Dissertationen: „Power tariffs“

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Chehade, Youssef. „Present and Future Status of Power-Based Tariffs : Study on the effect of the energy transition on power tariffs and their applicability“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447062.

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Power and energy tariffs and their pricing are a vital component which form the main source of income for all actors in the energy industry. Different methods of how to price the energy have been proposed and implemented through the past century, each with its respective advantages and disadvantages. However, in the recent decades, interest has turned towards having power-based tariffs, since it’s the power dimensioning that counts for the majority of the costs. Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB is local, publicly-owned Swedish distribution system operator which has been using a power-based tariff system for the last 15 years. That being said, the company has an upper limit for their net income which should not be overpassed. With the ongoing energy transition, where the number of electric vehicles in circulation is going up, and more customers turning towards residential micro-production, such a tariff might require modifications. In addition, a look on how the demand will evolve will be needed to see if the grid could handle such a transition. In this paper, a thorough study is conducted on how the energy transition would look like in Sala, Sweden, and what Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB would expect. A simulation of the total residential load curve of the city is developed and ran via MATLAB and consumption data offered by Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB. It involved generating an average residence based on the fuse size, which would yield the annual consumption profile to be used. The simulations were also done for several scenarios of different electric vehicle charging routines. They also take into account several residential PV systems coverages in the said city. Depending on which scenario, a rise or a drop in the net income is recorded. Modifications to the power tariff are explored based on that would help counter the fluctuations in the income, and simulated to track their effect. Another aspect that is studied is the subscription capacity to the grid by the operator to the respective power generation. Depending also on the scenario, various excessive consumptions peaks are recorded, which could pave the way to more difficulty in handling the grid.

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Boecking, Felix Albrecht. „Tariffs, power, nationalism and modernity : fiscal policy in Guomindang-controlled China 1927-1945“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612495.

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3

Akca, Alper. „An Examination Of The Legislative Framework For Supporting The Renewable Tariffs“. Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610072/index.pdf.

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Sustainability and environmental concerns are critical issues in energy sector. Limited availability of fossil resources, environmental pollution caused by the greenhouse gases emitted as a result of fossil fuel usage and safety issues of nuclear power plants cause the seek of new resources in energy industry. Renewable energy sources emerge as the alternative energy resources for the industry. The unlimited availability of most of the renewable resources meets the sustainability needs in the energy sector. Energy generation from renewable resources causes low greenhouse gas emissions, which eliminates the environmental concerns. Moreover, use of renewable resources does not involve risks like radioactive emissions. Despite all these factors, renewable energy resources are not competitive yet. The cost of energy generation from renewable resources is high compared to the cost of using conventional resources like coal for energy generation. This situation acts as a barrier for the development of renewable energy technologies and cost reduction. In order to bring renewable energy to a competitive level in the energy market, some supportive mechanisms have been developed and implemented in various countries. This thesis work examines the mechanisms in the EU, the USA and Turkey. An examination has been performed on the current laws and policies effective on renewable energy sector in Turkey. As a result of the examinations, recommendations have been made to improve the legislative framework for the promotion of renewable energy in Turkey.

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Paccola, José Angelo. „Tarifas horosazonais no Brasil = perspectivas de inovações metodológicas e estudo de caso na CPFL“. [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263075.

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Orientadores: Sergio Valdir Bajay, Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Durante as últimas décadas, têm-se introduzido poucas modificações no setor elétrico brasileiro no que se refere às novas modalidades de tarifas para os consumidores finais. As mudanças mais radicais foram implantadas no início da década de oitenta com a introdução das tarifas horosazonais verde e azul. O objetivo desta dissertação é testar as possibilidades de se formular novas tarifas horosazonais no País, através de uma análise crítica da aplicação destas no Brasil e no mundo, e a realização de um estudo de caso envolvendo pesquisas de campo, entrevistas e medições em consumidores industriais atendidos na categoria tarifária A4. A análise da experiência nacional aborda a implantação e o desenvolvimento das tarifas horosazonais - verde, azul e amarela - e tarifas de fornecimento interruptível no País por meio de um histórico completo dos fatos mais importantes, ocorridos desde 1957 até 2006, e de uma avaliação dos resultados a que se chegou com a implantação destas tarifas. Na análise da experiência internacional, examinaram-se os casos de França, Canadá, Estados Unidos e Portugal. O estudo de caso envolveu três pesquisas de campo. A primeira delas teve como objetivo escolher os segmentos industriais com maior potencial para a modulação de carga. Com a segunda pesquisa, conseguiu-se conhecer melhor os consumidores dos segmentos de calçados e de móveis, em termos de perfil de demanda e de detalhes de seus processos produtivos, visando estabelecer, com mais segurança, suas possibilidades de modulação de carga. A terceira pesquisa de campo permitiu o levantamento dos dados técnicos e econômicos, necessários para se fazer simulações e uma avaliação quantitativa dos impactos econômicos decorrentes de um terceiro posto tarifário para estes consumidores, na madrugada. As análises custo/benefício, realizadas no estudo de caso, levaram em conta tanto a ótica do consumidor como a da concessionária. Os resultados das simulações realizadas mostraram que os custos com mão-de-obra chegam a ser 35 vezes maiores do que aqueles com a fatura de eletricidade nestes segmentos industriais. Isto desestimula um possível deslocamento de parte da produção para o período noturno, por conta do adicional noturno no custo da mão-de-obra, mesmo com tarifas de energia elétrica muito baixas neste período
Abstract: During the last decades, the Brazilian electric sector has introduced little changes in tariffs for end-use consumers. The most radical changes were implanted at the beginning of the eighties, with the introduction of a seasonal tariff structure called green and blue. The objective of this work is to test some possibilities to formulate a new seasonal tariff in Brazil, through a critical analysis of these tariffs in Brazil and in other countries. This was made through field researches, interviews and the measuring of some industrial consumers. The national experience analysis includes the implementation and development of the seasonal tariffs - green, blue and yellow -, the supply curtailable rate and a complete historical of the more important facts occurred since 1957 up to 2006, together with an evaluation of the impacts in the implementation of these tariffs. In the analysis of the international experience, it was examined tariffs in France, Canada, United States and Portugal. The case study involved three researches on the field. The first one was to choose the industrial segments with larger potential for load modulation. The second research explored both footwear and furniture industries in terms of theirs demand profile and productive processes, with the objective of establishing their load modulation change possibilities more accurately. The third field research obtained the necessary technical and economical data, to work with simulations in a quantitative analysis of the economic impacts of a third tariff position during night time. The cost-benefit analysis considered both consumers and Utility's point of views. The results of the simulations has shown that the cost of labor is sometimes 35 times higher than electricity bills in the footwear and furniture industries, rendering useless a possible load modulation change during the night. Furthermore, during night time the cost of labor increases
Mestrado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

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Mutyaba, Vianney. „The impact of the capital structure of electricity generation projects on electricity tariffs in Uganda“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96175.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
The recent transformation in the Ugandan energy sector has led to a significant surge in private electricity generation companies in the country. These companies have a heterogeneous capital structure and they tend to charge different tariff rates for the electricity generated. While the capital structure might have an important role to play in differential tariff setting, it is not clear to what extent it influences the tariff structure of electricity generation projects. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of capital structure on the tariff of electricity generation projects in Uganda after controlling for other factors such as operation and maintenance costs, technology used for generation, project development costs, and installed capacity of generation plants on the generation tariffs. Using cross-sectional data from 29 companies as at September 2014, a bootstrap linear regression analysis was used for estimation. The results of the study indicated that the higher the debt portion in the capital structure, the lower the generation tariff. However, the impact of debt in the capital structure was not statistically significant. What stood out is that renewable technologies have a much lower generating tariff than non-renewable technologies.

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Du, Yichen. „Analysis on the impacts of electricity tariffs on the attractiveness of gas fired distributed combined heat and power systems“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98660.

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2015.
Title as it appears in MIT Commencement Exercises program, June 5, 2015: How electricity impacts the attractiveness of gas fired distributed cogeneration technologies. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
In order to achieve a more sustainable energy system, regulators and the industry are trying to balance among many challenging issues such as environmental concerns, economic efficiency and security of supply. In Europe, the environmental concerns are getting a higher weight in current discussions. While it is important to continue exploring the potential of renewables as well as other clean energy sources, finding a more effective way to utilize existing resources is also a viable solution. Combined heat and Power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, denotes a group of technologies that generate electricity and useful heat concurrently. Benefits of distributed CHP technologies arise from their direct connection to distribution and customer facilities, which can potentially alleviate transmission and distribution network constraints, lower network energy losses, improve system reliability, and result in CO2 emissions reductions and overall capital cost. This thesis focuses on understanding the technological, social and economic attractiveness of CHP technologies under different tariff designs, market conditions and incentives. It not only looks at the optimum economic value of CHP to individual customers, but also impacts on the system peak load and the environment. For that purpose, the thesis develops a methodology that focuses on analyzing customers' reactions to various exogenous parameters by looking at their CHP installation and operation decisions. Moreover, it adopts an overarching framework that integrates and streamlines the processes from simulation of customers' energy loads, representation of regulatory and market conditions, to the generation and interpretation of the installation and operations decisions. Results suggest that many distributed CHP technologies could bring positive economic value to the customers even without considering incentives. In the meanwhile, metrics like CO2 emissions, overall efficiency and system peak reduction all improved with the introduction of NGDCHPs. These observations confirm that NGDCHP systems have the potential to reduce costs at both the individual customers' level and at the system level. Moreover, we find that customers' decisions are noticeably influenced by the tariffication and incentive methods. Volumetric-only tariffs suffer from potential cross-subsidization and insufficient remuneration for network companies, but encourage higher utilization rate and installations because of the higher variable electricity price. In comparison, breaking down the electricity prices based on different cost drivers could send the correct economic signals to the customers while still meeting the sustainability principle for tariff designs. Additionally, we find that changing market conditions can have significant effects on the economic value of CHP systems installed on-site, and the annual savings are most sensitive to electricity purchase prices. In conclusion, the goal of this research is to explore the value of gas fired distributed CHP systems under different settings. It informs the private sector as well as the policymakers by how to realize the potential benefits of distributed CHP systems. In the future, the methodology and framework developed in this thesis could be further applied to analyze scenarios where distributed CHP penetration is high and is coupled with other distributed energy resources.
by Yichen Du.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

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Gautam, Himanshu. „The Impact of Customer Battery Storage on the Smart Grids and how Power Tariffs can increase Battery Storages’ penetration percentage“. Thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217829.

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The batterystoragewillplayanimportantroleinfuturesmartdistributiongrids.Atthesame time,thereshouldbeavailabilityofvaryingtariffstructures,fromwhichcustomerscan chooseaccordingtotheirrequirement.Thisresearchthesisfocusesonthestudyofimpact ofbatterystorageinthedistributiongridandhowpowertariffscanhelpincreasethebattery storage’spenetrationpercentage.The researchisdonetoassesstheimpactofbothhomebatteriesandEVsonthedistributiongrid, andhowmuchcantheyincreaseordecreasethedemandintheregion.Alsoapartofthesis isdedicatedtocreatenewpowertariffstructuresforStockholmregionofEllevio,andthenelectricity billsoftheconsumersarecomparedwithexistingtariffsandnewsuggestedtariffs.ForthethesisaresidentialareaofStockholmRoyalSeaport/NorraDjurgårdenstadenischosen.Ellevio iselectricitydistributionresponsibleforthearea.HomebatteriesofPowervaultU.KandTeslaPowerwall2arechosenandforEV,TeslaModelSwith60KWhbatterysizeisselected.One ofthemostinterestingfindingsisthatagroupof480customerswithhomebatterycanbring thepowerdemandduringpeakhoursdownbyupto11%,butontheotherhanda50%penetration ofEVintheareacanincreasedemandatcertainhoursbymorethan250%.Oneofother findingwasthatifcustomersshifttheirchargingpatternofEVbycoupleofhourstheycan increasethedemandinthegrid,emphasizingontheroleofcustomersinfuturedistributionsystems.SuggestedPowertariffsshowanincreaseinmonetaryamountsavedbycustomerifthey optforhomebatteries.Themostamountsavedbythecustomerisincaseofthestrictestpower tariffsuggested,i.e.Powertariffwithcriticaltimecomponentandtimeofusecomponent.This thesiswillbecomeafoundationforfuturestudyofimpactofbatteriesonalargerregionand impactofbatteriesownedbyDSOinthegrid.Italsoopensnewpathwaystostudyvaryingretail contractsforthecustomersandhowcombinationofvaryingretailcontractandpowertariffs canresultinbetterdemandflexibility.
Batterilager kommerattspelaenviktigrolliframtidasmartaeldistributionsnät.Sam-tidigt bördetfinnasmöjlighettillvarierandeeltariffstrukturerförelkonsumenter.Dettaexamensarbete fokuserarpåstudieraveffektenavbatterilagringieldistributionsnätetochhureltarifferkanbidratillattökagenomslagetavbatterilager.Studierharävengjortsföratt bedömaeffektenpåeldistributionsnätetavhembatterierochelfordonmedstudieravhurefterfrågan påelinverkas.Specifiktföreslåsnyaeltarifferförettområdedärelräkningarförelkunder jämförsmedexisterandeochföreslagnanyaeltariffer.Arbetet harutförtsisamarbetemellanEllevio,denlokalaeldistributöreniStockholm,ochKTH. FallstudierharutförtsförbostadsområdetNorraDjurgårdsstaden.Vidarehartvåolikatyper avhembatteriervaltsförstudienvilkaärPowervaultrespektiveTeslaPowerwall2.Förstudie avelfordonharTeslaModelSvaltsmed60kWhbatteristorlek.Resultat frånfallstudiernavisarattengruppom480hushållskundermedhembatteri,kanminska totalaefterfråganpåelvidtopplastmedupptill11%.Resultatenvisarattom50%avpersonbilsparkenisammaområdevarelfordonskulleefterfråganavelvidtopplastökamed merän250%.Studiernavisarhurolikaladdningsmönsterförelbilarinverkarpåtotalabelastningen ielnätet.Därmedgesexempelpådencentralarollenelkonsumentenfåridetframtida eldistributionsnätet.Föreslagnaenergitarrifferförelvisarpåmöjlighetentillekonomiskvinst förelkonsumentervilkaanvänderhembatterier.Arbetet liggertillgrundförframtidastudieravinverkanavbatterieristörreområdenochbatteriersomägsaveldistributören.Ettannatområdeförframtidastudierärhurelkon-sumenternas efterfrågeflexibilitetkanökaserhållasgenomvarierandelösningarförelavtalochenergitariffer.

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Peña-Cabra, Ivonne Astrid. „Retrospective and Prospective Analysis of Policy Incentives For Wind Power in Portugal“. Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/446.

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Concerns over climate change impacts, goals to increase environmental sustainability, and questions about the reliability of fuel supply have led several countries to pursue the goal of increasing the share of renewable energy sources in their electricity grid. Portugal is one of the leading countries for wind electricity generation. Wind diffusion in Portugal started in the early 2000’s and in 2013 wind electricity generation accounted for more than 24% (REN 2013b). The large share of wind in Portuguese electricity production is a consequence of European Union (E.U.) mandates and national policies, mainly feed-in tariffs. Discussions on the appropriate policy design and level of incentive to promote renewable energy adoption and meet further renewable capacity goals are ongoing in Portugal, namely in what concerns the level and duration of feed-in tariffs that should be provided to independent power producers. This, in turn, raises the question of whether the past feed-in tariff levels were well designed to achieve the goals of a larger penetration of renewables in the Portuguese grid. The policies to induce wind adoption have led to a growth in wind installed capacity and share of electricity generated by wind in Portugal from less than 1% in 2000 to approximately 24% in 2013, but questions arise on their cost-effectiveness and whether alternative policy designs would have led to the same goal. vi The Portuguese wind feed-in tariffs are a guaranteed incentive which has varied between $85- $180/MWh over the last 20 years (ERSE 2011), and remained approximately constant since 2001 at $101/MWh. They are currently guaranteed for 20 years of production or 44GWh of electricity generation per MW installed (Diário da República 2013) - the longest period among countries with high wind electricity share. They do not incorporate any digression rate besides inflation, and are guaranteed for every unit of electricity fed to the grid. There are no power plants that have already been decommissioned despite being in operation for more than 20 years, favoring from new, detailed and hard-to-follow agreements in the legislation. All wind parks that are currently in operation have received feed-in tariffs since they connected to the grid, and are expected to keep receiving them at least until December 2019, and up to December 2036 - depending on year of connection and agreement under the most recent legislation (Diário da República 2013). The 2020 renewable energy goals in Portugal include having 6.8 GW of installed wind capacity, which implies the connection of 2 GW in the next years. If no further grid investments are made and wind capacity increases up to 100 MW to the connection point that we analyze, total annual electricity spill is likely to range the 20% to 40%. If the connection grid policy is designed to allow for wind spill, already ‘occupied’ connection points will be available to new entrants, lowering the total investment costs for new wind parks and increasing their profitability. This thesis is divided in three main parts: a first introductory section, a retrospective study of wind power in Portugal and a prospective analysis of the Portuguese wind power sector. The introductory section is a brief overview of the global renewable status, described in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 compile a retrospective study of wind power and the policies that have incentivized wind diffusion. We include in the discussion some references to the future wind vii power goals, but the results and policy recommendations are directed towards the existing connected wind power capacity. Chapter 2 is a qualitative piece that describes in detail the motivation behind the Portuguese wind power diffusion, the policy changes over the last 20 years and the mechanics of the remuneration mechanism, i.e. the feed-in tariff formula variables and the actors of the wind power sector. We compare the Portuguese feed-in tariff with other European feed-in tariff designs and conclude that the incentive is one of the highest in Europe, contributing to the current Portuguese electricity system deficit of about $2 billion. If feed-in tariffs keep being fixed and do not incorporate any market variation, and renewables are prioritized to meet electricity demand, feed-in tariff net support per unit of electricity might be higher when the wind blows the most because moments with high penetration of renewable power might be correlated with low market prices. We find that wind power penetration is correlated with net exports to Spain. This might result in a net cost to Portugal and a subsidy to Spanish electricity consumers per unit of electricity traded. In total terms, the resulting subsidy is higher when the wind resource is larger as well, as the total amount of electricity that is exported increases. In Chapter 3 we estimate the profits of wind power producers connected in Portugal between 1992 and 2010, and we recommend specific policy reforms that would lower spending in the form of wind feed-in tariffs. In particular, we assess four scenarios to decrease the level and/or period of the tariffs. We find that under the 2005 legislation - in which feed-in tariffs are granted for 15 years, all existing wind parks have positive NPVs varying between $0 and $12/MWh, when considering a 20-year lifetime. In fact, most of existing wind parks can stop receiving the feed-in tariff now (July 2014), and instead participate directly in the Iberian electricity market and still be profitable. Moreover, under the 2013 feed-in tariff reform that aims at decreasing the viii electricity system deficit, total spending will increase and wind parks will have larger profits than under the 2005 legislation. The motivation of keeping a high feed-in tariff comes from the need of liquidity that wind producers can provide immediately to the electricity system, which is required at this moment to comply with the E.U. economic agreements signed during the recession. Nevertheless, the environmental and energy dependency benefits of the Portuguese wind sector could have been achieved with as much as 25% less spending. Later on, we move to analyze future wind power additions. Chapter 4 compiles a prospective analysis of the wind power sector in Portugal. We focus on new wind parks that will connect to critical lines of the distribution grid in two regions of the country, as part of the national 2030 wind power goals. In particular, we assess the implications of a 100% guaranteed availability of grid power capacity. We find that from the investor perspective, it is more profitable to bear some risk of wind power curtailment, because of the avoided costs that would otherwise be incurred to upgrade the grid. We also find that since there is ample room in the distribution lines to connect more wind parks, very few grid upgrades can allow to highly increase the distributed wind capacity with a low risk of wind curtailment. Moreover, even in scenarios with ‘high curtailment’ of 5% to 20%, projects are profitable. Thus, the Portuguese government should consider a policy where the guaranteed feed-in would be removed, and further assess the possibility of limiting profitability of the existing and new wind projects by introducing curtailment. This work compiles two perspectives: first, a temporal perspective, in which past and future assessments of wind power diffusion are described. Second, a perspective on policy characterization, in which we present an assessment of two characteristics in the feed-in tariff design: the level/period of the tariff and the conditionality of prioritizing wind power over fossilix fuel resources with absence of risk of wind power curtailment. The level and period-related policy recommendations are considered for the existing wind parks, and are addressed mainly in Chapter 3. Considerations about grid capacity and introducing a risk of wind power curtailment are considered for subsequent wind power capacity additions, and are mainly considered in Chapter 4. In addition, notice that Chapter 3 focuses on avoiding excessive profitability of wind power parks while in Chapter 4 we analyze wind and grid capacity additions under the perspective of wind investors. Nevertheless, as we also find in Chapter 4 that profits are excessive, we do make recommendations that limit wind investor’s revenue. Portuguese decision maker should give serious consideration to revisions to the Portuguese feed-in tariff policy design. Most of the existing Portuguese wind parks to not need a feed-in tariff to be profitable. A value associated with the risk of wind power curtailment for subsequent additions should be incorporated in future policy design. We expect that this work will contribute to the Portuguese renewable policy in particular in light of Portugal’s 2020 and 2030 wind power goals.

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Sales, Julio Cesar Ferreira. „Avaliação de processo de revisão tarifaria pedriodica das concessionarias de distribuição de energia eletrica no Brasil“. [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264484.

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Orientador: Sergio Valdir Bajay
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: A dissertação tem origem nas avaliações da regulação econômica do setor de energia elétrica no Brasil, a partir do processo de revisão tarifária periódica implementada pela ANEEL que considera a metodologia de "reposicionamento tarifário". Essa metodologia acabou por gerar injustiças tarifárias com a elevação das tarifas dos consumidores das áreas de concessão economicamente menos desenvolvidas e redução das tarifas daquelas mais desenvolvidas. A identificação da condição inicial de equilíbrio econômico-financeiro do contrato de concessão das concessionárias de distribuição de eletricidade, a quantificação desta condição e como ela deve ser preservada ao longo do contrato, por meio das regras de revisão tarifária, é o principal ponto de argumentação apresentado aqui para correção das distorções existentes nas tarifas de energia elétrica após as revisões tarifárias. Essas considerações só são possíveis a partir de uma interpretação jurídica da lei de concessões (Lei 8987/1995) e do contrato de concessão diferente daquela adotada pela ANEEL. Em decorrência da abordagem apresentada são identificadas as condições que devem ser observadas no cálculo do fator "X" no momento da revisão tarifária periódica das concessionárias.
Abstract: The thesis originates in the evaluations of the economical regulation of the electric power sector in Brazil, particularly in what concerns the periodic tariff revision process implemented by the ANEEL, through the "tariff repositioning" methodology. This methodology ended up producing tariff injustices, with tariffs increases for the consumers of the economically less developed concession areas and tariff reductions for the consumers of more developed areas. The identification of the initial economic and financial equilibrium condition of the concession contract of the electric power distribution utilities, the quantification of this condition and how it should be preserved along the contract, through the tariff revision rules, are the main points discussed here for the correction of the existing distortions in the tariffs of electric energy, after the tariff revisions. The arguments put forward are based on a legal interpretation of the Concessions Law (Law 8987/1995) and the concession contracts different from that adopted by ANEEL. As a consequence of the approach presented, the conditions that should be observed in the calculation of the "X" factor, during the periodic tariff revisions of the utilities, are identified.
Mestrado
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

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Barney, Andrew. „Making the Most of Wind : a Business Perspective on Subsidy Systems in France, Germany, Spain and Sweden“. Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-216988.

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Determining which countries are the most financially attractive for businesses to build wind projects is a matter of serious discussion that lacks succinct commentary. To fill this void this paper employs an empirical study of the wind subsidy support systems used by Germany, France, Spain and Sweden. This paper is based on the premise that businesses prefer to build where they can find the highest overall remuneration for their production; recognizing also the need for stability in those payments and businesses’ strong preference for larger early returns on their investments. The paper also analyzes the results and gives recommendations on possible improvements to each country’s system and where businesses should invest.In order to reach their 20-20-20 E.U. goals (European Commission, 2010), countries are encouraging the creation of new green energy projects, and this encouragement is frequently in the form of subsidies. The subsidy types used by the countries reviewed are feed-in tariffs, premiums and a certificate quota system. Each country’s support history is detailed along with the criteria of their respective systems.The countries systems are then compared using actual income and production data for four criteria at three different production levels – 100 percent, 75 percent and 150 percent of actual – and at two different lengths of time, 7 and 20 years. The first criteria of the comparison is total income, the second for variability of payments, the third for timing of payments and the final is the stability of the system itself.The results of this research show that the German and French systems are superior at all levels for their low variability in payment prices and in making larger payments to businesses earlier. They are also generally superior at lower and actual production levels for total income amounts. However, the Spanish options are superior at high levels of production for income and have middling variability levels. The Swedish system generally has the highest levels of variability for the lowest levels of income. Only the Spanish system is considered to be unstable in its political support of subsidies. Based upon the preceding findings are given to each country to improve their relative weaknesses. Also recommendations are given to businesses based upon the quality of the locations wind resources.

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Hage, Fabio Sismotto El. „A estrutura tarifária de uso das redes de distribuição de energia elétrica no Brasil: análise crítica do modelo vigente e nova proposta metodológica“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-04042011-122312/.

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O trabalho discute a questão da precificação eficiente em sistemas de distribuição de energia, abordando desde a teoria econômica clássica aplicada aos modelos de produção e transporte da energia, passando por uma avaliação crítica da atual metodologia de estrutura tarifária vigente no Brasil, até o detalhamento de uma proposta consistente e simplificadora de estrutura de preços para a atividade da distribuição de energia. A teoria de monopólios naturais é o pano de fundo para uma discussão integrada dos modelos clássicos de estrutura de preços para o transporte da energia elétrica. Nesta avaliação do estado da arte, são abordadas as teorias da precificação linear, da precificação não linear e da precificação de ponta. A atual metodologia nacional de cálculo da estrutura tarifária de uso das redes de distribuição, aplicada pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica ANEEL, é revisitada sob uma visão técnica crítica. Como resultado, são desconstruídos alguns conceitos e processos vigentes pela constatação de uma excessiva complexidade operacional aliada a uma carência de fundamentação econômica e matemática. Por fim, é proposta uma metodologia simplificadora para a estrutura de preços de uso das redes de distribuição de energia, objetivando maior eficiência econômica, maior simplicidade operacional na aplicação e sólida fundamentação teórica, reduzindo arbitrariedades e subjetividades existentes na atual metodologia.
The present work discusses the question of efficient pricing on electric power distribution systems. The subject is approached from the discussion of the classical economic theory applied to energy production and transport models, passing through a critical evaluation of the current rate structure used in Brazil, to the description of a consistent and simplified proposal for the electric power distribution rate design. The theory of natural monopolies is the background of an integrated discussion on classical rate design models concerning the electric energy transportation activity. By the classical problem analysis, some theories commonly approached are linear pricing, non linear pricing and peak load pricing. The current Brazilian methodology used for the rate design of the usage of distribution networks, applied by the National Regulatory Agency (ANEEL), is revisited under a critical technical vision. As a result, some concepts are reassessed due to the observed excessive operational complexity allied to the lack of economical and statistical foundation. Finally, a simplified methodology for the rate structure of the usage of electrical distribution networks is proposed. The methodology aims, at the same time, greater economic efficiency, simpler operational application and a solid theoretical foundation, thereby reducing arbitrariness and subjectivity found in the current methodology.

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Alenius, Jonas. „Analys och vidareutveckling av marknadsstyrd effekttariff inom eldistribution : En fallstudie av Sandviken Energi Elnät AB:s effekttariff“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-318353.

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This master thesis evaluates the incentives of a newly implemented market controlled network tariff by analyzing consumption data and constructing a time-differentiated debiting model. The tariff was implemented by Sandviken Energi Elnät AB and the thesis evaluates its customers consumption data compared to data provided by Sundsvall Elnät AB. The differences in data is evaluated by statistical tests of Students t-test, Bayesian t-test and χ2-test with the result that no statistically significant change in user pattern can be found and thus an elucidation of the incentives must be made in the form of a hourly time-differentiated debating model. The thesis also evaluates the cost incentives of the model compared to spot prices where it is shown that the tariff model can benefit much from the spot prices hourly incentives in its hourly time-differentiated model. Five time-differentiated models were constructed and presented where three uses a color coding scheme. The conclusion is that a color coded time-differentiated tariff should give the costumers clear and cost-effective incentives.

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Arnesson, Daniel. „Subsidizing Global Solar Power : A contemporary legal study of existing and potential international incentives for solar PV investments in developing countries“. Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-28555.

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With national cuts on solar PV subsidies and the current “oversupply” of panels, the global solar market is clearly threatened by a contraction. Yet, the need for more solar power is apparent, particularly for the world’s poor and vulnerable population. Instead of securing modern energy access for these people, trade interests have triggered a counterproductive solar trade war. This contemporary legal study addresses these issues by examining existent and potential instruments for stimulating a North-to-South solar capital flow. The research finds that recent reforms of the CDM will do little difference from previous deficiencies, as local investment barriers are not reflected in the monetary support of the clean development mechanism. Competing technologies are successfully keeping solar out of the game while baseline requirements are undermining the poor. Inspired by national renewable energy law and policy, international alternatives could address these shortcomings. While feed-in tariffs have been commonly advocated, the REC model seems far more appropriate in an international context. Its ability to be traded separately from the electricity makes it a perfect candidate as a substitute for the CDM. Entrusted with certain features it could address the geographical unbalance and provide with greater investor certainty. But the scheme(s) are under current WTO regulations required to be non-discriminatory, making it highly questionable to believe that developed countries would ever fund such incentive. It is not likely that solar capital exporters want Chinese solar PV manufacturers, who are already receiving significant production subsidies, to receive the same benefits as other producers. However, if countries adversely effected by subsidies where allowed to offset the injury by discriminating Chinese producers in international REC schemes, the Author believes that it would be easier to sell such a concept and implement it, for the benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as the world’s vulnerable and poor nations. However, this would require extensive reforms under WTO which the Author calls for.

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Halvarsson, Patrik, und Emma Larsson. „Småskaliga vindkraftverk på byggnader i urban miljö : Möjligheter och hinder för ökad implementering“. Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127036.

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Intresset för småskaliga vindkraftverk på byggnader har ökat under de senaste åren. Allt fler människor blir mer energi- och miljömedvetna samt ser fördelarna med att elektriciteten produceras där den konsumeras; i den bebyggda miljön. Det är dock en större utmaning att installera ett vindkraftverk i urban miljö, jämfört med i öppet landskap, då det finns många faktorer som skall beaktas. Stadens komplexa uppbyggnad gör att vindens hastighet och riktning varierar och ger upphov till turbulenta strukturer i den omgivande luften. Många av dagens vindkraftverk kan ej operera effektivt vid turbulens, därför måste dessa vindkraftverken placeras på höga höjder för att nå den laminärt strömmande vinden över staden, vilket ger orealistiska längder på de master som krävs, även om vindkraftverket monteras på en byggnad. För att kunna utnyttja de vindar som uppkommer i urbana miljöer bör vertikalaxlade vindkraftverk med en helixformad geometri på rotorn användas. Dessa har visat sig vara både de effektivaste och de vindkraftverk som utsätter omgivningen för lägst nivå av störningar. Att placera ett vindkraftverk på en byggnad i urban miljö, där många människor vistas, kräver god kunskap om säkert montage samt vilka störningar som vindkraftverket kan generera. Ett vindkraftverk som monteras felaktigt kan bidra till hälso- och säkerhetsrisker, och om dessa risker blir för stora kan vindkraftverket tvingas att tas ur drift. För att vara säker på att vindkraftsanläggningen är tillförlitligt bör vindkraftverket och montaget vara stadardiserat och certifierat, något som i dagsläget saknas i Sverige. I dag finns inga direkta stöd för småskaliga vindkraftverk i Sverige, vilket är en bidragande faktor till att ekonomin kring dessa vindkraftverk är bristfällig. Elcertifikatsystemet som skall ge stöd åt förnyelsebar energi är inte utformat för småskalig elproduktion. Men i takt med att detta användningsområde för vindkraft utvecklas samt att priset för energi förväntas stiga kommer troligtvis byggnadsmonterade vindkraftverk bli en lönsam investering i framtiden.
The interest for small-scale wind turbines mounted on buildings has increased during the last couple of years. More and more people are giving more consideration to energy and environmental questions and are appreciative of the benefits of producing electricity where it is consumed; in the urban environment. However it is a greater challenge to install a wind turbine in the urban environment, compared to an open landscape, because of the many factors that needs to be taken in consideration. The complex structure of the city has an effect on the speed and direction of the wind and causes turbulent structures in the surrounding air. Many of today’s wind turbines cannot operate effectively in turbulence, this is why these turbines need to be placed on high heights to reach the laminar wind flow over the city, which gives unrealistic lengths of the towers that are required, even if the turbine is mounted on a building. To be able to utilize the existing wind in urban environments a vertical axis wind turbine with a helix shaped rotor should be used. These turbines have shown themselves to not only be the most effective but also the turbines that expose the surroundings to the lowest level of disturbances. To place a wind turbine on a building in an urban environment, where a lot of people reside, requires a good knowledge of how to securely mount the turbine but also what kind of disturbances that a turbine can emit. A turbine that is mounted incorrectly can contribute to health and safety hazards, and if these risks become to great the turbine may be forced to be taken out of operation. To be certain that the wind turbine and its components are trustworthy the turbine and mounting should be standardized and certified, a feature that don’t exist today in Sweden. Currently there is no direct support scheme for small-scale wind turbines in Sweden, which is a contributing factor to the inadequate economics surrounding these wind turbines. The Swedish system with certificates is meant to give support renewable energy but the system is not suited for small-scale production of electricity. But the more this field of application for wind turbines develops, together with the assumption of rising cost of energy will most likely make building mounted wind turbines a profitable investment in the future.

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Sanchez, Luis Carlos [UNESP]. „Proposta de um novo modelo matemático para gerenciamento ótimo de energia elétrica pelo lado do consumidor“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151629.

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No contexto de gestão e conservação de energia elétrica, ferramentas de apoio ao consumidor para gerenciar sua demanda são fundamentais para a otimização do uso dos recursos energéticos de modo a minimizar os custos com energia elétrica e ao mesmo tempo garantir o conforto do consumidor, considerando que este consumidor esteja inserido em um ambiente de Gerenciamento pelo Lado da Demanda (GLD). Assim, este trabalho propõe um novo modelo matemático de programação linear inteira mista (PLIM) para resolver o problema de gerenciamento ótimo de energia elétrica pelo lado do consumidor. O modelo matemático é baseado na minimização do custo da energia elétrica e maximização do conforto do consumidor, levando em conta a minimização da diferença entre o consumo habitual e o consumo ótimo, e a minimização da potência absorvida da rede. O modelo é implementado em linguagem de programação AMPL e resolvido utilizando o solver CPLEX. A metodologia é aplicada para gerenciar um conjunto de cargas típicas residenciais e os resultados mostram sua eficiência e potencial para gerenciar de forma ótima a demanda do consumidor, considerando a tarifa de energia elétrica com preço variável, geração distribuída, armazenamento de energia em banco de baterias e veículos elétricos.
In the context of the management and conservation of electric energy, consumer support tools to manage their demand are fundamental for optimizing the use of energy resources in order to minimize energy costs and at the same time guarantee consumer comfort, considering that the consumer is inserted in a Demand Response (DR) environment. Thus, this work proposes a new mathematical model of mixed integer linear programming (MILP) to solve the problem of optimal management of electrical energy by the consumer side. The mathematical model is based on minimizing the cost of electrical energy, maximizing consumer comfort, taking into account the minimization of the difference between habitual consumption and optimal consumption, and minimizing the power consumed by the network. The model is implemented in AMPL programming language and solved using the CPLEX solver. The methodology is applied to manage a set of typical residential loads and the results show its efficiency and potential to optimally manage the consumer demand, considering the price of electricity with variable price, distributed generation, storage of energy in bank of batteries and electric vehicles.

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Sanchez, Luis Carlos. „Proposta de um novo modelo matemático para gerenciamento ótimo de energia elétrica pelo lado do consumidor /“. Ilha Solteira, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151629.

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Orientador: Fábio Bertequini Leão
Resumo: No contexto de gestão e conservação de energia elétrica, ferramentas de apoio ao consumidor para gerenciar sua demanda são fundamentais para a otimização do uso dos recursos energéticos de modo a minimizar os custos com energia elétrica e ao mesmo tempo garantir o conforto do consumidor, considerando que este consumidor esteja inserido em um ambiente de Gerenciamento pelo Lado da Demanda (GLD). Assim, este trabalho propõe um novo modelo matemático de programação linear inteira mista (PLIM) para resolver o problema de gerenciamento ótimo de energia elétrica pelo lado do consumidor. O modelo matemático é baseado na minimização do custo da energia elétrica e maximização do conforto do consumidor, levando em conta a minimização da diferença entre o consumo habitual e o consumo ótimo, e a minimização da potência absorvida da rede. O modelo é implementado em linguagem de programação AMPL e resolvido utilizando o solver CPLEX. A metodologia é aplicada para gerenciar um conjunto de cargas típicas residenciais e os resultados mostram sua eficiência e potencial para gerenciar de forma ótima a demanda do consumidor, considerando a tarifa de energia elétrica com preço variável, geração distribuída, armazenamento de energia em banco de baterias e veículos elétricos.
Abstract: In the context of the management and conservation of electric energy, consumer support tools to manage their demand are fundamental for optimizing the use of energy resources in order to minimize energy costs and at the same time guarantee consumer comfort, considering that the consumer is inserted in a Demand Response (DR) environment. Thus, this work proposes a new mathematical model of mixed integer linear programming (MILP) to solve the problem of optimal management of electrical energy by the consumer side. The mathematical model is based on minimizing the cost of electrical energy, maximizing consumer comfort, taking into account the minimization of the difference between habitual consumption and optimal consumption, and minimizing the power consumed by the network. The model is implemented in AMPL programming language and solved using the CPLEX solver. The methodology is applied to manage a set of typical residential loads and the results show its efficiency and potential to optimally manage the consumer demand, considering the price of electricity with variable price, distributed generation, storage of energy in bank of batteries and electric vehicles.
Mestre

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Silva, Demostenes Barbosa da. „ORIENTAÇÃO DE TARIFAS DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA PARA A EFICIÊNCIA ECONÔMICA E ENERGÉTICA“. Universidade de São Paulo, 1992. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-02122011-150136/.

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Dentro do contexto da eficiência energética, as tarifas são consideradas instrumentos para a otimização da expansão e da operação do sistema. A orientação de tarifas para a eficiência energética pode adotar os custos marginais como referência, considerando que os mesmos incorporam os reflexos do comportamento da demanda e da gestão do sistema. No Brasil-a demanda por energia elétrica tem crescido entre 5% a 6% ao ano, o que significa decidir-se pela construção de uma nova usina de 1500 MW a cada ano, necessitando de investimentos anuais da ordem de US$ 3,9 bilhões para o programa de expansão. A relação de causa e efeito presente na metodologia de custos marginais permite correlacionar as decisões dos usuários do sistema elétrico quanto ao seu consumo, e as decisões dos gestores do mesmo ao equacionarem a oferta de eletricidade, indicando caminhos para a eficiência econômica e energética. Confere, portanto , aos custos marginais a característica de base econômica para a orientação da eficiência dos usos finais de eletricidade. A presente dissertação propõe uma política tarifária que promove a redução do consumo de eletricidade, tornando-o mais eficiente energética e economicamente.
In the context of energy efficiency tariffs are considered ways to optimize the expansion and operation of electric system. In order to achieve energy efficiency we should consider marginal costs as a basis to tariffs, because they incorporate the signs of demand and the companies managcment in offering cncrgy. In Brazil the demand is expected to grow 5% or 6% each year which means the necessity to build a new 1500 Megawatts power plant per year, corresponding to investiments of US$ 3.9 billion per year for the expansion program. The cause and cffcct rclationship uscd in the methodology of marginal costs enables to the decisions of the consumers related to demand and the action of the utilitics to offer electricity, so that it indicates the way to economic and efficient use of the system. This dissertation proposes a tariff policy that would reduce the consumption of energy, making it more efficient than the current one. Thus, it would also increase the economic efficiency.

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Sareen, Eklavya. „The performance, regulation and reform of the power sector in India“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285653.

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Conteh, Michael Abu. „Power generation and its impact on electricity tariff : a case study of Sierra Leone“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6895.

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Bibliography: p. 92-95.
Electricity tariffs are generally high in African countries, but a significant share of it is due to inefficiencies in power generation and supply. This work looked at a case study of the Sierra Leone national utility's power generation and its impact on the tariff system. Sierra Leone is a relatively small country along the west coast of Africa. It is one of the least developed countries in the world, but its electricity tariffs are one of highest in Africa. This is largely due to its inefficient power generation. A significant energy input is wasted and there are high energy output losses in the system. About 10% of the energy input is lost because of poor housekeeping and operating practices. On the average 6% of the power generated is consumed by the plant auxiliaries and the station due to old and inefficient equipment. The technical and non-technical losses of the system are alarmingly high averaging about 38% in recent years. Normally, the level of electricity rates is based on revenue requirement, which depends on the operating cost. The average electricity price in Sierra Leone in 2002 was about US$ 0.18. This high tariff is due to cost associated with the above inefficiencies, which increases the operating costs and the type and age of the generating plants. Besides, on the average there is a net decline on the generation output while operating expenses continue to increase. Using the rate-of-return methodology the tariffs were found to be well below the existing utility tariffs if the fuel is imported from the OECD countries.

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Milshyn, Vladyslav. „Modelling the Effect of Photovoltaics and Battery Storage on Electricity Demand : Implications for Tariff Structures“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301407.

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This project examines the implications of the photovoltaic power generation as well as the battery storage systems on the distribution network tariff structures. Different types of existing distribution tariffs were applied to the residential households’ demand patterns. Several scenarios of demand profiles were theoretically investigated. First scenario included households’ consumption under current situation without on-site power production and any storage, second scenario concerned penetration of average size of solar panel installations and the last demand profile with maximum possible size of photovoltaic panels complemented with battery storage use. The distribution tariffs included in the comparison are: power based tariff and two energy based tariffs, one with flat-rate and another with time-of-use structure. Distribution tariffs were normalized with the aim to research the implications of the on-site production and storage use. Normalization factors were used when comparing financial bills from the households under above mentioned scenarios. Energy distribution tariffs have higher potential for households to save on their energy bill with the introduction of the on-site solar power utilization. On the other hand power tariff provides higher incentive for the implementation of the demand response strategies in the households.

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Bakhtiari, Babak. „The Challenges of Feed-in Tariff Law as a Policy Instrument to Promote Wind Power in Iran“. Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-23068.

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This study was carried out with the aim of finding out the challenges towards Feed-in Tariff law instrument in order to promote renewable energy in Iran. The targets of the study were chosen among authorities and investors in the field of wind energy. Wind power was selected as the case study because of its more popularity among investors. Qualitative research design was used to conduct the study and semi-structured interviews served as the method. Although there were a few studies done with the focus on renewable energy challenges in Iran, however, none of them focused on the challenges through Feed-in Tariff law. The results show that the law's long administrative process, lack of communication between authorities and investors, and rather low remuneration rate are the barriers to promote renewable energy in Iran. Furthermore, lack of financial assistance and imposed political and economical sanctions against Iran play an important role in this regard.

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Kenney, Samuel. „Temporary trade barrier implementation and market power: evidence from Latin American economies“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32799.

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Master of Arts
Department of Economics
Peri da Silva
This paper examines temporary trade barrier (TTB) implementation by 13 Latin American economies on a bilateral basis from 2000-2009 considering market power and import shocks. Additionally, we augment our analysis by including the effect of the presence or absence of tariff water on TTB implementation. We find evidence that market power and tariff water play an integral role in TTB implementation while import shocks do not. Using a probit model we estimate that a one standard deviation increase in market power and the absence of tariff water indicator increase the probability that a country imposes an antidumping tariff by 71 and 20 percent respectively, evaluated at their means. Interestingly, we do not find that import shocks have a significant impact on TTB implementation.

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VIEIRA, FRANCISCO ANIZIO. „THERMO-ACCUMULATION: AN EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE FOR INCREASING THE POWER LOAD FACTOR IN ELECTRICITY RETAILING LEADING TO DIFFERENTIATED TARIFF BILLINGS“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=32996@1.

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Desenvolvida no âmbito da linha de pesquisa Metrologia para Energia, a presente dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo validar os benefícios da tecnologia da termoacumulação como alternativa técnica e economicamente viável para deslocamento de cargas elétricas em períodos de grande utilização. O projeto de pesquisa teve como motivação o estudo de alternativas tecnológicas para viabilizar tarifas diferenciadas. A metodologia utilizada incluiu a revisão da literatura especializada sobre regulação tarifária e termoacumulação; desenvolveu estudos de sistemas de distribuição subterrâneos e aéreos situados em regiões de grande demanda de energia elétrica no horário comercial e desenvolveu análise de sensibilidade técnico-econômica visando a proposição de alternativas tarifárias e políticas de deslocamento de carga. O trabalho se desenvolveu no contexto da segunda revisão tarifária do setor elétrico, que busca repartir os ganhos de eficiência obtidos pelos agentes do setor elétrico com os seus consumidores. Dentre os resultados do trabalho destacam-se: (i) a comprovação da viabilidade da aplicação da termoacumulação em sistemas de climatização, (ii) a redução de custos de operação e implantação de subestações de energia elétrica para consumidores de sistemas de refrigeração e (iii) e proposição de uma tarifa diferenciada que permite a mudança do perfil de carga de sistemas de refrigeração comerciais. Estudos realizados mostraram que a termoacumulação pode gerar redução dos custos de energia elétrica da ordem de 30 a 45 por cento. Como conclusões, o trabalho reconhece a importância de se implantar políticas que privilegiem novas alternativas tarifárias e ressalta os benefícios que resultam da adoção dessa tecnologia alternativa para o meio ambiente.
Studies have shown that thermo-accumulation is an attractive technology to increase the electric power load factor which can lower tariff billings in electricity retailing (30-45 percent), the motivation for this research project. The aim of the present M.Sc. dissertation is to validate the technological benefits of thermo-accumulation applied to the electric sector as an economically feasible alternative for power load displacement at peak mode. The methodology included a literature survey on tariff billings and the regulation of the electric sector; a study of aerial and underground distribution systems at locations of high power load demand; a technical-economic analysis (consumption and tariff) of power substations. Developed within the context of tariff billing revision where the electric sector shared energy-efficient gains with customers, the research project suggests alternate tariff schemes and power load displacement policies. Three major results were found: (i) the feasibility of thermo-accumulation in acclimatization; (ii) the reduction of operational cost of electricity for commercial air-conditioning users; (iii) a proposal for differentiated retailing tariff billings. To highlight the conclusions of the work, the use of the thermo-accumulation technology by electric companies was shown to be unmistakable. On the one hand it provides better tariff schemes for consumers and on the other it is environmentally friendly.

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Song, Fei. „Deregulated power transmission analysis and planning in congested networks“. Thesis, Brunel University, 2008. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4819.

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In this thesis, methods of charging for the transmission system and optimising the expansion of the transmission network under the competitive power market are described. The first part of this thesis considers transmission tariff design. In the proposed approach, not only is all the necessary investment in the transmission system recovered, but also an absolute economic signal is offered which is very useful in the competitive power market. A fair power market opportunity is given to every participant by the new nodal-use method. The second part of this thesis considers transmission system expansion. All the tests are based on the Three Gorges Project in China. In this thesis, to optimally expand the transmission system, the LMP (Locational Marginal Price) selection method and the CBEP (Congestion-Based transmission system Expansion Planning) method are introduced. The LMP selection method is used to select optional plans for transmission system expansion. It is especially suitable for large transmission systems. The outstanding advantages of the LMP selection method are simplicity and computational efficiency. The CBEP method produces the optimal system expansion plan. For the first time, generation congestion and transmission congestion are separated within the system expansion problem. For this reason the CBEP method can be used in a supply-side power market and is suitable for the Chinese power market. In this thesis, the issue of how to relax the congestion in the transmission system have been solved. The transmission system can obtain enough income to recover the total required cost. For this reason more and more investment will come into the transmission system from investors. The risk for the independent generators is also under control in the CBEP method. Even when the system is congested, the uncertainty of LMP is taken into consideration.

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Lee, Nelson S. M. (Nelson S. )Massachusetts Institute of Technology. „Assessing the impacts of retail tariff design on the electric power sector : a case study on the ComEd Service Territory in Illinois“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122191.

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 108-111).
Cost-reflective electricity tariffs hold the key to enabling a wider adoption of distributed energy resources. Standard residential electricity tariffs have a flat monthly charge and a static volumetric energy charge that do not provide the correct economic signals to customers and do not reflect the costs of maintaining and operating the grid. Besides subsidies or specific supports to certain technologies, there are currently limited economic incentives for customers to invest in numerous technology options, like home batteries and AC controls, that could collectively and in response to efficient price signals: reduce system peak load, reduce greenhouse gas emission, provide greater system reliability, and reduce system costs. This thesis qualitatively explores the cost drivers of the electricity system and their implications for residential tariff design, as well as the economic inefficiencies and cross subsides that are present under the current volumetric rate tariff.
In addition, we quantitatively assess the impacts of different electricity tariffs on consumers and on distributed energy resource adoption. Based on hourly electricity meter data for 54,412 users in the Chicago area, the EIA 2016 residential energy survey, and the Commonwealth Edison's (ComEd's) costs of service reports, this thesis creates a full picture of residential energy consumption and costs. A regression-based Electric Load Decomposition (ELD) model was developed to predict hourly load profiles for each user's air-conditioning usage, electric heating usage and electric hot water heating usage. In addition, the MIT Demand Response and Distributed Resource Economics (DRE) model was used to evaluate the impacts of different electricity tariffs on customer bill changes, adoption of distributed energy resources, and reduction of CO₂ emissions.
In this work, we design twelve revenue-neutral tariffs which recover the same total amount of revenues as ComEd's default volumetric tariff. We then compare these tariffs to the current utility volumetric tariff for all 54,412 residential electricity accounts, and we assess the impacts of flat volumetric charges, Time of Use Pricing, Critical Peak Pricing, Coincident Peak Capacity Charges, Real Time Pricing, and Carbon Pricing on customer bills and other metrics of interest. In addition, we also model the adoption of several distributed energy resources in response to these different tariff scenarios in order to understand their economic viability. This work identifies the main tariff features that have meaningful impact on electricity bills, energy usage and CO₂ emissions. Recovering network costs through a tariff that relies on a large capacity charge creates substantial bill changes compared to the default flat tariff.
Alternatively, a tariff that has a combination of a flat volumetric rate and a real-time price creates minimal bill impacts. Additionally, we find that most of the tariffs tested in this work incentivize the adoption of smart thermostats for air conditioning and for electric hot water heater. However, in the case of electric space heating, none of the tariffs produced significant incentives to load shift by preheating the building, therefore smart thermostats for electric space heating were rarely adopted. The value created by residential batteries and solar panels are never enough to offset their high (unsubsidized) upfront costs. Furthermore, we find that tariffs that rely on large capacity charges to recover significant portions of network costs, also create favorable prices during the winter that allow electric heat pumps to have lower annual operational costs than natural gas furnaces.
Finally, we find that although precooling or preheating of a building (to avoid high price periods) lowers the electricity costs associated to space conditioning, they also result in increased energy consumption and increased carbon dioxide emissions. On the other hand, the scheduling and operating of smart electric hot water heaters can reduce emissions.
Funding from Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
by Nelson Lee.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society

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Huayllas, Tesoro Elena Del Carpio. „Análise comparativa de modelos para fixação de tarifas de transmissão e de previsão de mercado de energia de alguns paises sul americanos“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-09022009-175419/.

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O setor elétrico é um setor de natureza estratégica para qualquer nação, na medida em que na era moderna a eletricidade é um insumo fundamental para a qualidade de vida das pessoas e para o desenvolvimento e a produção da indústria, sendo mesmo considerado como uma mola mestra da economia do país. Em função dessa importância, crescente ao longo do tempo e aguçada em decorrência de restrições de disponibilidade e de cunho ambiental para a utilização massiva do petróleo, o setor elétrico deve ser planejado com extrema atenção e de forma muito criteriosa, posto que sua expansão necessite estar garantida e se trata de um setor intensivo em capital e com empreendimentos de longo prazo de maturação, particularmente no caso dos grandes aproveitamentos hidrelétricos e as plantas nucleares. Dentro desse contexto, o presente trabalho buscou endereçar a temática de planejamento de sistemas elétricos, aproveitando a experiência profissional pregressa da autora, especialmente no que tange às vertentes de estudos tarifários e de mercado, como também pelo fato de conhecer em algum detalhe os marcos regulatórios e o funcionamento dos setores elétricos no âmbito do Mercosul. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho apresenta uma análise crítica comparativa de modelos tarifários, dos sistemas de transmissão, atualmente vigentes em alguns países da América do Sul. As recentes tendências políticas e energéticas dos países considerados constituem-se em importantes sinais para o estabelecimento de futuras negociações na área elétrica. Isso propicia a realização de um estudo referente às condições tarifarias e regulatórias destes mercados. Questões técnicas em projetos deste tipo poderiam ser superadas, porém, eventuais divergências regulatórias e tarifarias entre os mercados elétricos poderiam adiar ou até mesmo inviabilizar os referidos projetos. Por outro lado, levando em conta o nexo existente entre o estudo dos modelos tarifários, os sinais de possíveis negociações de energia e a expansão do sistema, apresentam-se também uma análise comparativa entre as metodologias de previsão utilizadas no cálculo da demanda de energia elétrica nos países considerados. As referidas metodologias de previsão, sobre as quais foram utilizados o histórico de consumo do Brasil (1996-2006) e as variáveis explicativas inerentes a cada modelo, correspondem às classes de consumo Residencial, Industrial, Comercial e Rural; responsáveis por aproximadamente 90% do consumo nacional. Foram encontradas certas semelhanças principalmente no relacionado às variáveis econométricas utilizadas por estes modelos, os quais se refletiram nos resultados obtidos.
The electric power sector is an area of strategic nature for any country as electricity is an essential product for both the quality of life and the development of the industry. This reason led to consider it as a sound foundation for the economy development and GNP growing. Because of its role, which grows along time even due to the restrictions of availability and environmental issues for the massive use of oil, the electric sector must be carefully planned as its expansion needs to be guaranteed. This sector embraces large capital and long-term investments, particularly those related to hydroelectric projects and nuclear plants. Within that framework, this work aims at to address the electric power planning subject using the author\'s past knowledge related to electric tariffs as well as on the regulatory framework and market operation of the Mercosul. A critical comparative analysis of transmission tariff models currently applied in some South American countries is particularly addressed. The recent political and energy policy trends of the considered countries appear as important signals for the establishment of future negotiations of electricity. This situation demands the realization of new studies related to both tariff and regulatory conditions in these markets. Technical issues in projects of this kind may well be overcome; however, some regulatory differences and even tariff model differences among marketers could delay or even turn unfeasible the referred projects. On the other hand, considering issues like the link existing among the transmission pricing models adopted and the likely electricity trading as well as the system expansion, a comparative analysis of the methodologies used to forecast the energy demand in the South American countries previously considered, is also presented. Such forecast methodologies, upon which were applied the annual electricity consumption in Brazil in the period 1996 through 2006 as well as the explanatory variables inherent to each model, correspond to the Residential, Industrial, Commercial and Rural consumptions, responsible for nearly 90% of the national consumption. From this analysis, some similarities mainly those related to the econometric variables used by each methodology were found. Such similarities and related findings are reflected in the results presented.

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Blubaugh, Chris. „James K. Polk: Territorial Expansionist and the Evolution of Presidential Power“. Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1366285865.

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Otitoju, Afolabi. „Fostering the delivery of wind power : an evaluation of the performance of policy instruments in three European Union member states“. Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/564.

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Worldwide energy policies are built on three pillars: ‘cost competitiveness’, ‘security of energy supply’, and ‘environmental responsibility.’ This has brought about the integration of renewable energy sources into national systems with the deployment of policy instruments to make renewable energy sources electricity (RES-E) capable of nearly competing on a commercial basis with traditional forms of electricity generation. At the national level within the EU, there has been much experimentation with different policy instruments with varying levels of success. Nevertheless the EU as a whole will not meet its stipulated renewable energy target. This study challenges the theoretical and abstract evaluation presented in the literature about EU wind power delivery systems and has developed an integrative evaluation framework. This evaluation framework is used in this study to present the views of key stakeholders on their experiences with the performance of key policy instruments (feed-in tariff, and renewables obligation) implemented in three EU Member States namely: Germany, The Netherlands, and United Kingdom. It also challenges the EU-wide harmonised renewable energy policy agenda as proposed in Directive 2001/77/EC. The concept of path dependency of the historical institutional approach was adopted in order to explore the diversity of the wind power industry across the three country cases. An indepth semi-structured interview with fifty-five senior wind power policy makers and experts was conducted to explore the historical emergence, the architect, and the outcome of the support and implementation of the policy instruments. Findings showed that the approach to wind power deployment in the three country cases differs significantly and this has affected the pattern of each country’s wind power policy instrument. Also, the role and contribution of the stakeholder groups to the success of the wind power policy instruments differ significantly in each of the country cases. This helps to explain the performance of the different policy instruments adopted. Concerning the harmonisation of EU renewable energy policy instruments which have received much attention in recent times, this study found that harmonisation based on a single policy instrument is not feasible and may ultimately inhibit the growth of the European wind power market. A harmonised system may cause uncertainties amongst willing investors, thereby causing a withdrawal of further investment in the wind power market. If this happens, Europe may also lose its position as the world leader in the wind power market. Furthermore, national histories demonstrates that Member States have different culture, stakeholder groups, political, and business practices that will influence policy instruments and the likelihood of any policy succeeding. Thus, rather than promoting harmonisation and political market for wind power, it is important that Member States adopt and implement, stable, flexible, and transparent policy instruments that enable wind power and other renewable energy sources to emerge, develop, and go through the R&D stage to a point of maturity where they can compete with other energy sources with limited financial support.

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McKenna, Eoghan. „Demand response of domestic consumers to dynamic electricity pricing in low-carbon power systems“. Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12120.

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The ability for domestic consumers to provide demand response to dynamic electricity pricing will become increasingly valuable for integrating the high penetrations of renewables that are expected to be connected to electricity networks in the future. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether domestic consumers will be willing and able to provide demand response in such low-carbon futures. A broad approach is presented in this thesis, with research contributions on subjects including data privacy, behavioural economics, and battery modelling. The principle argument of the thesis is that studying the behaviour of consumers with grid-connected photovoltaic ('PV') systems can provide insight into how consumers might respond to dynamic pricing in future low-carbon power systems, as both experience irregular electricity prices that are correlated with intermittent renewable generation. Through a combination of statistical and qualitative methods, this thesis investigates the demand response behaviour of consumers with PV systems in the UK. The results demonstrate that these consumers exhibit demand response behaviour by increasing demand during the day and decreasing demand during the evening. Furthermore, this effect is more pronounced on days with higher irradiance. The results are novel in three ways. First, they provide quantified evidence that suggests that domestic consumers with PV systems engage in demand response behaviour. Second, they provide evidence of domestic consumers responding to irregular electricity prices that are correlated with intermittent renewable generation, thereby addressing the aim of this thesis, and supporting the assumption that consumers can be expected to respond to dynamic pricing in future markets with high penetrations of renewables. Third, they provide evidence of domestic consumers responding to dynamic pricing that is similar to real-time pricing, while prior evidence of this is rare and confined to the USA.

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Saeidpour, Parizy Ehsan. „Electrical Energy Retail Price Optimization for an Interconnected/Islanded Power Grid“. University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1512463830323059.

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Alhamwi, MHD Mouaz. „Evaluating the Economic Feasibility for utilizing PV Power Optimizers in Large-scale PV Plants for The Cases of Soiling, Mismatching, and Degradation“. Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28786.

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The solar PV modules are influenced by a variety of loss mechanisms by which the energy yield is affected. A PV system is the sum of individual PV modules which should ideally operate similarly, however, inhomogeneous soiling, mismatching, and degradation, which are the main focus in this study, lead to dissimilarities in PV modules operating behavior and thus, lead to losses which will be assessed intensively in terms of energy yield. The dissimilarities in PV modules are referred to the ambient conditions or the PV modules characteristics which result in different modules’ maximum power point (MPP) and thus, different currents generated by each PV modules which cause the mismatching. However, the weakest PV module current governs the string current, and the weakest string voltage governs the voltage. Power optimizers are electronic devices connected to the PV modules which adjust the voltages of the PV modules in order to obtain the same current as the weakest module and thus, extract the modules’ MPP. Hence, the overall performance of the PV plant is enhanced. On the other hand, the power optimizers add additional cost to the plant’s investment cost and thus, the extra energy yield achieved by utilizing the power optimizers must be sufficient to compensate the additional cost of the power optimizers. This is assessed by designing three systems, a reference system with SMA inverters, a system utilizes Tigo power optimizers and SMA inverters, and a system utilizes SolarEdge power optimizers and inverters. The study considers four different locations which are Borlänge, Madrid, Abu Dhabi, and New Delhi. An Excel model is created and validated to emulate the inhomogeneous soiling and to evaluate the economic feasibility of the power optimiz ers. The model’s inputs are obtained from PVsyst and the precipitation data is obtained from Meteoblue and SMHI database. The economic model is based on the relation between Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) which will be used to derive the discount rate. Graphs representing the discounted payback period as a function of the feed-in tariff for different discount rates is created in order to obtain the discounted payback period. The amount of extra energy yielded by the Tigo and the SolarEdge systems is dependent on the soiling accumulated on the PV modules. Relative to the reference system, 6.5 % annual energy gain by the systems utilizing the power optimizers in soiling conditions, up to 2.1 % in the degradation conditions, and up to 9.7 % annual energy gain at 10 % mismatching rate. The extra energy yield is dependent on the location, however, the Tigo and the SolarEdge systems have yielded more energy than the reference system in all cases except one case when the mismatch losses is set to zero. The precipitation pattern is very influential, and a scare precipitation leads to a reduction in the energy yield, in this case, the Tigo and the SolarEdge systems overall performance is enhanced and the extra energy gain becomes greater. The Tigo system yield slightly more energy than the SolarEdge system in most cases, however, during the plant’s lifetime, the SolarEdge system could become more efficient than the Tigo system which is referred to the system’s sizing ratio. The degradation of the system or the soiling accumulation decreases the irradiation and thus, a slightly oversized PV array become suitable and deliver an optimal power to the inverters. The SolarEdge system is feasible in all scenarios in terms of LCOE and discounted payback period, although its slightly lower performance relative to the Tigo system, this is referred to its low initial cost in comparison to the other systems. The Tigo system is mostly infeasible although it yields more energy than the reference and the SolarEdge systems, this is referred iii to its relatively high initial cost. However, feed- in tariffs higher than 20 € cent / kWh make all systems payback within less than 10 years. The results have overall uncertainty within ± 6.5 % including PVsyst, Excel model, and the precipitation uncertainties. The uncertainty in the degradation and the mismatching calculations is limited to PVsyst uncertainty which is ± 5 %. The uncertainties in LCOE in the location of New Delhi, since it is the worst-case scenario, are 5.1 % and 4 % for the reference and the systems utilizing power optimizers, respectively. Consequently, accommodating the uncertainties to the benefits gained by utilizing power optimizers indicates that the energy gain would oscillate in the range of 6 % - 6.9 % for the soiling calculations, 2 % - 2.2 % for the degradation simulations, and 9.2 % - 10.2 % for the mismatching simulations at 10 % mismatchrate.

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Wallnerström, Carl Johan. „On Incentives affecting Risk and Asset Management of Power Distribution“. Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-37310.

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The introduction of performance based tariff regulations along with higher media and political pressure have increased the need for well-performed risk and asset management applied to electric power distribution systems (DS), which is an infrastructure considered as a natural monopoly. Compared to other technical systems, DS have special characteristics which are important to consider. The Swedish regulation of DS tariffs between 1996 and 2012 is described together with complementary laws such as customer compensation for long outages. The regulator’s rule is to provide incentives for cost efficient operation with acceptable reliability and reasonable tariff levels. Another difficult task for the regulator is to settle the complexity, i.e. the balance between considering many details and the manageability. Two performed studies of the former regulatory model, included in this thesis, were part of the criticism that led to its fall. Furthermore, based on results from a project included here, initiated by the regulator to review a model to judge effectible costs, the regulator changed some initial plans concerning the upcoming regulation. A classification of the risk management divided into separate categories is proposed partly based on a study investigating investment planning and risk management at a distribution system operator (DSO). A vulnerability analysis method using quantitative reliability analyses is introduced aimed to indicate how available resources could be better utilized and to evaluate whether additional security should be deployed for certain forecasted events. To evaluate the method, an application study has been performed based on hourly weather measurements and detailed failure reports over eight years for two DS. Months, weekdays and hours have been compared and the vulnerability of several weather phenomena has been evaluated. Of the weather phenomena studied, heavy snowfall and strong winds significantly affect the reliability, while frost, rain and snow depth have low or no impact. The main conclusion is that there is a need to implement new, more advanced, analysis methods. The thesis also provides a statistical validation method and introduces a new category of reliability indices, RT.
Distribution av elektricitet är att betrakta som ett naturligt monopol och är med stor sannolikhet det moderna samhällets viktigaste infrastruktur – och dess betydelse förutspås öka ytterligare i takt med implementering av teknik ämnad att minska mänsklighetens klimatpåverkan. I Sverige finns det fler än 150 elnätsbolag, vilka är av varierande storleksordning och med helt olika ägarstrukturer. Tidigare var handel med elektricitet integrerat i elnätsbolagens verksamhet, men 1996 avreglerades denna; infrastruktur för överföring separerades från produktion och handel. Införandet av kvalitetsreglering av elnätstariffer under början av 2000-talet och hårdare lagar om bland annat kundavbrottsersättning samt politiskt- och medialt tryck har givit incitament till kostnadseffektivitet med bibehållen god leveranskvalitet. En viktig aspekt är att eldistribution har, jämfört med andra infrastrukturer, flera speciella egenskaper som måste beaktas, vilket beskrives i avhandlingens första del tillsammans med introduktion av risk- och tillförlitlighetsteori samt ekonomisk teori. Två studier som kan ha bidragit till den förra regleringens fall och en studie vars resultat ändrat reglermyndighetens initiala idé avseende modell för att beräkna påverkbara kostnader i kommande förhandsreglering från 2012 är inkluderade. Av staten utsedd myndighet övervakar att kunder erbjudes elnätsanslutning och att tjänsten uppfyller kvalitetskrav samt att tariffnivåerna är skäliga och icke diskriminerande. Traditionellt har elnätsföretag mer eller mindre haft tillåtelse till intäkter motsvarande samtliga omkostnader och skälig vinst, så kallad självkostnadsprissättning. Under slutet av 1990-talet började ansvarig myndighet emellertid arbeta mot en reglering av intäktsram som även beaktar kostnadseffektivitet och kundkvalitet. Vid utformande av en sådan reglering måste svåra avvägningar göras. Exempelvis bör elnätsföretags objektiva förutsättningar, såsom terräng och kunder, tas i beaktning samtidigt som modellen bör vara lätthanterlig och konsekvent. Myndigheten ansåg ingen existerande reglermodell vara lämplig att anpassa till svenska förhållanden, så en ny modell utvecklades: Nätnyttomodellen (NNM). För 2003 års tariffer användes denna och beslut om krav på återbetalning till berörda elnätskunder togs, vilka överklagades. En utdragen juridisk process inleddes, där modellen kritiserades hårt av branschen på flera punkter. Två, i avhandlingen inkluderade studier, underbyggde kritisk argumentation mot NNM. Beslut i första instans (Länsrätt) hade inte tagits 2008 då parterna kom överens avseende år 2003-2007. Ett EU-direktiv tvingar Sverige att gå över till förhandsreglering, och i stället för att modifiera NNM och fortsätta strida juridiskt för den, togs beslut att ta fram en helt ny modell. Nätföretagens tillåtna intäktsram kommer förenklat grunda sig på elnätsföretagens kapitalkostnader och löpande kostnader. Därtill, utifrån hur effektivt och med vilken kvalitet nätföretagen bedrivit sin verksamhet, kan tillåten intäktsram justeras. En systematisk beskrivning av ett elnätsföretags nuvarande riskhantering och investeringsstrategier för olika spänningsnivåer tillhandahålles med syfte att stödja elnätsföretag i utvecklandet av riskhantering och att ge akademiskt referensmaterial baserat på branscherfarenhet. En klassificering av riskhantering uppdelat i olika kategorier och en sårbarhetsanalysmetod samt en ny tillförlitlighetsindexkategori (RT) föreslås i avhandlingen, delvis baserat på genomförd studie. Sårbarhetsanalysens övergripande idé är att identifiera och utvärdera möjliga systemtillstånd med hjälp av kvantitativa tillförlitlighetsanalyser. Målet är att detta skall vara ett verktyg för att nyttja tillgängliga resurser effektivare, t.ex. förebyggande underhåll och semesterplanering samt för att bedöma om förebyggande åtgärder baserat på väderprognoser vore lämpligt. RT är en flexibel kategori av mått på sannolikhet för kundavbrott ≥T timmar, vilket exempelvis är användbart för analys av kundavbrottsersättningslagars påverkan; sådana har exempelvis införts i Sverige och UK under 2000-talet. En statistisk valideringsmetod av tillförlitlighetsindex har tagits fram för att uppskatta statistisk osäkerhet som funktion av antal mätdata ett tillförlitlighetsindexvärde är baseras på. För att utvärdera introducerad sårbarhetsanalysmetod har en studie utförts baserat på timvisa väderdata och detaljerad avbrottsstatistik avseende åtta år för två olika eldistributionsnät i Sverige. Månader, veckodagar och timmar har jämförts vars resultat exempelvis kan användas för fördelning av resurser mer effektivt över tid. Sårbarhet med avseende på olika väderfenomen har utvärderats. Av de studerade väderfenomen är det blott ymnigt snöfall och hårda vindar, särskilt i kombination, som signifikant påverkar eldistributionssystems tillförlitlighet. Andra studier har visat på sårbarhet även för blixtnedslag (som ej fanns med som parameter i avhandlingen inkluderad studie). Temperatur (t.ex. inverkan av frost), regn och snödjup har således försumbar påverkan. Korrelationsstudier har utförts vilket bland annat visar på ett nästan linjärt samband i Sverige mellan temperatur och elförbrukning, vilket indirekt indikerar att även elförbrukning har försumbar påverkan på leveranskvalitet. Slutligen föreslås ett analysramverk som introducerad sårbarhetsanalys skulle vara en del av. Övergripande idé presenteras, vilket främst skall inspirera för fortsatt arbete; emellertid bör påpekas att introducerad sårbarhetsanalysmetod är en självständig och färdig metod oavsett om föreslagna idéer genomföres eller ej.
QC 20110815

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Pham, Thao. „Market power in power markets in Europe : the Cases in French and German woholesale electricity markets“. Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090019/document.

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Les deux derniers siècles ont connu une révolution exceptionnelle dans l'organisation des marchés électriques dans le monde entier. Ainsi, traditionnellement organisé autour de monopoles verticalement intégrés et soumis à la régulation, le secteur électrique connait un processus de réforme et évolue vers une organisation décentralisée qui favorise les mécanismes du marché. Le passage des tarifs régulés à des prix du marché, compte tenu des structures concentrées et les caractéristiques particulières de l'industrie électrique, accroît la possibilité que certaines entreprises puissent manipuler les prix du marché en exerçant leur pouvoir de marché. Les questions de "pouvoir de marché" dans un secteur donné ont été abondamment étudiées dans la littérature de l'économie Industrielle depuis la fin des années 1970, mais des études théoriques et empiriques de "pouvoir de marché dans les marchés électriques" n'ont été développées que récemment. Dans cette thèse, nous essayons de mener une recherche approfondie autour des questions de pouvoir de marché sur les marchés de gros de l'électricité en Europe. Nous conduisons des études empiriques dans deux des plus grands marchés européens: la France (sur des données 2009-2012) et l'Allemagne (sur des données de 2011), en utilisant des méthodes économétriques et des modèles de simulation des marchés électriques. Le sujet semble pertinent dans la période de transition énergétique en Europe
The two last centuries have witnessed an exceptional revolution in the organization of electric power markets worldwide. The industry's organization has changed from vertically integrated monopolies under regulation to unbundled structures that favor market mechanisms; known as reform process in Europe. The shift to reliance on market prices, given concentrated structures and particular characteristics of electricity industry, raises a possibility that some firms could influence the market prices by exercising their market power. The issues of "market power" in a given industry have been abundantly employed in the literatureof Industrial Organization since the late 1970s but theoretical and empirical studies of "market power in electricity markets" have only been developed recently. In this thesis, we attempt to carry out an insight research around market power questions in deregulated wholesale electricity markets in Europe, as regarding the way of defining and measuring it. We carry out empirical studies in two of the biggest liberalized electricity markets in Europe: France (2009-2012's data) and Germany (2011's data), using econometric regressions and electricity simulation models as main methodologies. The subject is particularly relevant inthe context of energy transition in Europe (transition energetique in France and Energiewende in Germany)

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Lemos, Ivan Pedrotti. „Medidor de Energia para Avalia??o da Ades?o ? Tarifa Branca em Smart Grids“. Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2017. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/923.

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Inteligente. Tarifa Time-of-use tariffs are one way of encouraging consumers to carry out the transfer of load to off-peak intervals, thus making unnecessary new and high investments in generation and transmission and distribution infrastructure. This is therefore a tool for the expansion of energy efficiency, in a new concept of electricity grids, the Smart Grids. However, for this type of charging to be applied, new and modern meters are required, those with the capacity to differentiate consumption hours and that can inform the consumer properly. In this sense, this work is aimed at the development of a meter with an open source platform, in the case Arduino, associated to Analog Devices ADE7753 integrated circuit, transmitting information through IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi) network, and through an IoT (Internet of Things) platform, to make an assessment whether adoption of the White Tariff is financially beneficial to the consumer in a simple and interactive way.
As tarifas hor?rias s?o uma das formas de incentivar os consumidores a realizarem a transfer?ncia de carga para intervalos fora de ponta, fazendo assim desnecess?rios novos e altos investimentos em gera??o e infraestrutura de transmiss?o e distribui??o. Sendo esta portanto uma ferramenta para a amplia??o da efici?ncia energ?tica, em um novo conceito de redes de energia el?trica, as Smart Grids. Entretanto, para que este tipo de tarifa??o seja aplicado, novos e modernos medidores s?o requeridos, aqueles com capacidade de diferencia??o de hor?rio de consumo e que possam informar devidamente ao consumidor. Neste sentido este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de um medidor com plataforma open source, no caso o Arduino, associado ao circuito integrado para medi??o de energia el?trica ADE7753 da Analog Devices, transmitindo as informa??es atrav?s de rede IEEE802.11(Wi-Fi), e por meio de uma plataforma para IoT (Internet of Things), realizar uma avalia??o se a ado??o ? Tarifa Branca ? ben?fica financeiramente ao consumidor de forma simples e interativa.

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Wiil, George, und Johannes Svensson. „SMÅSKALIG EL-PRODUKTION MED SOLCELLER FÖR EN HÅLLBAR SAMHÄLLSUTVECKLING“. Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-28435.

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Purpose: The purpose of this report is to engage the house owners to their own small scale electricity production with solar cells (photovoltaic). Small scale electricity production with solar cells is a way that contributes to the development of a sustainable society. Method: Literature review has been used for collecting information about solar cells. Interviews were used for information on the solar industry in Sweden. Document analysis was used to obtain information on the regulation of small scale power generation and statistical data on its market. Calculations have been made on the profitability of small scale electricity generation with solar cells. Findings: Electricity produced by solar cells is one of the most environmentally friendly methods available. Small-scale photovoltaic electrical generation can contribute to achieving the national environment objectives. Small scale electricity production should not exceed the household electricity needs, because of grid losses. In Sweden, it is not profitable to produce its own electricity with solar cells. It requires national economic subsidies. Implications: In an extensive expansion of small scale power generation, it is required that the grid is adapted to receive the unused amounts of electricity from solar cells. Grid modification requires large investments and may affect the price of electricity. Large scale production of solar cells requires the development of national recycling systems. Silver should be replaced with copper as a cheaper alternative for electrodes. Limitations: The report is about small scale photovoltaic electrical generation for households. The effect on PV (photovoltaic) installations are limited to a maximum power of 10 kW, and only installations connected to the grid are treated. Storage of solar energy and energy conversion are not included. The study is limited to Sweden. The economic calculations ranging is up to 30 years.

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Flygare, Carl. „A market-based instrument for renewable energy : Modelling a dynamic price function for local areas“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-403002.

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This thesis describes the current situation of the electrical grid on a general level and contemporary support policies for residents who feed renewably produced electricity into the grid within a Swedish context. It shows which issues currently exists and suggests a new way to value overproduced renewable electricity which is not self-consumed. This way is called a dynamic price function (DPF), and this thesis models, simulates and analyzes the DPF in order to create an economic incentive to support the balance of the electrical grid – one of its most important parameters. The suggested DPF could potentially work with any renewable source in any area, but the focus in this thesis has been on solar power-systems for households in local areas. While the currently support policies, which uses static models to value overproduced renewable electricity, have created important incentives for the initial penetration of solar power among local residents they do not scale well as the share of renewable production on a local level increase. This might cause negative impacts on the electrical grid. The thesis’ results show that by designing the DPF in certain ways it is possible to create an economic incentive for different behaviors. The most promising design incorporates three different incentives at the same time and they are: 1) to incentivize the initial penetration of solar power in local areas which do not have any production, 2) to incentivize a higher share of solar power, but not too high, and 3) to procure storage possibilities for overproduced electricity. These incentives do not only encourage a more even geographical distribution of solar power, but also allow for a higher share of solar power in the energy system without risking the balance of the grid.

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Christovão, Monclar Nogueira. „Modelagem matemática do faturamento de energia elétrica de uma empresa de avicultura de postura na tarifa verde de acordo com indicadores de consumo /“. Tupã, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192209.

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Orientador: Luís Roberto Almeida Gabriel Filho
Resumo: O consumo crescente por energia elétrica, o seu alto custo e as restrições ambientais tornaram imprescindíveis a utilização eficiente desta energia, bem como a execução de ações e programas que promovam economia de eletricidade. Diversas empresas agroindustriais no Brasil produzem a própria ração para alimentação de seus animais por meio da trituração de grãos e cereais, empregando maquinários movidos a motores elétricos muitas vezes sobredimensionados e operando em horários nos quais as tarifas são onerosas (horário de ponta). Essa atividade é responsável por grande parte do consumo de eletricidade e impacta diretamente os custos de produção. Nesta pesquisa, desenvolveu-se um modelo matemático de faturamento de energia elétrica para uma empresa de avicultura de postura optante pela modalidade tarifária verde. Esse modelo trabalha com equações matemáticas contendo variáveis elétricas necessárias ao cálculo da conta de eletricidade. Os principais parâmetros elétricos são os fatores de potência e de carga, a demanda de potência e o consumo de energia. Atualmente no Brasil, para os consumidores do Grupo A, existem duas modalidades tarifárias disponíveis: a horária verde e a horária azul. O modelo matemático proposto pode ser empregado para as duas modalidades, sendo que cada uma delas possui as suas fórmulas específicas, as quais deverão ser inseridas no software Mathematica criado pela empresa Wolfram Research. A direção da granja cedeu 12 contas de energia elétrica e seus dado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The increasing consumption of electricity, the high costs and the environmental restrictions made it paramount the efficient use of such energy, as well as actions and programs to promote energy conservation. Several agro-industrial companies in Brazil produce their own animal feed by mashing cereals and grains with the use of electric-motor machines, which are many times oversized and operate at expensive fee times (peak time). This activity is responsible for great part of the electricity consumption and directly impacts the production costs. This study developed a mathematical model of electricity billing for a laying poultry farm that opted for the green fee modality. This model uses mathematical equations containing the electric variables required for the calculation of the electric bill. The main electrical parameters are: the power and the load factors, the power demand, and the active consumption. Currently in Brazil, there are two fee modalities for Group A consumers: the green and the blue hourly fees. The proposed mathematical model can be used for both modalities, and there are specific equations for each of them, which should be entered into the software Mathematica developed by Wolfram Research. The manager of the poultry farm provided 12 electric bills, and their data was entered into the software that created three-dimensional surface graphs and contour maps. Such graphs showed the inversely proportional relation of the bill amounts with the power and load fac... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Brégère, Margaux. „Stochastic bandit algorithms for demand side management Simulating Tariff Impact in Electrical Energy Consumption Profiles with Conditional Variational Autoencoders Online Hierarchical Forecasting for Power Consumption Data Target Tracking for Contextual Bandits : Application to Demand Side Management“. Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASM022.

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L'électricité se stockant difficilement à grande échelle, l'équilibre entre la production et la consommation doit être rigoureusement maintenu. Une gestion par anticipation de la demande se complexifie avec l'intégration au mix de production des énergies renouvelables intermittentes. Parallèlement, le déploiement des compteurs communicants permet d'envisager un pilotage dynamique de la consommation électrique. Plus concrètement, l'envoi de signaux - tels que des changements du prix de l'électricité – permettrait d'inciter les usagers à moduler leur consommation afin qu'elle s'ajuste au mieux à la production d'électricité. Les algorithmes choisissant ces signaux devront apprendre la réaction des consommateurs face aux envois tout en les optimisant (compromis exploration-exploitation). Notre approche, fondée sur la théorie des bandits, a permis de formaliser ce problème d'apprentissage séquentiel et de proposer un premier algorithme pour piloter la demande électrique d'une population homogène de consommateurs. Une borne supérieure d'ordre T⅔ a été obtenue sur le regret de cet algorithme. Des expériences réalisées sur des données de consommation de foyers soumis à des changements dynamiques du prix de l'électricité illustrent ce résultat théorique. Un jeu de données en « information complète » étant nécessaire pour tester un algorithme de bandits, un simulateur de données de consommation fondé sur les auto-encodeurs variationnels a ensuite été construit. Afin de s'affranchir de l'hypothèse d'homogénéité de la population, une approche pour segmenter les foyers en fonction de leurs habitudes de consommation est aussi proposée. Ces différents travaux sont finalement combinés pour proposer et tester des algorithmes de bandits pour un pilotage personnalisé de la consommation électrique
As electricity is hard to store, the balance between production and consumption must be strictly maintained. With the integration of intermittent renewable energies into the production mix, the management of the balance becomes complex. At the same time, the deployment of smart meters suggests demand response. More precisely, sending signals - such as changes in the price of electricity - would encourage users to modulate their consumption according to the production of electricity. The algorithms used to choose these signals have to learn consumer reactions and, in the same time, to optimize them (exploration-exploration trade-off). Our approach is based on bandit theory and formalizes this sequential learning problem. We propose a first algorithm to control the electrical demand of a homogeneous population of consumers and offer T⅔ upper bound on its regret. Experiments on a real data set in which price incentives were offered illustrate these theoretical results. As a “full information” dataset is required to test bandit algorithms, a consumption data generator based on variational autoencoders is built. In order to drop the assumption of the population homogeneity, we propose an approach to cluster households according to their consumption profile. These different works are finally combined to propose and test a bandit algorithm for personalized demand side management

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Laplane, Marcelo. „Regulação do setor eletrico brasileiro : uma analise do "custo regulatorio"“. [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285416.

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Orientador: Edgard Antonio Pereira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Na presente dissertação o setor elétrico é utilizado como mote para discutir e caracterizar o conceito de ¿custo regulatório¿. Ademais, realiza-se aqui uma tentativa de medi-lo através da avaliação da comparação entre a rentabilidade das distribuidoras de energia elétrica e o custo de oportunidade de seus investimentos. Para contextualizar o problema é feita uma descrição das características da indústria elétrica, dos mecanismos de regulação de monopólios e de seus limites. Os resultados encontrados mostram que o conceito convencional de ¿custo regulatório¿ deve ser relativizado e que um mercado bem regulado pode funcionar melhor do que um desregulado
Abstract: Not informed.
Doutorado
Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

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Lindström, Erik. „Nätnyttomodellens fall och framtidens reglering av eltransmissionstariffer : Tidigare meningsskiljaktigheter samt undersökning av förutsättningar för framtida reglering“. Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Engineering Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-113773.

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The main ambition of this degree project is to illustrate the fundamental problems of today’s electric tariff regulation and the usage of the analyzing tool; The Network Tariff Model. There is a further discussion of potential problems and clear improvements of the 2012 years proposed network tariff regulation. Interviews have been conducted with specific network companies and Energimarknadsinspektionen. The proposed regulation of 2012 is discussed from the government’s proposition.

This paper clearly shows that the authority´s work has been conducted in a very unprofessional manner during the period of The Network Tariff Model. Transparency has been missing at the same time when quality control has been almost nonexistent from the authority.

The regulation itself and the usage of The Network Tariff Model generated substantial criticism. Disagreement about the model was mostly about the use of methods and parameter settings.

The new regulation of beforehand assessment of network tariffs is scheduled to be commissioned during 2012. This regulation has certain advantages compared to today’s for once because it counts for the actual costs for the corporations. At the same time this particular approach will demand a lot of resources of the authority.

When the regulating models of the future are being developed legitimacy to all parties must be ensured. The regulations must at the same time be adjusted to the resources available for the grid authority. Likewise the process and nature of putting forward new regulations should be based on continuity to greater extent.

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Campillo, Javier, und Stephen Foster. „Global Solar Photovoltaic Industry Analysis with Focus on the Chinese Market“. Thesis, Mälardalen University, Mälardalen University, Mälardalen University, Department of Public Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4489.

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Singh, Baljot. „A case study about the potential of battery storage in Culture house : Investigation on the economic viability of battery energy storage system with peak shaving & time-of-use application for culture house in Skellefteå“. Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-52998.

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The energy demand is steadily increasing, and the electricity sector is undergoing a severe change in this decade. The primary drivers, such as the need to decarbonize the power industry and megatrends for more distributed and renewable systems, are resulting in revolutionary changes in our lifestyle and industry. The power grid cannot be easily or quickly be upgraded, as investment decisions, construction approvals, and payback time are the main factors to consider. Therefore, new technology, energy storage, tariff reform, and new business models are rapidly changing and challenging the conventional industry. In recent times, industrial peak shaving application has sparked an increased interest in battery energy storage system (BESS). This work investigated BESS’s potential from peak shaving and Time-of-use (TOU) applications for a Culture-house in Skellefteå. Available literature provides the knowledge of various BESS applications, tariff systems, and how battery degradation functions. The predicted electrical load demand of the culture-house for 2019 is obtained from a consultant company Incoord. The linear optimization was implemented in MATLAB using optimproblem function to perform peak shaving and time-of-use application for the Culture-hose BESS. A cost-optimal charging/discharging strategy was derived through an optimization algorithm by analyzing the culture-house electrical demand and Skellefteå Kraft billing system. The decisional variable decides when to charge/discharge the battery for minimum battery degradation and electricity purchase charges from the grid. Techno-economic viability is analyzed from BESS investment cost, peak-power tariff, battery lifespan, and batter aging perspective. Results indicate that the current BESS price and peak-power tariff of Skellefteå Kraft are not suitable for peak shaving. Electricity bill saving is too low to consider TOU application due to high battery degradation. However, combining peak shaving & TOU does generate more profit annually due to additional savings from the electricity bill. However, including TOU also leads to higher battery degradation, making it not currently a viable application. A future scenario suggests a decrease in investment cost, resulting in a shorter payback period. The case study also analyses the potential in the second-life battery, where they are purchased at 80 % State of Health (SoH) for peak shaving application. Second-life batteries are assumed to last until 70 % or 60 % before End of Life (EOL). The benefit-cost ratio indicates that second-life batteries are an attractive investment if batteries can perform until 60% end of life, it would be an excellent investment from an economic and sustainability perspective. Future work suggests integrating more BESS applications into the model to make BESS an economically viable project.

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Skog, Nestorovic Benjamin, und Douglas Lindén. „Techno-economic analysis of Battery Energy Storage Systems and Demand Side Management for peak load shaving in Swedish industries“. Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277824.

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The Swedish electrical grid has historically been robust and reliable, but with increased electrification in numerous sectors, out-phasing of nuclear power and a high market diffusion of wind power, the system is now facing challenges. The rotational energy in the system is expected to decrease as a result of higher shares of intermittent energy sources, which can affect the stability of the grid frequency negatively. To manage increased frequency drops, the new Fast Frequency Reserve (FFR) market will be implemented by June 2020 in the Nordic power system. Simultaneously, it is expected that the demand of electricity will increase significantly in the transport and industry sectors in the coming years. Several DSOs already today indicate challenges with capacity and power security and have or will implement power tariffs as an economic incentive to prevent these problems. For energy intensive customers, such as industries, it will become important to reduce power peaks to avoid high grid fees. Several peak load shaving strategies can be utilized by industries to reduce their power peaks and thus the power tariff. The aim of this study is to economically analyze peak load shaving for Swedish industries. This is done using Li-Ion BESS and DSM, and to maximize the utilization of the BESS by including energy arbitrage and FFR market participation into the analysis. Firstly, a literature review is conducted within the topics of peak load shaving strategies, energy arbitrage and ancillary services. Secondly, data is gathered in collaboration with WSP Systems – Energy, the initiators of the project, to conduct case studies on two different industries. These cases are simulated in the modeling software SAM, for technical analysis, and then economically evaluated with NPV. Also, nine scenarios are created for the emerging FFR market concerning the number of activations per year and the compensation price per activation. The results from the case studies indicate that peak load shaving of 1 – 3 % with BESS provides a positive NPV for both case industries. However, higher percentages result in negative NPVs when no additional revenue streams are included. When considering energy arbitrage, it is concluded that the additional revenues are neglectable for both industries. Participating in the FFR market provides similar trends in the results as before. The exception is valid for scenarios with high numbers of FFR activations and compensation prices, where positive NPVs for all levels of peak load shaving can be concluded. The peak load shaving strategy DSM is implemented for one of the industries, where efficiency measures are concluded to have the most impact on the economic evaluation. If all efficiency measures would be implemented, the electricity consumption would be reduced by 17 %. Additionally, the power peaks would be reduced with 18 % and result in a significantly more positive NPV than peak load shaving using BESS. A sensitivity analysis concerning BESS capital cost and power tariff price concludes that the BESS price has a strong relation to the NPV, where a BESS price reduction of 60 % results in an NPV increase of at least 100 %. BESS prices have decreased the past years and are expected to keep decreasing in the future. Hence, investments in BESS can become more profitable and attractive in the coming years. Finally, for future research, it is recommended to combine the methodology from this study together with a load forecasting method. This combined methodology could then be practically applied to case specific industries with high peak loads.
Det svenska elnätet har historiskt sett varit robust och pålitligt, men i takt med ökad elektrifiering i flera sektorer, utfasning av kärnkraft samt ökad mängd installerad vindkraft ställs nu systemet inför nya utmaningar. Bland annat förväntas rotationsenergin i systemet minska som ett resultat av högre andelar intermittenta energikällor i systemet. För att hantera detta kommer den nya Fast Frequency Reserve (FFR) marknaden finnas tillgänglig från och med juni 2020. Samtidigt förväntas även efterfrågan på el inom transport- och industrisektorn öka markant de kommande åren. Redan idag är effektbrist ett problem i vissa regioner, vilket kan komma att förvärras. Många nätägare ska eller har redan infört effekttariffer för utnyttjande av deras elnät, vilket är ett ekonomiskt incitament för att hantera effektproblematiken där kunder med en mer flexibel elkonsumtion kommer gynnas. För större elförbrukare, som exempelvis industrier, kan det bli ekonomiskt betydelsefullt att sänka sina effekttoppar och därmed undvika höga nätavgifter. För att minska effekttoppar finns ett flertal så kallade peak load shaving-strategier, som kan utnyttjas av industrier för att minska kostnaderna för effekttariffen. Syftet med denna studie är att analysera peak load shaving för svenska industrier, med hjälp av ett Li-Ion batterilagringssystem och efterfrågeflexibilitet, samt maximera utnyttjandet av batteriet genom att inkludera energiarbitrage och deltagande i FFR-marknaden i analysen. Ett första steg i arbetet är att utföra en litteraturstudie för de berörda områdena. I ett andra steg insamlas data tillsammans med WSP, initiativtagaren av projektet, för att kunna göra en fallstudie på två industrier. För dessa fallstudier undersöks de tekniska förutsättningarna för att implementera peak load shaving-strategier genom modellering i simuleringsprogrammet SAM. Sedan utreds de ekonomiska förutsättningarna för fallstudierna, där NPV används som ekonomiskt nyckeltal. Dessutom skapas nio scenarion för den kommande FFR-marknaden för att uppskatta kostnader och inkomster. Resultatet av fallstudien visar att 1 – 3 % kapade effekttoppar med batterilagring ger ett positivt NPV för båda industrierna. Över 3 % blir resultatet negativt utan ytterligare inkomstströmmar inkluderade. Energiarbitrage konstateras att bidra med marginella positiva fördelar. Vid inkludering av FFR-marknaden i analysen erhålls liknande trender i resultaten, bortsett från scenarion med relativt högt antal avrop och pris. I dessa fall blir även 4 – 10 % kapade effekttoppar ekonomiskt attraktiva. För en av industrierna utvärderas efterfrågeflexibilitet, där effektivisering av elkrävande processer har störst inflytande på resultatet. Vid implementering av samtliga effektiviseringsåtgärder skulle elkonsumtionen minska med 17 %. Dessutom minskar effekttopparna med 18 %, vilket resulterar i ett signifikant mer positivt NPV, jämfört med användningen av batterilager. En känslighetsanalys gällande batteripris och effekttariffer, konstaterade att batteripriset har en stark påverkan på NPV. Vid en batteriprisminskning på 60 % ökar NPV med minst 100 %. Därmed kan batteriinvesteringar bli mer gynnsamma och attraktiva om batteripriser fortsätter att falla, vilket flera prognoser indikerar. Slutligen rekommenderas framtida studier att kombinera metodiken från detta arbete med en prognostiseringsmetod för elanvändning i industrier. Denna kombinerade metod kan sedan praktiskt tillämpas på fallspecifika industrier med höga effekttoppar.

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Rosa, Filho Duarte de Souza. „A produção social do campo de deslocamento de pessoas na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11019.

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O presente trabalho visa compreender a produção social no campo de deslocamentos de pessoas da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RMPA), onde ocorrem relações de poder e disputas discursivas. O campo e o habitus no espaço social da demanda foram construídos através da aplicação da técnica de análise de correspondência múltipla aos dados da Pesquisa de Origem e Destino de Viagens por Entrevista Domiciliar – EDOM realizada em 1997. O mercado da produção de serviços de transportes é descrito, a partir da sua história, assim como o aparato do Estado, conformado pelas organizações públicas, seus conselhos e comissões, que contribuem diretamente para a construção da demanda dos serviços de transportes. A produção social no momento do reajuste dos valores das tarifas, em contextos de crise, foi analisada considerando as ações dos atores dotados de recursos de poder. Os discursos pronunciados nesses contextos, quando as disputas pelos interesses públicos versus interesses privados nos serviços de transporte coletivo de passageiros se tornam mais evidentes, foram estudados com categorias da análise crítica do discurso. Os resultados indicam as relações de poder que ocorrem no espaço social da demanda e no mercado de produção de serviços de transportes, especificado pelas condições jurídicas oriundas da mediação do aparato do Estado. Mostram as características dos atores sociais e a utilização dos seus recursos de poder no processo de produção social do reajuste das tarifas. A análise revela o exercício do poder simbólico e desmascara as práticas discursivas de condensação temática e as alegações de verdade, sob a forma matemática, contidas no discurso extraordinário do reajuste das tarifas.
This thesis aims to understand the social production process in the field of people movements at the Porto Alegre Metropolitan Region where power relations and discursive struggles take place. The habitus and the field of the demand social space were constructed using correspondence analysis applied to the origin – destination residential survey of 1997. The history of transit services production market is described as well as the State apparatus constituted by the public organizations and councils, which directly contribute to configure the transit services demand. The social production of transit fares values establishment, during crisis context of 2004, is analyzed considering the actions performed by actors possessing power resources. Critical discourse analysis was made on the texts produced in this period, when struggles between public and private interests are much more manifest. The results indicate the power relations that occur in the demand social space and in the transit services production market, which are specified by the juridical conditions originated from the State apparatus mediation. They show the social actors characteristics and how they use their power resources in the social production process of transit fares values establishment. Also, the use of symbolic power is revealed. The discursive practices of thematic condensation and truth allegations, using mathematical form, in the extraordinary discourses pronounced during the fares values establishment process, are disclosed.

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SILVA, Walney Christian de Medeiros. „Impactos da inserção da microgeração no equilíbrio econômico-financeiro dos contratos de concessão de distribuição de energia elétrica“. Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017. https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/tede/1981.

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This work was developed in the Master course of the Postgraduate Program in Energy and Environment taught at the Federal University of Maranhão, and its main objective is to analyze the impacts of the fomentation and insertion of distributed generation, among them microgeneration, whose main source is To solar photovoltaic, in the Brazilian energy scenario. The mass adherence to microgeneration, by the Brazilian consumers, can culminate in impacts to be felt by the electric power concessionaires, by the consumers themselves and by all agents of the national energy sector. Two species of impacts were identified for electric power concessionaires, in the case of microgeneration insertion. These impacts are subdivided into (i) technical and (ii) economic impacts. The former can be represented by possible instabilities in the utility network, which could be avoided with adaptations in the planning of these systems. The economic aspects would be related to the increase in the price of the tariff, caused by the fall in the revenues of the distributors, an impact directly linked to the loss of revenue in the companies' cash registers. This could lead to uncertainties regarding the current distributor remuneration system, taking into account a scenario of mass membership of microgenerators. Hence comes the phenomenon called the spiral of death. The dynamics of this phenomenon follows a logic in which, with the increase of Distributed Generation, there is a decrease in the consumption of electric energy sold by the distributors, which results in an increase in the tariff for the captive market, which, in turn, would be lower. Since the market is smaller, the costs, when forming the tariff, in the periodic tariff reviews, would be divided by a smaller number of consumers. The tariff increase, consequently, increases the attractiveness of Distributed Generation, which, in turn, accelerates the process described above. As the distributors responsible for the maintenance and expansion of the electric system, in their concession area, the financial balance of these is a fundamental factor for the operation of the entire electric sector. This paper analyzes the economic financial equilibrium of distributors and the concession contract for the distribution of electric power and the impact on other consumers, in case of a mass migration of consumers to microgeneration.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no curso de Mestrado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia e Ambiente ministrado na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, e tem como objetivo principal analisar os impactos do fomento e inserção da geração distribuída, dentre elas a microgeração, cuja principal fonte é a solar fotovoltaica, no cenário energético brasileiro. A adesão em massa à microgeração, por parte dos consumidores brasileiros, pode culminar em impactos a serem sentidos pelas concessionárias de energia elétrica, pelos próprios consumidores e por todos os agentes setor energético nacional. Foram identificadas duas espécies de impactos para as concessionárias de energia elétrica, no caso de inserção da microgeração. Esses impactos se subdividem em (i) técnicos e (ii) econômicos. Os primeiros podem ser representados por possíveis instabilidades na rede da concessionária, o que poderia ser evitado com adaptações no planejamento desses sistemas. Os aspectos econômicos estariam relacionados ao aumento preço da tarifa de energia elétrica, ocasionados pela queda no faturamento das distribuidoras, impacto diretamente ligado à perda da receita nos caixas das companhias, dentre outros fatores. Isso poderia trazer incertezas quanto ao atual sistema de remuneração das distribuidoras, levando-se em consideração um cenário de adesão em massa de microgeradores. Daí surge o fenômeno denominado de espiral da morte. A dinâmica desse fenômeno segue uma lógica em que, com o aumento da Geração Distribuída, há a uma queda no consumo da energia elétrica vendida pelas distribuidoras, o que resulta num aumento na tarifa para o mercado cativo, que, por sua vez, seria menor. Sendo o mercado menor, os custos, quando da formação da tarifa, nas revisões tarifárias periódicas, seriam divididos por um número menor de consumidores. O aumento da tarifa, consequentemente, eleva a atratividade da Geração Distribuída, que, por sua vez, acelera todo o processo anteriormente descrito. Sendo as distribuidoras responsáveis pela manutenção e expansão do sistema elétrico, na sua área de concessão, o equilíbrio financeiro destas é fator fundamental para o funcionamento de todo o setor elétrico. O presente trabalho se dispõe, dessa forma, a analisar a temática do equilíbrio econômico financeiro das distribuidoras e do próprio contrato de concessão de distribuição de energia elétrica, bem como, de acordo com o modelo atual do setor elétrico nacional, quais seriam os impactos sentidos pelos demais consumidores não microgeradores, em caso de eventual migração em massa de consumidoras à microgeração.

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Pérez, Jenny Paola González. „Propostas de procedimentos para o estabelecimento de metas de qualidade do serviço de distribuição de energia elétrica“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-16112012-160154/.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma análise crítica da metodologia usada no PRODIST 2010, e propostas alternativas para a fixação de metas e tarifas em função da qualidade do serviço. Todas as análises se sustentam em estudos estatísticos dos dados de interrupções nos anos 2007 e 2008 de 6 empresas distribuidoras de energia com diferentes características de DEC, FEC, número de usuários e número de conjuntos. A primeira proposta chamada de Tarifa Única Meta Única (TAMU) propõe a mesma meta de qualidade do serviço para todos os usuários de um mesmo nível de tensão. Na proposta se fixou como critério geral que 10% dos usuários pior atendidos de um nível de tensão devem ser ressarcidos por má qualidade do serviço. Para alcançar esse objetivo as metas dos níveis de tensão de cada empresa foram fixadas a partir dos seus histogramas de frequência acumulada dos indicadores individuais dos usuários. Esse procedimento garante que a percentagem de usuários ressarcidos seja igual em todos os níveis de tensão das empresas. Os resultados obtidos no cálculo da multa média por usuário ressarcido conservam uma coerência justa com a piora dos indicadores coletivos (isto não acontece no PRODIST), onde as concessionárias que apresentaram os piores desempenhos pagariam uma multa média maior por usuário. A segunda proposta descreve uma metodologia de tarifas diferenciadas por descontos (TARDIF). Nessa metodologia os DIC dos usuários de um mesmo nível de tensão foram classificados em 5 intervalos múltiplos de sua média coletiva (DEC). Os últimos 3 intervalos de classificação correspondem aos usuários que tiveram a pior qualidade do serviço no ano. Para esses usuários foram definidos descontos tarifários que compensariam os prejuízos no seguinte ano. Nos resultados obtidos, as multas médias dos usuários ressarcidos conservam a relação com a média de atendimento e com a dispersão dos dados, sendo o último o critério mais dominante.
This work presents a review of the methodology used in PRODIST 2010, and alternative proposals for setting targets and rates depending on quality of service (QoS). All analysis are supported in statistical interruption data studies of 6 electricity distribution companies (EDC) between 2007 and 2008 with different characteristics of DEC, FEC, number of users and sets. The first proposal called Single Rate - Single Goal (TAMU in Portuguese) proposes the same goal of QoS to all same voltage level users. This proposal sets as a general criterion that 10% of users with worst voltage level attendance must be compensated for getting poor QoS. In order to achieve this goal, the top voltage levels of each company were determined from its cumulative frequency histograms of the user individual indicators value. This procedure guarantees the same percentage of users compensated in all EDC voltage levels. The results obtained by calculating the average penalty per user refunded maintain a fairly consistent with deterioration of collective indicators values (this does not happen in PRODIST 2010), where EDC with worst performances will pay a higher average penalty per user. The second proposal describes a different discount rate methodology (TARDIF in Portuguese). In this methodology, the DIC of users with same voltage level were classified into five intervals of its collective average (DEC). The last three classification intervals correspond to users who have had the worst QoS in the year. For these users were defined discount rates that would compensate the losses next year. In the obtained results, the average penalties of refunded users maintain the relationship between the average attendance and the data scattering, being the last one the most dominant criterion.

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Ruiz, gomez Lina maria. „Intégration de la production éolienne aux réseaux électriques : approches techniques et économiques“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844387.

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La Directive européenne et les politiques de prévention du changement climatique conduisentà un développement important des Énergies Renouvelables pour la production d'électricité. Cecontexte politique est en train d'induire l'insertion massive de production intermittente d'origineéolien dans les réseaux électriques. Pour répondre à la question des limites de l'intégration de l'éoliendans les réseaux électriques, nous nous appuyons sur l'étude des aspects technique et économiques.Dans ce cadre, cette thèse s'intéresse d'une part à l'étude de l'efficacité des dispositifs d'incitationéconomique du point de vue de leur efficacité à stimuler la croissance de l'énergie éolienne et d'autrepart, aux problématiques techniques de court et long terme liées à l'intermittence de l'éolien. Dans lecourt-terme, les problèmes du réseau électrique ainsi que les ajustements dans le marché del'électricité sont abordés. Dans le long terme, l'impact de l'éolien sur la sûreté de fonctionnement estévalué au moyen d'un algorithme de calcul du crédit de capacité de l'éolien.

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Enosse, Júnior Domingos. „Determinação do preço da energia eléctrica nos países da SADC: analise comparativa“. Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/6842.

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Em Moçambique, o consumo energético cresceu 56% entre 2002 e 2008, para tal tendo contribuído o alargamento da base da população com acesso a energia, fruto da aposta do Governo na electrificação nacional e do crescimento das indústrias de consumo intensivo de energia. E a maior estabilidade macroeconómica e política que o País alcançou determinou o crescimento económico do País, com impactos no rendimento disponível (crescimento do PIB) e na modernização do tecido empresarial público e privado (em particular os serviços), cada vez mais exigente em termos de utilização de energia. De forma a expandir e atrair o sector privado para a indústria de electricidade de modo sustentável, as tarifas devem reflectir os custos de fornecimento de serviços pelas empresas, isto é serem competitivas e adaptadas ao mercado, visto que constituem a principal fonte de financiamento para a expansão do sector de energia elétrica.
In Mozambique, energy consumption grew 56% between 2002 and 2008, largely due to the expansion of the population with access to electricity, the government's investment in national electrification and the growth of energy – intensive industries. The macroeconomic and political stability determined the country's economic growth, with significant impacts on disposable income and on the modernization of the public and private business (including services), increasingly demanding in terms of energy use. In order to expand and attract the private sector to the electricity industry in a sustainable manner, tariffs must reflect the costs of providing services for companies, i.e. be competitive and market driven, since they are the main source of funding for the expansion of the electricity sector.

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„Residential customer acceptance and response to time-of-use electricity tariffs“. Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13478.

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M.Com. (Business Management)
The residential demand profile for electricity shows that this segment of the market has. a great demand in the morning and early evening. Due to a shortage of generation capacity during these peak consumption periods, different strategies are now needed to persuade customers to use their electricity in the periods when there is not a great demand. One way in which this can be achieved is to give the customers a time differentiated tariff i.e. a time-of-use (TOU) tariff, whereby the customer will pay a high energy rate in the peak periods, and lower energy rates in the off-peak and standard periods. The overall goal of this study was to determine to what extent residential customers would respond to such a tariff The study covered three consumption groups i.e. customers using more than 1500 kWh per month, between 600 and 1000 kWh per month, and between 300 and 600 kWh per month. All the customers taking part in the study were direct Eskom customers. Once the customers had agreed to participate in the study, they had TOU measuring equipment installed in their homes, which measured their consumption according to the time of day it was consumed.

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Liu, Chuan-Fen, und 劉全梤. „The investment assessment of Taiwan''s offshore wind power under Feed-in Tariffs policy“. Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94963758316796257506.

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碩士
國立中興大學
高階經理人碩士在職專班
101
Due to the lack of energy reserves in Taiwan, most of its energy must be imported and highly depend on fossil fuels. Taiwan faces tough issues such as increasing depletion of traditional fossil fuels, carbon dioxide emissions, and volatile energy prices, which continued to have significant influence on national security and the economy. Therefore, promoting the use of renewable energy and improving energy diversification are important energy policies in Taiwan. In order to provide investors a reasonable return on their investments, the government offered renewable energy producers guaranteed feed-in tariffs which are based on the cost of different renewable energy technologies. Taiwan has excellent wind resource. The domestic and abroad researches show that offshore wind is Taiwan''s most abundant renewable energy. Offshore wind farms have stronger and steadier wind conditions compared to the wind farms on land, and offshore wind farms can avoid noise and visual impact plaguing the neighboring community. Besides, with Taiwan’s limited land area and dense population, the available sites on land for wind farms are scarce. Thus to develop offshore wind power is the path that Taiwan must take for renewable energy development. Currently the government has planned to extend the wind power from land to offshore. This paper references the theories of wind power, and the literatures on wind power industry and cost factors of wind power. Furthermore, based on the capital budgeting principles and with reference to the reports from overseas renewable energy research institutions, this study applies life cycle costing method to estimate the investment benefit of both Jhangbin and Penghu offshore wind projects by calculating the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the net present value (NPV) for each project. The result of this study shows that under the current feed-in tariffs, both Jhangbin and Penghu offshore wind projects could be profitable, and Penghu is the better investment choice. The site average wind speed, wind turbine availability and the installed capital cost are the factors which have greater influence on the net present value of the offshore wind project. Thus if these three factors varied, it may significantly affect the profitability of the project. The investment risk of Penghu offshore wind project is quite low due to its excellent wind conditions, and relatively, the investment on Jhangbin offshore wind project is more risky.

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