Bücher zum Thema „Pre and Post-liberalisation Periods“

This chapter analyses the transitional period between the pre- and post-Lisbon periods. It starts by investigating the design of the Lisbon Treaty’s two control regimes, the delegated acts regime and the implementing acts regime. This takes us back to the years just after the turn of the millennium and the negotiations on the failed Constitutional Treaty when the two delegation regimes were first introduced. Once in place, the treaty provisions were not directly operational. The delegated acts regime was to be followed up by an inter-institutional agreement on its practical application, and the implementing acts regime required a new horizontal framework regulation on comitology procedures to become operational. These two issues represented the first institutional battles in the post-Lisbon period. This chapter investigates how the Council, the Parliament, and the Commission each manoeuvred to secure as efficient a position in the control regimes as possible.

The problem of a West Semitic tradition of curses is problematized in this chapter by examining the futility curses of the Hebrew Bible, showing that these examples conform tightly to examples in Old Aramaic from the Iron I and II periods. The most similar biblical examples stem from the pre-exilic prophets, while later texts of the exilic and post-exilic period deviate from the normal syntax and vocabulary, instead providing clauses suggestive of general menace and commination rather than threatening a specific future curse. The curses of Deuteronomy 28 also utilize the typical language and syntactical structure of the futility curses from the Old Aramaic and pre-exilic Hebrew texts, yet develop clauses that are noticeably more sophisticated and complex than the earlier examples. This is suggestive of the literary quality of the futility curses in Deuteronomy 28: the scribes have couched traditional ideas and metaphors in a highly literary style.

The monograph discusses the uses of game animals in the historical pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet periods. Is addresses some issues of ecological and population genetics, valuates hunting resources, and provides mathematical models for predicting hunting trends for major game animals. The monograph is intended for students and academics of agricultural and biological universities and may be of interest to those engaged in forestry, agri-culture, and hunting.

This book focuses on the city of Delhi, one of the largest mega-cities in the world, and examines—from a historical perspective—the processes of hybridization between cultures within its local architecture and urban planning from 1912, when the British Town Planning Committee for New Delhi was formed, to 1962, when the first Master plan was implemented. The research originates directly from primary documents and examines how and to what extent the city plans, the neighbourhoods, the types of residential, public buildings and the architectural styles have changed over time. The analysis of architectural elements, the city and its intricacies, is in itself useful to understand how foreign models were adopted, how much resistance was encountered, and how much adaptation there was to local conditions. The book establishes and demonstrates that Delhi has played an active role in the complex process of hybridization in both the pre- and post-Independence periods, developing its own character as opposed to merely accepting what was brought from abroad. Both periods have been characterized by a resilient and continuing compromise between indigenous and foreign elements and thus the post-1947 period cannot be construed as more ‘indigenous’ than that which preceded it. Delhi can be considered to be a comprehensive model or case study of the intermingling and conflict of cultures; its initial transition period, when the actual mega-city was born, gives an important starting point to critically investigate the current phenomenon of globalization.

Surgical patients are at risk of post-operative complications. A thorough pre-operative assessment and the implementation of appropriate care/treatment plans will reduce the likelihood of complications occurring. The surgical nurse should have a good knowledge and understanding of recognizing, preventing, and treating post-operative complications. The ABCDE approach should be used in the immediate post-operative period and if the patient becomes acutely unwell. This chapter uses body systems and the ABCDE approach to review post-operative complications.

This chapter provides an overview of the macroeconomic environment since 2000. The era is broken down into three periods: 2000–2006, 2007–2010, and 2011–present. Warnings of an imminent crisis were present before 2007, but generally they were ignored by self-satisfied policymakers. Pre-crisis, inflation control was the once rising and, seemingly, preeminent monetary policy strategy. A review, both pre- and post-GFC, of a wide variety of macroeconomic and financial indicators is included, with discussion of lesser known variables such as proxies for central bank communication and balance sheet indicators. These clearly enable us to identify interventions by central banks while also highlighting areas of continuing concern. In some respects (e.g. concerns about financial stability), everything has changed post-crisis, but in other respects (e.g. monetary policy strategy) fewer changes are apparent. The chapter concludes by arguing that there are reasons to be apprehensive about the current state of monetary policy and central banking.

Intended for students and general readers alike, this encyclopedia covers the history of human medical experimentation, for better and worse, from the time of Hippocrates to the present. Thanks to medical experiments performed on human subjects, we now have vaccines against smallpox, rabies, and polio. Yet the advances that saved lives too often involved the exploitation of vulnerable populations. Covering the history of human medical experimentation from the time of Hippocrates to today, this work will introduce readers to the topic through a mixture of essays and ready-reference materials. The book covers the experiments themselves; the people, companies, and government agencies that carried them out; the relevant medical and sociopolitical background; and the legislation and other protective measures that arose as a result. The encyclopedia is divided chronologically into six periods: pre-19th century, the 19th century, the pre-World War II 20th century, the World War II era, the Cold War era, and the post-Cold War period to today. Each period begins with an introductory essay and ends with a bibliography. Alphabetically arranged entries in each section cover pertinent people, experiments, and topics. The volume is enriched throughout with a wealth of primary sources, such as physicians' descriptions of their experiments. Medical experiments are not just a thing of the past, and readers will also learn about questions and debates related to contemporary efforts to advance medical science.

Postoperative complications are common in high-risk surgical populations and are associated with poor short-term and long-term outcomes. Morbidity can be identified using prospective assessment of pathological criteria, or deviations from the ideal postoperative course requiring clinical intervention. While infections are the most prevalent complication type, morbidity affecting the heart, lungs, kidneys, or brain carry the worst prognosis. Specific pathophysiological processes drive morbidity in each organ system. In addition, dysfunction of the cardiovascular and immune systems can lead to multiorgan impairment, and have been the focus of many clinical trials. Perioperative strategies backed by the strongest evidence base include smoking cessation, surgical safety checklists, perioperative warming, pre-emptive antibiotics, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, enhanced recovery protocols, and early critical care rescue when complications arise. Isolated attempts to optimize cardiovascular function or attenuate inflammatory responses have not been consistently successful in improving outcomes. As the proportion of surgical patients meeting high-risk criteria rises, reducing the incidence of postoperative complications has become a priority in many developed healthcare systems. To meet this need, improved implementation of proven strategies should be combined with routine and rigorous surgical outcome reporting. In addition, advances in pathophysiological understanding may lead to novel interventions offering multisystem protection in the surgical period.

Providing a valuable resource for readers seeking information on all periods of Egyptian history, this book covers Egypt starting from ancient times and continuing through the medieval Islamic period to focus on the events of the last 100 years, including the aborted revolution of 2011. Egypt has experienced tumultuous events in recent years, especially starting with the uprisings and revolution of 2011. This second edition of The History of Egypt not only provides readers with in-depth information on events of the last decade—such as the Arab Spring, the removal of Hosni Mubarak from office, and the protests against Mohamed Morsi’s presidency—but also provides key background with chapters addressing previous periods of the country's history, starting from pre-Islamic times to pharaonic to Byzantine. The volume offers an objective history of Egypt that is uniquely appropriate for a high school audience. This expanded and extensively updated second edition provides new content and media photographs that help bring recent events to life for readers without previous knowledge about the topic. It also includes coverage of important events in long-ago Egyptian history that lends valuable perspective to events in the 21st century, such the nation’s transformation into a Muslim and Arab country and Egypt’s post-1778 imperialism and modernization through World War I.

The transfusion of blood products may be required in the pre- and post-operative periods. However, there are inherent risks associated with blood transfusion, and there is not an unlimited supply of blood donations available. When a patient is anaemic, red blood cells should be transfused to maintain the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Blood products, such as platelets and fresh frozen plasma, are transfused to correct a coagulopathy and during major haemorrhage. This chapter reviews the physiology of blood, including ABO compatibility and rhesus status, the main blood products available for transfusion, and transfusion policy, including the treatment of major haemorrhage and the refusal of blood products.

Work and Community Among West African Migrant Workers since the Nineteenth Century uncovers a fascinating chapter of British and West African social history by re-telling the forgotten history of the Kru, a group of West African labourers and seafarers who formed a significant component of British colonial trade. The study traces the Kru’s migrational flight from their original home in Liberia to Sierra Leone, and finally to the port of Liverpool, and addresses their position as ‘twice migrants’. Drawing extensively on oral accounts given by the Kru themselves in both Liverpool and West Africa, Frost examines the group’s presence in the British colony of Sierra Leone, and emphasises their contributions to British Colonial trade with West Africa. The book also studies the presence of the black and African community in Britain, and explores their presence in British mercantile trade before the mass migrations of New-Commonwealth immigrants in the post-war period. Work and Community Among West African Migrant Workers since the Nineteenth Century provides a rich and fascinating account of the Kru experience in both the pre- and post-war periods, and demonstrates that the Kru are a group that have remained largely absent from histories of the black presence in Britain.

Immunization schedules for infants, children, adolescents, and adults help clinicians ensure that they are administering vaccines in a timely and appropriate manner. Specific, current CDC schedules for infants, children, adolescents, and adults are presented Special attention is paid to recommendations and contraindications for the vaccination of pregnant women and women who are trying to conceive. Details for the specific illnesses, their influences on the pregnant woman and the fetus, vaccination recommendations in the pre-pregnancy, various trimesters, and post-partum periods are given. Safety concerns and Frequently Asked Questions are given significant space as patients and their families are appropriately concerned. Health Care Professionals and their staff needs are included in the recommendations.

This updated and revised volume explores the history of the Philippines, from early indigenous inhabitants to President Rodrigo Duterte's controversial war on drugs today. Updated and expanded since it first published in 2008, The History of the Philippines dives deeper into this island nation's history and explores the recent political, cultural, and environmental events of the last decade. Readers will find a wealth of information on pre-colonial and post-colonial historical periods, covering the Philippines' earliest inhabitants. Also covered are the modern tyrannical periods of the Marcos dictatorship and President Duterte's controversial “war on drugs,” as well as the more optimistic and promising presidencies in between. Among the many topics covered in this new edition are the feminization of outmigration that peaked at the end of the 20th century, globalization and the spread of export processing zones, and the impact of the “call center culture” coupled with that of the overseas diaspora on the changing structure of the traditional family. Ideal for high school and undergraduate readers, this volume includes expanded and new chapters, as well as an updated timeline and annotated bibliography.

Shinto is a remarkably complex and elusive phenomenon to which Western categories of religion do not readily apply. A knowledge of Shinto can only proceed from a basic understanding of Japanese shrines and civilization, for it is closely intermingled with the Japanese way of life and continues to be a vital natural religion. This companion to Picken’s first volume, Essentials of Shinto: An Analytical Guide to Principal Teachings, provides a selection of important and pivotal documents in the history of the Shinto tradition. This volume contains a collection of texts and materials related to the Shinto tradition from the classical age of Japan to modern times. Selections from the Japanese classics are followed by liturgical texts and relevant historical documents from the Nara and Heian periods. Next, documents relating to the period of State Shinto are followed by laws regulating Imperial Household Shinto both pre- and post- World War II. This is followed by a brief selection of writings related to Shinto and the New Religions. The remainder of the book is occupied by selections of texts firstly on Shinto Thought from the 13th century to the Meiji Restoration of 1868. The four closing chapters document early and recent western views of Shinto, and a selection of Japanese writings covering the same period. Finally, the appendixes include the official list of Emperors and the nation’s oldest shrines.

Member States started adopting carrier liability regulations from the mid-1980s, seemingly as a direct response to increasing numbers of asylum requests, with immigration liaison officer (ILO) schemes proliferating afterwards. Techniques of ‘remote control’ have now been communautarised, providing an additional layer of control. Both carriers and ILOs have privileged access to migrants bound to the EU already at the pre-entry phase. Making them responsible for the anticipated enforcement of visas has the potential to block lines of regular (and safe) access to those in need of international protection. This chapter is concerned with these developments. It analyses carrier sanctions and ILOs legislation, comparing the EU regime with its international counterparts. The review encompasses the pre- and post-Schengen periods as well as recent innovations concerning the automated treatment and transfer of advance passenger information (API) and the creation of ‘Frontex liaison officers’. The impact of carrier sanctions and ILO activities on refugee flows is scrutinized at the end, pointing at a structural incompatibility of advance border enforcement, through a model of ‘imperfect delegation’/’hidden coercion’, with basic guarantees against denial of entry.

This chapter discusses the classification of types of censorship as they have developed since 1945. Censorship of history has been practiced in all modes, genres, fields, categories, and periods of history, and in all countries. To begin with, it ranges over all modes of the historiographical operation. Pre-censorship, often invisible to the public, attempts to regulate research: archives are cleansed or kept secret, and manuscripts are rewritten without authorial consent. Meanwhile, post-censorship means that publications are banned, their authorship is deleted or changed without authorial consent, that lectures are boycotted, or the content of teaching courses is improperly interfered with. The importance of the censorship of history clearly varies according to whether a given political regime is dictatorial, democratic, or transitory between both. The chapter also analyzes the relationships between censorship and epistemology, truth and ethics.

The natural history, signs and symptoms, prevention, and treatment of common vaccine preventable infectious diseases are introduced. Dosing, immunization schedules, contraindications, precautions, and administration of vaccines are discussed for patients of all ages. Frequently asked question sections at the end of each chapter summarize issues that clinicians commonly encounter in their practices. This chapter details each of the diseases and specific vaccines that are recommended throughout life. The clinical presentations, clinical courses, complications, and post-exposure and pre-exposure managements are detailed. Differences in the disease in childhood and adult ages are noted. International variations of the diseases and vaccine requirements of individual countries are noted. The transmissions, incubation periods of the diseases, natural, and vaccine-induced durations of immunity are discussed. FAQs offer helpful answers to many of the questions that this wide variety of conditions present.

This chapter discusses English-language novels in Canada, focusing on a limited set of texts that exemplify key historical and socio-economic concerns informing the periods of early settler-colonialism, Confederation, and early to late modernism in Canada. The development of the novel in Canada to 1950 is at times a bleak story, albeit one with notable highlights. In telling that story, the chapter eschews a linear trajectory of ‘development’ in favour of a two-pronged approach: adopting an issue-based focus, the chapter employs the categories of empire, race, and gender; the second approach focuses on the historical conditions of the production and circulation of novels. It then looks at the post-1950 era to account for the ways in which the canon of pre-1950s Canadian novels is shaped and/or sustained by contemporary institutional forces such as the New Canadian Library and Editing Modernism in Canada Project.

This chapter discusses the epigenetic mechanisms involved in individual variation in and persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Such mechanisms make it possible to trace vulnerability for PTSD to effects that predate development of PTSD. While some may be genetic in origin, others may involve parental stress occurring pre-conception, in utero changes in the maternal environment contributing to developmental programming, and childhood adversity, resulting in modifications of genes’ contribution to PTSD risk. The chapter discusses epigenetic alterations implicated in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) function in PTSD that mark increased risk. Unlike the transient alterations in neural, endocrine, or immunological signals that follow exposure to trauma, certain epigenetic markers can be chemically stable over extended periods and can serve as a basis for understanding the persistence of PTSD symptoms. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how epigenetic modification may offer insights into future treatments for PTSD.

This chapter seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the conflicts in the post-Lisbon politics of delegation in the EU. What is at stake? What are the preferences of the actors? How do they pursue them? The inter-institutional conflicts in the post-Lisbon period have so far occurred in four distinct arenas: (1) alignment of pre-Lisbon legislation to the delegated acts system; (2) legislative decision-making that includes delegation to the Commission; (3) cases before the European Court of Justice where aspects of delegation to the Commission have been challenged; and (4) new negotiations on the 2011 inter-institutional agreement on the delegated acts regime, the so-called Common Understanding. This chapter presents a case-based in-depth analysis of these arenas based on qualitative methods.

Enabling achievement of full height potential in a child with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major and most challenging goals for the paediatric nephrologist. Short stature is associated with psychological maladjustment and with increased morbidity and mortality. The causes of poor growth are multifactorial and include poor nutrition, and metabolic, haematological, and endocrine disturbances. The most vulnerable times are the periods of most rapid growth, that is, infancy and puberty. Growth during infancy is principally dependent on nutrition so many infants need supplemental enteral feeding. Growth delay correlates with severity of CKD, with those on dialysis faring the worst such that by CKD stage 5, approximately 25% of patients are below the normal range for height. Height achieved post transplant is dependent on graft function and is better in younger children and those who have the best height attainment pre transplant. The use of steroid-free immunosuppressive regimens is encouraging. The prognosis for final height is improving.

Chapter 4, by Ibrahim Fraihat and Bill Hess, examines three of the major transitional justice measures used globally in the context of pre- and post-Arab Spring experiences in the region. Examining the use of prosecutions, amnesties, and commissions of inquiry in both periods, they argue that there is a propensity for governments to select mechanisms that pursue either justice, i.e. criminal accountability, or peace, i.e. amnesty, but achieve neither. Drawing upon experiences from Algeria, Iraq, and Morocco, they argue that each government chose its own approach to consolidate power, and that the tendency to use only one mechanism rather than several affected the possibility of achieving peace with justice. This, they argue, is substantiated as well by academic quantitative and qualitative studies suggesting that the use of more than one mechanism, and in particular the use of amnesties along with trials, is correlated with positive change in the key indicators of democracy and human rights.

Celluloid Singapore is not about Singapore cinema per se, or Singapore, but both. It is a ground-breaking study of the three major periods in Singapore cinema’s fragmented history – the golden age (50s and 60s), post-studio 70s and revival from the 1990s onwards. Set against the context of Singapore’s own trajectory of development, the book poses two central questions: how can the films of each period be considered Singapore films, and how is this cinema specifically national? Celluloid Singapore argues that the films of these three periods collectively constitute a national cinema through different performances of Singapore, offering a critical framework for understanding this cinema and its history in relation to the development of the country and the national.

Overview After a Preamble that discusses a transitional justice outreach guide and discourses related to time and space, Chapter 1, “Progression,” considers two earlier transitions obscured by the discourses of the transitional justice imaginary. The first comprised a series of initiatives, including a tribunal, undertaken by the People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) immediately after Democratic Kampuchea (DK) (1979 to late 1980s). Cambodia’s second post-DK transition involved the transitional democratization and human rights efforts undertaken related to the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in the early 1990s.More detailed discussionDrawing on the experience of Thun Saray and Kassie Neou, two leading Cambodian human rights advocates, “Progression” explores how the transitional justice imaginary involve temporal erasures, masking other important historical post-DK “currents” that inform the current transitional justice moment. These include a first post-DK “transition” undertaken by the PRK regime in the 1980s and a second transition: UN democratization and peacebuilding efforts during the early 1990s, which helped catalyze a proliferation of Cambodian human rights NGOs. The current “transition,” in other words, follows two other important transitional moments that are largely obscured even as they mediate the current moment in different ways. In making this point, the chapter also discusses Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) defense arguments highlighting temporal erasures, including the pre- and post- DK (the period of Khmer Rouge rule) events that, they contended, undermined a standardized “Manichean” historical narrative about DK—one that, if taken-for-granted, was highly politicized and thereby raised questions about the impartiality and credibility of the court.

The intraoperative period is a complex and challenging environment where specific nursing skills are developed through further training. A requirement of the surgical nurse is to understand this environment and the implications for pre- and post-operative care. This chapter highlights the staffing and care systems in the operating theatre, with a focus on the anaesthesia and surgical care given to patients. This includes general, regional, and local anaesthesia, airway management, patient positioning, and risks.

The study is funded by Doha International Family Institute (DIFI), a member of Qatar Foundation, and is a collaboration between the Muslim Resource Centre for Social Support and Integration of London, Ontario; University of Guelph, Ontario; and University of Calgary, Alberta, all located in Canada; and the Doha International Family Institute, Qatar. The study received research ethics approval from the University of Guelph and the University of Calgary. This study aims to assess the impact of pre- and post-migration on marital relationships and family dynamics for Arab refugee families resettled in Canada. The study also examines the role of professional service providers in supporting these Arab refugee families. The unique experiences of Arab families displaced from their countries due to war and political conflict, and the various hardships experienced during their stay in transit countries, impact their family relations and interactions within the nuclear family context and their interconnectedness with their extended families. Furthermore, these families encounter various challenges within their resettlement process that interrupt their integration. Understanding the impact of traumatic experiences within the pre-migration journey as well as the impact of post-migration stressors on recently settled Arab refugee families in Canada provides insight into the shift in spousal and family relationships. Refugee research studies that focus on the impact of pre-migration trauma and displacement, the migration journey, and post-migration settlement on family relationships are scarce. Since the majority of global refugees in recent years come from Arab regions, mainly Syria, as a result of armed conflicts, this study is focused on the unique experiences of Arab refugee families fleeing conflict zones. The Canadian role in recently resettling a large influx of Arab refugees and assisting them to successfully integrate has not been without challenges. Traumatic pre-migration experiences as a result of being subjected to and/or witnessing violence, separation from and loss of family members, and loss of property and social status coupled with experiences of hardships in transit countries have a profound impact on families and their integration. Refugees are subjected to individual and collective traumatic experiences associated with cultural or ethnic disconnection, mental health struggles, and discrimination and racism. These experiences have been shown to impact family interactions. Arab refugee families have different definitions of “family” and “home” from Eurocentric conceptualizations which are grounded in individualistic worldviews. The discrepancy between collectivism and individualism is mainly recognized by collectivist newcomers as challenges in the areas of gender norms, expectations regarding parenting and the physical discipline of children, and diverse aspects of the family’s daily life. For this study, we interviewed 30 adults, all Arab refugees (14 Syrian and 16 Iraqi – 17 males, 13 females) residing in London, Ontario, Canada for a period of time ranging from six months to seven years. The study participants were married couples with and without children. During the semi-structured interviews, the participants were asked to reflect on their family life during pre-migration – in the country of origin before and during the war and in the transit country – and post-migration in Canada. The inter - views were conducted in Arabic, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We also conducted one focus group with seven service providers from diverse sectors in London, Ontario who work with Arab refugee families. The study used the underlying principles of constructivist grounded theory methodology to guide interviewing and a thematic analysis was performed. MAXQDA software was used to facilitate coding and the identification of key themes within the transcribed interviews. We also conducted a thematic analysis of the focus group transcription. The thematic analysis of the individual interviews identified four key themes: • Gender role changes influence spousal relationships; • Traumatic experiences bring suffering and resilience to family well-being; • Levels of marital conflict are higher following post-migration settlement; • Post-migration experiences challenge family values. The outcome of the thematic analysis of the service provider focus group identified three key themes: • The complex needs of newly arrived Arab refugee families; • Gaps in the services available to Arab refugee families; • Key aspects of training for cultural competencies. The key themes from the individual interviews demonstrate: (i) the dramatic sociocul - tural changes associated with migration that particularly emphasize different gender norms; (ii) the impact of trauma and the refugee experience itself on family relation - ships and personal well-being; (iii) the unique and complex aspects of the family journey; and (iv) how valued aspects of cultural and religious values and traditions are linked in complex ways for these Arab refugee families. These outcomes are consist - ent with previous studies. The study finds that women were strongly involved in supporting their spouses in every aspect of family life and tried to maintain their spouses’ tolerance towards stressors. The struggles of husbands to fulfill their roles as the providers and protec - tors throughout the migratory journey were evident. Some parents experienced role shifts that they understood to be due to the unstable conditions in which they were living but these changes were considered to be temporary. Despite the diversity of refugee family experiences, they shared some commonalities in how they experi - enced changes that were frightening for families, as well as some that enhanced safety and stability. These latter changes related to safety were welcomed by these fami - lies. Some of these families reported that they sought professional help, while others dealt with changes by becoming more distant in their marital relationship. The risk of violence increased as the result of trauma, integration stressors, and escalation in marital issues. These outcomes illustrate the importance of taking into consideration the complexity of the integration process in light of post-trauma and post-migration changes and the timespan each family needs to adjust and integrate. Moreover, these families expressed hope for a better future for their children and stated that they were willing to accept change for the sake of their children as well. At the same time, these parents voiced the significance of preserving their cultural and religious values and beliefs. The service providers identified gaps in service provision to refugee families in some key areas. These included the unpreparedness of professionals and insufficiency of the resources available for newcomer families from all levels of government. This was particularly relevant in the context of meeting the needs of the large influx of Syrian refugees who were resettled in Canada within the period of November 2015 to January 2017. Furthermore, language skills and addressing trauma needs were found to require more than one year to address. The service providers identified that a longer time span of government assistance for these families was necessary. In terms of training, the service providers pinpointed the value of learning more about culturally appropriate interventions and receiving professional development to enhance their work with refugee families. In light of these findings, we recommend an increased use of culturally integrative interventions and programs to provide both formal and informal support for families within their communities. Furthermore, future research that examines the impact of culturally-based training, cultural brokers, and various culturally integrative practices will contribute to understanding best practices. These findings with regard to refugee family relationships and experiences are exploratory in their nature and support future research that extends understanding in the area of spousal relationships, inter - generational stressors during adolescence, and parenting/gender role changes.

Interest can represent an important portion of the award depending on the time between the origin of the claim and the actual payment of compensation or damages. It can sometimes even exceed the principal. This chapter discusses the three most important issues with regard to the determination of interest: 1) the rate of interest, 2) the period of interest, and 3) the question of whether interest should be compounded. A differentiation between ‘pre-award interest’ and ‘post-award interest’ seems advisable as the former represents an item of compensation or damages, while the latter could be regarded as default charges for the non-payment of a debt. Post-award interest should additionally encourage prompt compliance with the award.

In most cases, women with headache disorders have normal pregnancy and delivery outcomes and should not be discouraged from becoming pregnant. Pre-pregnancy planning includes weaning of contraindicated medications. Most women with migraine without aura improve during pregnancy. Although there are limitations, various acute and preventive treatments may be employed, including non-pharmacologic options. Anti-epileptic medications should be avoided. For pseudotumor cerebri, the mainstay of treatment includes diuretics and therapeutic lumbar punctures, avoiding topiramate. Surgical treatment may be necessary if vision is threatened. Close monitoring and collaboration between an ophthalmologist, neurologist and obstetrician are critical. New-onset pseudotumor cerebri requires an investigation for secondary causes such as cerebral venous thrombosis. In the absence of a pre-existing primary headache disorder, new headaches in the postnatal period warrant evaluation for secondary headache disorders, including post-dural puncture headache, stroke, cerebral venous thrombosis, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), and pituitary apoplexy.

This chapter examines the distribution of verbal particles in Old Hungarian, and argues that despite the word order change from SOV to SVO in Hungarian, the particle-verb order did not change because the previous pre-verbal argument position was reanalysed as a pre-verbal predicative position where complex predicates are formed in overt syntax. Predicative constituents other than particles show significant word order variation in Old Hungarian, apparently due to optionality in predicate movement (while variation found with particle-verb orderings can be attributed to independent factors). It is proposed that after the basic word order was reanalysed as VO, internal arguments and secondary predicates could appear post-verbally and it was the still obligatory movement of particles that triggered the generalization of predicate movement, making all predicates pre-verbal in neutral sentences at later stages. This process involves a period of word order variation as predicate movement gradually generalizes to different types of predicates.

On the lapse of the Licensing Act in 1695, Thomas Macaulay wrote in his History of England, ‘English literature was emancipated, and emancipated for ever, from the control of the government’. It’s certainly true that the system of prior restraint enshrined in this Restoration measure was now at an end, at least for print. Yet the same cannot be said of government control, which came to operate instead by means of post-publication retribution, not pre-publication licensing, notably for the common-law offence of seditious libel. For many of the authors affected, from Defoe to Cobbett, this new regime was a greater constraint on expression than the old, not least for its alarming unpredictability, and for the spectacular punishment—the pillory—that was sometimes entailed. Yet we may also see the constraint as an energizing force. Throughout the eighteenth century and into the Romantic period, writers developed and refined ingenious techniques for communicating dissident or otherwise contentious meanings while rendering the meanings deniable. As a work of both history and criticism, this book traces the rise and fall of seditious libel prosecution, and with it the theatre of the pillory, while arguing that the period’s characteristic forms of literary complexity—ambiguity, ellipsis, indirection, irony—may be traced to the persistence of censorship in the post-licensing world. The argument proceeds through case studies of major poets and prose writers including Dryden, Defoe, Pope, Fielding, Johnson, and Southey, and also calls attention to numerous little-known satires and libels across the extended period.

The concluding chapter summarizes the most important economic and legal principles and filters out guidelines for the calculation of compensation and damages in the practice of international investment disputes. The legal standard mandated by the bases of claims represents the starting point for the choice of the appropriate valuation approaches and methods. With regard to the decision on interest, tribunals must establish the appropriate rate of interest, the period of interest, and decide if interest should be compounded. This is necessary in relation to pre-award and post-award interest.

Before 9/11, the literature on terrorism and international organizations (IOs) was largely event driven. That is to say, the modest nature of the debate reflected a modest empirical record of IO engagement in responding to terrorism. Moreover, this period saw a correlation between the way states acted against terrorism through IOs and the nature of subsequent debates. Famously, states were (and remain) unable to agree on a definition of “terrorism,” precluding broad-based action through IOs. The findings presented in this literature were furthermore often quite bleak. The immediate post-9/11 period, however, was much more optimistic. This period saw an unprecedented increase in action against terrorism in IOs, primarily through the Security Council resolution 1373. Resolution 1373 elaborates a broad—and mandatory—agenda for counterterrorism cooperation. This resolution has had significant and ongoing consequences for the ways IOs are utilized in the effort to suppress terrorism. Furthermore, this and other IO engagements with terrorism brought about an increase in scholarly interest in the area, even giving rise to a sense of optimism in the literature. Thus, from the pre- to the post-9/11 period, there are elements of both continuity and change in the way scholars have discussed terrorism in the context of IOs.

The geopolitical landscape of Central Europe has undergone considerable transformation in the last two decades. While the pre-Global Financial Crisis period saw a focus on strengthening ties with Western Europe and the USA, the post-crisis period has seen reorientation towards Asia, in particular China. This book charts these changes in geopolitical dominance in the region, covering the economic influence of China, the increasingly assertive diplomatic involvement of Russia and increased US interest in the region under the Biden administration. The book also seeks to explain why the countries of Central Europe are realigning their geopolitical alliances towards the great powers as confidence in the European project and its economic benefits has waned, and what opportunities for the development of the region this realignment could hold.

This book examines cultural history and cultural transformation in the period spanning the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and how such transition relates to modernity. Taking a dynamically diachronic approach, it offers a fresh perspective on the historiography of culture and literature, with emphasis on the idea of periodization and the tendency to divide cultural history into different eras. Many of the essays focus on themes spanning the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries, each linking pre- and post-Reformation cultures, including those related to religion, and highlight the creative and destructive anxieties as well as the legacy of the Reformation.

In this concluding chapter, the arguments of the foregoing chapters are summarized. It is admitted that the evidence is stronger for some of the passages while less for the others. It is hoped, however, that the proposed hypothesis gives the theological message of the passages concerned a sharper image when they are read together as a group with an awareness of their stylistic and ideological connections to chs 40-55. Also reflected upon is the place of the hypothesized late-exilic editorial passages in the diachronic development of the nations oracles in chs 13-23 which began as words of doom against the foreign powers in the pre-exilic period but had some of the most inclusive passages in the Hebrew Bible added to them in the post-exilic period.

This chapter scrutinizes the rules on entry and pre-entry established by the Schengen Borders Code (SBC) that the other ‘integrated border management’ measures seek to implement. The Code constitutes a ‘common corpus of legislation’, providing the general regime that governs the movement of persons across EU borders. The chapter follows a methodology that is replicated in subsequent chapters of this part: It starts by setting out the origins of the instrument(s) concerned, covering the Schengen legacy, the Maastricht period, and developments post-Amsterdam. It then concentrates on the analysis of the legal provisions currently in force and the conditions they impose on entry and pre-entry generally, before engaging in the study of their particular impact on asylum seeker flows. The legal structure, specific content, and practical implementation of the measure(s) at hand are considered in detail, allowing for comprehensive assessments of their (legal and factual) effects on protection seekers’ access to EU territory.

From the Greek ‘χ‎ ε‎ ί‎ ρ‎’ meaning hand and ‘ἔ‎ ρ‎ γ‎ ο‎ ν‎’ meaning work, surgery investigates and/or treats diseases and injuries either for functional or cosmetic purposes. Elective surgery is carried out for non-life-threatening conditions at the patient’s request, whereas emergency surgery has to be carried out quickly; exploratory surgery is used to aid or confirm diagnoses, while therapeutic surgery is used to treat a diagnosed condition. Although ‘surgery’ is typically used to refer to the period in the operating room, there are important pre-operative stages, including phlebotomy (blood tests) and anaesthesia, and sometimes complex post-operative care....