição intercorrente e o princípio constitucional da segurança jurídica. Ao final, foram analisados não só os óbices, tanto doutrinários, quanto jurisprudenciais à tese estudada, como, também, as contribuições jurídicas que corroboram a hipótese verificada.
Salvador

Introduction: Medication errors are a major cause of illness and hospitalization of patients throughout the world. This study examines the situation regarding medication errors in the Armed Forces Hospital, Kuwait since no literature exists of any such studies for this country. Several types of potential errors were studied by physicians, nurses and pharmacists. Their attitudes to the commission of errors and possible consequences were surveyed using questionnaires. Additionally, patient medical records were reviewed for possible errors arising from such actions such as the co-administration of interacting drugs. Methods: This study included direct observations of physicians during the prescribing process, pharmacists while they dispensed medications and nurses as they distributed and administered drugs to patients. Data were collected and compiled on Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyses were performed using SPSS. Where applicable, results were reported as counts and/ or percentages of error rates. Nurses, pharmacists and physicians survey questionnaires: From the 200 staff sent questionnaires a total of 149 respondents comprising nurses (52.3%), physicians (32.2%) and pharmacists (16.1%) returned the questionnaires a total response rate of 74.5%. All responses were analyzed and compared item-by-item to see if there were any significant differences between the three groups for each questionnaire item. All three groups were most in agreement about their perception of hospital administration as making patient safety a top priority with regard to communicating with staff and taking action when medication errors were reported (all means 3.0 and p > 0.05). Pharmacists were most assured of administration support when an error was reported whereas nurses were least likely to see the administration as being supportive ( p < 0.001), and were more afraid of the negative consequences associated with reporting of medication errors (p = 0.026). Although nurses were generally less likely to perceive themselves as being able to communicate freely regarding reporting of errors compared to pharmacists there was no significant difference between the two groups. Both however were significantly different from physicians (p< 0.001). Physicians had the most favorable response to perceiving new technology as helping to create a safer environment for patients and to the full utilization of such technologies within the institution in order to help prevent medical errors. Scenario response - Responses to two scenarios outlining possible consequences, should a staff member commit a medication error, tended to be very similar among the three groups and followed the same general trend in which the later the error was discovered and the more grievous the patient harm, the more severe would be the consequences to the staff member. Interestingly, physicians saw themselves as less likely to suffer consequences and nurses saw themselves as more likely to suffer consequences should they have committed a medication error. All three groups were more likely to see themselves as facing dismissal from their job if the patient were to die. RESULTS OF ALL THREE OBSERVATIONS: Result of Nursing observations: For 1124 doses studied, 194 resulted in some form of error. The error rate was 17.2% and the accuracy was 82.8%. The commonest errors in a descending order were: wrong time, wrong drug, omission, wrong strength/ dose, wrong route, wrong instruction and wrong technique. No wrong drug form was actually administered in the observational period. These were the total number of errors observed for the entire month period of the study. IV Result of Pharmacist observations: A total of 2472 doses were observed during the one month period. Observations were done for 3 hours per day each day that the study was carried out. The study showed that there were 118 errors detected which were in the following categories respectively: 52 no instructions, 28 wrong drug/unordered, 21 wrong strength/dose, ignored/omission 13, shortage of medication 3 and expired date 1. Result of Prescribers in Chart review for drug-drug interactions: The analysis of the drug-drug interactions showed that out of a total of 1000 prescriptions, 124 had drug-drug interactions. None were found to fall into the highest severity rating i.e. 4 (contraindicated). Only twenty-one interactions were rated 3 (major), 87 interactions were rated moderate and 15 interactions were rated minor according the modified Micromedex scale. Patient education: All health care such as physician, pharmacist, and nurses have a responsibility to educate patient about their medication use and their health conditions to protecting them from any error can occur by wrong using drugs. Conclusion This study has contributed to the field of medication errors by providing data for a Middle Eastern country for the very first time. The views and opinions of the nurses, pharmacists and physicians should be considered to enhance the systems to minimize any errors in the future.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vad kliniker upplever påverkar förskrivningsprocessen av mikroprocesstyrd knäkomponent (MPK) i de olika regionerna i Sverige. Metod: Kvalitativ analys med semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes. Intervjuerna genomfördes och spelades in med Zoom eller Teams programvara och data analyserades sedan tematiskt.  Resultat: 9 legitimerade ortopedingenjörer samt en legitimerad fysioterapeut från åtta olika regioner deltog i studien. Under dataanalysen identifierades fyra huvudteman samt 10 underteman. Huvudteman var: utvärdering av patientens lämplighet för MPK, utmaningar med att beräkna patientutfall, förskrivningsbarriärer och externa påverkande faktorer. Deltagarna upplevde att beräkning av patientutfall, budgetrestriktioner och att vara beroende av subjektiva bedömningar av patienter som stora utmaningar med förskrivningsprocessen av en MPK.  Slutsats: Deltagarna upplevde att förskrivningsprocessen av MPK påverkas av flertal olika faktorer; från regionala budgetar och ansökningsprocesser, till deltagarnas erfarenhet och förmåga att bedöma lämpliga MPK-kandidater. Deltagarna uttryckte utmaningar med att förskrivningsprocessen var känslobaserad och till stor del beroende av subjektiva och generella utvärderingar av patienten. Detta gjorde att ett stort ansvar av bedömningen om vem som bör få ett MPK förskrivet, låg på deltagarna själva, vilket ansågs kan bidra till inkonsekventa patientbehandlingar. Deltagarna upplevde att ett nationellt förskrivningssystem möjligen hade kunnat bidra till att processen var mer rättvis för patienterna samt underlätta processen för de själva.
Purpose: The study investigates clinicians’ experience of what is affecting the prescription of microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees (MPKs) in different regions in Sweden. Method: Qualitative analysis with semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were conducted and recorded using Zoom or Teams software and data was thereafter thematically analysed. Results: 9 certified prosthetists and a certified physiotherapist from eight different regions participated. During data analysis four main themes were identified along with ten subthemes. The key themes were: assessing candidate for MPK, challenges in estimating outcomes, barriers to prescribing and external influencing factors. Estimating patient outcomes, budget limitations and being dependent on subjective patient evaluations were expressed as major factors affecting the prescription of MPKs. Conclusion: The prescription of MPKs was found to be affected by several factors; from regional budgets and application processes to clinicians’ experience in assessing suitable MPK-candidates. The clinicians expressed challenges in that the prescribing process was emotionally based and relied on subjective and generalised patient assessments. This made decision-making regarding who to prescribe an MPK to, highly dependent on the clinicians’ own experience and knowledge which according to them, could lead to inconsistent treatments. Clinicians felt that a national prescription system could possibly ensure fairer patient evaluations and make the process easier for themselves.

Cette recherche-intervention porte sur l’organisation d’un processus de conception de documents utilisés pour l’exploitation nucléaire : la fabrique de la prescription. Elle s’inscrit dans une approche constructive de l’ergonomie.La construction d’un diagnostic organisationnel permet de caractériser le processus étudié, le travail collectif transverse qu’il implique et de concevoir des outils spécifiques pour l’intervention. Une démarche participative est ensuite mise en œuvre afin de concevoir un dispositif d’expérimentation permettant d’organiser un travail d’organisation transverse. L’expérimentation de ce dispositif renvoie « au carré » de la fabrique de la prescription. Elle aboutit à deux principaux résultats : le développement d’un travail collectif transverse et la mise en visibilité d’un manque de subsidiarité au sein de l’organisation étudiée.L’analyse de la conception et l’expérimentation de ce dispositif permettent de produire des connaissances sur les interventions ergonomiques capacitantes : sur la conception participative de tels dispositifs et méthodes et sur le rôle de la construction sociale de l’intervention
In our intervention research we investigate the making of prescription, that is, the organization of a design process of prescriptive documents used, in particular, for nuclear power plants. This project is part of a constructive approach to ergonomics.Building of an organizational diagnosis leads to characterize the studied process, transversal collective work it involves, and to develop specific tools for intervention. We implement a participatory design approach in order to design an experimental methodology which supports the organization of a transversal organizational. This experimentation refers to “the square” of the making of prescription. This leads to two main results: the development of a transversal collective work between participants involved, and the highlighting of a lack of subsidiarity within the studied organization.Design and experimentation of the methodology analysis contribute to produce knowledge about enabling ergonomics intervention: on the participatory design of the methodology itself, and on the enhancement of the role of social elaboration of an ergonomics intervention

L'aménagement du territoire en France, et en particulier les processus d'élaboration de documents d'urbanisme, font l'objet d'évolutions distinctes mais conjointes sous les effets de la rationalisation des politiques publiques, de la décentralisation de l'Etat et de transformations de problématiques d'aménagement. Les acteurs impliqués dans l'aménagement doivent arbitrer entre de nombreux conflits d'usages des sols, au regard de lois et directives plurielles voire contradictoires. Dans ce contexte, nous avons observé un projet de formation développé à travers une collaboration inter-organisationnelle impliquant des agents de plusieurs services déconcentrés relevant de différents Ministères ainsi que des agents d'un organisme de recherche ; ces agents étaient porteurs d'une préoccupation concernant la préservation des terres cultivées ou potentiellement cultivables et, face à la restriction de leur capacité d'agir, ont cherché des modalités d'agir à distance à travers l'élaboration de ce projet. Notre recherche explore les processus organisants, constitutifs d'une organisation transverse. Elle montre comment s'est constitué progressivement un échafaudage à la " frontière " entre différents mondes afin d'équiper les destinataires du module de formation, de données, d'éléments de méthodes, de " façons-de-penser " et de " façons-de-voir " organisationnelles. Ce faisant, elle caractérise cette collaboration comme s'inscrivant dans une perspective relevant de l'evidence based planning et du mouvement des big data. Notre recherche, ancrée dans une approche info-communicationnelle, met au travail les questions de brutification et de mise en compatibilité d'ensembles de données. Elle explore la façon dont la visée de prescription générique se trouve mise en défaut lors de la re-singularisation en situations. Elle met en évidence des questions-clé, en lien avec le mouvement des big data, en termes de production de sens, conçu à la fois comme signification et orientation de l'action
The land-use planning in France, and specifically the making process of planning documents, evolve both in a distinct and common way due to the effects of the rationalization of public policies, the State devolution of power and the transformations of land management issues. The actors involved in planning must mediate numerous conflicts of land-use, in compliance with multiple and even contradictory laws and directives. In this context, we observed a training project developed via an inter-organizational collaboration involving agents from decentralized departments of different Ministries, as well as agents belonging to a research organization. The agents were concerned about the preservation of cultivated or potentially cultivatable soil. Facing the limitation of their capacity to act, they sought toways of acting remotely through this project. Our research explores the organizing processes that constitute a transverse organization. It shows how a scaffolding was gradually built up at the "border" between different arenas in order to equip the recipients of the training module with data, elements of method, organizational "ways-of-thinking" and "ways-to-see". Thus it characterizes this collaboration as part of a perspective based on evidence based planning and on the big data movement. Our research is anchored in an information-communication approach. It works on questions of rawification and of making data sets compatible. It explores how a generic prescription fails in situed re-singularization. It highlights key issues, linked to the big data movement, in terms of sense making, sense conceived both as meaning and as orientation of action

Les processus métier font l’objet d’une standardisation. Les voies empruntées pour cette standardisation, à savoir la domination, la confrontation et l’incorporation, puisent leur origine tant dans les méthodes que sont l’Organisation Scientifique du Travail ou le reengineering que dans les outils de type progiciel de gestion. Or, il s’avère que la prescription et la standardisation des processus métier, telles qu’elles sont réalisées, posent des problèmes dans les organisations, aux niveaux stratégique, fonctionnel et opérationnel. Notre recherche s’attache à déterminer d’une part la nature d’une autre voie de standardisation et d’autre part les conditions pouvant faciliter son émergence.Convaincus que le changement ne peut plus se définir comme l’imposition d’un modèle a priori, un standard promulgué, nous nous interrogeons sur la capacité des pratiques à reconcevoir la nature du travail de standardisation, pour aboutir à un standard pratiqué. Afin de trouver des solutions aux problèmes rencontrés avec les voies actuelles de standardisation, nous proposons un modèle conceptuel qui place les pratiques au cœur d’une spirale de création de connaissances organisationnelles. Dans le cadre d’une recherche action, nous analysons les effets de la mise en place d’un outil matérialisant notre modèle conceptuel sur des terrains qui mobilisent différemment les conditions requises pour le changement, à savoir un institut bancaire public et un groupe de presse nationale. Les résultats obtenus, variant très fortement d’un terrain à l’autre, font ressortir deux enseignements majeurs qui nous éclairent sur l’avènement du standard pratiqué comme nouvelle voie de standardisation. Nous constatons tout d’abord que le standard pratiqué se nourrit du standard promulgué pour ancrer les processus métier dans toute l’organisation. Ensuite, l’émergence et le développement d’un standard pratiqué mettent en lumière des logiques particulières à l’œuvre dans l’organisation, à savoir un processus de création de sens, le soutien d’une structure de pouvoir parallèle au pouvoir officiel et un processus d’innovation organisationnelle
Business processes undergo standardization. This standardization is achieved through domination, confrontation and incorporation, means that have their origins in methods like Taylorism, reengineering or the implementation of tools such as ERP systems. Prescription and standardization of business processes, however, create problems for organizations, at the strategic, functional and operating levels. Our research attempts to uncover on one hand novel ways of standardizing processes and on the other the conditions facilitating the emergence of these new ways.Convinced that change cannot be defined any more as the imposition of an a priori model or a promulgated standard, we investigate how work practices may contribute to the creation of standards, and result in “practiced” standards. To find solutions to the problems met with current ways of standardizing, we propose a model, which places practice at the heart of a spiral of creation of organizational knowledge. Through an action research project, we analyze the effects of the implementation of this model in two different settings, namely a public banking institute and a conglomerate of national press, requiring different conditions for change.Our findings, which differ considerably from one case to the other, highlight how the “practiced” standard emerges as a novel way of standardizing. First, we notice that the “practiced” standard feeds on the promulgated standard to anchor business processes in the whole organization. Second, the emergence and the development of the “practiced” standard bring to light specific processes that operate in the organization, namely a process of sensemaking, the support of a structure of power parallel to the official one, and a process of organizational innovation

Doctora en Ciencias, Mención Computación
Tradicionalmente, la ingeniería de software se ha enseñado con clases expositivas. Sin embargo, esta disciplina requiere mucho más que sólo teoría. Con el fin de tratar de entender el estado del arte en este ámbito, se ha realizado una extensa revisión bibliográfica. Además, se llevó a cabo un estudio de la enseñanza de ingeniería de software en las principales universidades de Chile. Los resultados obtenidos indican que hace poco tiempo que estas instituciones han comenzado a enseñar ingeniería de software de una manera teórico-práctica, involucrando a los estudiantes en experiencias de desarrollo de software ya sea en cursos basados en proyectos, como en cursos prácticos de fin de carrera (capstone). Ambos tipos de cursos tienen objetivos distintos; los primeros son generalmente apoyados por procesos más rigurosos, mientras que los últimos son frecuentemente abordados con estrategias de desarrollo ágiles. Se han propuesto varias estrategias de instrucción y de uso de procesos de ingeniería de software para cursos capstone, pero muy pocos están disponibles para cursos basados en proyectos. Además, aún los procesos más rigurosamente reportados en la literatura no incluyen suficiente detalle para que instructores y estudiantes involucrados puedan reproducirlos en cursos basados en proyectos. Es con el objetivo de llenar este vacío que esta tesis concibe y propone EduProcess: un proceso de desarrollo de software prescriptivo que puede ser utilizado en los cursos de ingeniería de software basados en proyectos que toman parte de programas de computación de pregrado. En relación al uso de este proceso, esta tesis hipotetiza que EduProcess: (H1) permite que las experiencias prácticas puedan ser reproducidas sin demandar un esfuerzo adicional considerable, y (H2) ayuda a producir resultados positivos en proyectos de software. Este método fue concebido para apoyar a pequeños equipos de software que trabajan de manera distribuida la mayor parte del tiempo y tienen instancias esporádicas de sincronización de sus trabajos. El proceso puede ser utilizado en proyectos de al menos siete semanas de duración. EduProcess incluye dos subprocesos: uno principalmente a cargo de los estudiantes (e involucra a los usuarios y clientes), y el otro a cargo del equipo instruccional del curso y sirve de apoyo a la experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje. La validación de las hipótesis se realizó con un estudio de caso en un curso de la Universidad de Chile. Los resultados obtenidos indican que EduProcess ayuda a los estudiantes a aumentar su coordinación, su sentido de pertenencia al equipo y su efectividad, pero no necesariamente aumenta su productividad. Tambén permite a los equipos hacer un diagnóstico más preciso de su proyecto y priorizar mejor las tareas de modo de maximizar su tasa de éxito. Estos resultados apoyan a la hipótesis H2. EduProcess se aplicó sistemáticamente y con éxito durante cuatro semestres en un curso de ingeniería de software basado en proyectos. Esto muestra que el proceso permite la repetición de estas experiencias, sin demandar de los instructores y estudiantes un esfuerzo considerable. Este resultado apoya la hipótesis H1. En este sentido, EduProcess hace una contribución al avance del estado del arte en el dominio de la educación de ingeniería de software, y específicamente en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de ingeniería de software en cursos basados en proyectos.
Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por CONICYT y Fondef

Prescrição é a perda da pretensão ocasionada pelo transcurso do tempo, em razão de seu titular não o ter exercido. A intercorrente é uma espécie de prescrição que tem o dies a quo de sua contagem ocasionada pela paralisação do processo. O presente trabalho analisa se é aplicável ou não, no âmbito do processo do trabalho, a prescrição intercorrente. A apreensão desse objeto de estudo requereu escolhas metodológicas que levaram em conta a complexidade do fenômeno analisado, o que conduziu esta pesquisa a uma incursão bibliográfica e à analise documental e jurisprudencial. Quanto à metodologia, optou-se pela pesquisa qualitativa, com o fim de trabalhar com o universo de significações extraídas das doutrinas, da jurisprudência e da legislação pertinente. Assim, a fundamentação teórica envolveu o instituto da prescrição, sobretudo, a intercorrente e, em seguida, analisou-se a divergência de entendimentos entre o enunciado 114 da súmula do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho e o enunciado 327 da súmula do Supremo Tribunal Federal, para, ao final, concluir pela aplicabilidade ou não da prescrição intercorrente no processo do trabalho.
The statute of limitation is a legal time setting for the loss of the right of claim, due to the fact the holder didnt make use of it. The interimstatute of limitation is a kind of statute of limitation that has the dies a quo of your count of time caused by the stoppage of the process. This study will examine whether it is applicable or not, within the Labour Procedure the interimstatute of limitation. The apprehension of this research requires methodological choices that take into account the complexity of the analyzed phenomenon, which led this investigation for a foray into literature, documentary and jurisprudential analysis. Thence, was chosen a qualitative research, seeking to work with the universe of meanings drawn from the doctrines and the relevant legislation and jurisprudence. Thereby, it seek the theoretical foundations around the institute of the statute of limitations, overall the interimstatute of limitations, and then examine the divergence of understandings between the precedent 114 of the Superior Labour Court and the precedent 327, so that, finally, we can conclude for the applicability or not of the interimstatute of limitation in the Labour Procedure.

In the Peruvian Civil Code, there is a short Bookin which two fundamental legal institutionsare regulated: Prescription and cancellation of rights. A lot has been written and discussedabout them, from their judicial nature to theform in which they are legally drafted, sincetheir scope goes beyond the Civil Code.In the present article, the author presents some critical reflexions about certain topics related  to such institutions, to clarify  their application and understanding.
Dentro de nuestro Código Civil, existe un corto Libro en el que se tratan dos instituciones fundamentales para el Derecho: La prescripción y la caducidad. De ellas mucho se ha escrito ydiscutido, desde su naturaleza jurídica hastala forma en que están redactadas normati-vamente, ya que su alcance va más allá delCódigo Civil.En el presente artículo, la autora presenta algunas reflexiones críticas sobre temas puntuales tanto de la prescripción como de la caducidad, buscando esclarecer la aplicación y entendimiento de ambas instituciones.

Esta pesquisa tem por finalidade propor um modelo de automação e padronização do processo de controle da prescrição médica e dispensação de medicamentos no Brasil, baseado no Sistema Autenticador e Transmissor (SAT) aplicado ao controle fiscal do comércio varejista e implementado no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Busca-se analisar o cenário atual de prescrição médica no país, suas características operacionais, os problemas cada vez mais frequentes ligados ao comércio irregular de medicamentos e o uso abusivo de substâncias controladas. São apresentadas as medidas adotadas para o controle do setor no Brasil, em Portugal e nos Estados Unidos da América, bem como seus requisitos e grau de operacionalização. Com base na lacuna encontrada nas ações adotadas pelo Brasil, apresenta-se a motivação do presente trabalho, a busca pelas características do cenário brasileiro e a respectiva não aderência do mesmo às propostas internacionais, principalmente pelo fato dessas demandarem infraestrutura técnica, ordenamento jurídico e disponibilidade de investimentos incompatíveis. Diante de referida necessidade, buscou-se em outras áreas um modelo de controle de processos que fosse aderente à realidade brasileira apresentada, razão pela qual uma solução encontrada foi a utilizada para o controle do comércio varejista, por meio do equipamento SAT (Sistema Autenticador Transmissor), que é responsável pela geração de Cupons Fiscais Eletrônicos. Assim, o trabalho consiste em utilizar os conceitos traçados para o modelo fiscal e adaptar às necessidades da prescrição médica, propondo um novo modelo de automação e controle do processo de prescrição e dispensa de medicamentos baseado na Receita Médica Eletrônica (RM-e).
This research aims to propose a model of automation and standardization of the process of control of medical prescription and dispensing of medicines in Brazil, based on the Authentication and Transmission System (Sistema Autenticador Transmissor - SAT) applied to the fiscal control of the retail trade and implemented in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The aim is to analyze the current scenario of medical prescription in the country, its operational characteristics, the increasingly frequent problems related to irregular drug trade and the abusive use of controlled substances. The measures adopted to control the sector in Brazil, Portugal and the United States of America, as well as their requirements and degrees of operation are presented. Based on the gap found in the actions adopted by Brazil, the motivation of the present study is the search for the characteristics of the Brazilian scenario and its non-adherence to the international proposals, mainly because they require technical infrastructure, legal order and availability Incompatible investments. In view of this need, a process control model was searched in other areas that adhered to the Brazilian reality presented, which is why a solution found was used to control the retail trade, through the SAT (Authentication and Transmission System), which is responsible for the generation of Electronic Tax Coupons. Thus, the work consists of using the concepts outlined for the fiscal model and adapting to the needs of the medical prescription, proposing a new model of automation and control of the prescription and dispensing process based on Electronic Medical Prescription (Receita Médica Eletrônica RM-e).

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Os Erros de MedicaÃÃo (EM) sÃo um importante desafio a ser superado na promoÃÃo do uso racional de medicamentos, fator contribuinte para o desenvolvimento de serviÃos de saÃde eficazes e seguros para os pacientes. EM podem ocorrer em vÃrias etapas da cadeia de utilizaÃÃo de medicamentos. No Brasil, pouco se conhece sobre o perfil dos erros e sobre a seguranÃa do processo de prescriÃÃo. Baseado na abordagem sistÃmica do erro foi realizado um estudo exploratÃrio, com determinaÃÃo da taxa de prevalÃncia de erros de prescriÃÃo clinicamente significativos (TPEPCS) e da taxa de seguranÃa do processo de prescriÃÃo de medicamentos (TSPPM) nas unidades de Cardiologia, Pneumologia e Pediatria de um hospital de referÃncia do CearÃ. No perÃodo de 20 de agosto a 03 de setembro de 2007, em dias alternados, foram analisadas 140 prescriÃÃes mÃdicas (PM), totalizando 1017 itens contendo medicamentos. A maioria das PM (75% - n=105) foram recebidas pelo serviÃo de farmÃcia no turno da tarde, 61,4% (n=86) pertencia a pacientes do sexo masculino e 22,2% (n=31) pertencia a pacientes com idade de 60 a 69 anos. No prontuÃrio dos pacientes das PM selecionadas, nÃo houve relato de alergia a medicamentos em 83,6% (n=117), nem registro do peso em 60% (n=84). Quanto aos componentes legais da prescriÃÃo, houve ausÃncia do registro do nÃmero do prontuÃrio em 63,3% (n=89), da unidade de internaÃÃo em 59,3% (n=83), do carimbo do prescritor em 28,6% (n=40) e da assinatura do mÃdico em 15% (n=21). Foram identificadas interaÃÃo medicamento-medicamento em 28,6% (n=40) das PM, interaÃÃo medicamento-alimento em 14,3% (n=20) e erros de prescriÃÃo clinicamente significativos (EPCS) em 25,9%, (n=30) sendo o mais recorrente a detecÃÃo de interaÃÃo medicamentosa potencialmente significante (26,61% - n=95). Boa parte dos medicamentos envolvidos nos EPCS (63,3% - n=201) pertenceu a classe terapÃutica de medicamentos cardiovasculares e houve a suspeita de ReaÃÃo Adversa a Medicamentos em apenas 1,8% (n=18) dos medicamentos prescritos. A denominaÃÃo mais utilizada na prescriÃÃo dos medicamentos foi a genÃrica (60,2% - n=612) e a concentraÃÃo nÃo foi prescrita em 56,4% (n=574) dos itens contendo medicamentos. Foi prescrito o diluente em 35,1% (n=65) dos medicamentos classificados como injetÃveis, enquanto nÃo foi prescrita a velocidade de infusÃo em 59,3% (n=121) dos injetÃveis e soluÃÃo para hidrataÃÃo. TambÃm foram prescritas informaÃÃes adicionais em 14,7% (n=150) dos itens contendo medicamentos e utilizadas abreviaturas em 97,6% (n=993) destes, sendo mais comum a abreviatura da via de administraÃÃo (36% - n=833). Ao final, foram calculadas a TPEPCS (35,10%) e TSPPM (64,9%), indicando a necessidade da reavaliaÃÃo do processo de prescriÃÃo e implementaÃÃo das estratÃgias educacionais. Portanto, a identificaÃÃo da taxas referidas constitui o primeiro passo na busca da prevenÃÃo de erros. PorÃm, para que ela possa estabelecer-se no Ãmbito hospitalar, sem propiciar um ambiente de puniÃÃes, faz-se necessÃrio que a responsabilidade pela seguranÃa do paciente seja vista como coletiva e que a abordagem sistÃmica do erro seja aplicada cotidianamente.
Medication errors are a great challenge to the rational use of drugs, which is a significant contributing factor to the development of effective and safe health assistance services to patients. Medication errors can occur at various stages in the drug use process. In Brazil, little is known about the profile of errors and the prescription process safety. In order to determine the prevalence rate of errors in prescribing clinically significant drugs (PREPCS) and the safety rate on prescription drug procedures (SRPDP), an exploratory study based on an approach in systematic error estimation was carried out at Cardiology, Pneumology and Pediatrics Units of a reference hospital in the State of CearÃ. From August 20 to September 3, 2007, on alternate days, 140 medical prescription â totaling 1,017 items containing drugs â were analyzed. Most medical prescriptions (75% - n=105) were received by the department of pharmacy in the afternoon shift; 61.4% (n=86) had been given to male patients and 22.2% (n=31) had been given to patients between 60 to 69 years of age. In 83.6% (n=117) of records of patients to whom the selected medical prescriptions had been given, no allergy to drugs were reported, and in 60% (n=84) of them the patientsâ weight was not informed. In regard to the legal components of the prescriptions, the patient record number was not informed in 63.3% (n=89) prescriptions; the hospital unit was not informed in 59.3% (n=83) prescriptions; the prescriberâs stamp was not stamped in 28.6% (n=40) prescriptions; and 15% (n=21) prescriptions had not been signed by the doctor. Drug-drug interactions were identified in 28.6% (n=40) medical prescriptions; drug-food interactions were identified in 14.3% (n=20) medical prescriptions; and clinically significant prescription errors (CSEP) were found in 25.9% (n=30) medical prescriptions, and the detection of potentially significant drug interactions (26.61% - n=95) was the most recurrent. Most drugs involved in CSEP (63.3% - n=201) belonged to a therapeutic class of cardiovascular medicines and there was suspicion of Adverse Drug Reaction in only 1.8% (n=18) of the prescription drugs. Generic names were most commonly used in the medical prescriptions (60.2% - n=612); and the concentration was not prescribed in 56.4% (n=574) of items containing drugs. The dilluent was prescribed in 35.1% (n=65) of injection drugs, while no infusion speed and hydration solution were prescribed in 59.3% (n=121) of injection drugs. Additional information was prescribed in 14.7% (n=150) of the items containing drugs; and abbreviations were used in 97.6% (n=993) of them, and administration routes were the most common abbreviations used (36% - n =833). And finally, the PREPCS (35.10%) and SRPDP (64.9%) were ascertained, thus indicating the need to reevaluate the process of prescribing and implementing educational strategies. Therefore, the identification of the aforesaid rates is the first step to be taken in order to prevent errors. However, in order to use them at hospitals without creating a punishment environment, the responsibility for the patientâs safety must be collective and an approach in systematic error estimation must be made regularly.

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The statute of limitation is a legal time setting for the loss of the right of claim, due to the fact the holder didn t make use of it. The interimstatute of limitation is a kind of statute of limitation that has the dies a quo of your count of time caused by the stoppage of the process. This study will examine whether it is applicable or not, within the Labour Procedure the interimstatute of limitation. The apprehension of this research requires methodological choices that take into account the complexity of the analyzed phenomenon, which led this investigation for a foray into literature, documentary and jurisprudential analysis. Thence, was chosen a qualitative research, seeking to work with the universe of meanings drawn from the doctrines and the relevant legislation and jurisprudence. Thereby, it seek the theoretical foundations around the institute of the statute of limitations, overall the interimstatute of limitations, and then examine the divergence of understandings between the precedent 114 of the Superior Labour Court and the precedent 327, so that, finally, we can conclude for the applicability or not of the interimstatute of limitation in the Labour Procedure.
Prescrição é a perda da pretensão ocasionada pelo transcurso do tempo, em razão de seu titular não o ter exercido. A intercorrente é uma espécie de prescrição que tem o dies a quo de sua contagem ocasionada pela paralisação do processo. O presente trabalho analisa se é aplicável ou não, no âmbito do processo do trabalho, a prescrição intercorrente. A apreensão desse objeto de estudo requereu escolhas metodológicas que levaram em conta a complexidade do fenômeno analisado, o que conduziu esta pesquisa a uma incursão bibliográfica e à analise documental e jurisprudencial. Quanto à metodologia, optou-se pela pesquisa qualitativa, com o fim de trabalhar com o universo de significações extraídas das doutrinas, da jurisprudência e da legislação pertinente. Assim, a fundamentação teórica envolveu o instituto da prescrição, sobretudo, a intercorrente e, em seguida, analisou-se a divergência de entendimentos entre o enunciado 114 da súmula do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho e o enunciado 327 da súmula do Supremo Tribunal Federal, para, ao final, concluir pela aplicabilidade ou não da prescrição intercorrente no processo do trabalho.

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The public administration in the exercise of its duties is submitted to the external control of its actions by the Court of Accounts. The purpose of the current work is to analyze the juridical configuration of the high Court of Accounts, especially with regard to the time and its interference in the actions which intend to protect the public treasury against the agent causing the damage. This way, the starting point is the action of the time upon human beings´ rights through two configurations: with or without the intervention of human action. Defined the concepts of prescription, decadence and preclusion, its distinguishing elements are presented so that the frequent confusion that exists regarding each figure and its effects can be set apart. Then the control put in action by the Court of Accounts is examined, discussing its origin, autonomy, competences and functions, types and nature of courts decisions. Scrutinized its juridical configuration, it will be examined the recording of the acts of administration by the Courts of Accounts, its nature and effects, as well as the deadlines that the court should obey. The possibility of reviewing its decisions, as well as making null and void registered acts, by the Administration, is checked. After that, the rendering of account of public administrators and the penalties applied in the field of action of the courts of accounts will be studied, taking into consideration the occurrence of prescription and decadence; it will also be examined the execution of those courts' decisions, related to fine and debt, including its origin and configuration as a document valid to commence an execution process and to proceed the collection. Finally, it will be discussed the control of the action of the courts of accounts, focusing on the subject of terms for the accomplishment of the constitutional competences assigned to them, analyzing the repercussion of these terms in the life of the administered and of the administration and its influences, direct and indirectly, in the action of the courts of accounts
A Administração Pública, no exercício de suas funções, está sujeita ao controle externo de seus atos pelo Tribunal de Contas. O objeto do presente trabalho é analisar a configuração jurídica da Egrégia Corte de Contas, especialmente no que tange ao tempo e à sua interferência nas ações que visam proteger o erário em face do agente causador do dano. Para tanto, parte-se da atuação do tempo sobre os direitos dos homens por meio de duas formas: com ou sem intervenção da ação humana. Fixados os conceitos de prescrição, decadência, e preclusão, apresentam-se seus elementos diferenciadores, de sorte a apartar a frequente confusão existente em relação a cada figura e seus efeitos. A seguir, procede-se ao exame do controle exercido pelos Tribunais de Contas, abordando-se sua origem, autonomia, competências e funções, tipos e natureza das decisões das cortes. Investigada a sua configuração jurídica, passa-se ao exame do registro de atos da Administração, pelos Tribunais de Contas, sua natureza e efeitos, bem como os prazos a que estão sujeitas estas Cortes. Verifica-se a possibilidade de revisão de suas decisões, bem como de anulação de atos registrados, pela Administração. Na sequência, procede-se ao estudo da tomada de contas de gestores públicos e das sanções aplicadas no âmbito dos Tribunais de Contas, considerada a ocorrência de prescrição ou decadência; examina-se, também, a execução das decisões daquelas Cortes, relativas à multa e ao débito, compreendendo sua origem, configuração como título executivo e efetivação da cobrança. Por fim, aborda-se o controle da atuação do Tribunal de Contas, com enfoque na questão dos prazos para cumprimento das competências constitucionais que lhes são reservadas, analisando-se os reflexos desses prazos nas vidas do administrado e da Administração e suas influências, direta e indiretamente, no agir dos Tribunais de Contas

Marketing channels have traditionally been examined as commercial conduits the sale objective of which was to facilitate the flow of goods from producer to consumer. This approach emphasized functional and structural aspects of the channel and was primarily concerned with the efficiency of the distribution system. During the last two decades, marketing channels have increasingly been viewed as social systems affected by the behavioural dimensions of power, conflict, roles and communication. The rapid growth of vertical marketing systems with greater authority and interdependence between channel members, have stimulated interest in this field. Nevertheless, research has been limited and characterized by methodological problems and conceptual differences about the definitions of behavioural variables and their relationships. Some attempts have been made to develop an integrated framework within which to conduct research into channel relationships, but the validity and relaibility of these models has not been tested. This research project examined the relationship between the sources of conflict and stages in the conflict process. The sources of conflict were subdivided into attitudinal and structural categories, the latter being concerned with goal differences, the desire for autonomy in the face of interdependence and competition for scarce resources. The conflict process model adopted by the author assumes the existence of stages of latency, feeling, perception, manifestation and aftermath in each conflict episode. The first four were treated as separate behavioural states for which different levels of conflict intensity were measured. In order to provide greater explanatory power to the results of the analysis, the perceptions of two respondent groups were identified, namely the leader group, consisting of channel members responsible for the overall strategic interests of the channel, and the affected group, consisting of channel members who had been adversly affected by the activities of their partners in the channel dyad. In addition, respondents were asked to identify separately, their perceptions of the macro and micro levels of conflict in the four conflict states. The marketing channel for prescription medicines was selected for the study. The focal dyad consisted of retail pharmacy managers and doctors with single respondent perceptual measures being obtained from the retail pharmacy managers. A mail survey of all the retail pharmacy managers in South Africa, South West Africa/Namibia, and the independent homelands conducted in July 1987 resulted in a 40% response rate (1031 returns). Tests indicated statistically significant differences between the perceptual measures representing the sources and stages of conflict, the macro and micro levels of the stages of conflict and between the leader and the non-leader groups and the affected and non-affected groups. A sequential hierarchy in the level of conflict measured in the behavioural states was indicated, with decreasing levels of conflict being identified in states of latency, perception, feeling and manifestations, respectively. An analysis of the results revealed that attitudinal sources of conflict were more important that structural sources in measures of perceptions, feelings and manifestations of conflict behaviour. In the latent conflict state, structural sources assumed greater importance than attitudinal sources. In most of the measures, the sources of conflict were more correlated with perceptions of conflict at the macro level than the micro level. The exception was manifest conflict for which micro conflict levels were more important. The major sources of conflict were differences in perceptions, differences in goals and the lack of autonomy. The leader group indicated a particular concern for attitudinal factors, particularly communication difficulties. The affected group, whilst identifying attitudinal factors as being the most important, was especially concerned with their lack of autonomy from the doctor, rather than the competition for scarce resources which could have been expected. An overall assessment of the level of conflict between retail pharmacy managers and doctors indicated that the channel dyad was relatively free from conflict. Relationships were characterized by a degree of satisfaction, some degree of harmony and little evidence of conflict behaviour.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This thesis is aimed at investigating how the interviews of a prescriber, a trainer and a teacher represent in the processes of creating, spreading and using the official document called Orientações Curriculares Expectativas de Aprendizagens e Orientações Didáticas OCs (2007), developed by the City of São Paulo with focus at Pre-school Education. Studying the Pre-school Education history has shown us how fragile this segment is, particularly in Brazil, due to the fact that a) the child is perceived as physically as well as intellectually fragile; and b) thus the transposition of such beliefs to the educational contexts culminates in a split service: taking care and educating. Such contradictions have taken us to consider the hypothesis that historical conflicts would appear somehow in the processes of creating, spreading and using the official document. In order to check this hypothesis the following interviews were analyzed: a) one conducted with the coordinator of the group responsible for elaborating the official document, the prescriber; b) another with a trainer from Diretoria de Orientações Técnicas da Secretaria de Educação de São Paulo; c) and the other interview was performed with a teacher from the public school system run by the City of São Paulo. The interviews were carried out in December, 2008, June 2010 and August 2010, respectively. In this way, we were able to monitor the process since its conception up to the implementation at the Pre-school facilities. It was taken into consideration as our theoretical framework the studies conducted by researchers from CNAM (Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers), ERGAPE (Ergonomie de l Activité des Professionnels de l Éducation), LAF (Langage, Action, Formation) and ALTER CNPq (Analysis of Language, Educational Work and their Connections) based at LAEL, PUC-SP. The data was analyzed according to the procedures proposed by the Socio-discursive Interactionism (BRONCKART, 1997/2003) in relation to the analysis of some elements of the feuilleté textuel: 1) the general infrastructure of the text (general text plan, thematic content, sequences and types of discourses); 2) mechanisms of textualization (nominal connection) and 3) the enunciative mechanisms (voices). It was also was employed as a category for analysis the action figures from the same theoretical framework (BULEA, 2007, 2010). Therefore, this thesis shows that, on one hand, the processes of creating, spreading and using of a new prescription are made by conflicts related to the dimensions of the job (CLOT, 2008) and, on the other, such conflicts can be linguistically and discursively identified. The relevance of this research lies on to the fact that it was possible to identify linguistic features, which point to conflicts. These linguistic features have enabled us to check how these conflicts have an effect on the above-mentioned processes which is the aim of this research. Consequently, it was possible to acknowledge the outcome when implementing an Educational Public Policy, as well as to conduct a research that also contributes for the Pre-school segment, as there are few studies aimed at the teachers work in this area
O objetivo desta tese é investigar de que forma os textos-entrevistas de uma Prescritora, de uma Formadora e de uma Professora representam os processos de elaboração, de difusão e de utilização de um documento oficial do Município de São Paulo voltado para Educação Infantil - Orientações Curriculares Expectativas de Aprendizagens e Orientações Didáticas OCs (2007). O levantamento de parte da história da Educação Infantil nos mostrou a fragilidade desse segmento, especialmente no Brasil, já que nele se considera a) uma visão de criança marcada pela crença da sua fragilidade física e intelectual; e b) a consequente transposição dessas crenças para os contextos educacionais que culminam em um atendimento dicotomizado entre o cuidar e o educar. Essas contradições, por sua vez, nos levaram à hipótese de que esses conflitos históricos se manifestariam, de alguma forma, nos processos de elaboração, de difusão e de utilização do documento municipal. Para a verificação dessa hipótese propomo-nos a analisar três entrevistas: a) com a coordenadora do grupo de elaboradores do documento oficial do Município de São Paulo, a Prescritora; b) com uma Formadora da Diretoria de Orientações Técnicas da Secretaria de Educação de São Paulo; c) com uma Professora da Rede Municipal de São Paulo. As entrevistas foram realizadas, respectivamente, em dezembro de 2008, em junho de 2010 e em agosto de 2010. Desse modo, pudemos verificar o andamento do processo, desde a sua idealização até a sua chegada à escola de Educação Infantil. Tomamos como base teórica central os estudos realizados por pesquisadores da Clínica da Atividade do CNAM (Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers), do grupo ERGAPE (Ergonomie de l Activité des Professionnels de l Éducation), do grupo LAF (Langage, Action, Formation) e do grupo ALTER CNPq (Análise de Linguagem, Trabalho Educacional e suas Relações) sediado no LAEL da PUC-SP. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com os procedimentos propostos pelo Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (BRONCKART, 1997/2003) no tocante à análise de alguns elementos do folhado textual: 1) a infraestrutura geral do texto (plano global, conteúdos temáticos, sequências e tipos de discurso); 2) os mecanismos de textualização (conexão nominal) e 3) os mecanismos enunciativos (vozes). Utilizamos, ainda, como categoria de análise as figuras de ação, desse mesmo aporte teórico (BULEA, 2007, 2010). Assim, esta tese demonstra que os processos de elaboração, de difusão e de utilização de uma nova prescrição se constituem por conflitos relacionados com as dimensões do trabalho (CLOT, 2008) e que esses conflitos, por sua vez, podem ser identificados linguístico e discursivamente. A relevância desta pesquisa deve-se, principalmente, ao fato de termos levantado as marcas linguísticas que nos indicam conflitos verificando de que forma esses conflitos incidem sobre os processos mencionados anteriormente, foco desta pesquisa. Assim, pudemos conhecer os desdobramentos da implantação de uma Política Pública Educacional e, finalmente, a pesquisa contribui também para o segmento de Educação Infantil, já que ainda são escassas as pesquisas voltadas para o trabalho docente nessa área

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The research Examines the fundamental right to reasonable duration of the criminal process under the Article 5, paragraph LXXVIII of the Federal Constitution, by the text of the Constitutional Amendment nº 45/2004, with the aim of (re) think their legal interpretation, of the punitive preintention prescription. The study covers the analysis of reasonable duration of the criminal process and its underlying approach to the institution of criminal prescription. To investigate the possibility of the fit of both theories between the two concepts. At first are considered the conceptions of time (absolute and relative) and their intimate relationships with the law, more specifically with the criminal procedural law, considering that all procedural acts are governed by lapse of time. In a second moment is directly addressed the fundamental right to duration of the criminal process and its current hermeneutics inaccuracy. Thus, it held a brief analysis of the doctrine of the fixed term and also the doctrine of non-term as well as the legal consequences and solutions proposed by the academy in the case of non-observance of reasonable time. The third moment it is analised the criminal prescription and the theories that give it grounds for the legitimacy, as well as the nefarious institution of criminal imprescriptibility. At the end it is examined the possibility of the punitive preintention to limitade the period of reasonable duration of the criminal process, taking into perspective the concepts of time previously developed. The research employed the deductive method and the research through the literature.
Examina-se o direito fundamental à razoável duração do processo penal previsto no artigo 5º, inciso LXXVIII da Constituição Federal, com a redação dada pela Emenda Constitucional nº 45/2004, com o escopo de (re)pensar sua interpretação jurídica, tendo em vista o instituto da prescrição da pretensão punitiva. O estudo percorre a análise da razoável duração do processo penal e sua latente aproximação com o instituto da prescrição penal. Para tanto investiga a possibilidade de adequação teórica entre os dois conceitos. Num primeiro momento são consideradas as concepções de tempo (absoluto e relativo) e, as suas intimas relações com o direito, mais especificamente com o direito processual penal, haja vista que todos os atos processuais são regidos pelo decurso do tempo. Num segundo momento é abordado diretamente o direito fundamental à razoável duração do processo penal e sua atual imprecisão hermenêutica. Assim, é realizada uma breve análise a respeito da doutrina do prazo fixo e, também da doutrina do não-prazo, bem como das soluções e consequências jurídicas propostas pela academia no caso de não observância do prazo razoável. Num terceiro momento é abordada a prescrição penal e as teorias que lhe fornecem fundamento de validade, assim como o famigerado instituto da imprescritibilidade penal. Ao final examina-se a possibilidade do prazo da prescrição da pretensão punitiva funcionar como limite para a duração razoável do processo penal, tendo em perspectiva as concepções de tempo desenvolvidas anteriormente. A pesquisa realizada utiliza-se do método dedutivo e como técnica de pesquisa a bibliográfica.

Ces dernières années, la conception de produit vise de plus en plus à remettre le client aucentre du processus de développement. De nouvelles méthodes et outils ont permis de formaliser nonseulement l'identification des besoins et des attentes du client mais également leur transformation enexigences. Cependant, malgré les progrès récemment apparus dans ce domaine, la notion de valeurperçue par le client qui est associée au produit reste faiblement considérée durant le développement duproduit alors que la perception de cette valeur par le client va jouer un rôle clé au moment du choix duproduit.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche normative visant l'intégration de la notion devaleur du produit dans le processus d'établissement des exigences. Un état de l'art présente lesconcepts et les pratiques impliqués dans le déploiement de la fonction de qualité, étroitement liée auprocessus de spécification des exigences basé sur la valeur. Ces concepts sont relatifs aux notionsd'objectifs, de modèles de la valeur, de fonctions d'utilité multi attributs et de hiérarchie et de réseauxd'objectifs.Notre approche se déroule en 4 étapes : (1) identifier et structurer les objectifs à partir del'expression des attentes du client, (2) spécifier les attributs de la valeur perçue par le client etconstruire un modèle de la valeur client, (3) transformer les objectifs en exigences pour construire unmodèle global de la valeur produit et (4) dériver ce modèle global en un modèle de la valeur pourchaque composant du produit. Cette approche permet ainsi de prendre en compte explicitement lavaleur produit perçue par le client en l'intégrant dans les phases de développement, ce qui favorise uneconception proactive dirigée par la valeur.Nous l'illustrons sur un exemple d'avion de ligne développé en Vanguard Studio. Cet exemplea été élaboré par l'ensemble des partenaires au cours du projet Européen IST CRESCENDO et sert decas-test pour ce projet

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Faculdades Integradas Tereza D'Ávila
This work is focused on the initial term of the executory pretension prescription, due to the article 112, inc. I, part I of the Penal Code, which establishes the day the condemnatory sentence is passed on, for accusation. This term, several times prevents the State from fully executing the penalty imposed, due to the extinction of the punishability by prescription. This happens, for the prescriptional term starts with the definite sentence for the accusation, but this can only execute the penalty after the sentence becomes definite for both parties. Aiming to understand the rate and show the consequences of this norm, the origin and evolution of the right of the State to punish, the purposes of the penalty, the extinctive causes of the punishability anticipated in the Penal Code, the origin and evolution of the prescription in the compared law, the compared law on the subject and some constitutional principles are approached. Besides that, some criminal processes and bills that direct or indirectly deal with this issue were analyzed. It was verified that the situation arisen in function of this initial term represents a very high disproportion between the parties, since in the conflict between the jus puniendi pertaining the State and the jus libertatis pertaining the defendant, a great disadvantage of the first one in relation to the second occurs. The constitutional principle of equality is flagrantly violated, for art. 5 of the Federal Constitution of 1988 declares that all people are equal under the law, with no distinction of any nature and this is also applied to the State, as office holder of the jus puniendi. In the case herein discussed the handling is unequal, with no justification for that
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o termo inicial da prescrição da pretensão executória, previsto no art.112, inc. I, 1ª parte do Código Penal, que estabelece o dia em que transita em julgado a sentença condenatória, para acusação. Este termo, muitas vezes, faz com que o Estado fique impedido de executar, de forma plena, a pena imposta, em decorrência da extinção da punibilidade pela prescrição. Isto ocorre, pois o prazo prescricional se inicia com o trânsito em julgado para acusação, mas a mesma só pode executar a pena depois do trânsito em julgado da sentença condenatória para ambas as partes. Visando entender a razão, e mostrar as conseqüências desta norma, foram abordadas a origem e evolução do direito de punir do Estado, as finalidades da pena, as causas extintivas da punibilidade previstas no Código Penal, a origem e evolução da prescrição no direito comparado e pátrio, o momento da inclusão deste dispositivo no ordenamento pátrio, o direito comparado sobre o assunto e alguns princípios constitucionais. Além disto foram analisados alguns processos criminais e alguns projetos de lei, que de maneira direta ou indireta, versam sobre a problemática levantada. Constatou-se que a situação gerada em decorrência deste termo inicial representa uma desigualdade muito grande entre as partes, uma vez que no conflito entre o jus puniendi pertencente ao Estado e o jus libertatis pertencente ao réu, há uma grande desvantagem do primeiro em relação ao segundo. O principio constitucional da igualdade, é flagrantemente violado, pois o art. 5º da Constituição Federal de 1988 determina que "todos são iguais perante a lei, sem distinção de qualquer natureza" e isso se aplica também ao Estado, como titular do jus puniendi. No caso em tela o tratamento é desigual, sem que haja qualquer justificativa para tal

In this article, the issue around abandonment in judicial proceedings (Procedural abandonment) related with the imprescriptible pretensions will be analyzed, with a special mention to those relative to the right to property. The issue discussed in the National Jurisdictional Plenary of Civil Law and Civil Procedure of 2016 will be criticized. The true issue to be solved is revealed, it’s the one related to the imprescriptible pretensions as case of inappropriateness of abandonment. It raises reasons that put in question the normative provision that links the procedural abandonment with those pretensions. Precisely because of the lack of strong arguments to justify the relation, a necessary legislative amendment is proposed.
En el presente artículo se analiza el problema del abandono en los procesos judiciales relacionados con las pretensiones imprescriptibles, con una especial mención de aquellas relativas al derecho de propiedad. Se critica la cuestión analizada en el Pleno Jurisdiccional Nacional Civil y Procesal Civil de 2016 sobre el particular. Se pone de manifiesto que la verdadera cuestión a resolverse es la referida a las pretensiones imprescriptibles como supuestos de improcedencia de abandono. Se expone razones que ponen en entredicho la disposición normativa que vincula el abandono procesal con dichas pretensiones. Justamente por la falta de argumentos fuertes que justifiquen tal relación, se propone (delege ferenda) su necesaria enmienda legislativa.

The aim of this final thesis is to design selected parts of construction technology project for building used as an sports centrum in Jihlava. The attachments provide a solution of upper structural work, with focusing on floor structure forms and staircase. The thesis contains the technological procedures for constructing both variants of floor structure and staircase, principles according to which is the construction organised, safety and health measures taken on the construction site, design of the mechanical assembly, time plan, plan of inspections and testing, controlling and testing plans for both variants and construction details.

The object of this work is the solution of building technological project to build "Manufacturing and storage hall in Hodonin" including technological solutions with time and financial plan, technological regulations of selected activities, design of mechanical assemblies, inspection and test plans and choosing the appropriate method of implementing the piled foundations.

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This paper aims at consolidating the understanding of the possible application of the institute of the intercurrent prescription in tributary judiciary and administrative lawsuits. The basic support for our conclusions will be the prescribed constitutional foundations (principles) that will reinforce the possible application of the institute. We shall demonstrate the position of our courts concerning the subject, and we shall comment on the afore-mentioned decisions, which will make the reader to thing the theme over. We shall find discordant positions both in jurisprudence and doctrine, but we shall try to clear up eventual divergences with the principles of deontic logic, particularly the one concerning non-contradiction. We shall se that from the beginning the tendency of different cultures and countries has been not to eternalize legal relationships. Thus, leaving from this viewpoint we shall reach the conclusion that there is a possibility of application of the intercurrent prescription found both in the legal lawsuit (a long-established matter in our Courts) and in the administrative process (a matter not yet accepted by our Courts). Nonetheless, some of the reasons leading the Judiciary Power to understand the application of the intercurrent prescription in a lawsuit can be used to support its application in an administrative lawsuit. We shall present the most recurrent doctrines involving the subject, regardless of the scarcity of works on the matter concerning its application in tributary law, and we shall also propose a few solutions all through our paper. Finally, we shall make it clear that our paper does not intend to present definitive solutions, but simply to lead readers to consider the theme from a serious viewpoint. We see this paper as a guide for further discussions, and any suggestions will certainly be most welcome
O presente trabalho objetiva sedimentar o entendimento da possibilidade de se aplicar o instituto da prescrição intercorrente nos processos judiciais e administrativos tributários. Tomaremos como ponto central para sustentar nossas conclusões os enunciados prescritivos constitucionais basilares (princípios) que irão reiterar a idéia da possibilidade da aplicação do instituto. Demonstraremos o posicionamento de nossos Tribunais em relação à matéria e iremos tecer comentários sobre referidas decisões que irão fazer com que o leitor reflita sobre o tema. Encontraremos posições dissonantes tanto na jurisprudência quanto na doutrina, entretanto tentaremos dissolver eventuais divergências, utilizando-nos dos princípios da lógica deôntica, especialmente o da não contradição. Veremos que desde os primórdios, a tendência das diferentes culturas e países é a da não eternização das relações jurídicas. Assim, partindo desse ponto de referência desaguaremos nas conclusões de que há, sim, a possibilidade da aplicação da prescrição intercorrente tanto no processo judicial (matéria sedimentada em nossos Tribunais) quanto no procedimento administrativo (matéria não acatada, ainda, de forma majoritária em nossos Tribunais). Entretanto, as razões que levaram o Poder Judiciário a entender a aplicação da prescrição intercorrente no processo judicial poderão, parte delas, ser usadas para sustentar a sua aplicação na seara do procedimento administrativo. Demonstraremos as doutrinas mais atualizadas sobre o assunto, apesar da escassez de obras sobre a matéria em relação a sua aplicação no direito tributário e daremos sugestões de solução no curso do trabalho. Finalmente, esclarecemos que não queremos com o presente trabalho dar soluções definitivas, mas fazer com que o leitor possa refletir sobre o tema sob uma perspectiva séria. Entendemos o presente trabalho como um norte para futuras discussões, sendo certo que qualquer sugestão será muito bem vinda

Construction technological project of polyfunctional flat house SO 107, solves the realization of reinforced concrete monolithic ceiling construction the financial and time schedule, technological instruction of concreting, proposal of mechanization, the technical report of technology construction project. The proposal formwork system Multiflex.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe experienced barriers with the prescription process of sport prosthesis in Denmark from the prosthetist and orthotist perspective. Method: The study was based on semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions there all were recorded. Fivw participants with experience between 10-26 years were included in the study, and the data was transcribed and analyzed with a content analysis with and inductive approach. Results: Three themes appeared through the content analysis and showed to be important factors when considering the different barriers there is with the prescription process of sport prosthesis in Denmark; prescription of sport prosthesis, patient role in prescription and municipality’s role in prescription. Conclusion: This study gives a better understanding of the different barriers the prosthetist and orthotist experiences with the prescription process of sport prosthesis in Denmark as well as it shows that there is a lack of clinical guidelines when applying for sport prosthesis.

L’amélioration de la qualité de l’utilisation des médicaments dans les soins primaires est devenue un enjeu crucial. Les pharmaciens communautaires se présentent comme des acteurs centraux dans l’atteinte de cet objectif, en réclamant une extension de leur rôle. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre comment les technologies de prescription informatisée (eRx) influencent la transformation du rôle des pharmaciens communautaires. Le premier article présente les résultats d’une étude de cas qui aborde la transformation du rôle des pharmaciens communautaires à partir du concept de professionnalisation. Elle propose un modèle logique des influences d’une technologie de eRx sur cette professionnalisation, élaboré à partir de la typologie de Davenport. Ce modèle logique a été validé en interviewant douze pharmaciens communautaires participant à un projet pilote typique de technologie de eRx. A partir des perceptions des pharmaciens communautaires, nous avons établi que la technologie était susceptible de soutenir la professionnalisation des pharmaciens en passant par cinq mécanismes : la capacité analytique, l’élimination des intermédiaires, l’intégration, l’automatisation et la diffusion des connaissances. Le deuxième article analyse les perturbations induites par les différentes fonctions des technologies de eRx sur la stabilité de la juridiction des pharmaciens communautaires, en se basant sur un cadre de référence adapté d’Abbott. À partir de trente-trois entrevues, avec des praticiens (médecins et pharmaciens) et des élites, cette étude de cas a permis de décrire en détail les influences des différentes fonctions sur les modalités d’action des professionnels, ainsi que les enjeux soulevés par ces possibilités. La perturbation principale est liée aux changements dans la distribution des informations, ce qui influence les activités de diagnostic et d’inférence des professionnels. La technologie peut redistribuer les informations relatives à la gestion des médicaments autant au bénéfice des médecins qu’au bénéfice des pharmaciens, ce qui suscite des tensions entre les médecins et les pharmaciens, mais aussi parmi les pharmaciens. Le troisième article présente une revue systématique visant à faire une synthèse des études ayant évalué les effets des technologies de eRx de deuxième génération sur la gestion des médicaments dans les soins primaires. Cette revue regroupe dix-neuf études menées avec des méthodes observationnelles. Les résultats rapportés révèlent que les technologies sont très hétérogènes, le plus souvent immatures, et que les effets ont été peu étudiés au-delà des perceptions des utilisateurs, qui sont mitigées. Le seul effet positif démontré est une amélioration de la qualité du profil pharmacologique accessible aux professionnels, alors que des effets négatifs ont été démontrés au niveau de l’exécution des prescriptions, tels que l’augmentation du nombre d’appels de clarification du pharmacien au prescripteur. Il semble donc que l’on en connaisse peu sur les effets des technologies de eRx de deuxième génération. Ces trois études permettent de constater que les nouvelles technologies de eRx peuvent effectivement influencer la transformation du rôle du pharmacien communautaire en perturbant les caractéristiques des prescriptions, et surtout, l’information et sa distribution. Ces perturbations génèrent des possibilités pour une extension du rôle des pharmaciens communautaires, tout en soulignant les défis intra et interprofessionnels associés à l’actualisation de ces possibilités. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats soulignent que les perturbations associées aux technologies de eRx dépassent les éléments techniques du travail des utilisateurs, pour englober de multiples perturbations quant à la nature même du travail et du rôle des professionnels. Les décideurs et acteurs impliqués dans le déploiement des technologies de eRx auraient avantage à prendre en compte l’ensemble de ces considérations pour rapprocher les effets observés des bénéfices promis de ces technologies.
The quality of medication use in primary care needs to improve: this has become a crucial issue. Community pharmacists want to play a key role in meeting this objective and are calling for an expanded role. The main objective of this thesis is to better understand how electronic prescription (eRx) technologies are influencing the transformation of the role played by community pharmacists. The first article presents results from a case study on the transformation of the community pharmacists’ role, based on the concept of professionalization. It proposes a logical model of how an eRx technology influences this professionalization, developed from the Davenport typology. The logical model was validated by interviewing twelve community pharmacists participating in a typical pilot project involving an eRx technology. Based on the perceptions of community pharmacists, we have determined that there are five mechanisms by which the technology is likely to support the professionalization of pharmacists: analytic capacity, the elimination of intermediaries, integration, automation and the dissemination of knowledge. The second article analyzes the disturbances produced by the various functions of eRx technologies on the jurisdiction of community pharmacists, based on an adaptation of Abbott’s model. Using data from 33 interviews with practitioners, physicians and pharmacists, as well as elite members of these two professions, this case study provides a detailed description of how different functions influence professionals’ modalities of action, as well as the issues raised by these possibilities. The primary disturbance is associated with changes in the distribution of information, which can influence the diagnostic and inference activities of professionals. The technology may redistribute information on the management of medication to the benefit of both physicians and pharmacists, and this creates tensions, not only between physicians and pharmacists but also among pharmacists. The third article presents a systematic review that synthesized studies assessing the impacts of second-generation eRx technologies on the management of medication in primary care. It examined 19 studies that applied observational methods. The findings reveal that the technologies are very heterogeneous and often far from mature, and that their effects received little attention beyond the perceptions of users, which were mixed. The only positive impact shown is an improvement to the quality of the pharmacological profile available to professionals. Negative impacts touched on the execution of prescriptions, such as a greater number of calls from pharmacists to prescribers to clarify information. It would therefore appear that little is known about the impacts of second-generation eRx technologies. These three studies allow us to conclude that new eRx technologies may well influence how the role of the community pharmacist is being transformed, specifically by disturbing the characteristics of prescriptions and, above all, information and its distribution. These disturbances generate opportunities for extending the role of community pharmacists, while underscoring the intra and interprofessional challenges associated with their realization. Overall, our results suggest that the disturbances associated with eRx technologies go beyond technical aspects of users’ work, to include multiple disturbances of the very nature of the professionals’ work and role. The decision makers and actors involved in deploying eRx technologies would be well advised to take all these considerations into account to bring the observed effects of these technologies more in line with their promised benefits.

碩士
元智大學
工業工程與管理學系
98
One characteristic of service is in its lower barrier to entry. Fierce competition is almost a norm among many service businesses. The key to successful customer relationship management embeds in the ability to acquire the customer, to retain the customer and make frequent customers. This proposal suggests a probabilistic analytic framework to firstly create the transition matrices for acquiring customer, for retaining customer, and for migrating customer; it is ensued by incorporating Markov decision process to find a set of policies that can optimize the revenues and/or profits. Do the best decision. A case study of a drug store chain which is currently trying to start and retain the relationship with the patients who have chronic disease prescriptions is carried out; Empirical results and analysis based on the framework will be used to test the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

碩士
國立成功大學
工業設計學系
89
ABSTRACT The focuses on the application of Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW) should include the technical issues of Internet application and the computer-mediated communication. From this perspective, Internet provides the framework to connect computers within the working environment, and reduces the cost in implementing a remote CSCW system. Recently, design application integrating CSCW and CSCD (Computer Supported Collaborative Design) concept has received significant attention in the field of industrial design. However, the focus mostly is placed on the final stage of design process, for example, collaborative working tool for 3D modeling. Few studies explore the collaborative work in early concept development stage, which build up the prescriptive description for the final design. In other words, the CAD systems nowadays mainly provide designers with tools to describe concrete objects, not help designers to handle the abstract concept representation. In this study, first, the focus is on exploring “digitalization of collaborative work”, from which three main theses are derived, namely, people, design data and computer. Then, through analyzing conflict problems and current technology, three directions, human prescriptive model, data transfer and functions of computer, are chosen to develop the prescriptive design process model in the digital design environment. The findings of three directions form the framework of the prescriptive design process model for concept collaboration. In addition, a simulation is developed to exam the proposed prescriptive design process model, and to demonstrates its effect on the corporation in the early design stage. The objective of this study is to develop a prescriptive design process model for designers to derive various design concepts, share knowledge with teammate, and maintain the consistency of design data and design status. Hopefully, the proposed prescriptive design process model for concept collaboration in Internet based environment could fill the gaps in the corporative work of early design stage, and facilitate further implementation of CSCW and CSCD in industrial design domain.