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1
Andruszkiewicz, Jerzy, Józef Lorenc und Agnieszka Weychan. „Price-Based Demand Side Response Programs and Their Effectiveness on the Example of TOU Electricity Tariff for Residential Consumers“. Energies 14, Nr. 2 (07.01.2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020287.
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Demand side response is becoming an increasingly significant issue for reliable power systems’ operation. Therefore, it is desirable to ensure high effectiveness of such programs, including electricity tariffs. The purpose of the study is developing a method for analysing electricity tariff’s effectiveness in terms of demand side response purposes based on statistical data concerning tariffs’ use by the consumers and price elasticity of their electricity demand. A case-study analysis is presented for residential electricity consumers, shifting the settlement and consequently the profile of electricity use from a flat to a time-of-use tariff, based on the comparison of the considered tariff groups. Additionally, a correlation analysis is suggested to verify tariffs’ influence of the power system’s peak load based on residential electricity tariffs in Poland. The presented analysis proves that large residential consumers aggregated by tariff incentives may have a significant impact on the power system’s load and this impact changes substantially for particular hours of a day or season. Such efficiency assessment may be used by both energy suppliers to optimize their market purchases and by distribution system operators in order to ensure adequate generation during peak load periods.
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Andruszkiewicz, Jerzy, Józef Lorenc und Agnieszka Weychan. „Price-Based Demand Side Response Programs and Their Effectiveness on the Example of TOU Electricity Tariff for Residential Consumers“. Energies 14, Nr. 2 (07.01.2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020287.
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Demand side response is becoming an increasingly significant issue for reliable power systems’ operation. Therefore, it is desirable to ensure high effectiveness of such programs, including electricity tariffs. The purpose of the study is developing a method for analysing electricity tariff’s effectiveness in terms of demand side response purposes based on statistical data concerning tariffs’ use by the consumers and price elasticity of their electricity demand. A case-study analysis is presented for residential electricity consumers, shifting the settlement and consequently the profile of electricity use from a flat to a time-of-use tariff, based on the comparison of the considered tariff groups. Additionally, a correlation analysis is suggested to verify tariffs’ influence of the power system’s peak load based on residential electricity tariffs in Poland. The presented analysis proves that large residential consumers aggregated by tariff incentives may have a significant impact on the power system’s load and this impact changes substantially for particular hours of a day or season. Such efficiency assessment may be used by both energy suppliers to optimize their market purchases and by distribution system operators in order to ensure adequate generation during peak load periods.
3
Czerliński, Mirosław, und Michał Sebastian Bańka. „Ticket tariffs modelling in urban and regional public transport“. Archives of Transport 57, Nr. 1 (31.03.2021): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8041.
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Ticket tariff is an important factor influencing the demand for public transport. Among basic problematics re-garding ticket tariffs are designing new fare systems and optimization of current systems. The task of optimization is influenced by two main factors: ticket prices and the structure of the tariff. Both elements were researched in this article, based on eleven public transport organizers fare systems in Poland – metropolitan areas and cities of a different scale. The purpose of this article was to define basic tariff types used in urban and regional public transport with a presentation of their function models. Ticket tariffs split into two main groups: flat and differen-tial. Differential group of tariffs covers: distance (usually are encountered fares based on a number of kilometres or stops travelled), quality (e.g. different fares on basic and express lines), time (minutes, hours or days of ticket validity, but also different tariff during on-peak and off-peak hours), sections (between which passenger travel on a transit route) and zones (transport network divided into areas, e.g. designated by municipalities bounda-ries) tariffs. The concept of this study was to transform as many tariffs as possible from tabular form to the math-ematical function. Five types of functions were considered for each tariff schematic: linear, power, polynomial, logarithmic and exponential. Functions and associated with them R-squared parameters were obtained as a result of regression analysis. The paper indicates that for time, distance and flat tariffs conformity (R2) was in most cases very high and above 0,90. The results indicate that the power function best describes time tariffs. In the case of distance tariffs, different kind of functions can be used: logarithmic, power or polynomial. The pro-posed function form of tariffs may speed up the process of creating new fare systems or upgrading existing ones. With general knowledge about the structure of tariffs and their function forms, it would be easier to determine the price of different kinds of tickets. New fare integration solutions could be also proposed in the future by using Big Data analysis.
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Fedirko, Mykhajlo, und Julia Krivohizha. „REGIONAL ASPECTS OF TARIFF POLICY OF MUNICIPAL HEATING ENTERPRISES“. Regional’ni aspekti rozvitku produktivnih sil Ukraїni, Nr. 23 (2018): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/rarrpsu2018.23.010.
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The regional aspects of tariff regulation of municipal heat and power enterprises are investigated. The approaches to the formation of tariffs at the regional level are determined. The economic efficiency of tariff policy taking into account the powers of local self-government bodies is analyzed. Recommendations for improving tariff policy are developed.
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Broda, Christian, Nuno Limão und David E. Weinstein. „Optimal Tariffs and Market Power: The Evidence“. American Economic Review 98, Nr. 5 (01.11.2008): 2032–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.2032.
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We find that prior to World Trade Organization membership, countries set import tariffs 9 percentage points higher on inelastically supplied imports relative to those supplied elastically. The magnitude of this effect is similar to the size of average tariffs in these countries, and market power explains more of the tariff variation than a commonly used political economy variable. Moreover, US trade restrictions not covered by the WTO are significantly higher on goods where the United States has more market power. We find strong evidence that these importers have market power and use it in setting noncooperative trade policy. (JEL F12, F13)
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Fatima, Umbreen, und Anjum Nasim. „Interprovincial Differences in Power Sector Subsidies and Implications for the NFC Award“. Pakistan Development Review 52, Nr. 4I (01.12.2013): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v52i4ipp.421-436.
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Power sector subsidies constituted 83 percent of the federal government’s total subsidies of PRs 558 billion in 2012. The tariff differential subsidy (TDS) amounted to PRs 464 billion (including arrears of PRs 312.8 billion from previous years). The TDS is provided to distribution companies (DISCOs) to cover the difference between the tariff schedules approved by the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) (which can differ across DISCOs) and the uniform tariff schedule (by consumer group) notified by the Ministry of Water and Power (MoWP) for all regions of the country. The NEPRA-approved tariff takes account of DISCOs’ revenue requirements and various elements of cost. In calculating the average tariff, NEPRA also takes into account companies’ transmission and distribution (T&D) losses. Both revenue requirements and T&D losses differ across DISCOs, which are duly reflected in NEPRA-approved tariffs. The fact that NEPRA approves different tariffs across DISCOs while the MoWP sets uniform tariffs (by consumer group) implies that each DISCO receives a different TDS from the federal government. This translates into different subsidies for each province. By aggregating the TDS by consumer group across all DISCOs, we can also calculate the aggregate subsidy by consumer group.
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Christensen, Kristoffer, Zheng Ma und Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. „Technical, Economic, Social and Regulatory Feasibility Evaluation of Dynamic Distribution Tariff Designs“. Energies 14, Nr. 10 (15.05.2021): 2860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102860.
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The increasing number of distributed energy resources in the distribution grids creates the risk of grid congestion and the high cost of grid expansion. The implementation of the dynamic distribution grid tariffs can potentially avoid grid congestion. Meanwhile, the design and implementation of any distribution tariff need to consider and match the regional/national requirements. However, there is no sufficient evaluation method available to review and evaluate the feasibility of the dynamic distribution tariffs. Therefore, this paper introduces a feasibility evaluation method with four dimensions of technical, economic, social, and regulatory to review dynamic distribution tariffs. The literature on dynamic distribution tariffs is collected, and 29 dynamic distribution tariffs are selected and further categorized into five attributes of rationale, cost drivers, dynamics, events, and active demand. The evaluation results show that the time-of-use tariff is the most feasible dynamic distribution tariff, and the review of a proposed future distribution tariff model in Denmark verifies the evaluation method and results. The developed feasibility evaluation method for dynamic distribution tariffs can ensure the design and implementation of a dynamic distribution tariff to be feasible and applicable in a region.
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Sundt, Swantje. „Influence of Attitudes on Willingness to Choose Time-of-Use Electricity Tariffs in Germany. Evidence from Factor Analysis“. Energies 14, Nr. 17 (31.08.2021): 5406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175406.
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Time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariffs are a demand side measure to ease balancing of demand and supply to cope with a rising share of renewables in a country’s electricity mix. In general, consumers require compensation for accepting these tariffs. This study analyzes how attitudes drive consumers’ willingness to choose a TOU tariff in Germany. To identify attitudinal profiles, I use an exploratory factor analysis on items capturing positive and negative attitudes towards TOU tariffs, climate change awareness, and belief in energy saving measures. I use these factors as predictors in an ordered logit specification to estimate consumers’ stated willingness to choose a TOU tariff. Three factors are significant: positive and negative attitudes towards TOU tariffs, and climate change awareness. These findings highlight that decision makers who aim at balancing demand and supply through the use of TOU tariffs should focus on informing consumers about the positive impacts of these tariffs on climate change mitigation, grid stability, and possible energy savings.
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Maqbool, Baetens, Lotfi, Vandevelde und Eetvelde. „Assessing Financial and Flexibility Incentives for Integrating Wind Energy in the Grid Via Agent-Based Modeling“. Energies 12, Nr. 22 (12.11.2019): 4314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224314.
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This article provides an agent-based model of a hypothetical standalone electricity network to identify how the feed-in tariffs and the installed capacity of wind power, calculated in percentage of total system demand, affect the electricity consumption from renewables. It includes the mechanism of electricity pricing on the Day Ahead Market (DAM) and the Imbalance Market (IM). The extra production volumes of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources (RES-E) and the flexibility of electrical consumption of industries is provided as reserves on the IM. Five thousand simulations were run by using the agent-based model to gather data that were then fit in linear regression models. This helped to quantify the effect of feed-in tariffs and installed capacity of wind power on the consumption from renewable energy and market prices. The consumption from renewable sources, expressed as percentage of total system consumption, increased by 8.17% for every 10% increase in installed capacity of wind power. The sharpest increase in renewable energy consumption is observed when a feed-in tariff of 0.04 €/kWh is provided to the wind farm owners, resulting in an average increase of 9.1% and 5.1% in the consumption from renewable sources while the maximum installed capacity of wind power is 35% and 100%, respectively. The regression model for the annualized DAM prices showed an increase by 0.01 €cents/kWh in the DAM prices for every 10% increase in the installed wind power capacity. With every increase of 0.01 €/kWh in the value of feed-in tariffs, the mean DAM price is lowered as compared to the previous value of the feed-in tariff. DAM prices only decrease with increasing installed wind capacity when a feed-in tariff of 0.04 €/kWh is provided. This is observed because all wind power being traded on DAM at a very cheap price. Hence, no volume of electricity is being stored for availability on IM. The regression models for predicting IM prices show that, with every 10% increase in installed capacity of wind power, the annualized IM price decreases by 0.031 and 0.34 €cents/kWh, when installed capacity of wind power is between 0 and 25%, and between 25 and 100%, respectively. The models also showed that, until the maximum installed capacity of wind power is less than 25%, the IM prices increase when the value of feed-in tariff is 0.01 and 0.04 €/kWh, but decrease for a feed-in tariff of 0.02 and 0.03 €/kWh. When installed capacity of wind power is between 25 and 100%, increasing feed-in tariffs to the value of 0.03 €/kWh result in lowering the mean IM price. However, at 0.04 €/kWh, the mean IM price is higher, showing the effect of no storage reserves being available on IM and more expensive reserves being engaged on the IM. The study concludes that the effect of increasing installed capacity of wind power is more significant on increasing consumption of renewable energy and decreasing the DAM and IM prices than the effect of feed-in tariffs. However, the effect of increasing values of both factors on the profit of RES-E producers with storage facilities is not positive, pointing to the need for customized rules and incentives to encourage their market participation and investment in storage facilities.
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Dolmatov, I. A., und I, Yu Zolotova. „The cross subsidization in the electric power industry. What is the limit of growth?“ Strategic decisions and risk management, Nr. 2 (15.07.2018): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2018-2-16-20.
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One of the key pressing challenge the Russian electric power industry faces today in its development and performance is the problem of the cross subsidization between consumer groups. The volume of the cross subsidization in Russia has increased 4 times for 15 years. The conditionally acceptable level of the cross subsidization is estimated based on the additional tariff burden on industrial consumers associated with the implementation of the cross subsidization mechanism. In order to reduce the cross subsidization, it is recommended to increase electricity tariffs for the house-holders by 6% annually. At the transition stage to the target model should be based on the marginal tariff burden on industrial consumers; retail electricity prices for similar consumers in Europe can serve as a “standard” for such a limit (a possible increase in electricity tariffs for industrial consumers on average in Russia is 1.4 times the level of 2016). Options for reducing the cross subsidization and recommendations on how to determine the appropriate volumes are proposed, that is important in the current conditions of the absence of a single adopted methodology for assessing both the value of cross-subsidization and economically justified tariffs.The mechanism of the cross subsidization in the target model of electric energy pricing should be completely excluded, for which the indicator “growth of regulated (final) tariffs for the population” should be included in the forecast of social and economic development of Russia (return to the existing practice until 2017), providing for faster growth rates compared to other consumers.
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Sundt, Swantje, Katrin Rehdanz und Jürgen Meyerhoff. „Consumers’ Willingness to Accept Time-of-Use Tariffs for Shifting Electricity Demand“. Energies 13, Nr. 8 (13.04.2020): 1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081895.
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Time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariffs represent an instrument for demand side management. By reducing energy demand during peak times, less investments in otherwise necessary, costly, and CO2 intensive redispatch would be required. We use a choice experiment (CE) to analyze private consumers’ acceptance of TOU tariffs in Germany. In our CE, respondents choose between a fixed rate tariff and two TOU tariffs that differ by peak time scheme and by a control of appliances’ electricity consumption during that time. We use a mixed logit model to account for taste heterogeneity. Moreover, investigating decision strategies, we identify three different strategies that shed light on drivers of unobserved taste heterogeneity: (1) Always choosing the status quo, (2) always choosing the maximum discount, and (3) choosing a TOU tariff but not always going for the maximum discount. Overall, about 70% of our 1398 respondents would choose a TOU tariff and shift their electricity demand, leading to a decline in energy demand during peak times. Rough estimates indicate that this would lead to significant savings in electricity generation, avoiding up to a mid to large-sized fossil-fuel power plant.
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Kaye, R. J., F. F. Wu und P. Varaiya. „Pricing for system security [power tariffs]“. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 10, Nr. 2 (Mai 1995): 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.387891.
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Ghosh, Susobhan, Easwar Subramanian, Sanjay P. Bhat, Sujit Gujar und Praveen Paruchuri. „VidyutVanika: A Reinforcement Learning Based Broker Agent for a Power Trading Competition“. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (17.07.2019): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.3301914.
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A smart grid is an efficient and sustainable energy system that integrates diverse generation entities, distributed storage capacity, and smart appliances and buildings. A smart grid brings new kinds of participants in the energy market served by it, whose effect on the grid can only be determined through high fidelity simulations. Power TAC offers one such simulation platform using real-world weather data and complex state-of-the-art customer models. In Power TAC, autonomous energy brokers compete to make profits across tariff, wholesale and balancing markets while maintaining the stability of the grid. In this paper, we design an autonomous broker VidyutVanika, the runner-up in the 2018 Power TAC competition. VidyutVanika relies on reinforcement learning (RL) in the tariff market and dynamic programming in the wholesale market to solve modified versions of known Markov Decision Process (MDP) formulations in the respective markets. The novelty lies in defining the reward functions for MDPs, solving these MDPs, and the application of these solutions to real actions in the market. Unlike previous participating agents, VidyutVanika uses a neural network to predict the energy consumption of various customers using weather data. We use several heuristic ideas to bridge the gap between the restricted action spaces of the MDPs and the much more extensive action space available to VidyutVanika. These heuristics allow VidyutVanika to convert near-optimal fixed tariffs to time-of-use tariffs aimed at mitigating transmission capacity fees, spread out its orders across several auctions in the wholesale market to procure energy at a lower price, more accurately estimate parameters required for implementing the MDP solution in the wholesale market, and account for wholesale procurement costs while optimizing tariffs. We use Power TAC 2018 tournament data and controlled experiments to analyze the performance of VidyutVanika, and illustrate the efficacy of the above strategies.
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TRACHUK, A. V., und N. V. LINDER. „Cross-subsidizing in power industry: approaches to development of stage-by-stage decrease in volumes“. Strategic decisions and risk management, Nr. 1-2 (29.06.2017): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2017-1-2-24-35.
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The paper is devoted to economic effects of decrease in volumes of cross subsidizing for participants of the market of electric energy are considered, and also methodological approaches to modeling of a stage-by-stage decrease of volumes of cross subsidizing in economy are developed. The methodology of the system of national accounts (SNA) – symmetric tables “expenses – release” and intersectoral balance “a product – a product” calculated on release of the final product of 22 industries – was used to model the influence of economic and social effects due to cross subsidies elimination. The comparative analysis of one-stage and gradual options to cross subsidies elimination was carried out. One-stage elimination of cross subsidizing showed more the worst results on economic indicators of participants of a power market, than at its stage-by-stage decrease.Modeling of stage-by-stage decrease in cross subsidizing is aimed at determination of the greatest possible growth rate of tariffs for the electric power for the population. The indicator of the minimum value of economic damage to branches of the economy, calculated as a difference of a balanced gain (departure) of a gross value added in the range of a threshold interval of increase in expenses of house farms on the purchased electric power in the general structure of expenses is used as criterion of an optimality of growth rate of tariffs for the electric power. The macroeconomic model of formation, use and reproduction of a branch value added is used for creation of model. The analysis of impact of change of tariffs for the electric power for the population is carried out with a step to 1% to the level providing full reduction of cross subsidizing. Optimum speed of a gain of tariffs for regions with the maximum rate of a tariff for the electric power (Moscow region) and the minimum rate (Orenburg region) is calculated.
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Dzyuba, Anatoly, und Alexander Semikolenov. „Management of Energy Costs of Industrial Enterprises Connected to Electric Grid of Electric Power Producers“. Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2021, Nr. 2 (13.08.2021): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2021-6-2-198-207.
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Industrial enterprises connected to the power grids of electricity producers spend a lot of money on the transport of purchased electrical energy. The present article introduces some opportunities to minimize the costs. The author studied the principles of pricing of the transport of electrical energy purchased by industrial enterprises connected to power grids of electricity producers and described the advantages and disadvantages of the existing pricing options. The new indicator generator of voltage tariff coefficient made it possible to analyze the effectiveness of the transport tariffs for electrical energy at various types of industrial enterprises in relation to the tariff field of several regions of Russia. The study revealed ineffectiveness of the current tariffs on the transport of purchased electrical energy applied by such industrial enterprises. The author developed recommendations to reduce the cost of electricity. The main priority option was the application of demand management for electricity consumption by regulating the schedules of energy-intensive technological processes. This measure takes into account the criteria of economic efficiency, system reliability, and sustainability. It will enable industrial enterprises to manage their own schedule of electricity consumption without having to change the planned production volumes, thus reducing all cost components.
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Dolmatov, I. A., I. YU Zolotova und I. V. Maskaev. „New tariff regulation for natural monopolies: what should it be?“ Strategic decisions and risk management, Nr. 4-5 (29.10.2017): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2017-4-5-30-37.
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For the last several years, the Russian Federation has been artificially restraining the growth of tariffs for the services of natural monopolies. A simple decision, which is taken hastily a few years ago as a short-term anti-crisis measure, has every chance of becoming a "solution" for many years to come. The authors attempt to analyze the short-term and long-term effects of the tariff regulation and present the results obtained in the framework of the basic research program of the Higher School of Economics on the impact of tariffs in the energy sector on the main macroeconomic indicators, most often used as arguments in favor of tariff restraint. It is shown that tariffs, including the ones for electricity networks, should cover all efficient costs of regulated companies in full which enables reliable and safe power supply for sustainable and efficient development of industries and wellbeing of the population. The authors present for the first time the results of the estimations of the efficiency of the operational costs of electric networks in Russia obtained on the models developed by the Institute of Pricing and Regulation of Natural Monopolies. The models are based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, one of the most advanced and most common methods in contemporary tariff setting.
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Irwin, Douglas A. „Trade Policy in American Economic History“. Annual Review of Economics 12, Nr. 1 (02.08.2020): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-070119-024409.
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This article reviews the broad changes in US trade policy over the course of the nation's history. Import tariffs have been the main instrument of trade policy and have had three main purposes: to raise revenue for the government, to restrict imports and protect domestic producers from foreign competition, and to reach reciprocity agreements that reduce trade barriers. Each of these three objectives—revenue, restriction, and reciprocity—was predominant in one of three consecutive periods in history. The political economy of these tariffs has been driven by the location of trade-related economic interests in different regions and the political power of those regions in Congress. The review also addresses the impact of trade policies on the US economy, such as the welfare costs of tariffs, the role of protectionism in fostering US industrialization, and the relationship between the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act and the Great Depression of the 1930s.
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Ludema, Rodney D., und Anna Maria Mayda. „Do terms-of-trade effects matter for trade agreements? Theory and evidence from WTO Countries*“. Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, Nr. 4 (06.09.2013): 1837–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt016.
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Abstract International trade agreements are an important element of the world economic system, but questions remain as to their purpose. The terms-of-trade hypothesis posits that countries use tariffs in part to improve their terms of trade and that trade agreements cause them to internalize the costs that such terms-of-trade shifts impose on other countries. This article investigates whether the most-favored-nation (MFN) tariffs set by World Trade Organization (WTO) members in the Uruguay Round are consistent with the terms-of-trade hypothesis. We present a model of multilateral trade negotiations featuring endogenous participation that leads the resulting tariff schedules to display terms-of-trade effects. Specifically, the model predicts that the level of the importer’s tariff resulting from negotiations should be negatively related to the product of two terms: exporter concentration, as measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (sum of squared export shares), and the importer’s market power, as measured by the inverse elasticity of export supply, on a product-by-product basis. We test this hypothesis using data on tariffs, trade, and production across more than 30 WTO countries and find strong support. We estimate that the internalization of terms of trade effects through WTO negotiations has lowered the average tariff of these countries by 22% to 27% compared to its noncooperative level.
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Luckstead, Jeff, Stephen Devadoss und Ron C. Mittelhammer. „Apple Export Competition between the United States and China in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations“. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 46, Nr. 4 (November 2014): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080002914x.
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We developed a trade model under imperfect competition to analyze the market power of U.S. and Chinese apple producers in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) market and their domestic markets and the elimination of ASEAN tariffs on U.S. and Chinese apples. We also formulated welfare functions for the United States, China, and ASEAN. Comparative static results are derived to analyze the effect of tariff changes on exports, domestic sales, and welfare. Based on the theoretical model, we derived an econometric specification and used the new empirical industrial organization literature to estimate the market power of U.S. and Chinese apple producers. The econometric model is simulated to quantify the effect of tariff removal on exports and domestic sales.
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Chikin, Vladislav, Anatoly Kuznetsov und Diana Rebrovskaya. „Quality management of electric energy and compensation of reactive power in the electric power system by means of stimulating tariffs“. E3S Web of Conferences 178 (2020): 01080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017801080.
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The article noted that feed-in tariffs are effective enough to attract consumers to participate in the process of improving power quality and reactive power compensation. It is shown that the application of premiums and discounts must not modify the revenues of the budget of ESO. Otherwise there is a contradiction to the principles of state regulation of tariffs for services of natural monopolies. In this case, legal barriers do not allow to use the model in practice. The proposed criteria that must be considered in the development and approval of the scale of discounts and allowances to ensure the legal purity of the incentive rate, to avoid its cancellation, as it was in 2000. Then, the proposed mechanism of discounts and allowances with the support of the Antimonopoly service and the Ministry of justice of the Russian Federation was cancelled as violating the principles of state regulation of tariffs in the conditions of the natural monopoly position of the network organization.
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Silva, Cátia, Pedro Faria und Zita Vale. „Multi-Period Observation Clustering for Tariff Definition in a Weekly Basis Remuneration of Demand Response“. Energies 12, Nr. 7 (01.04.2019): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071248.
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Distributed energy resources can improve the operation of power systems, improving economic and technical efficiency. Aggregation of small size resources, which exist in large number but with low individual capacity, is needed to make these resources’ use more efficient. In the present paper, a methodology for distributed resources management by an aggregator is proposed, which includes the resources scheduling, aggregation and remuneration. The aggregation, made using a k-means algorithm, is applied to different approaches concerning the definition of tariffs for the period of a week. Different consumer types are remunerated according to time-of-use tariffs existing in Portugal. Resources aggregation and remuneration profiles are obtained for over 20.000 consumers and 500 distributed generation units. The main goal of this paper is to understand how the aggregation phase, or the way that is performed, influences the final remuneration of the resources associated with Virtual Power Player (VPP). In order to fulfill the proposed objective, the authors carried out studies for different time frames (week days, week-end, whole week) and also analyzed the effect of the formation of the remuneration tariff by considering a mix of fixed and indexed tariff. The optimum number of clusters is calculated in order to determine the best number of DR programs to be implemented by the VPP.
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Abboushi, Suhail. „Solar trade tariffs“. Competitiveness Review 24, Nr. 1 (14.01.2014): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2013-0061.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to survey the growth of solar energy worldwide, analyze US-China trade dispute in the solar industry, and evaluate the merits of US trade tariffs. Design/methodology/approach – The study surveyed archival data, publications by international organizations, government agencies, industry groups, and some academic research papers. Findings – Global demand for solar energy has been rising steadily and is projected to generate growing source of electric power. There is worldwide consensus that public support for solar industry in the development stages is necessary. The US Government provides generous support programs and subsidies to US solar industry. Accordingly, US punitive tariffs against China's solar industry on grounds of government subsidies are of questionable merit. Originality/value – This paper presents a concise profile of global solar energy and evaluates US trade policy toward China. The findings can be of value to government officials as they consider trade policies and their impact on the future of solar energy.
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Cavallo, Alberto, Gita Gopinath, Brent Neiman und Jenny Tang. „Tariff Pass-Through at the Border and at the Store: Evidence from US Trade Policy“. American Economic Review: Insights 3, Nr. 1 (01.03.2021): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20190536.
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We use microdata collected at the border and the store to characterize the price impact of recent US trade policy on importers, exporters, and consumers. At the border, import tariff pass-through is much higher than exchange rate pass-through. Chinese exporters did not lower their dollar prices by much, despite the recent appreciation of the dollar. By contrast, US exporters significantly lowered prices affected by foreign retaliatory tariffs. In US stores, the price impact is more limited, suggesting that retail margins have fallen. Our results imply that, so far, the tariffs’ incidence has fallen in large part on US firms. (JEL E31, F13, F14, F31, L11)
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Sotnyk, Iryna, Tetiana Kurbatova, Oleksandr Kubatko, Yevhen Baranchenko und Rui Li. „The price for sustainable development of renewable energy sector: the case of Ukraine“. E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128002006.
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While implementing state support mechanisms for renewable energy deployment, each country faces the problem of assessing and forecasting their consequences and must timely adjust their set to ensure sustainable energy development. The article estimates the price for sustainable development of the renewable energy sector on the example of Ukraine based on evaluating the effectiveness of the key mechanism of state support for the industry advancement - the feed-in tariff. The comparison of feed-in tariff rates with the LCOE indicators for the electricity generated from solar and wind power plants has shown that the current feed-in tariffs for two of the most popular renewable energy technologies are inflated several times and do not meet global trends in reducing the cost price of electricity generated by these technologies. The consequence of applying economically unreasonable tariffs is the annual over-expenditures of the state budget of Ukraine, which recently count hundreds of millions of euros. In the context of the country’s growing green energy generation, the conditions for further use of the feed-in tariff and the transition to other state support mechanisms are substantiated.
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Han, Liang, Yuou Hu, Tao Zhang, Jing Zhang, Zijun Tu und Yuguo Chen. „Review of benchmark on-grid power tariffs in China“. E3S Web of Conferences 228 (2021): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122801013.
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This paper reviews the introduction, implementation, and adjustment of benchmark on-grid power tariffs in China as well as discusses the impact from the on-going power market reforms. The analysis was made with the price data and policy documents from the NDRC and regional regulators. This paper concludes with a summary of features and drivers of historical changes in benchmark on-grid power tariffs and the values and contributions of this dominant price-setting mechanism of electric power in the last 15 years.
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Kessels, Kris, Carolien Kraan, Ludwig Karg, Simone Maggiore, Pieter Valkering und Erik Laes. „Fostering Residential Demand Response through Dynamic Pricing Schemes: A Behavioural Review of Smart Grid Pilots in Europe“. Sustainability 8, Nr. 9 (11.09.2016): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8090929.
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Many smart grid projects make use of dynamic pricing schemes aimed to motivate consumers to shift and/or decrease energy use. Based upon existing literature and analyses of current smart grid projects, this survey paper presents key lessons on how to encourage households to adjust energy end use by means of dynamic tariffs. The paper identifies four key hypotheses related to fostering demand response through dynamic tariff schemes and examines whether these hypotheses can be accepted or rejected based on a review of published findings from a range of European pilot projects. We conclude that dynamic pricing schemes have the power to adjust energy consumption behavior within households. In order to work effectively, the dynamic tariff should be simple to understand for the end users, with timely notifications of price changes, a considerable effect on their energy bill and, if the tariff is more complex, the burden for the consumer could be eased by introducing automated control. Although sometimes the mere introduction of a dynamic tariff has proven to be effective, often the success of the pricing scheme depends also on other factors influencing the behavior of end users. An important condition to make dynamic tariffs work is that the end users should be engaged with them.
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Alyunov, Alexandr, Olga Vyatkina, Ivan Smirnov, Alexandr Nemirovskiy und Elena Gracheva. „Assessment of efficiency of diesel generators use in distributed energy industry“. E3S Web of Conferences 178 (2020): 01086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017801086.
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The existing methods for calculation electricity tariffs for enterprises are analyzed numerically. The efficiency of diesel generators use for power supply was estimated using a real object as an example. A methodology has been developed for choosing the optimal price category, based on the schedule for consumption of electrical energy of a particular enterprise, taking into account introduction of its own generation in the 0.4 kV network. It is shown how to get the maximum benefit using one of the most affordable and autonomous power sources, taking into account the peculiarities of tariff setting for electricity.
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Tolley, D. L. „Industrial electricity tariffs“. Power Engineering Journal 2, Nr. 1 (1988): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19880006.
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Andruszkiewicz, Jerzy, Józef Lorenc und Agnieszka Weychan. „Demand Price Elasticity of Residential Electricity Consumers with Zonal Tariff Settlement Based on Their Load Profiles“. Energies 12, Nr. 22 (13.11.2019): 4317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224317.
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The concept of price elasticity of demand has been widely used for the assessment of the consumers’ behavior in the electricity market. As the residential consumers represent a significant percentage of the total load, price elasticity of their demand may be used to design desirable demand side response programs in order to manage peak load in a power system. The method presented in this study proposes an alternative approach towards price elasticity determination for zonal tariff users, based on comparisons of load profiles of consumers settled according to flat and time-of-use electricity tariffs. A detailed explanation of the proposed method is presented, followed by a case-study of price elasticity determination for residential electricity consumers in Poland. The forecasted values of price elasticity of demand for the Polish households using time-of-use (TOU) tariff vary between −1.7 and −2.3, depending on the consumers’ annual electricity consumption. Moreover, an efficiency study of residential zonal tariff is performed to assess the operation of currently applicable electricity tariffs. Presented analysis is based on load profiles published by Distribution System Operators and statistical data, but the method can be applied to the real-life measurements from the smart metering systems as well when such systems are accessible for residential consumers.
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Velinov, Emil, Yelena Petrenko, Elena Vechkinzova, Igor Denisov, Luis Ochoa Siguencia und Zofia Gródek-Szostak. „“Leaky Bucket” of Kazakhstan’s Power Grid: Losses and Inefficient Distribution of Electric Power“. Energies 13, Nr. 11 (08.06.2020): 2947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112947.
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This paper aims to determine and explain the main factors for power losses (the so-called “leaky bucket” effect) in Kazakhstan and the reasons for inefficient energy distribution within the country. Energy efficiency in Kazakhstan is much lower compared to more economically developed countries. The differences between energy efficiency in various regions of Kazakhstan are also significant. This article explores the impact of administrative monopoly tariffs on the regional energy efficiency, based on a national study conducted in Kazakhstan in 2017. The purpose of the study was to identify the administrative barriers and their impact on the sustainability of enterprise development. What hinders the distribution of energy resources among different regions is artificial barriers in the energy market and the administrative tariff monopoly for electric power. This leads to the inefficient distribution of resources throughout the country. In addition, it is difficult to leverage low distribution efficiency in the absence of a market. The authors attempt to prove that the magnitude of administrative barriers directly affects the efficiency and competitiveness of business, as well as the final prices of goods and services for the end consumer.
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Rudnicki, Maciej. „Prawne aspekty uczestnictwa Polski w polityce energetycznej Unii Europejskiej“. Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 3, Nr. 1 (31.12.2005): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2005.3.1.21.
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After joining the European Union Poland became the participant of integrated power politics. Its basic task is to provide cheap and environment-friendly energy to customers. Three main purposes of power politics are: assurance of power safety, assurance of competitiveness on the market of manufacturers and distributors of energy, taking into account all the priorities of environmental protection, especially counteracting changes of climat.The structure of internal power market is carried out by harmonisation of national power markets. European Unions priority is creating a common power market which will be effective, safe and competitive.At the UE level two rules are accepted. The rule of controlled access - etitled receivers of electric energy have an access to net on the basis of tariffs accepted by the supervisors; these tariffs use not individually negotiated and they have aplication to all of entitled groups of electric energy receivers. The rule of negotiating the access - every user of the net negotiate with net operator the individual conditions of the access to the net in the area of delivery tariffs.
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Dzyuba, Anatoly P. „Reducing the cost of electricity transmission services of industrial enterprises connected to the electric networks of electric power producers“. RUDN Journal of Economics 29, Nr. 2 (15.12.2021): 359–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2021-29-2-359-383.
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Reducing the cost of electricity consumption by industrial enterprises is the most important area of increasing the operational efficiency of their activities. The article is devoted to the issue of reducing the cost of paying for the service component of the transport component of purchased electrical energy from industrial enterprises that have technological connection to the electrical networks of electricity producers. The article makes an empirical study of the features of the pricing of payment for the services of the transport component of purchased electrical energy for industrial enterprises connected to the electric grids of electricity producers with the identification of factors influencing the overestimation of the cost of paid electricity, and calculating such overestimations using the example of a typical schedule of electricity consumption of a machinebuilding enterprise for various regions Russia. On the basis of the developed author's indicators (tariff coefficient for electricity transportation by the level of GNP, index of tariff coefficient for electricity transportation, weighted average price for electricity transportation, index of weighted average price for electricity transportation, integral index of efficiency of GNP tariffs) study of the effectiveness of the application of tariffs for the transport of electricity for industrial enterprises connected to the electric networks of electricity producers. Based on the calculated indicators, the article groups the regions into three main groups, with the development of recommendations for managing the cost of purchasing electricity by the component of the cost of the transport component of purchased electricity in each group. As the most optimal option for reducing the cost of electricity transportation, the author proposes the introduction of demand management for electricity consumption, which will reduce the costs of industrial enterprises that pay for the transport component of purchased electricity at unfavorable tariff configurations.
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Saidmamatov, Olimjon, Sanaatbek Salaev und Bahtiyor Eshchanov. „Challenges and Optimization Strategy for Feed-In Tariffs of Renewable Energy in CIS Countries“. Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 3, Nr. 1 (01.12.2015): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjreecm-2015-0002.
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Abstract Modern life is convincing us that renewable energy technologies, policies, strategies should be disseminated all over the world to provide sustainable development. As an instrument, feed-in tariffs of renewable energy should be designed considering public finance opportunities, buying power of consumers in order to tackle administrative barriers as an optimization strategy. The authors used the comparison, data analysis and logical access methods. The paper provides evidence from leading countries in the industry, explores ongoing challenges in the application of feed-in tariff policies, analyses the optimal methodologies to give recommendations to stakeholders.
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Haapaniemi, Jouni, Juha Haakana, Jukka Lassila, Samuli Honkapuro und Jarmo Partanen. „Impacts of different power-based distribution tariffs for customers“. CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal 2017, Nr. 1 (01.10.2017): 2775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0858.
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LOGATSKIY, Victor. „IMPROVEMENT OF THE TARIFF POLICY IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY TO ACHIEVE SECTORAL AND MACROECONOMIC BALANCES“. Economy of Ukraine 2019, Nr. 3 (02.04.2019): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2019.03.003.
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The problems of formation of tariff policy under conditions of transition to a new model of the electricity market in Ukraine and introduction of incentive pricing in the electric power industry are considered. The main shortcomings of the existing electricity market model are identified, as well as the institutional structure and functional interaction of market segments of a new market model based on free pricing for electricity as a commodity. The attention is paid to the fact that in order to achieve sectoral and macroeconomic balance, it is necessary to properly justify prices for electricity distribution services under conditions of transition to a new market model, since tariffs for these services will be further regulated by the state. It is determined that the main criteria for the formation of adequate tariffs in Ukraine should be as follows: the feasible financial burden for the vast majority of participants in the electricity market in order to ensure the balance of the market; sufficient financial resource to maintain the proper technical condition of the energy infrastructure. The main shortcomings of the existing regulatory framework for the introduction of the incentive pricing for the distribution of electricity in Ukraine and the reasons associated with delaying the application of the incentive pricing for these services in Ukraine are identified. The main constituent elements of the structure of incentive pricing are considered, which are incorporated in the economic-mathematical model with the purpose of scenario forecasting of financial and economic indicators of the electricity distribution sector. The author shows that the predictive tariff rates (obtained as a result of the simulation) for electricity distribution for various categories of consumers, as well as aggregated financial and economic indicators of electricity distribution companies, should be considered as sectoral benchmarks for decision-making at the level of the national energy regulator.
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Rehmani, Mahmood, Tahir Islam, Munnawar Naz Khokhar, Umer Iftikhar und Mohsin Shahzad. „Tariff determination for municipal waste management power projects in Pakistan“. Waste Management & Research 38, Nr. 8 (28.04.2020): 851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20916510.
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Waste management is an emerging focus in Pakistan. Specifically, waste-to-energy (WtE) projects are conceived to obtain benefits from municipal waste collection in metropolitan cities. This study provides a brief background of WtE potential, waste collection statistics, type of generated wastes, and current measures to build the confidence of investors in WtE projects. In addition, a brief overview of government efforts for WtE and delineation of licensing requirements for power generation are discussed. The parameters laid down for the determination of tariffs for municipal waste management power projects and the cost accounted for each parameter are analyzed in detail. Similarly, this study deliberates on observations among stakeholders and compares Pakistan tariffs with those of neighboring countries.
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KELEMEN, R. DANIEL. „The Limits of Judicial Power“. Comparative Political Studies 34, Nr. 6 (August 2001): 622–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414001034006002.
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This article analyzes the politics of supranational dispute resolution, focusing on trade-environment disputes in the context of the European Union (EU) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO). The author analyzes how the interaction of political and legal pressures has influenced decision making by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and by GATT/WTO panels in trade-environment disputes.
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Minnullina, Anna, Inessa Kosyakova, Marina Chebykina und Nadezhda Skvortsova. „Comparative assessment of the application of methods of regulating electricity and heat tariffs“. E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 02101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911002101.
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In the process of reviewing and approving electricity and heat tariffs, a power supply organization goes through several stages, one of which is the approval of the calculation method. In this regard, the article presents the results of the comparative assessment of application of several methods of regulating electricity and heat tariffs: a method of economically feasible costs (expenses); a method of indexing established tariffs; a return on invested capital method; a method of comparing analogues; a simplified calculation method. The results of calculations are analyzed and clearly reflected.
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Carmo, Elberto. „DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM SISTEMA DE CARACTERIZAÇÃO DAS CARGAS COMO AUXÍLIO DE DECISÃO NA ADESÃO DA MELHOR MODALIDADE TARIFÁRIA“. Multi-Science Research 03, Nr. 01 (01.08.2020): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47621/m-sr.2020.v.3.n.1.26.030.
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The Brazilian electricity sector currently needs a technological and sustainable reform to boost the country development. At the same time, restructuring has been taking place around the world through the insertion of alternative energy sources, new tariffs systems, the adaptation of new technologies and habits changes that have an impact on energy consumption. The consumer attitude towards the electric power consumption is a fundamental factor against the economic, social and environmental perspectives, praising the importance of having a population engaged and aware about their consumption acts impacts. Starting from the point that access to information and knowledge is the way to achieve significant changes, this study presents the development of a system for load characterization in white, conventional or horo-seasonal tariff modalities - according to consumer classification - in order to obtain comparison parameters that aid in the decision making as to the adhesion to the most appropriate tariff modality. The research techniques used were the bibliography and case study based on energy loads from a supermarket in the city of Vitoria, ES. In this way, after receiving the input parameters, load configuration and consumption schedules, the system generates the values associated to the tariffs rates and tariff calculations. Furthermore, the system presents the monthly load curve and the electric consumption profile of an installation from the survey of equipment possessions and use habits. The system developed based on the loads in a supermarket and proved successful in processing the demand curves. Keywords: Demand Curve. Tariff Modalities. Consumption Management
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Sajid Ali, Syed, und Sadia Badar. „Dynamics of Circular Debt in Pakistan and Its Resolution“. LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 15, Special Edition (01.09.2010): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2010.v15.isp.a4.
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This paper examines the circular debt problem in the Pakistani energy sector. After presenting the profile of the energy sector in Pakistan, the paper explains why circular debt has emerged in the sector. Two principal reasons are discussed for the circular debt problem: First, consumer tariffs were insufficient to recover the rising costs of power generation and the government (due to fiscal constraints) was not compensating PEPCO for the resulting losses. Second, PEPCO has faced significant problems in recovering dues from consumers. In order to resolve the circular debt problem, sharp adjustments in power tariffs may be required combined with the need by the government to explicitly recognize the costs of power subsidies in the budget.
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Yang, Yong-cong, und Pu-yan Nie. „OPTIMAL TRADE POLICIES UNDER PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATIONS“. Journal of Business Economics and Management 21, Nr. 1 (07.02.2020): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.11923.
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This article focuses on the optimal international trade policy considered product differentiations. A duopoly model with a home firm in a developing country and a foreign firm in a developed country is established. The findings indicate that, the optimal tariff relies on the product differentiations significantly. On one hand, higher marginal cost of home firms have opposite effects on optimal tariff compared to higher marginal cost of foreign firms. On the other hand, the optimal tariff is monotonically decreasing in the amount of consumers caring about brands and increasing in the scale of consumers not caring about brands. Moreover, an increase in the marginal cost and transportation cost of imported goods triggers price rising in domestic market as the market power of home firms is consolidated. In addition, a foreign firm may withdraw from domestic market if its competitive advantages vanishes under high tariffs.
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Кузнецов, Валерий Геннадиевич. „The influence of tariffs on the electric power on the effectiveness of power transformers“. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, Nr. 3(68) (08.04.2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2014.23335.
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Rakic, Nikola, Dusan Gordic, Vanja Sustersic, Mladen Josijevic und Milun Babic. „Renewable electricity in Western Balkans: Support policies and current state“. Thermal Science 22, Nr. 6 Part A (2018): 2281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180512169r.
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The use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation in the Western Balkan countries is analyzed in this review paper. Since those countries are part of EU or intend to be, data for Western Balkan are also compared with data for EU-28. The first part of the paper presents a brief overview of main promotion mechanism for electricity generation from renewable energy sources. As a dominant support policy, the feed-in tariff is more elaborated as an incentive measure and a de?tailed overview of the amount of tariffs and quotas for dominant technologies in the Western Balkan countries is presented. Furthermore, the current state of installed capacities and annual productions of three particular renewable electricity technologies (small hydro power, wind power, and solar photovoltaic) are analyzed in detailes. Based on presented data, there is a discussion and consideration of the impact of incentive measures on the electricity market and power production from renewable sources.
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M, Susithra, und Gnanadass R. „Reactive Power Contribution and Pricing for Restructured Power Industry“. Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 11, Nr. 1 (01.06.2015): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.11.1.7.
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Competitive trend towards restructuring and unbundling of transmission services has resulted in the need renteto discover the impact of a particular generator to load. This paper initially presents the analysis of three diffreactive power valuation methods namely, Modified Ybus, Virtual flow approach and Modified Power flow tracing to compute the reactive power output from a particular generator to particular load. Among these methods, the modified power flow electricity tracing method is identified as the best because of its various features. Secondly, based on this Method, the opportunity cost for practical system is determined. Hence, this method can be useful in providing additional insight into power system operation and can be used to modify existing tariffs of charging for reactive power transmission loss and reactive power transmission services. Simulation and comparison results are shown by taking IEEE 30 bus system as test system.
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Bronsard, Camille, und F. Kalala Kabuya. „La tarification douanière dans un optimum de compromis“. L'Actualité économique 52, Nr. 4 (25.06.2009): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800693ar.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to integrate into a general model of an open economy the study of optimal wedges on domestic and foreign transactions. While it has been customary in the literature to link the analysis of domestic taxes to the provision of public goods, the model presented here views the imposition of taxes and tariffs in the general context of internal and external monopolies. As such, the paper begins with the idea of a compromised optimality. This means essentially that a modern society, while maximizing the welfare of its members, is constrained by other internal objectives such as the fact that the State shares its monopoly power with several other economic entities (for instance employers' federations, trade-unions). Thus, the mere fact of levying taxes gives a State some monopoly power which, in a sense, is similar to that of a Cournot-type monopolist who "imposes" private taxes. On the other hand, given the possibility that a country with some monopoly power in international trade could improve its situation by imposing tariffs, the analysis lends itself to the study of tariffs and taxes in the broad context of optimal wedges. To allow for this characterization, the paper incorporates into the model of normalization. As a by-product of this, a) it establishes, in terms of generalized inverses of the Slutsky matrix, a link between domestic marginal relative revenues and foreign ones; b) it defines two concepts of optimal tariffs evaluated from f.o.b. prices and c.i.f. prices; c) it suggests some further extensions such as the analysis of transactions costs, the incorporation of market retaliations and cultural characteristics of goods.
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Xavier, John Antony, und Yazmin Islahudin. „Tenaga Nasional Berhad“. Asian Case Research Journal 19, Nr. 02 (Dezember 2015): 353–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927515500133.
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This case study deals with strategic management issues. Based on documentary sources, the case examines the dilemma confronting the CEO of Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) as he explores options to revive the flagging fortunes of the company. The case ends with Dato’ Sri Che Khalib contemplating going nuclear to meet the burgeoning power needs of the country. Given its monopoly position, TNB cannot raise its tariffs without government approval and the government had always been conservative in approving such increases in tariffs. TNB has to contend with purchasing power from the independent power producers (IPPs) at high prices. It also had to contend with fluctuating supplies of gas, albeit at subsidized prices, to fire its power plants. The case study highlights factors from which strategies could be formulated to ensure the sustainability of TNB’s operations. It also highlights the issues pertaining to industry regulations and how TNB seeks to overcome such policy constraints to ensure its sustainability.
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Kyzym, M. O., und Y. I. Kotliarov. „Directions of Activation of Investment Activity of Heat Supplying Enterprises“. Business Inform 7, Nr. 522 (2021): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-7-76-83.
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The article is aimed at developing proposals for the activation of the processes of modernization of fixed assets of municipal heat and power economy. The existing state of investment activity in the field of heat supply is analyzed, «bottlenecks» are identified and proposals for the revival of the processes of modernization of heat supply systems are developed. All enterprises of municipal heat and power economy are characterized by a large level of wear of fixed assets. Low efficiency coefficient of heat-generating equipment and high heat loss during transportation (due to the degeneration of pipelines) is one of the reasons for high tariffs for heat energy with low quality and reliability of heat supply. The only way out of the current situation is the activation of investment activities of communal heat and power enterprises, mass reconstruction and modernization of equipment involved in the production, transportation and supply of heat energy. Analyses of annual reports of heat supply enterprises for 2014-2020 allowed to identify the following shortcomings in the management of investment activities: shortage of investment resources in communal heat and power enterprises; orientation in the implementation of investment activities only towards the use of deductions for depreciation; imperfection of tariff, budget and tax policy in the course of the State support of investment processes. As measures to intensify the investment activity of communal heat and power enterprises, it is proposed the following: revaluation of the cost of fixed assets of municipal heat and power enterprises; establishing the procedure according to which all accrued depreciation is included in the sources of financing of the investment program; granting tax benefits to communal utility enterprises on income tax and land fees (the provision of such tax benefits will not affect the financial condition of the community: reducing income corresponds with a decrease in the cost of providing financial assistance to a communal utility heat supply enterprise); improvement of normative legal acts regulating the issues of substantiation of tariffs for heat energy and investment programs of heat supplying enterprises, as well as control over the implementation.
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Huda, Muhammad, Tokimatsu Koji und Muhammad Aziz. „Techno Economic Analysis of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Integration as Distributed Energy Resources in Indonesia Power System“. Energies 13, Nr. 5 (04.03.2020): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051162.
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High penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) leads to high stress on a power grid, especially when the supply cannot cover and actively respond to the unpredictable demand caused by charging EVs. In the Java-Madura-Bali (JAMALI) area, Indonesia, the capability of the grid to balance its supply and demand is very limited, and massive EV charging additionally worsens the condition because of unbalanced load profiles. Ancillary services of EVs have led to the idea of utilizing EV batteries for grid support, owing to their high-speed response to the fluctuating power system. In this study, a techno-economic analysis of the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system in the JAMALI grid is conducted in terms of the changes in the feed-in tariff schemes, including regular, natural, and demand response tariffs. The results show that by utilizing EVs, the supply during peak hours can be reduced by up to 2.8% (for coal) and 8.8% (for gas). EVs owned by business entities as operating vehicles with a natural tariff show the highest feasibility for ancillary services, and can potentially reduce the cost of charging by up to 60.15%. From a power company perspective, V2G also potentially improves annual revenue by approximately 3.65%, owing to the replacement of the fuel.
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Bodunov, Vadim. „ENSURING PERMISSIBLE VOLTAGE LEVELS IN LOW-VOLTAGE NETWORKS IN THE DESIGN OF SOLAR POWER PLANTS FOR PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS“. Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Energy: Reliability and Energy Efficiency, Nr. 1 (2) (02.07.2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2224-0349.2021.01.04.
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One way to stimulate the development of renewable energy is preferential electricity tariffs for businesses, electricity consumers, including energy cooperatives and private households, whose generators produce electricity from alternative energy sources. Such a state policy exists both in Ukraine (the "green tariff") and in other countries (Feed-in tariffs). The simplified connection mechanism of generating power of private households and the fast payback period of solar power plants have led to a rapid increase in the number of such facilities. The peculiarity of network photovoltaic installations of private households is that the investment is proportional, and sometimes even less than the cost of additional reconstruction, for example, to increase the capacity of the electrical network, so, as a rule, their connection to low voltage networks is carried out without any additional changes of intersections of power lines. At the same time, according to the Law of Ukraine on the Electricity Market, the connection of generating installations to consumers, including private households, should not lead to deterioration of regulatory parameters of electricity quality. Another feature of these objects is the almost complete lack of information about the parameters of the electrical network. In the absence of reliable information, it becomes necessary to develop approximate methods for estimating the allowable capacity of solar power plants of private households depending on the place of connection, the parameters of the modern low-quality distribution network and modes of its operation. The article proposes the use of the distribution network model in the form of a line with evenly distributed load from the solar power plants in the form of a concentrated load at the corresponding point of the line. The voltage distribution along the line is simulated when the power of the solar power plant and the place of its connection change. Analytical relations are obtained for the calculation of the solar power plants power limit values to ensure the admissibility of the mode parameters according to the voltage level when varying the solar power plant connection point. A method is proposed to maintain the allowable minimum voltage levels at the terminals of consumers in short-term congested sections of the network.
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Ahn, Byeong-il, Pei-An Liao und Hanho Kim. „Impacts of the cross-Straits Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement on the grouper fish markets in Taiwan and mainland China“. China Agricultural Economic Review 6, Nr. 4 (28.10.2014): 574–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-10-2012-0118.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the effects of the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) on the grouper fish markets in Taiwan and mainland China. Design/methodology/approach – A stochastic simulation model is developed in such a way that the oligopoly or monopoly power of grouper fish exporters plays a role for having different impacts of the ECFA. Findings – Taiwan's grouper sector benefits considerably from the implementation of the ECFA tariff reductions. Export of the Taiwanese grouper fish to mainland China and the overall gross revenue of the Taiwanese grouper fish farmers are simulated to increase up to 4.04 and 4.54 percent, respectively, due to a 5 percent tariff reduction implemented by the ECFA. The authors further find that a larger degree of grouper fish exporters’ market power would result in the ECFA having a lesser impact on the Taiwanese and mainland Chinese grouper fish markets. Practical implications – The findings suggest that Taiwan and mainland China should further negotiate reduction in tariffs over other agricultural products and/or other product categories. Originality/value – This study is the first empirical analysis to examine how the grouper industries on the “Early Harvest List” have responded to the ECFA tariff reductions.