Dissertationen zum Thema „Prairies – Effets du climat“
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Sana, Ullah Muhammad. „Effets des changements climatiques et en particulièrement de la sécheresse sur la décomposition et la stabilisation de la matière organique du sol dans un écosystème prairial“. Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066240.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDavid, Marie. „Echange d'ammoniac entre une prairie et l'atmosphère : sources et puits à l'échelle du couvert prairial et influence des pratiques agronomiques“. Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112057.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAtmospheric ammonia is recognised as a pollutant mainly because of its negative impact, associated with acidification and eutrophication, on natural ecosystems. The ammonia exchange between plants and the atmosphere is bidirectional: both ammonia emission and deposition can occur. Semi-natural ecosystems are generally regarded as ammonia sinks and agricultural ecosystems as ammonia sources. However, less is known about the role of the vegetation in atmospheric ammonia budgets. This PhD thesis, a part of the European project GRAMINAE (GRassland AMmonia INteractions Across Europe), focuses on two main points: the study of the origin of the ammonia fluxes within the canopy and the quantification of the net exchange budgets under a semi-continental climate. A dynamic chamber was developed to measure ammonia emissions within a grassland canopy under field conditions over several days. The emissions from the green leaves, the litter and the soil were assessed. .
Taugourdeau, Simon. „Effects of management and climate on the plant functional diversity related to ecosystem services of permanent grasslands in Europe“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0039/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePermanent grasslands can provide a large diversity of ecosystem services. They are found in contrasted conditions in terms of management and climate in Europe. These conditions induce a wide variety of grassland types that differ in their vegetation and are expected to differ with respect to the provision of ecosystem services. Because ecosystem functioning in grassland has been shown to be linked to plant functional diversity criteria, we put forward that these functional diversity criteria can be used to evaluate the provision of ecosystem services. These criteria are influenced by the management and the climate. The overall objective of this PhD program is to assess the effects of management and climate on the plant functional diversity related to ecosystem services of permanent grasslands. The first step of the PhD program was to select 29 functional diversity criteria related to 8 ecosystem services (quantity of forage, forage quality, stability of the forage production, biodiversity conservation, pollination carbon sequestration, dryness resistance and nitrogen fertility). This selection was made using experts' interview and literature survey. The second step was to evaluate inaccuracies in the calculation of the 29 functional diversity criteria from functional trait databases and different sets of botanical surveys. The third step was to estimate the functional diversity criteria from management and climate data using "Random Forests" methodology. The results show that the climatic variables had generally more effect on the functional diversity than the management ones. Furthermore, for some climatic conditions, the management does not affect some functional diversity criteria. Among the 29 functional diversity criteria, only 8 have more than 40 % of their variance explained by the management and climate variables
Allart, Lucie. „Maintien de la multifonctionnalité des prairies permanentes et adaptation des systèmes fourragers au changement climatique dans le Massif central“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0047.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePermanent grasslands are multifunctional and provide many ecosystem services. They are, however, threatened by both climate change and the intensification of agricultural practices, which leads to degradation (i.e. to biodiversity losses and less ecosystem services). Conversion to arable land is another threat on biodiversity. Two issues therefore need to be reconciled: i) maintaining the diversity of services that permanent grasslands provide to society, and ii) adapting forage systems to climate change. The livestock production systems framework, which combines a production system and decision-making system, is used here to analyse the direct and indirect effects of climate change on permanent grasslands. The direct effects are changes in grassland under the effects of climate variation, and the indirect effects are changes in grassland in response to adaptations by farmers.In order to understand the direct effects of climate change on permanent grasslands, we used the botanical surveys previously carried out to establish a functional typology of grasslands in the Massif Central. Their distribution along gradients of altitude and latitude, independently of management factors, enabled us to study the effect of climate change on the multifunctionality of permanent grasslands according to fertilisation and their species richness. Using a structural equation model, we identified species richness as the pivotal variable in the effects of mineral and organic fertilisation, and climate on grassland multifunctionality. A rise in the average annual temperature is associated with a decline in grassland biodiversity and multifunctionality.We then interviewed 15 dairy farmers in the Massif Central about their perceptions of climate change and permanent grasslands, and analysed how these perceptions influenced their strategies for adapting to climate change. We observed a marked effect of the climatic context, with a contrast between the southern Massif Central lowlands, where farmers already experienced pronounced droughts and high summer temperatures, and the other areas. In the latter areas, the perception of permanent grassland remains positive, and its diversity within and between plots is the basis of the adaptation strategies implemented by farmers. In the south of the Massif Central, farmers place more emphasis on the dis-services associated with the use of permanent grassland, and base their adaptation strategy on a crop rotation in which they have integrated temporary grassland, fodder crops and trees.Finally, using our structural equation model, we simulated the effect of a 1.5°C rise in mean temperature on changes in the multifunctionality of permanent grassland that farmers considered to be representative of their system. We also distinguished between farms according to the proportion of permanent grassland in their agricultural area. This analysis shows that the degradation and conversion of permanent grassland to crops does not affect all farms in the same way. On some farms, the conversion of certain grasslands to crop rotations preserves permanent grassland that receive little fertilisation on other plots of the farm.This thesis highlights the importance of combining ecological and socio-cognitive approaches in order to understand the different ways in which climate change influences the management of grassland-based farms. The results of our work on grazing farmers' perceptions of permanent grassland and on the barriers and lock-ins to adaptation could be used by farm advisors, to help farmers make the transitions needed to adapt to current climatic and ecological challenges
Allard, Vincent. „Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on carbon and nitrogen fluxes in a grazed pasture“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2003_ALLARD_V.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePuissant, Jérémy. „Effets des changements climatiques sur la dynamique de décomposition microbienne du carbone organique du sol en prairie subalpine calcaire“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS008/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMountain soils stocks huge quantities of carbon as soil organic matter (SOM) which may be highly vulnerable to climate change and thus alter the atmospheric greenhouse gases concentration at a decadal timescale. To understand the effect of climate conditions on the dynamics of mountain soil organic carbon (SOC), a climate change experiment was set up in October 2009 in Swiss Jura subalpine grassland soils. The climate change experiment (soil transplantation) simulated two realistic climate change scenarios, with increased air temperatures ranging between 2 °C and 4 °C and decreased precipitation ranging between 20% and 40%. These changes reflect current predictions of climate change for the 21th century in temperate mountain regions.We studied the effect of climate conditions (climate manipulation and seasonal changes) after four years of climate experiment on (i) the dynamic of microbial decomposition, microbial abundance and community structure, (ii) the dynamic soil organic matter pools with contrasted turnover rate and representing the energetic resource of microbial communities, (iii) the interactions between microbial communities and soil organic matter pools and (iv) the soil organic carbon stocks.This work shows a strong seasonal dynamics of microbial decomposition with higher enzymatic activities, higher microbial abundance and shift of microbial community structure in winter than in summer. These results were linked to the seasonal organic matter labile pools dynamics. Moreover structural equation modeling shows that climate manipulation differently influences the drivers of SOC enzymatic decomposition in summer and winter.Finally, this work shows a strong decrease of soil organic carbon concentration under the climate change manipulation which cannot be explained by an increase of microbial activities. In contrast, our results suggest that the observed climate-induced decrease in bulk soil organic C content was due a SOC decrease in the most biogeochemically stable SOM fraction associated with a decrease in clay content and a decrease of soil calcareous concentration. Thus, our results hint more so towards an effect of SOM leaching (Gavazov, 2013) to explain the climate effect on SOC content than an effect of microbial and/or plant activities
Pilon, Rémi. „Dynamique du système racinaire de l'écosystème prairial et contribution au bilan de carbone du sol sous changement climatique“. Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00673439.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCantarel, Amélie. „Impacts du changement climatique sur les bilans de carbone et de gaz à effet de serre de la prairie permanente en lien avec la diversité fonctionnelle“. Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662443.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHernandez, Pauline. „Effet d'une sécheresse extrême sur le fonctionnement de l'écosystème prairial : évaluation du rôle tampon de la composition et de la diversité végétale par approche expérimentale“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22752/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePermanent grasslands are one of the main forms of land use in Europe. In France, permanent grasslands represent around 40% of Utilised Agricultural Land and support many animal-based farming systems. Current climate change scenarios predict increased climate variability that could result in an increase in extreme events such as drought episodes. These extreme events can significantly alter the structure and functioning of grasslands, with implications for their capacity to provide agricultural, ecological and environmental services. Improved understanding of the resistance and resilience mechanisms of grassland plant communities exposed to extreme drought is therefore critical in order to assess the stability of grassland functions, in particular that of biomass production. This thesis aims at assessing the capacity of permanent grasslands to sustain their production when exposed to an extreme drought event. The study uses an experimental approach and semi-controlled conditions to investigate the role of community composition and functional diversity for drought resistance and resilience in grassland mixtures. Monocultures and mixtures combining grasses and legumes were selected to test the importance of composition and functional diversity for plant community responses during drought and up to a year after the end of water stress. The originality of this work is the use of a functional ecological approach to assess the impacts of species’ interactions via measurements of plant morphological and physiological traits both above- and below-ground. This study demonstrates the importance of white clover (Trifolium repens) in modulating the impact of extreme droughts on biomass production of grassland mixtures. Community composition did not have a buffering effect on biomass production during the drought event but the presence and abundance of white clover in mixtures was linked to higher recovery of biomass production in the long-term. After the extreme drought event, overyielding in mixtures combining grass and white clover could be attributed to mechanisms of nitrogen facilitation and vertical root complementarity for water uptake. Results also show the importance of deep root growth for the establishment of functional complementarity between species and the maintenance of biomass production under extreme drought. Drought had lasting effects on the root system patterns and thus on the underlying mechanisms of the positive effect of white clover on aboveground production. Moreover, this work highlights the key role of heterospecific interactions in the expression of intraspecific traits related to resource acquisition strategies. Heterospecific interactions are thus an important driver of the species performance under extreme drought.We show that the structure and functional composition of the plant community in simplified mixtures are critical for modulating grassland responses to an extreme drought event. In our study, the recovery of aboveground biomass production is mainly related to the presence of white clover and the establishment of positive interactions between species. Changes of species behaviour in response to heterospecific interactions should be taken into account to better predict grassland biomass production under future climatic conditions. From an applied perspective, accounting for the key role of white clover and the inherent variability or neighbour-induced plasticity of intraspecific traits appears important to adapt mixtures of species or varieties to more intense and frequent drought events
Chaieb, Mohamed. „Influence des réserves hydriques du sol sur le comportement comparé de quelques espèces végétales de la zone aride tunisienne“. Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20126.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWilson, Hannah. „Climate Change Effects on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Prairie Plants Along a Mediterranean Climate Gradient“. Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12968.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaire, Vincent. „Des traits des graminées au fonctionnement de l'écosystème prairial : une approche de modélisation mécaniste“. Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00725487.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaire, Vincent. „Des traits des graminées au fonctionnement de l'écosystème prairial : une approche de modélisation mécaniste“. Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF21934.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSimon, Ricardo. „Répartition et viabilité d'une population vulnérable de bisons des prairies“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35695.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDetermining the factors that shape patterns of animal distribution and abundance is a major topic in contemporary ecological research. The overarching objective of my thesis was to better understand how one such factor, predation – in its broader meaning to include harvesting by humans – influences the links between space use and population dynamics. My work explores the links between predation risk, movement and habitat selection, mortality rates and the viability of a threatened population of large herbivore. The study system was the plains bison (Bison bison bison) population of Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan, subject most notably to predation by grey wolves (Canis lupus) and harvest by humans. In chapter 1, I use movement and habitat selection analyses to reveal the strategies of space use deployed by bison in response to wolves and vice-versa. From mid-summer to the onset of winter, bison reduced the time spent in patches rich in food as the long-term risk of encountering wolves there increased. Bison also left these patches more quickly when wolves were relatively close by. In winter, however, bison were observed to only react by moving away from nearby wolves. The absence of a bison response to the long-term risk of encountering wolves in winter could be explained by energetic constraints, as food is less digestible and movement more costly due to snow cover during this season. Although I reveal that perceived predation risk influences bison use of space, I show in chapter 2 that neither wolf predation nor disease (in the form of anthrax outbreaks) represent a threat to the viability of the population. Rather, the main reason behind a probability of population extinction of 66% over the next 50 years under current conditions is the legal, yet unregulated, harvest by native hunters. Bison are vulnerable to harvest when they leave the park to forage on rich food available in agricultural fields. My analyses refine our understanding of this pattern by showing that every additional 1% of time spent in fields with hunting permission from 2011 to 2016 increased the risk of harvest mortality by 9%. I also reveal that the time bison spend in such fields must drop by 70% for population abundance to remain stable at its current level in a scenario of continued wolf predation and anthrax outbreaks. More than 70% of bison use of fields with hunting permission were limited to just five fields. Management interventions targeting these riskier fields would be an effective short-term strategy to halt the population’s decline. Even though such an approach might lead bison to increase their use of other fields, the demographic impact of harvesting should consequently diminish, at least over the short term, given that harvesting is not permitted in most other fields used by bison. Finally, in chapter 3, I use an individual-based model to compare the relative effectiveness of different management interventions manipulating food profitability (i.e. the ratio between digestible energy and handling time) and distribution to reduce the time bison spend outside the park raiding crops and, thereby, the number of individuals harvested. My simulations suggest that draining meadows inside the park to increase the availability of natural forage there would not be very effective. However, my simulations also suggest that cultivating crops outside the park of lower profitability relative to natural forage inside the park would be a better intervention. My thesis reveals the dynamic and complex nature of the anti-predator movement and habitat selection strategies deployed by a large herbivore in a multi-prey system. My work also highlights the practical interest of linking spatial distribution to population viability to lead to more effective management interventions. The overall result is a thorough case study aimed at improving our ability, over the short term, to conserve populations vulnerable to threats which are distributed heterogeneously in space
Vennetier, Michel. „Un nouveau modèle bioclimatique pour la forêt méditerranéenne. Application à l'étude de l'impact du changement climatique sur la végétation et à l'évaluation de la productivité forestière“. Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30077.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis consists of four articles linked by a connecting thread: the interaction between water-balance and climate change in the dynamics of the Mediterranean vegetation. The first part presents the design and the calibration of a new bioclimatic model dedicated to the assessment of the water-balance in Mediterranean forest. In the second part, mis model is used to assess the impact of the climate change on the composition of the forest flora. The third part thoroughly studies Pinus halepensis Mill. Autecology in its whole French distribution area, as this species serves as reference to link the bioclimatic model, climate change and forest height growth and productivity. The fourth part deals with the interaction between water-balance and climate change in the radial growth of Pinus halepensis, by means of an experimental device in field conditions
Le, Provost Gaëtane. „Effets des changements d'utilisation des terres sur la biodiversité fonctionnelle des prairies en paysage agricole“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS033.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUnderstanding how grassland biodiversity responds to land use intensification is crucial for both biodiversity conservation and the management of key ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. My PhD aims at (i) identifying and generalising the effects of land use intensification operating at different spatial and temporal scales across multiple taxonomic groups and trophic levels (plants, herbivores, pollinators, predators and top-predators) ; (ii) investigating the underlying mechanisms of biodiversity response, and particularly the role of trophic interactions. We used multiple functional traits related to resource acquisition, the size of the organisms and their mobility. We tested how multitrophic functional trait diversity responded to landscape history, composition and heterogeneity. Considering multiple taxonomic groups simultaneously, our study brings out a clear response of overall biodiversity to land use intensification. We found that legacy effects of land use intensification operating at the landscape scale are major drivers of present-day multitrophic functional trait diversity in agricultural landscapes. By considering a core set of organismal traits reflecting similar functions across trophic levels, our approach reveals multiple dimensions by which land use intensification filters out biodiversity over time and allows us to generalise its effect across multiple trophic levels and trait-spectrum. Finally, trait-based approach allowed us to assess the importance of trophic interactions and their contribution in shaping animal communities in agricultural landscapes
Derraz, Khalid. „Transition du climat méditerranéen au climat aride dans le Moyen Atlas marocain : étude phytoclimatique“. Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA070018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe attemps to detect the flora variation in relation with these the climate in oriental moroccan middle atlas moutains. It cu be seen from the analysis of the horizontal distribution of species along continuons sampling transect across the atlasic massif two flor isties majors boundary : the first in the west on the nw side of ichramouz, the second on the southn peidmont of bon-naceur above the arid moulouyan. It can be obtained from the climatic study two regionals group the fist oriental group principally waterd by disturbs situations from east ti south combined with the east regionals flows. The second occidental groupe rather favoured by disturbs situations from north to west-with nw regionals flows. Finally, it can be obtained from these two analysis three sectors well individualized ; one sector of the lower montains inthe occidental, one sector of the high mountains, and at last one moulouyan sector. The climatic individuality has an effect upon clearly on vegetation stuture, the way of the variation of this one strows the accelerations about level the transition from one sector to the other one and the stowing along the central sector
Khellaf, Mostefa. „Effets du climat sur l'organisme dans les Aurès (Wilaya de Batna)“. Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040240.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRenton, David Allen. „Managing Upland Vegetation as a Mitigation Strategy for Climate-Change Effects on Prairie-Pothole Wetlands“. Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28071.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleU.S. Geological Survey grant, Great Plains Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit, North Central Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, and Natural Resources Management Department of North Dakota State University
Nevoux, Marie. „Réponse démographique des populations longévives aux changements climatiques : importance de la variabilité spatio-temporelle et de l'hétérogénéité individuelle“. Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00245570.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLemaire, Gilles Joseph. „Cinetique de croissance d'un peuplement de fetuque elevee (festuca arundinacea schreb. ) pendant l'hiver et le printemps : effets des facteurs climatiques“. Caen, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985CAEN2028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKhallouki, Abdelkhalek. „Recherches sur les indices bioclimatiques et le climat perçu au Maroc : le cas de Marrakech, Ouarzazate et Errachidia“. Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe estimation of the human bioclimatic quality by the air cooling index of P. A. Siple and by the THI index (temperature, humidity, index) of E. D. Thom at Marrakech, and the presaharien Morocco (Ouarzazate and Errachidia) had permitted to emphasize the existence of two bioclimatic seasons : pleasant in winter, unpleasant in summer in which the organism must use extremely his thermoregulation mechanisms. However, the similarity between the synthesis of the bioclimatic index and the subjectivity of impressions (or perceived climate) of the inquired persons (native and foreign) is not established. We observed that the psychological effects of the climate weighed as much as the physiological effects in the appreciations of the ambient climate. The bioclimatic formulas, either their problematic application, interpretation and adaptation of their level to every geographic areas, could not surround the entire reality, too complex is it, of the interindividual's variability in the same population and between the foreign population. The assessments of these two categories (native and foreign) are conditioned by the usual environment and the geographic origin. Native population has better adaptation to his climate. The methods of adaptation generally used are to counter the heat excess and the sun radiations, they are measured by the traditional bioclimatic houses and the ksous. Physiologically, his organism seems to dispose a better elasticity. The good weather, the good being are the touristic advantages of the south Moroccan which still not much visited
Travers, Trolet Morgane. „Couplage de modèles trophiques et effets combinés de la pêche et du climat“. Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066117.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRinaldi, Kévin. „Les effets du climat tropical sur la performance aérobie : stratégies de cooling mentholé“. Thesis, Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0326/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe climatic environment is one of the factors that can influence the aerobic performance. There are an ideal temperatures with which athletes realize better performance: between 10 and 12°C in running (Maughan et al. 2010) below 32°C in cycling (Peiffer & Abbiss 2011). Davies et al. (2016) condense in a meta-analysis different studies on time trial (TT) in cycling and note that the performance is impaired in hot weather from middle of the test (P <0.02) and until the end (P = 0.01) compared to a condition control. This result therefore shows that in addition to the environmental temperature, the duration of the effort can also be decisive in the impact of climate on the performance.Rising temperature is not the only environmental factor that can influence the performance. Maughan et al. (2012) highlight that at the highest level of humidity is high at most aerobic performance is deteriorated. In this study, non-athletes acclimatized, perform a 70% VO2max bike test until exhaustion four sessions at 24, 40, 60 and 80% RH (T: 30 ° C). The results show that time exercise decreased significantly with increasing humidity (P <0.05). Through this research work we therefore investigated the question: how to do to limit this impact of climate on performance?To do this, 3 axes are developed through our studies: a. Study the effectiveness of cooling protocols at several points in the performance: before, during and between two consecutive efforts.b. Determine if cold combinations can combine.c. To determine if the use of menthol can allow optimization of the protocols of cooling.The main results of this thesis highlight that the use of cooling is effective but this efficiency depends on the protocol used. We havehighlighted (1) That in pre-cooling it is necessary to start 1 hour before the effort to have an efficiency of the method;(2) Immersion with menthol is more effective only a single immersion between two efforts of 20 'but that used on clothes its effectiveness is not proven; (3) That wearing a cold vest combined with ingestion from a cold drink to warm up is no more effective than an internal cooling only (4) That menthol can influence performance by playing a role on the CNS. The action of menthol will allow the CNS to perceive the environment as being "More favorable" and therefore result in a change in the feedback thermoregulatory, allow higher performance. This without the menthol isplayed a deleterious role to thermoregulation
El, Alami Rachid. „Phytoclimatologie de la montagne marocaine : le Rif central“. Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA070019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe attemps to delect the flora variation in relationship with the climate in central rif (marocco). It con be seen from the analysis of the horizontal distribution of species along continsons sampling transeet accross the centra rif which shon two floristica majors limits : the firstin the north entry of the cedas forest, the second at hio south limit. It can be obtrined also from the climatic study which bring out an opposition between the mediterraneen side and the atlantic si te of therif. Besides a study of surface temperature measurements from the noaa satellite bring out the individualization of the central rif and an affinity between the mediterraneen side and the south limit of the transect. The climate individuality has an effect upon clearly on vegetation structure
Aouadi, Hocine. „La végétation de l'Algérie nord-orientale : histoire des influences anthropiques et cartographie à 1/200 000“. Grenoble 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE10119.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBonhommeau, Sylvain. „Effets environnementaux sur la survie larvaire del’Anguille (Anguilla anguilla) et conséquences sur le recrutement“. Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSARH074.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe PhD thesis amis to contribute to the study of environmental impacts on European glass eel recruitement. We chose a modelling approach for two reasons. First, the observation of the larval stage over the trans-atlantic migration is dIFcult to carry out. The, the modelling approach enables us to explore the complexity of eel ecology. Different physical an biological hypotheses are tested to understand processes wereby environment may impact on recruitment that is declining for 25 years. Two modelling approaches are developed. In a first Part, a deterministic modelling using hydrodynamic models enables us to study the passive drift of larvae released in the spawning area, the Sargasso Sea. One of the originalities of this work is to implement realistic hypotheses of behaviour and mortality in simulations. One of the originalities of this woik is to implement realistic hypotheses of behaviour and mortality in similations. On one hand, our simulations show that a 6-month migration duration, as suggested by the analysis of otolith microstructure, would imply a fast active swimming. This energy expenditure would be too high in a oligotrophic environment such as open ocean. The mean migration duration is estimated to 22 months in accordance with previous approaches of cohort analyses. On the other hand our results suggest a weak impact of oceanic transport intensity on recruitment success. Simulations also provide evidence of the influence of starting locations and dates on arrival areas and larva live histories in accordance with previous results of genetic and otolith microchemistry. In a second part, a statistical modelling focuses on the links between environmental conditions experienced by larvae (oceanic transport and food availabiblity) and the recruitment assessed by glass eel quantities entering European Estuaries. Recruitment is not impacted by transport conditions described by large-scale oceanic indices. Whe show that glass ell recruitment variations are related to primary production int the Sargasso Sea. The recent increase in sea temperature in the spawing area led to a decrease in food availability and thus, in glass eel recruitment
Gonzalez, Dugo Maria-Victoria. „Effet du déficit hydrique sur l'état de nutrition azotée chez les graminées fourragères“. Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2257.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCrop Nitrogen Nutrition Status (NNS) relates the amount of nitrogen in plants in relation to needs for instantaneous growth. It is known that water deficit diminishes NNS through a series of processes belonging to plant nitrogen metabolism and soil nitrogen cycle. The NNS results from the balance between demand, defined by crop growth and the nitrogen that is available for plant uptake. The effect of water deficit on crop growth is well known. The effect on N uptake is caused by a) the soil water status that determines diffusive and convective flows of nitrogen, which are the responsible of transport of nitrogen to the roots and b) the plant water status that determines the needs of nitrogen for growth. Two experiments were made during summer 2003 and 2004 on tall fescue and Italian ryegrass, species with a contrasted growth system, which also enabled us to study the influence of root distribution in soil on the effect of water deficit on NNS. Measurements of the nitrogen nutrition index enabled us to follow the variations of NNS closely. Immediate responses of NNS to any change in system water status were measured, involving a variation in nitrogen flow to roots, mainly transpiration-dependant convective flow. To analyse a possible direct effect of plant and/or soil water status on N uptake, experiments in a split-root system and controlled environment were made. Results showed that independently of water effects on C fluxes, there was a direct effect, which was variable between grass species, and that might be related to a nitrogen accumulation in roots
Wong, Maurice. „Etude de l'influence des facteurs du milieu sur les performances du Cintofent, agent chimique d'hybridation du blé d'hiver (Triticum aestivum)“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL061N.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEymard, Amandine. „Dynamique de la végétation et variations climatiques dans les Balkans au cours du dernier cycle climatique à partir des séquences polliniques des lacs Maliq et Ochrid (Albanie)“. Besançon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BESA2068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOver the past 150000 years, isotopic ice and ocean records have revealed a succession of rapid and high amplitude climate fluctuations. However, continental records showing sufficiently sensitive to determine the spatial extension of climate change are rare. This thesis therefore aims to analyze and compare the pollen records of Lakes Ohrid and Maliq in Albania, in order to obtain a climate reference record in the south-eastern Europe. The analysis of these pollen records allowed to: (1) Reconstitute, for the first time, the vegetation history at middle altitude in the southern Balkans during the last climatic cycle: the sequences of Lake Ohrid shows that the dynamics of vegetation during the last climatic cycle is very similar to that of other continental sequences of southern Europe, namely orders of succession of ecosystems very close; the differences involve the « timing » of the appearance of a species, its importance within the ecosystem and the duration of its presence in the same ecosystem, (2) Quantify climate changes associated with those in vegetation: the pollen sequence of Lake Maliq, which showed the complex history of mountain ecosystems, has helped to quantify changes in temperature, precipitation and seasonality during the last glacial-interglacial transition and the Holocene in the southern Balkans. The Saine method has been applied to the sequence of Lake Ohrid to obtain a quantitative reconstruction in the Balkansduring the last climatic cycle. To improve the quality of these environmental and climate reconstructions: (1) The modem relationships between pollen assemblages, vegetation and climate, which are the basis of past environmental and climate reconstructions, have been previously analyzed statistically, from moss samples collected in Albania, Greece and Republic of Macedonia. This study shows that it is possible to distinguish in modem pollen sedimentation the ecosystems and vegetation belts in a fragmented area, and therefore, that the corresponding surface samples can be used to transfer functions, (2) A new modem pollen database, including 2760 sites in Europe, Mediterranean area and Eurasia, has been developed with new samples of surface to improve the spatial coverage of the modem dataset that is used in the methods of quantitative paleoclimate reconstruction
Lebon, Eric. „De l'influence des facteurs pédo et mésoclimatiques sur le comportement de la vigne et les caractéristiques du raisin : application à l'établissement de critères de zonage des potentialités qualitatives en vignoble à climat semi-continental (Alsace)“. Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOS013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMoussus, Jean-Pierre. „Influences du climat sur la démographie des passereaux communs : mesure à grande échelle spatiale, variabilité interspécifique et prise en compte dans les prédictions biogéographiques sous scénario climatique“. Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066219.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKifani, Souad. „Approche spatio-temporelle des relations hydroclimat-dynamique des espèces pélagiques en région d'upwelling : cas de la sardine du stock central marocain“. Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES2005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleQuenol, Hervé. „Modifications climatiques aux échelles fines générées par un ouvrage linéaire en remblai : l'exemple de la ligne à grande vitesse du TGV Méditerranée sur le gel printanier et l'écoulement du mistral dans la basse vallée de la Durance“. Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-115.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHander, Mohammed. „Contribution à l'étude de la bioclimatologie humaine au Maroc : l'exemple d'Essaouira“. Paris 4, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA040211.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study try to show the bioclimatic conditions in Essaouira. The principal idea is developed by the tree important actions of climate: physiological, psychological and pathological the subject is founded on climatic indices, which are debated
Wagmann, Kristen. „La dispersion des graines dans le temps (dormance) et dans l'espace chez la betterave maritime (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) : quel potentiel évolutif pour répondre au changement climatique global ?“ Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10117.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEach new plant generation starts with seeds: where and when will they germinate? Dispersal studies are helpful in answering this question. Dispersai may occur in time (dormancy) or in space. These two strat egies are considered as substitutable, since they allow to avoid the same constraints and are thus under same selective pressures. Generally, they allow seeds to deal with variability in environmental conditions in time or space. To estimate the potential response of sea beet to modifications in the environmental conditions in the context of a changing climatic, we analysed its dispersai abilities. For this purpose we studied dormancy and dispersal in space, their variability and the environmental factors that could be associated with their selection in natural populations. Climatic conditions have a strong influence on dormancy release and its evolution. Seed dispersal can occur over very long distances by sea currents. We showed a strong adaptive potential in sea beet (1) by the capacity to follow climate zones through its high dispersal abilities, and (2) through adaptation to new local conditions thanks to dormancy and life history evolution, facilitated by the gene flow linked with dispersaI
Dennhardt, Lauren Alexsandra. „Evidence of Climate Niche Creation in the Northern Great Plains: The History of Invasion, Population Genetics, Competitive Effect, and Long-Term Trends of Invasive Poa Pratensis L“. Diss., North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28229.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS-R6-POAPRATENSISGENETICS)
North Dakota State University. Department of Biological Sciences
North Dakota State University. Department of Natural Resource Management
North Dakota State University. Graduate School
Cross Ranch Fellowship
Jaber, Lina. „Effets d’une restriction en eau chez des chèvres laitières en climat tempéré ou semi-aride“. Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0057.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWater scarcity is a widespread problem in arid and semi-arid regions affecting goat production. This project aimed to study the effects of water restriction on goats from semi- arid and temperate regions. A first step consisted in reviewing the literature on the subject leading to two review manuscripts. In addition, research articles specifically addressing the topic of water restriction in sheep and goat were retained for the compilation of a large database that was used for a preliminary quantitative review (meta-analysis) with the aim of visualizing the effects of water restriction on different physiological and production parameters as reported in literature. The qualitative and quantitative reviews covered sheep and goat as species of interest. The subject of water stress was also addressed experimentally through two experiments on lactating and gestating Shami goats, respectively, raised under semi-arid environment and one experiment on lactating Saanen and alpine goats raised under temperate conditions. An intermittent watering regime of once every four days was imposed on the Shami goats for a period of around 1 month while the Saanen and alpine goats were subjected to a 15-hour overnight water restriction for two consecutive days. The effect of heat stress was also studied during a short episode of rise in ambient temperature from 19oC to 28oC in Saanen and alpine goats. Physiological data, key blood parameters and milk production and composition were recorded and analyzed.Lactating Shami goats subjected to intermittent watering showed increased serum osmolarity, urea, protein and albumin concentrations, denoting dehydration. Milk composition and production, and body weight were not affected by the treatment. However, in the gestating shami goats osmolarity was higher while insulin was lower indicating a possible state of negative energy balance. The kids born to the restricted goats had lower body weight at birth and at one month of age which warrants further research.Similarly, alpine and Saanen lactating goats, although subjected to a milder water restriction regime showed signs of dehydration reflected by the increase in albumin, urea, osmolarity and Na+. The goats were able to maintain body weight and milk production although milk urea and lactose increased under water restriction thus keeping milk isotonic with the blood.Heat stress had no effect on feed intake or on feed and water intake patterns in lactating Saanen and alpine goats. However, there was a 40% increase in water intake. Blood pCO2 decreased because the animals hyperventilated to reduce their body temperature, whereas rectal temperature increased. Milk production was not modified, but milk fat content decreased. Alpine goats drank more water per kg of dry matter intake than the Saanen. This could be explained either by their higher level of feed intake or by the effect of coat colour.The qualitative and quantitative reviews as well as the experimental part helped in determining the most prominent physiological effects of water restriction in small ruminants that are consistently reported namely: decrease in feed intake and milk production and weight loss, increase in osmolarity, urea, sodium, cholesterol and fatty acids and of milk components such as lactose and protein content. At the same time, understudied areas in relation to the effects of water restriction were identified such as water stress in interaction with other environmental factors, the comparison between breeds, the impact of individual variability, methods of water stress alleviation and impact on animal welfare, etc.As a conclusion, this project helped in condensing the relevant information on the effects of water stress on goats thus serving as an accessible resource for guiding future research and possibly goat producers, in facing water scarcity
Ben, Romdhane Safa. „Effets du climat et de la pollution de l'air sur la santé respiratoire à Tunis“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC027/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Greater metropolitan area of Tunis, often referred to as Grand Tunis or Tunis, presents a vulnerability to air pollution due to the high concentrations of population and the infrastructures characterizing its territory. Ozone (O3) and particles (PM10) often exceed the Tunisian thresholds for these pollutants. As for the international standards set by the WHO (world health organization), they have not been met infrequently.The respiratory tract is a preferred route of exposure to aggressions related to the environment. Many lung diseases are directly linked to inhalation of pollutants in the atmosphere. The influences of climate mechanisms on respiratory health are also very extensive, including extreme weather events, also called weather paroxysms.The main objective of this thesis was to characterize the impact of environmental factors, climate and atmospheric pollutants on respiratory health in Grand Tunis. We have chosen to quantify this relationship from the biometeorological indicators and absolute thresholds of meteorological stress, specific Tunisian climate, and air quality to predict episodes at risk for respiratory health and thresholds of weather variables and air quality resulting in excess hospital admissions for respiratory causes. And this from the climate extremes of the parameters affecting the respiratory health : temperature, relative humidity and maximum wind speed. We, too, set realistic standards for air quality, relative to O3 and PM10, identifying critical thresholds excess hospitalizations in Grand Tunis and can be applied throughout the country. Given the effect of some climatic parameters on the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere, we also studied the relationship between climatic parameters and pollutants of O3 and PM10. The results of this study reveal that, throughout the year, Tunisians are confronted with at least an environmental risk : photochemical pollution and heat waves, which are very responsive during the hot season ; during the cold season, it is the risk of cold and particulate pollution; and during the off-season, biological pollution, together with pollen, is more at risk. However, short-term exposure to these risks, the worsening of the respiratory illness or irritation of the respiratory system is real. This study showed that the development and worsening of respiratory diseases appear to result from a complex interplay of individual and environmental factors. They are mainly in relation to time, air quality and atopy. The importance of these factors varies the respective disease. Moreover, the low socioeconomic status of the family increases the likelihood of being exposed to more of these risk factors. Added to this are behavioral factors such as alcohol, active and passive smoking
Joannin, Sébastien. „Changements climatiques en Méditerranée à la transition Pléisctocène inférieur-moyen : pollens, isotopes stables et cyclostratigraphie“. Lyon 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00347549.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePollen analysis has been performed on six sections (Santa Lucia, Montalbano Jonico, Site ODP 976; Tsampika and Shamb) placed along a 4,000 km long transect from the Western Mediterranean region to Little Caucasus. These sections recorded same vegetation changes related to climatic cycles occurred throughout the Mediterranean region during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (1. 600-0. 700 Ma), despite an observed longitudinal gradient. Mesothermic taxa were affected by the increasing aridity and the extremes related to climatic cycles during this considered time-window. “Long-term” vegetation successions were controlled by climatic cycles related to the obliquity forcing. A similar vegetation dynamics with short and longer-term durations were forced by precession and its modulator (the eccentricity), respectively. Influences of both parameters were superimposed. The expected shift from obliquity to 100 ka long-cycles related to eccentricity is not observed in the Mediterranean region during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition
Tallec, Tiphaine. „Effets d'un double gradient azote/soufre sur la structure des communautés végétales de prairies bas-normandes : dynamique de l'acquisition des ressources minérales et des interactions compétitives“. Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe importance of soil S depletion, due to an increased export from plant harvest combined with a decreased atmospheric S deposition, requires to study its impact on the dynamics of grassland communities, under different N supplies. A pluri-scale study was carried out in situ, and in mesocosm consisting of populations or of model communities with 4 dominant species. Before and after defoliation, the relative production, the abundance and the competitiveness of the species were analyzed through their N and S use efficiency using a simultaneous 15N/34S labelling. Their response was conditioned by their physiological ability to mobilize resources, but also to compete for the latter in N-rich soil. A strong co-regulation between N and S metabolisms was highlighted. An increased S availability enhanced production for all scale situations. The S effects on Poaceae appeared only at high N availability, by a stimulation of their soil N use efficiency, optimizing N fertilizer use. Those on clover induced the stimulation (i) of the atmospheric N fixation, even at high N availability, (ii) of its vegetative multiplication and (iii) of N reserves accumulation in stolons. In situ and in community, S input increased the abundance of dominated species and, with high N fertilization, maintained or increased specific diversity. Overall, a rational S input appeared as an important tool for grassland management
Mesbahi, Geoffrey. „Prédiction de propriétés agroécologiques de prairies permanentes et de leurs compromis : l’exemple du massif vosgien“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0086.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn France, permanent grasslands are associated with agronomic and ecological characteristics: they provide half of overall forage, shelter vegetal and animal species, and store carbon. Increasing our understanding of agroecological characteristic determinants, and the trade-offs between characteristics, could help farmers and advisors to promote high-diversity grasslands, but also a diversity of grasslands. The objectives of this thesis are 1) to predict grassland characteristics using environmental, agricultural practices and vegetation criteria, 2) to predict grassland characteristics using vegetation classifications without information about environment and agricultural practices, 3) to study and predict trade-offs between characteristics at grassland scale, 4) to query knowledge transfer between researchers, farmers and farmer advisors. For this purpose, I built a database of almost 800 permanent grasslands from previous studies. I then selected a representative sample of 59 grasslands for this database over which I conducted field and lab analyses of botanical compositions, yields, forage qualities and soil properties. I also collected information about agricultural practices, climate and topography for each of these grasslands. My results show that botanical compositions are difficult to predict, and are mainly influenced by agricultural intensification, soil and elevation gradients. Prediction of agroecological characteristics show wide variabilities: some agronomical- and ecological- characteristics are predicted well by soil, climate, landscape and botanical composition criteria. However, using only vegetation classifications could not reliably predict ecological characteristics, despite the improvement of prediction quality when combining classifications. Study of trade-offs highlighted the impossibility to combine all the agroecological characteristics for one grassland. However, I observed combinations between yield and botanical diversity, between the different indices of nutritive value, and between patrimonial species and flexibility of management. Finally, several tools can be used to transfer knowledge between scientists, farmers and advisors, but an equilibrium between tools accuracy and ease to use have to be found. This thesis work brings new insights in our understanding of large scale permanent grassland agroecological characteristics and their trade-offs, thanks to the inclusion of many predictive criteria related to environment, agricultural practices and vegetation, but also thanks to the prediction of unknown characteristics. Finally, this thesis addresses the issue of developing polyvalent tools that can be used to predict grassland agroecological characteristics
Kurbiel, Janusz. „Influence du climat sur la navigation dans le passage du Nord-Ouest“. Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040116.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe northwest passage is the maritime route linking the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean through the northern part of the American continent. It is characterized by the extreme climatic conditions of the Arctic and the important presence of sea ice. A synthesis of the present knowledge about climatic factors having an influence on polar maritime navigation has been made, based on theoretical information as well as observations in situ made during the six years that "vagabond 2" took to circumnavigate northern America and to sail through the northwest passage (1982-1988). The detailed analysis of the climate and sea ice conditions of one sailing year (1986) was done according to the macro-meteorological polar navigation principle of Janusz Kurbiel, which proved to be particularly well adapted to polar research. The comparison with the years 1985, 1987 and 1988 showed a large interannual variability of sea ice condition for each region and the preponderant influence of local conditions on general climatic ones. Obstacles like icebergs and icing were studied in detail as well as the influence of sea state on navigation. Particular knowledge regarding the use of satellite imagery for the analysis of ice condition is discussed as well. The question of the climatic change was asked and the results of different scenarios based on models were compared to statistical data and in situ observations. Risks linked to oil pollution were summed up
Berthier, Alexandre. „Transport du saccharose chez le Ray-grass anglais (Lolium perenne L. ) : réponse à la défoliation et à l’intensité lumineuse : Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux“. Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe wanted to determine the nature of sucrose transport, isolate, characterize and localize one or more sucrose transporters (SUTs) and assess if these SUTs respond to defoliation or to a modulation of light intensity before and/or after defoliation in rye-grass. Sucrose transport is apoplastic. It depends on a multigenic family of SUTs that were identified for the first time in rye-grass (LpSUT1, LpSUT2). The functional characterization of LpSUT2, which possess a cytoplasmic inner loop, was also successfully realized for the first time in a Monocot species. LpSUT2 is inhibited by fructose, which is a remarkable result for a fructan-accumulating plant, thus suggesting that this SUT could be the perception site of a sugar signal. The expression and the localization of these SUTs, mainly in the mesophyll, suggest that they play a great role for the distribution of C resources within the regrowing plant. The LpSUT1transcript level increases in the few hours following defoliation and might be regulated by sucrose content. LpSUT1 could be implicated in the lateral sucrose transport associated to the storage and/or the mobilization of fructans. The LpSUT2 transcripts are not sensitive to defoliation, but they are surprisingly modulated by light intensity before and/or after defoliation, which could strikingly match their putative role of sugar sensors. Because neither LpSUT1 nor LpSUT2 are localized within phloem tissues, this suggest the existence of other SUTs. The present results allow to better understand regrowth mechanism within a perennial forage species accumulating fructans
Leborgne, Nathalie. „Approches biochimiques des mécanismes de résistance au froid chez Eucalyptus gunnii Hook. F“. Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30227.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMoiroux, Joffrey. „Évolution des stratégies de reproduction de parasitoïdes de drosophiles en réponse au climat“. Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S193.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we investigated (1) the relative roles of climate and biotic factors varying with climate in the selection of local adaptations of drosophila parasitoids (2) how the phenotypic plasticity of the life history traits has evolved in response to the environment and egg maturation strategies of theses organisms. Contrarily to the primary consumers in which evolution of life histories is directly affected by temperature, biotic factors varying with climate, such as host distribution and interspecific competition may be the principal agent of natural selection in parasitoids. Host distribution may explain the very strong variations that we observed, such as the existence of proovigenic and synovigenic populations in a same species and populations able or not to synthesise lipids during adult life. This last intraspecific variation may have affected trade-offs between traits and the evolution of metabolic rate. Strong variations in the level of phenotypic plasticity were also observed. Variability of the environment of origin explained these variations whereas life histories of organisms did not. To predict evolution of parasitic wasps in response to the global warming, biotic factors and environmental variability depending on climate should thus be integrated, and not only climate
Garbolino, Emmanuel. „Les plantes indicatrices du climat en France et leur télédétection“. Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008446.
Der volle Inhalt der Quellebanque de données climatiques, celle de Météo-France, et d'une banque de données floristiques « Sophy ». Elle peut établir les relations entre plantes et climats sur une base stationnelle et
numérique, donc plus objective, plus précise et plus complète que la géographie botanique.
Le réseau météorologique national fournit des données standardisées dans 828 postes en France. Parmi les facteurs les plus actifs sur les plantes, il y a la température du jour et de la nuit, mois par mois, reflétées respectivement par la température mensuelle maximale et minimale ; il y a également les hauteurs et les fréquences mensuelles des précipitations. Ces facteurs sont ramenés à une même période de référence après estimation des données manquantes. De son côté, la banque « Sophy » fournit les présences et les abondances de 4.500 taxons botaniques dans 140.000 stations
en France. Elle permet de distinguer le comportement d'une plante soit par sa présence, soit par un seuil d'abondance. La conjonction de ces deux banques fournit un échantillonnage d'environ 12.000
stations floristiques réparties entre les climats de 574 postes.
La dépendance apparente d'une plante envers un facteur se manifeste par la concentration de ses présences dans la gamme du facteur. Cette concentration se calcule comme une probabilité et elle suit un gradient rigoureusement unimodal dans la gamme du facteur. La concentration maximale exprime le pouvoir indicateur de la plante, de telle façon que ce paramètre ne soit nul que pour une plante ubiquiste. Ce pouvoir indicateur est d'autant plus élevé que la plante est meilleure indicatrice. Le rang de la concentration maximale indique la position optimale de la plante. Les douze pouvoirs indicateurs et les douze positions optimales résument le comportement d'une plante dans la gamme d'un facteur. Ce travail présente le catalogue des comportements pour 2.800 plantes
indicatrices du climat et pour six grandeurs climatiques sous la forme de graphiques. Le catalogue présente aussi la répartition géographique de chaque plante entre les 140.000 stations de la banque « Sophy ». Ce catalogue n'est pas seulement un dictionnaire écologique des plantes indicatrices du climat. Il est aussi un outil informatique qui permet d'estimer avec précision le climat dans une communauté dépourvue de poste météorologique et d'introduire ainsi le climat de façon numérique dans toute étude phyto-écologique en France.
Mis à part l'application précédente, le catalogue ne montre pas de synthèse. Il est complété par une classification climatique des plantes qui montre la hiérarchie des phénomènes et leur importance statistique. Cette classification détermine des groupes de plantes ayant des comportements similaires d'après leurs fidélités cumulées aux rangs des variables climatiques. Elle caractérise un groupe par ses pouvoirs indicateurs et ses positions optimales. Elle aboutit à un catalogue des principaux groupes, depuis les plus nombreux et les plus différents, constituant les premiers niveaux de synthèse, jusqu'aux plus détaillés. Elle montre que le gradient phytoclimatique majeur sépare le littoral, la région méditerranéenne et les montagnes des plaines continentales. Le
groupe littoral, par exemple, se subdivise en groupes atlantiques et méditerranéens, puis en sousgroupes cantonnés dans une partie seulement de chaque climat.
Un travail analogue est entrepris sur les relations entre les plantes et les variables du satellite NOAA. Comme en géographie botanique, les relations entre plantes et mesures satellitaires se
fondent souvent sur la superposition de ces images, basées sur un indice de végétation (NDVI), avec des cartes de végétation. Ces images et leur interprétation montrent de grandes catégories de
végétation, telles que formations forestières et cultures. La banque « Sophy » permet une étude stationnelle et non plus cartographique du phénomène. Cette banque associe des données
floristiques à des données satellitaires issues du même emplacement, dans 11.000 pixels de 5,5 km de côté. Les synthèses mensuelles du NDVI montrent des différences de comportement entre les plantes de formations différentes, telles que prairies, forêts, ripisylves, formations méditerranéennes et les landes atlantiques, littorales et montagnardes. Les pouvoirs indicateurs sont parfois élevés et similaires pour les plantes de la même formation. Mais ils montrent encore quelques incohérences, soit d'un mois sur l'autre, soit d'une variable satellitaire à une autre, faute d'une standardisation insuffisante dans la caractérisation des pixels. Des variables satellitaires standardisées portant sur une plus longue période, dont les données manquantes seraient calculées, devraient être susceptibles de localiser des phytoclimats, grâce aux groupes de plantes qui les représentent, et de généraliser
sur le terrain les connaissances stationnelles de la phytoclimatologie.
Wagmann, Kristen. „La dispersion des graines dans le temps (dormance) et dans l'espace chez la betterave maritime (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) : quel potentiel évolutif pour répondre au changement climatique global ?“ Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10117.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEach new plant generation starts with seeds: where and when will they germinate? Dispersal studies are helpful in answering this question. Dispersai may occur in time (dormancy) or in space. These two strat egies are considered as substitutable, since they allow to avoid the same constraints and are thus under same selective pressures. Generally, they allow seeds to deal with variability in environmental conditions in time or space. To estimate the potential response of sea beet to modifications in the environmental conditions in the context of a changing climatic, we analysed its dispersai abilities. For this purpose we studied dormancy and dispersal in space, their variability and the environmental factors that could be associated with their selection in natural populations. Climatic conditions have a strong influence on dormancy release and its evolution. Seed dispersal can occur over very long distances by sea currents. We showed a strong adaptive potential in sea beet (1) by the capacity to follow climate zones through its high dispersal abilities, and (2) through adaptation to new local conditions thanks to dormancy and life history evolution, facilitated by the gene flow linked with dispersaI
Alexandre, Frédéric. „Entre midis méditerranéen et atlantique, une transition phytoclimatique du Languedoc à l'Aquitaine“. Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA070065.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBaton, Franck. „Effets de la carbonisation oxygénée sur le signal isotopique (δ13C) du bois : vers une dendroclimatologie isotopique sur charbons archéologiques“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066236/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleArcheological charcoals are used for reconstructing past woodland vegetation and the related historical forest practices. Charcoals δ13C are used for paleoclimate reconstructions. To better constrain the use of δ13C, we investigated the effect of oxygenated carbonization on ring scale δ13C variations in oak wood. Results showed a significant decrease of δ13C values after carbonization. This effect, however, is highly variable according to the wood compartment considered: heartwood, sapwood, earlywood, or latewood. Carbon content measurements do not exhibit the same variations along oxygenated carbonization as observed with δ13C. Therefore, the use of carbon content for evaluating carbonization effects on δ13C, which is proposed by some authors, is not appropriate. Interannual and seasonal δ13C variations, however, are not significantly affected by oxygenated carbonization. Thus, paleoclimate reconstruction from charcoals δ13C appears possible. To test both ring scale variations, archeological charcoals were sampled from a climatically well documented Neolithic site of Chalain. Several dendro-anthracological parameters (latewood proportion, duraminization, charcoal-pith distance estimation) were characterized for a better understanding of δ13C variations, in order to integrate historical woodland practices and the climatic interpretations. Charcoal tree-rings exhibited width and δ13C significantly different between the two studied periods, in agreement with previously inferred climatic difference. Intra-ring δ13C suggested that the cool and moist climatic period also corresponded to higher seasonal contrast than the dryer climatic period. Dendro-anthracological parameters allow better understanding of δ13C variations between wood compartments and provide information on past woodland exploitations. To conclude, oxygenated carbonizations induce a decrease in wood δ13C values, but do not prevent the paleoclimate interpretations of δ13C variations in archeological charcoals