Dissertationen zum Thema „Power adapter“

Cílem této práce je navrhnout a sestavit napájecí zdroj pro notebooky různých výrobců pro použití v osobních a nákladních automobilech a na motocyklech s výstupním výkonem až 120W. Výsledný zdroj obsahuje USB-C konektor pro podporu napájení notebooků a chytrých zařízení s podporou Power Delivery, dále USB-A konektor s podporou Quick Charge 3.0 a také 12V automobilovou zásuvku pro možnost připojení dalšího automobilového příslušenství. Napájecí zdroj dále disponuje ochranou proti přepětí a přepólování vstupního napětí a také ochranou proti přetížení jednotlivých výstupů. Součástí zařízení je také LED displej, který uživateli umožňuje pomocí vstupního rozhraní jednoduše nastavit výstupní napětí pro notebook a sledovat aktuální hodnoty všech výstupů. Pro nastavování výstupu, indikaci a ochrany je použit mikrokontroler Arduino Nano.

Les modèles énergétiques des bâtiments à l’échelle du quartier sont généralement simplifiés pour faire face au manque de données et pour réduire le coût de calcul. Cependant, l’impact de ces simplifications sur la validité des modèles n’est pas systématiquement analysée, en particulier lorsqu’on s’intéresse à la courbe de charge. Pour combler ce manque, une méthodologie permettant de quantifier la validité des simplifications, notamment vis-à-vis de la courbe de charge, est proposée. Cette méthodologie est appliquée aux simplifications couramment utilisée pour les modèles thermiques d’enveloppe de bâtiments grâce à une plateforme numérique développée dans le cadre de cette thèse. Cette plateforme permet de générer et simuler automatiquement des modèles énergétiques de bâtiments, avec différents niveaux de détails, à partir de données issues de systèmes d’information géographique. La parallélisation des simulations énergétiques des bâtiments est utilisée à l’échelle du quartier, afin de tirer avantage de la structure du modèle global et de réduire les temps de calculs. La définition d’indicateurs spécifiques selon l’objectif de simulation apparait clairement comme l’étape essentielle lorsque l’on s’intéresse à la courbe de charge. Les résultats indiquent que la puissance est plus sensible aux simplifications que la consommation annuelle d’énergie. Les différents effets induits sont quantifiés et analysés physiquement. La capacité de l’échelle du quartier à atténuer les impacts des simplifications et d’intégrer les données statistiques est démontrée. La quantification des impacts des simplifications permet de guider l’adaptation des modèles vis-à-vis des objectifs de simulation et vis-à-vis des contraintes techniques. Cette contribution a pour objectif d’améliorer la performance des simulations énergétiques à l’échelle de la ville, et de favoriser leur développement, afin de répondre aux enjeux futurs<br>District-scale building energy models are generally simplified to cope with a lack of data and to reduce computational cost. However, the impacts of these simplifications on model accuracy are not systematically studied, particularly when considering power demand. The present manuscript introduces a methodology to determine the suitability of any simplifications, notably those at the district scale, and considering the power demand. This methodology was applied to usual simplifications of the building envelope model thanks to a specific platform developed in the frame of this thesis. This platform enables automatically generating and simulating building energy models with different modelling levels of detail from geographical information systems. The parallelisation of the building energy simulations was notably implemented at the district scale in order to benefit from the model structure and to efficiently reduce the computational duration. The definition of indicators related to specific simulation objectives appears to be a necessary step when focusing on power demand. The results show a higher sensitivity to simplifications of the power demand than the annual energy consumption. These effects are quantified and physically analysed. The district-scale ability to attenuate the impacts of simplifications and to integrate statistical sources of data were demonstrated. The resulting quantification of the impacts of the simplifications made it possible to guide the adaptations of models to the simulation objectives and to the technical constraints. Such contribution aims to increase the efficiency and to favour the development of city-scale energy simulations, which are particularly needed to cope with future challenges

La mesure d'un signal biologique dans le cas de certaines applications médicales ou d'un signal quelconque sur site hostile, nécessite souvent la présence d'une chaine de télémesure. A cette fin, la conception et la réalisation d'un système de télémesure sont traitées dans ce mémoire. Pour la transmission du signal utile, un microémetteur fonctionnant en Fm et en FSK dans la gamme VHF a été développé. Cette gamme de fréquence permet l'utilisation d'une antenne quart d'onde de dimension réduite. Comme ce système de télémesure est destiné à être implanté soit in-vivo soit en milieu hostile, l'alimentation à long terme des circuits électroniques devient un problème essentiel. Un prototype d'alimentation externe par champ électromagnétique haute fréquence a donc été conçu et expérimenté. Un adaptateur d'impédance d'antenne s'est avéré indispensable entre la charge optimale de l'oscillateur et la résistance de rayonnement de l'antenne quart d'onde. Les paramètres optimaux de l'oscillateur, de l'adaptateur d'antenne et de l'alimentation externe ont été obtenus par une méthode numérique d'optimisation. Chaque émetteur a été simulé à l'aide du logiciel de CAO (SPICE). Les différentes mesures effectuées sur le microémetteur et l'alimentation externe sont exposées et discutées dans ce mémoire<br>The measurement of a biological signal in the case of some medical applications or in the case of any given signal in hostile site, requires often a telemetry chain. For this aim, the conception and realization of a telemetry system are treated in this report. To transmit a useful signal, a transmitter operating in FM ans FSK in the VHF range has been developed. This range of frequency allows the use of reduced size of an antenna. As this telemetry system is intended to be implanted either in-vivo or in hostile medium, the long life power supply of electronics circuits becomes an important parameter. A prototype of external power supply by high frequency electromagnetic waves has therefore been designed and experimented. An antenna adapter is necessary between the optimal load of oscillator and the antenna. The optimal parameters of oscillator, antenna adapter and external power supply, were obtained by a numerical method of optimization. Each transmitter has been simulated by the CAD software SPICE. The different measurements carried out on the transmitter and the external power supply are exposed and discussed in this thesis

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2009.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-54).<br>The purpose of this thesis is to explore the different challenges facing start-ups that are engaged in intense competition to lead the commercialization of a complex technology that is initially unable to meet the demands of a market. Technology, intellectual property, and go-to market strategies are proposed with a particular focus on wireless power technology in the market for external power adapters. Wireless power technology is a revolutionary technology that promises to replace the two billion external power adapters that are sold every year. It is a seemingly attractive opportunity for a start-up company, but the technology is complicated, the intellectual property landscape is dense, and the competition is intense. The technology will be sold into the pre-existing market for external supplies, which is reeling from declining prices and margins. The market is in need of change, and is looking for innovations that will improve the situation. The commercialization of wireless power technology is a case example of how start-up technology companies can accelerate development times, reduce risk, and build sustainable competitive advantage by carefully planning their technology approach, fully understanding the intellectual property landscape, and leveraging the principles of open innovation. A technology strategy requires the selection of a technology vector which should be determined by weighing the importance of individual product features against the expected levels of technical risk.<br>(cont.) Within its technology vector, a company must evaluate the strategic importance the various engineering activities based on whether they enable freedom to operate, contribute to the creation of blocking patents, and/or are outside the expertise of potential partner organizations. The start-up should intensely focus its engineering resources on the strategically important activities while farming the remainder of the development work to partner organizations within the greater value chain. A start-up entrenched in a competitive battle to serve a hungry market; with a green technology solution, faces a difficult choice: go to market niche by niche and face irrelevance in the greater market, or swing for the fences and risk bankruptcy. There are options beyond the traditional approaches, and in this case, a three track commercialization strategy is appropriate.<br>by Ryan Tseng.<br>M.B.A.

AC/DC adapters mostly employ two-stage topology: Power Factor Correction (PFC) pre-regulation stage followed by an isolated DC/DC converter stage. Low power AC/DC adapters require a small size to be competitive. Among their components, the bulk DC-link capacitor is one of the largest because it should keep the output voltage with low ripple. Also, the size of this capacitor is penalized due to the universal line voltage application. Synchronization through employing leading edge modulation for the first PFC stage and trailing edge modulation for the second DC/DC converter stage can significantly reduce the ripple current and ripple voltage of the DC-link capacitor. Thus, a smaller DC-link capacitance can be used, lowering the cost and size of the AC/DC adapter. Benefits of the synchronous switching scheme were already demonstrated experimentally. However, no mathematical analysis was presented. In this thesis, detailed mathematical analyses in per-unit quantity are given to facilitate the calculation of the DC-link capacitor ripple current reduction with Leading/Trailing Edge Modulation strategies. One of the limitations of leading/trailing edge modulation is that the switching frequencies of the two stages need to be equal to achieve the best reduction of the DC-link capacitor ripple current. The DC-link capacitor ripple current will become larger if the switching frequency of the DC/DC converter is larger than that of the PFC pre-regulator, which blocks us to employ higher frequency for isolated DC/DC converter to reduce its transformer size. This thesis proposed a new Leading/Trailing Edge Modulation strategy to further reduce the DC-link bulk capacitor ripple current when switching frequency of DC/DC converter stage is twice the switching frequency of PFC stage. This proposed pulse width modulation scheme was verified by simulation. Experimental results obtained through digital control based on FPGA are also presented in this thesis.

<p>As space exploration vehicles travel deeper into space, their distance to earth increases.The increased communication delays and ground personnel costs motivatea migration of the vehicle health management into space. A way to achieve thisis to use a diagnosis system. A diagnosis system uses sensor readings to automaticallydetect faults and possibly locate the cause of it. The diagnosis system usedin this thesis is a model-based reasoning tool called RODON developed by UptimeSolutions AB. RODON uses information of both nominal and faulty behavior ofthe target system mathematically formulated in a model.The advanced diagnostics and prognostics testbed (ADAPT) developed at theNASA Ames Research Center provides a stepping stone between pure researchand deployment of diagnosis and prognosis systems in aerospace systems. Thehardware of the testbed is an electrical power system (EPS) that represents theEPS of a space exploration vehicle. ADAPT consists of a controlled and monitoredenvironment where faults can be injected into a system in a controlled manner andthe performance of the diagnosis system carefully monitored. The main goal of thethesis project was to build a model of the ADAPT EPS that was used to diagnosethe testbed and to generate decision trees (or trouble-shooting trees).The results from the diagnostic analysis were good and all injected faults thataffected the actual function of the EPS were detected. All sensor faults weredetected except faults in temperature sensors. A less detailed model would haveisolated the correct faulty component(s) in the experiments. However, the goal wasto create a detailed model that can detect more than the faults currently injectedinto ADAPT. The created model is stationary but a dynamic model would havebeen able to detect faults in temperature sensors.Based on the presented results, RODON is very well suited for stationary analysisof large systems with a mixture of continuous and discrete signals. It is possibleto get very good results using RODON but in turn it requires an equally goodmodel. A full analysis of the dynamic capabilities of RODON was never conductedin the thesis which is why no conclusions can be drawn for that case.</p><p> </p>

En aquest treball es presenta l'anàlisi, disseny i realització d'un sistema per a la recollida d'energia undimotriu de baixa potència, és a dir, extreure petita energia de les onades de la mar per a l'alimentació d'un equip autònom alimentat per bateria.Aquest sistema consta d'un captador d'energia flotant, i d'una etapa processadora d'energia per interconnectar l'element captador amb la bateria de el sistema. El captador d'energia és un dispositiu articulat realitzat en fusta i conté tres transductors inductius interconnectats entre si. Després de la introducció i l'estat de l'art, la tesi comença examinant diversos dispositius comercials de captació d'energia, després, presenta el transductor inductiu desenvolupat, el sistema de recollida articulada, els processadors d'energia estudiats, i després de les simulacions i verificacions experimentals corresponents , conclusions i línies futures de treball. Per extreure petites quantitats d'energia de les onades de la mar, aquest prototip, coordina el moviment de tres imants interns a tres bobines individuals interconnectades elèctricament entre si. Aprofitant la pujada i baixada de les onades de la mar, es produeix un moviment oscil·lant lineal de cada imant a l'interior de l'transductor (bobina) que genera un pols elèctric induït a la bobina. L'energia així recol·lectada s'emmagatzemarà en una bateria la qual alimentarà un sistema autònom, per exemple, un equip de telemetria, estació meteorològica, etc., situada a alta mar. Per maximitzar l'energia recol·lectada, es requereix d'un circuit interfície que adapti la impedància entre el conjunt de transductors que forma el generador i la bateria de el sistema. Es proposen dos circuits convertidors DC / DC, un Híbrid Buck-Boost (HBB) i un convertidor SEPIC com circuits adaptadors d'impedància. Tots dos convertidors es controlaran en mode lliscant, així doncs, els convertidors es comportaran com una resistència lliure de pèrdues (LFR-Loss Free Resistor), la impedància d'entrada està regulada per a que coincideixi amb la impedància de sortida de el generador. Després d’estudi i anàlisis teòriques, s’ofereixen diversos resultats de simulació i experimentació que permeten comparar el rendiment d’ambdós circuits adaptadors.<br>En este trabajo se presenta el análisis, diseño y realización de un sistema para la recolección de energía undimotriz de baja potencia, es decir, extraer pequeña energía de las olas del mar para la alimentación de un equipo autónomo alimentado por batería. Este sistema consta de un captador de energía flotante, y de una etapa procesadora de energía para interconectar el elemento captador con la batería del sistema. El captador de energía es un dispositivo articulado realizado en madera y contiene tres transductores inductivos interconectados entre sí. Tras la introducción y el estado del arte, la tesis comienza examinando diversos dispositivos comerciales de captación de energía, después, presenta el transductor inductivo desarrollado, el sistema de recolección articulada, los procesadores de energía estudiados, y después de las simulaciones y verificaciones experimentales correspondientes, conclusiones y líneas futuras de trabajo. Para extraer pequeñas cantidades de energía de las olas del mar, este prototipo, coordina el movimiento de tres imanes internos a tres bobinas individuales interconectadas eléctricamente entre sí. Aprovechando la subida y bajada de las olas del mar, se produce un movimiento oscilante lineal de cada imán en el interior del transductor (bobina) que genera un pulso eléctrico inducido en la bobina. La energía así recolectada se almacenará en una batería la cual alimentará un sistema autónomo, por ejemplo, un equipo de telemetría, estación meteorológica, etc., situada en alta mar. Para maximizar la energía recolectada, se requiere de un circuito interfaz que adapte la impedancia entre el conjunto de transductores que forma el generador y la batería del sistema. Se proponen dos circuitos convertidores DC/DC, uno Híbrido Buck-Boost (HBB) y un convertidor SEPIC como circuitos adaptadores de impedancia. Ambos convertidores se controlarán en modo deslizante, así pues, los convertidores se comportaran como una resistencia libre de pérdidas (LFR-Loss Free Resistor), cuya impedancia de entrada está regulada para que coincida con la impedancia de salida del generador. Después del estudio y análisis teórico, se ofrecen varios resultados de simulación y experimentales que permiten comparar el rendimiento de ambos circuitos adaptadores.<br>In this work, the analysis, design and realization of a system for the collection of low-energy wave energy for the feeding of an autonomous battery-powered equipment is presented. This system consists of a floating energy sensor, and an energy processing stage to interconnect the sensor element with the system battery. The energy collector is an articulated device made of wood and contains three inductive transducers interconnected with each other. After this introduction and the state of the art, the thesis begins by examining various commercial energy collection devices, then introducing the developed inductive transducer, the articulated collection system, then the energy processors studied, and after the corresponding simulations and verifications experimental, future conclusions and lines of work are addressed. To extract small amounts of energy from the waves of the sea, this prototype, coordinates the movement of three internal magnets to three individual coils electrically interconnected with each other. Taking advantage of the rise and fall of sea waves, there is a linear oscillating movement of each magnet inside the transducer (coil) that generates an induced electrical pulse in the coil. The energy harvested by the developed prototype will be stored in a battery and can be used as the energy source of a self-powered autonomous electrical system like for example a telemetry equipment, a weather station, etc., located on the high seas. In order to maximize the energy harvested by this process, an impedance matching interface circuit between the battery and the transducers (energy generator) must be developed. Two DC-DC converters, a hybrid Buck-Boost (HBB) converter and a SEPIC converter are proposed in this work as impedance matching circuits. Both converters will be controlled in sliding mode. Hence, the converters will behave as a Loss Free Resistor (LFR) where the input impedance is regulated to match the output impedance of the generator. Several simulated and experimental results have been obtained based on the previous theoretical analysis of the proposed system. Based on this results, a comparison between the performance of both impedance matching circuits has been carried out.

A nominal setup at Volvo Cars Corporation is the placement determination for two adjacent exterior parts on the car. To place the parts in optimal positions, nominal values for gaps and flushes are determined. When a nominal setup becomes more complex, VSA (Vehicle System Architect) is summoned. These appearing situations regard the involvement of several attributes and the need for a combination of vari- ous contributions. There are static, dynamic (overslam or dynamic movement) and thermal contributions that are combined into nominal values of gap and flush dis- tances. The determination process of a nominal setup contains both calculation for each contribution, as well as the combination method which takes place at the VSA meetings. This Master Thesis project consists of the development of an improved determination process for nominal setups. The current determination process has a low level of transparency within the differ- ent group’s methods. Another issue is the insecurity of the probability estimations made when combining the contributions. Therefore, the focus of the project was to infuse a greater understanding of the contribution derivations, and greater insight into the probability of the taken risks. To achieve that, the project was divided into three parts; mapping of the determination process, individual contribution improve- ments and finally, improvements to the combination method. In contemplation of improving a process, plenty of knowledge needs to be gathered, regarding methods, simulations and possibilities. This was executed by interviewing experts within spe- cific areas at the different groups at VCC. Development of the improvements was done by interviews and various studies. It was shown that the mapping of the determination process increased the trans- parency between the groups as it increased the understanding of individual groups’ work. Contribution improvements lead to more realistic load cases used for dimen- sioning. A performed overslam clinic, where closing velocity data of a tailgate were collected, lead to a greater statistical base for which load case should be used. For dynamic movement, another method is proposed that considers relative movement instead of applied accelerations. For the thermal contribution, the approach of ge- ographically gathered temperature data was proposed. The improved combination method generates combinations with regard to three input values instead of one, from each contribution, to create different combination scenarios. The probabilities of the scenario occurrences are estimated which gave VCC a greater understanding of what risks that are taken. Furthermore, the combination method also educates the VSA meeting attendees by exhibiting the derivations and bases for each contri- bution.

Les systèmes embarqués mobiles font partis intégrante de notre quotidien. Afin de les rendre plus adaptésaux usages, ils ont été miniaturisés et leur autonomie a été augmentée, parfois de façon très considérable.Toutefois, les propositions d’amélioration butent désormais sur les possibilités de la technologie des circuitsintégrés. Pour aller plus loin, il faut donc envisager de repenser la chaîne de traitement du signal afin deréduire la consommation de ces dispositifs. Cette thèse développe une approche originale pour exploiterefficacement l’échantillonnage par traversée de niveaux d’une part et, d’autre part, associe cet échantillonnageà une logique évènementielle afin de réduire drastiquement la consommation d’énergie des systèmesintégrés autonomes. Une méthode de discrétisation adaptée à une application de reconnaissance de signauxphysiologiques, utilisée comme exemple dans cette thèse, y est présentée. Un premier prototype en logiqueévènementielle (asynchrone) sur circuit FPGA a permis de valider cette stratégie et de démontrer les bénéficesde cet échantillonnage dédié en termes de réduction de l’activité par rapport à un échantillonnage uniforme.Un second prototype en logique asynchrone et conçu en technologie CMOS AMS 0.35 μm a permis de validerpar simulation électrique un gain extrêmement important sur la consommation électrique du dispositif<br>Our everyday life is highly dependent on mobile embedded systems. In order to make them suitable to differentapplications, they have underwent size reduction and lifetime extension. However, these improvementsare currently limited by the possibilities of the integrated circuits technologies. In order to push back theboundaries, it is necessary to reconsider the whole digital signal processing chain from scratch to sustain thepower consumption reduction in this kind of system. This work develops on the first hand a strategy thatsmartly uses the level-crossing sampling scheme and on the other combines this sampling method with eventlogicto highly reduce the power consumption in mobile embedded systems. A discretisation method adaptedto the recognition of physiological patterns application is described. A first event-logic (asynchronous) prototypeimplemented on FPGA proved the potential benefits that an adapted sampling scheme could offersto reduce activity compared to a uniform sampling scheme. Electrical simulations performed on a secondprototype, also designed in asynchronous logic, with CMOS AMS 0.35 μm technology, validated a high gainin power consumption

Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit concerne le développement d’un système de stockage thermique par chaleur latente pour les centrales solaires à concentration utilisant la génération directe de vapeur, et s’attache plus particulièrement la sélection et l’étude du matériau à changement de phase (MCP). Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre du projet Stockage Thermique Appliqué à l’extension de pRoduction d’énergie Solaire thermodynamique (STARS) porté par le consortium composé d’AREVA Renouvelables, la société Hamon d’Hondt, l’institut CEA liten et les laboratoires IPNO, LPCS et LaTEP. Ce projet est accompagné par l’ADEME dans le cadre du programme énergies décarbonnées des investissements d’avenir.Le premier chapitre de ce manuscrit situe le contexte de l’étude en dressant un état de l’art des différents systèmes solaires à concentration existants et des différents moyens de stocker l’énergie pour ce type de technologie. Le projet STARS est ensuite présenté. Ce chapitre se termine par un descriptif des objectifs du travail de thèse. L’intégralité du processus de sélection du MCP, incluant le recensement des matériaux dans la littérature, la définition des critères de sélection et la caractérisation par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage des candidats les plus pertinents, est détaillée dans le chapitre II. À l’issue de ce travail, le choix du consortium se porte sur le nitrate de sodium, un sel inorganique possédant une température de fusion adaptée à la technologie d’AREVA et une densité de stockage importante. La poursuite de l’étude, concernant la stabilité thermique du MCP durant son utilisation en conditions industrielles, fait l’objet du chapitre III. Cette étude comporte une partie bibliographique permettant de mettre en évidence les problématiques liées à la dégradation thermique du matériau et à son comportement vis-à-vis des matériaux métalliques avec lesquels il sera amené à être en contact (échangeur de chaleur, cuve de stockage). La principale conséquence des phénomènes mis en évidence étant la réduction du nitrate de sodium en nitrite de sodium, l’étude de l’impact du taux de nitrite de sodium sur les propriétés thermiques du MCP a été réalisée. Les résultats de cette campagne expérimentale ont montré une diminution significative de la température de fusion et de la chaleur latente du MCP lorsque la proportion de nitrite de sodium croît. Afin d’étudier l’évolution de composition du MCP dans des conditions réelles de fonctionnement, un dispositif a été conçu spécifiquement pour reproduire des conditions de cyclage thermique en présence de métaux. L’étude menée à l’aide de ce dispositif a permis d’analyser la cinétique de réduction du nitrate de sodium en nitrite de sodium. Les résultats montrent que l’évolution de composition du MCP dans les conditions opératoires du projet est négligeable, garantissant la stabilité des propriétés thermiques de celui-ci au cours de son utilisation.Enfin, le dernier chapitre est consacré à l’étude de l’amélioration des transferts thermiques au sein du MCP. En effet, le nitrate de sodium possède une conductivité thermique faible, pouvant limiter la puissance des échanges de chaleur dans le système de stockage. En premier lieu, un état de l’art des solutions d’intensification des transferts dans le domaine du stockage par chaleur latente est dressé. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence que l’utilisation de composites à base de mousses métalliques constitue une voie pertinente d’amélioration des transferts. Ainsi une campagne expérimentale visant à évaluer les performances de tels composites a permis de mettre en évidence le potentiel de ce type de configuration<br>The work presented in this manuscript concerns the development of a latent heat thermal energy storage system adapted to concentrated solar power plant using direct steam generation, and more particularly on the selection and the study of the Phase Change Material (PCM) used in this system. This thesis was performed within the framework of the STARS project (Stockage Thermique Appliqué à l’extension de pRoduction d’énergie Solaire thermodynamique) carried by the consortium of AREVA Renouvelables, Hamon d’Hondt company, CEA institute liten and laboratories IPNO, LPCS and LaTEP. This project is accompanied by ADEME under the énergies décarbonnées des investissements d’avenir program. The first chapter of this manuscript sets up the context of this study by drawing a state of art of different existing CSP technologies and various ways to store energy for this kind of systems. The STARS project is then described. This chapter ends with a description of the thesis objectives. The entire PCM selection process, including identification of materials in literature, definition of various criteria and thermal characterization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the most relevant candidates, is detailed in chapter II. This work leads to the selection of sodium nitrate by the consortium, an inorganic salt with a suitable melting temperature considering AREVA’s technology and a large storage density. The following work, concerning the thermal stability of the PCM under thermal cycling, is then presented in chapter III. This part includes a bibliographic study allowing to highlight issues related to thermal degradation of the PCM and its behavior regarding to metallic material with which it will have to be in contact (heat exchanger, storage tank). The main consequence of these phenomena is the reduction of sodium nitrate into sodium nitrite, and thus the impact of sodium nitrite fraction on the thermal properties of the PCM was studied. The results of this experimental work shows a significant reduction of the melting temperature and the latent heat as the fraction in sodium nitrite increases. To study the evolution of the PCM composition under real operating situation, a specific device was designed to replicate thermal cycling conditions in the presence of metals. This device was used to analyze the kinetics of reducing sodium nitrate into sodium nitrite. The results show that the changes in composition of the PCM in the project’s operating conditions are negligible, ensuring the stability of its thermal properties during its lifetime. The last chapter is devoted to the improvement of heat transfers within the PCM. Indeed, sodium nitrate has a low thermal conductivity which may limit the power of the heat exchange in the storage system. A state of art of available solutions for the intensification of thermal transfers concerning latent heat storage was done. This study highlighted that the use of composites based on metallic foams constitutes an effective way of improvement. Thus an experimental campaign was conducted to evaluate the performances of such composites, allowing to show the potential of this kind of configuration

Le travail de thèse a consisté, en priorité, à s'approprier les technologies d'intégration verticale en usage dans l'industrie pour réaliser des mémoires à plusieurs étages, et à en évaluer l'apport pour les capteurs à pixel CMOS (CPS). Cette approche s'appuie sur la capacité de l'industrie à interconnecter des puces amincies empilées les unes sur les autres. Elle ouvre la perspective d'associer plusieurs microcircuits superposés à un même pixel, en dépits de sa taille réduite. L'interconnexion est donc réalisée au niveau du pixel. Ce saut technologique permet de lever la majorité des obstacles à l'obtention de performances optimales des CPS. On peut en particulier combiner des puces réalisées dans des technologies CMOS très différentes, chacune optimale pour une fonctionnalité précise. La collection des charges du signal peut ainsi être réalisée dans une couche dédiée, les microcircuits de conditionnement analogique des signaux peuvent être concentrés dans une autre couche, une troisième couche pouvant héberger les parties numériques assurant la compression puis la transmission des signaux, etc. Ce progrès se traduit notamment par la possibilité de combiner haute résolution spatiale et lecture rapide, avec une amélioration probable de la tolérance aux rayonnements intenses.On s'affranchit de cette manière des limitations provenant des paramètres de fabrication des fondeurs, qui ne permettent pas à l'heure actuelle, de pleinement exploiter le potentiel des CPS à l'aide d'une technologie CMOS unique.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the possibility of a dual-purpose electric vehicle. The vehicle should be able to be used for both commuting and racing. It also aims to describe different power limiting methods and their effect on performance. Lastly it hopes to see if the Swedish laws, as written today are reasonable. An electric longboard has been constructed for this purpose and several tests have been performed. A list of goals were set up for the board prototype. These included power output, running time, and that the board should have an audible warning device. The findings demonstrated that all tested power limiting methods worked and that the “Simple power limiting” method provided quickest movement over a fixed distance. Most of the goals were met by the prototype and the board’s two modes worked as planned. While the law is reasonable it can be improved to cover the diversity of electric vehicles. Further work may include better measurements and implementation of a dual microcontroller system.<br>Syftet med detta arbete är att testa möjligheten med ett två-läges personligt fordon. Fordonenet ska kunna användas för både pendling och tävling. Arbetet har även testat olika energilimeteringsmetoder samt undersökt hur dessa metoder påverkar prestandan. Arbetet har även försökt besvara frågan om det svenska lagarna, som det är skrivna idag, är lämpliga. En elektrisk longboard har konstruerats och flera test utförts. Ett antal målsättningar har definerats för prototypen. Dessa inkluderar: effekt, körtid och att brädan bör ha en ringklocka. Resultaten visar att alla metoder fungerade och att “Simple power limiting” var den som gav snabbast rörelse över den bestämda sträckan. Det flesta av målen nåddes av prototypen och brädans två lägen fungerade som tänkt. Dagens lagar är rimliga men kan förbättras för att täcka mångfalden av elektriska fordon. Framtida arbete kan inkludera bättre mätningar och implementation av ett system med två mikrokontroller.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the possibility of adual-purpose electric vehicle. The vehicle should be ableto be used for both commuting and racing. It also aims todescribe different power limiting methods and their effecton performance. Lastly it hopes to see if the Swedish laws,as written today are reasonable. An electric longboard hasbeen constructed for this purpose and several tests havebeen performed.A list of goals were set up for the board prototype. Theseincluded power output, running time, and that the boardshould have an audible warning device.The findings demonstrated that all tested power limitingmethods worked and that the “Simple power limiting” methodprovided quickest movement over a fixed distance. Most ofthe goals were met by the prototype and the board’s twomodes worked as planned. While the law is reasonable itcan be improved to cover the diversity of electric vehicles.Further work may include better measurements and implementationof a dual microcontroller system.<br>Syftet med detta arbete är att testa möjligheten med etttvå-läges personligt fordon. Fordonenet ska kunna användasför både pendling och tävling. Arbetet har även testat olikaenergilimeteringsmetoder samt undersökt hur dessa metoderpåverkar prestandan. Arbetet har även försökt besvarafrågan om det svenska lagarna, som det är skrivna idag, ärlämpliga. En elektrisk longboard har konstruerats och fleratest utförts.Ett antal målsättningar har definerats för prototypen. Dessainkluderar: effekt, körtid och att brädan bör ha en ringklocka.Resultaten visar att alla metoder fungerade och att “Simplepower limiting” var den som gav snabbast rörelse över denbestämda sträckan. Det flesta av målen nåddes av prototypenoch brädans två lägen fungerade som tänkt. Dagens lagarär rimliga men kan förbättras för att täcka mångfaldenav elektriska fordon. Framtida arbete kan inkludera bättremätningar och implementation av ett system med två mikrokontroller.

Dans une vision de développement durable et d'indépendance énergétique visant l'intégration massive des énergies renouvelables à moyen terme dans le mix énergétique, les travaux menés au cours de cette thèse se sont axés sur deux thématiques :- d'une part, la comparaison de la production de trois technologies différentes de panneaux solaires (silicium, silicium avec concentration, CdTe) en fonctionnement réel dans une centrale photovoltaïque au sol dotée du suivi deux axes de la course du soleil ;- d'autre part et étant donné la nature intermittente de l'énergie photovoltaïque et son non-synchronisme avec la consommation, le développement et l'intégration de batteries à base de lithium comme moyen de stockage électrochimique de l'énergie photovoltaïque. L'approche est novatrice et a permis l'étude de nouveaux composés d'électrodes étudiés sous contraintes photovoltaïques réelles et utilisant différentes stratégies de restitution de l'énergie en vue du déploiement prochain des réseaux intelligents. Les simulations portent sur des accumulateurs de petites tailles classiquement utilisés dans les laboratoires de recherche mais préfigurant ce qui pourra être construit à plus grande taille<br>In a vision of sustainable development and energy independence aiming at the massive integration of the medium-term renewable energies in the energy mix, the research works are centered on two themes:- On one hand, the comparison of the production of three technologies different from solar panels (silicon, silicon with concentration, CdTe) installed into a photovoltaic power plant with 2-axes sun tracking;- On the other hand and given the intermittent nature of the photovoltaic energy and its non-simultaneity with the consumption, the development and the integration of batteries with lithium as means of electrochemical storage of the photovoltaic energy. The approach is innovative and allowed the study of new compounds of electrodes studied under real photovoltaic constraints and using various strategies of return of the energy with the aim of the next deployment of the intelligent networks. The simulations concern batteries of small sizes classically used in research laboratories but prefiguring what can be built in bigger size

Ces travaux de thèse s’intègrent dans le cadre du processus d’amélioration continue de l’efficacité et de la linéarité des amplificateurs de puissance en présence des signaux sur porteuses modulées utilisés par les systèmes de télécommunications modernes.Ces signaux présentent un PAPR élevé et une distribution statistique d’enveloppe centrée en-deçà de la valeur crête d’enveloppe. De ce fait, les amplificateurs de puissance conventionnel (classe AB à polarisation fixe) sont souvent surdimensionnés pour répondre aux besoins des industriels télécoms. La technique de suivi d’enveloppe a été utilisée pour augmenter la PAE le long de l’OBO (10 dB pour LTE) tout en gardant un gain en puissance constant associé à une bonne linéarité en termes de conversion d’AM/AM. Une méthode de conception d’amplificateur de puissance en technologie MMIC fondé sur l’utilisation des HEMTs GaN a été développée et utilisée pour concevoir un AP délivrant une puissance de sortie de 4W et fonctionnant en bande K [17-20GHz]. L’AP réalisé a été ensuite couplé à un modulateur numérique de polarisation de drain. L’ensemble AP et modulateur de polarisation constituant un système de suivi d’enveloppe appelé APSE a été caractérisé en termes d’efficacité et de linéarité en présence de signaux modulés. L’APSE montre des performances très intéressantes comparées à celles obtenue avec un AP à polarisation fixe. En effet à un OBO de l’ordre de 7dB, dans la bande [17-20GHz], la PAE est améliorée de [10-7.5 points]. La PAE moyenne le long de l’OBO varie entre 32 et 36% sur la bande considérée et elle est associée à une EVM variant entre 5 à 1.6% avec une DPD quasi-statique appliquée au signal en bande de base. Les caractérisations de l’APSE ont démontré l’intérêt de l’utilisation des amplificateurs de puissance à suivi d’enveloppe dans les systèmes de télécommunications modernes<br>This thesis work is part of the process of continuous improvement of the efficiency and linearity of power amplifiers in presence of signals on modulated carriers used in modern telecommunications systems. These signals have a high PAPR and a statistical envelope distribution centered below the envelope peak value. As a result, conventional power amplifiers (Class AB fixed bias) are often oversized to meet the needs of the telecom industry. The envelope tracking technique has been used to increase the PAE along the OBO (10 dB for LTE) while maintaining a constant power gain associated to a good linearity in terms of AM/AM conversion. A power amplifier design method in MMIC technology based on the use of GaN HEMTs has been developed and is used to design an APdelivering an output power of 4W and operating in K-band [17-20GHz]. The realized APwas then coupled to a digital drain bias modulator. The APand bias modulator assembly constituting an envelope tracking system called APSE was characterized in terms of efficiency and linearity in presence of modulated signals. The APSE shows very interesting performances compared to those obtained with a fixed bias AP. Indeed, at an OBO of about 7dB, in the [17-20GHz] band, the PAE is improved by [10-7.5]. The average PAE along the OBO varies between 32 and 36% over the considered band and it is associated to an EVM varying between 5 and 1.6% with a quasi-static DPD applied to the baseband signal.The characterizations of APSE have demonstrated the interest of the use of envelope tracking power amplifiers in modern telecommunications systems

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>電子工程學研究所<br>96<br>This thesis presents a LLC resonant adapter consisting of a front-stage power factor correction circuit and a second-stage half bridge DC-DC converter. The PFC circuit works in discontinuous conduction mode to correct power factor. The second-stage LLC resonant circuit has high conversion efficient characters of zero voltage switching on primary power switches and zero current switching on secondary rectifiers. The experiment result shows that the adapter has the highest efficiency at 93.2% and PF is above 0.96 as full load.

碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>科技管理學程碩士在職專班<br>98<br>In recent years, the global economic growth trend has changed fast. Mainland China has speeded up its opening to foreign investor which contributes the labor cost drop. Also, the third world countries have also speeded up their development and increase the demands. Various good but cheap products flood to consumers hence influence the production and supply chain and make the price competition pressure much more harsh than before. Product life cycle has shortened, product innovation speed needs to be accelerated and product design and development time is compressed. Vehicle power adapter is categorized as electronic accessory, usually after the electronic product development is completed hence the development schedule will be much more compressed. Also, the vehicle power adapter is part of analog circuit, its design verification needs to be continuous tested for improvement and solution. The product design difficult level is not less than digital electronic product. Due to the schedule compression, vehicle power adapter design verification build and pilot run might overlap which indirectly contribute possible high defect rate in early production stage also cause pressure in corporate management. Under such industry environment, merging similar product design into circuit modules come to my mind. The student wishes to via the leading vehicle power adapter makers’ experience to develop circuit module add with 3D software, building all electronic components or module 3D database. Assemble these verified components and modules to develop different form factors but similar functional vehicle power adapter. Strengthen the design matching and efficiency to simplify design and verification schedule, more to standardize the production process. It will help to shorten material preparation, production and inventory pressure and enhance corporate competition power.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>電子工程系<br>95<br>Mankind has been consuming the earth resources for a long time. In order to prevent the lack of energy in the future, the protection towards resources and conservation of envivonment has become more and more important. Thus, this thesis is devoted to design an AC-to-DC regulator for optimizing the transfer efficiency of the converter and decreasing the power loss during no-load condition. The front-end part of the regulator is an active power factor correction circuit to raise the input power factor. The second stage is a half-bridge series resonant converter that utilizes zero–voltage switching and synchronous rectification to achieve high conversion efficiency. The low power consumption during no-load condition is obtained by using the burst-mode control and an improved starting circuit. A prototype regulator is implemented with a full-load efficiency of 87%, and no-load loss less than 0.51W.

碩士<br>國防大學理工學院<br>機械工程碩士班<br>101<br>This thesis focus on thermal and thermo-stress analyses on Schottky Diode and Bridge Rectifier manufactured by Z company, and both of the components are applying on power adapters of the Apple products. Through thermal and thermal-stress simulations on the two components during operation, this thesis first studies the thermal resistance of different packing designs, and whether the products are beyond the material limitations. Secondly, Schottky diode and Bridge Rectifier from Z company and K Company are compared to study the differences. Based on the works in this thesis, not only thermal and thermal-stress behaviors on the components were studied, possible improvement on Z company products were also proposed.

碩士<br>大同大學<br>電機工程學系(所)<br>98<br>In this thesis, the topic of AC to DC Adaptor power module which conforms to the Energy Star Version 5.0 regulation was raised. The total output of this module is 90 watt. This module uses asymmetrical half-bridge for providing 19.5V/4.74A power, and use active power factor corrector of average current continuous conduction mode to reduce total harmonic distortion and to increase power factor. To reduce the switching loss and conduction loss, the buck power factor correct converter was used for 80V output instead of using the traditional boost power factor correct convertor to providing 400V power output. Furthermore, the rectification diode of output terminal was changed to synchronize rectification mode of MOS FET in order to reach the target of energy saving.

碩士<br>國立虎尾科技大學<br>機械與機電工程研究所<br>99<br>The light of a laser beam used for optical transmission in high-power applications can damage the eyes of an individual that installs the optical fiber connection. A fiber adapter with a shutter member is therefore beneficial to provide a laser blocking. In this paper, a novel shutter member is clipped on the protrusions on the inner walls of the adapter by a clipper. A shutter plate extends into the receiving room of the adapter so as to block intensive light harmful to eyes. The finite element modeling was used to study the construction of the integrated shutter. Applying the geometric nonlinear feature and the experimentally obtained shutter properties in the program, we are able to study the effects of packing parameters on the shutter spring back. The proposed design can provide rigid design to harsh environment and reliable construction after mating test. 　　In this study, elastic-plastic material properties were considered in the simulation. The simulation results can be used in commercial product design.

碩士<br>長庚大學<br>電機工程學系<br>106<br>In this thesis, an AC adapter with power factor correction (PFC) using a single–stage flyback converter is presented. The hardware circuit of the AC adapter includes a diode bridge rectifier and a flyback converter in which an isolated transformer is used to step down the large potential difference between the rectified DC voltage and the required load voltage. In order to correct the AC side power factor, an active PFC control chip (L6564D) was adopter in the circuit design. To sum up, the circuit design developed in this study is based on the purpose of lightweight, low-cost circuit, high conversion efficiency, and circuit performance. Experimental results show that the overall circuit performance can meet the specifications.

碩士<br>華梵大學<br>電子工程學系碩士班<br>102<br>3C products have many applications in the home life, such as cleaning robot. It can do the work of sweeping the floor for us. Automatical charging is an important function for a cleaning robot. Currently, cleaning robots on the market use the approaches of maze algorithms or wireless communication technology to achieve indoor positioning and looking position of power adaptor. In the first step, they use the way of RFID, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, or other forms of wireless to guide their cleaning robots finding the position of power adaptor, and then use an infrared technology to align their cleaning robots with charging holes for charging. These methods must be used with special power adaptors and put fixed ways of power adaptor to complete the charging alignment action. In order to improve this shortcoming, a new method using image recognition to achieve automatical looking position of power adaptor and aligned movement is proposed in this thesis. In the first step, the proposed method of the thesis is to use rectangular geometric image recognition to find the location of power adaptor. By using experimental methods and statistical analysis, a curve of cleaning robot distance relationship with a rectangular is derived in this thesis. It can be used to find the distance between cleaning robot and power adaptor. After finding the power adaptor, cleaning robot is aligned with the power adaptor by using imaging angle recognition. By using experiments for a number of different scenarios, it is shown that the proposed method can be used in cleaning robot to find the correct position of power adaptor and aligned power adaptor for charging. Keywords: Cleaning Robot, Automatical Charging, Image Recognition, Indoor Positioning, Wireless Communication, Imaging Angle Recognition, Distance Curve Diagram, Geometric Image Recognition.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>管理研究所<br>94<br>SMPS is one of the most important industries in Taiwan. Nevertheless, almost all of the makers moved the production line from Taiwan to mainland China and the function of organization divided into two region across the strait which makes the communication function more complicate. The more of the hand held device market boosts up the more adapter maker involved. Including Hong Kong, China and Taiwan makers try to gain more market share at this battle. R&D is the major core competition division in anyone company. In SMPS industry, severe lack of R&D manpower is not a news in Taiwan. How to deploy R&D team in Taiwan and China becomes the key point to improve the competition and remain the cost. Earlier in China, poor networking infrastructure was a critical item to make the communication difficult than we can image and now this problem is no longer exist in many cities near coast. Therefore, many Taiwan makers begin to set-up R&D department in China and keep the design function working promptly. This study is to describe the status quo of SMPA industry and make a comparison between China and Taiwan on organization culture, organization communication, cross-strait division, new product and performance of new development and to provide relative information for SMPA industry to make a decision while deploying R&D division into China.

碩士<br>國立東華大學<br>電機工程學系<br>99<br>Cloud applications to go deep into our lives, but all the clound applications have to requies the use of internet and mobile network . Gradually, more people was accepted mobility service, but rapid expand more base stations is high-piced. Between base stations on entity lines connected to the back-end core network, however in the highly developed city deployed backbone network is very costly of investment. So part of the ISP is actively evaluating use power line provides some possibility of backbone access base stations. Due to limited power line network of communication range, the solution is used to extend the number of repeaters. However the complexity of the power line network environment have different disturbing conditions which it was caused different actual transfer rates in the same power line environment. Netowrk backbone can only provide poor service speed in the network bottleneck. In this study, adaptive spectrum allocation through the automation backbone appears to solve the bottleneck problem. Different frequencies can by dynamically detecting the speed of transmission of the re-allocation of backbone network to enhance the power line backbone network service quality.

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>電機工程學系研究所<br>96<br>This thesis aims to implement a power-line communication (PLC) adaptor to use power lines as transmission media for network communication between different floors in buildings. The PLC adaptor is based on a turbo-mode chip that adopts OFDM modulation technique with 4.5-21 MHz bandwidth and can accord with the HomePlug 1.0 standard. The other components include a physical-layer chip, a flash memory, a TX/RX filter, and a switching power supply with three outputs. All the above components are integrated into a PCB to form a PLC adaptor. The PCB layout has included EMI solutions to reduce interference to the communication signal. After burning process for the flash memory to record the MAC address, the PLC adaptor becomes a network node. Point-to-point communication test is performed between two PLC adaptors located on different floors of a building. The testing items include signal attenuation test and signal throughput test.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>工業管理系<br>98<br>As the earth warms, iceberg melts in the polar region, and ozone hole getting more depletion. Those furies from the Mother Nature has faces us the consequence of abusing high-technology products that against the rules from nature. Hence, the voice of environmental protection has risen among nations, as well as related issues like green energy technology, and carbon management. Policies have made and public concerns are called to make each effort to reserve our only planet. Carbon footprint concept nowadays has been taken into practice from individual, family, and finally organizations. The case study in this thesis paid lots of efforts on environmental concerning. To answer the calling of its customers, the case study company decided to implement internal carbon footprint assessment project. From holding the major communication within organization, to assess carbon footprint in product life cycle, and moreover, the recycling assessment for carbon footprint, the case study company has taken itself and people into a higher level of thinking green. This study aimed to log the entire implementation of the focus company. What was the original product life cycle? And by managing carbon footprint with 5 major steps, how the consultant team collects data from it? Can product designs, production, assembly and product usage really put great impact on the energy consumption, carbon footprint, and greenhouse effect? The complete analysis then pictured a blueprint for reference.

The transitions experienced throughout adolescence and young adulthood are difficult, and can be even more challenging to navigate for youth living with developmental or mental health challenges. These youth commonly experience challenges in daily life, leading to difficulties participating in reciprocal relationships, experiencing good mental health, and establishing positive identity and self-esteem. Adventure-based therapies may be a milieu where youth can explore their identities, connect with nature, establish social relationships, and gain experiences overcoming a variety of challenges. This qualitative case study illuminated the experiences and identity development of youth who have participated in an adaptive recreation program in Victoria, British Colombia. Semi-structured interviews were held with five youth who have participated in the program, five parents of youth who have participated, and three staff involved in the development and delivery of the program. For the within-participant analysis, Rhodes’ (2000) ghostwriting approach was used to present youth participants’ stories of their involvement. Across-participant analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s (2006) steps of thematic analysis to discover some of the shared themes among participants. Participants described development of positive self-concepts and skills, the inclusive social environment and supportive staff, opportunities to try fun and unique activities, connecting with and learning about nature, overcoming personal challenges, and the importance of this program in the lives of the youth, their families, and their communities. The results have important implications for theory, research, and practice regarding counselling and community-based adaptive recreation programming.<br>Graduate