Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Postes – Service des colis“

Plusieurs chercheurs ont soutenu que depuis le début des années 1990 l’État suédois se transforme en fonction de principes néolibéraux. Néanmoins, les analyses institutionnelles qui ont tenté de valider ou d’invalider cette théorie ont parfois escamoté certains axes de la réforme de l’État. Dans cet article, nous procédons à une analyse de la transformation institutionnelle du secteur des postes depuis la fin des années 1980. Nous observons quels ont été les grands changements pour une organisation telle que Posten, qui a longtemps joui d’un statut de monopole public dans le secteur de la livraison du courrier. Nous nous penchons aussi sur la question de la création d’un marché de la livraison du courrier et des colis et nous tentons de voir si les parts de marché des organisations publiques sont en déclin. En somme, nos recherches indiquent que les changements dans le secteur postal suédois constituent un virage important par rapport aux principes de la social-démocratie traditionnelle, mais que les réformes ne peuvent pas être qualifiées de néolibérales.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this service is so that 1) Teacher of Mts. Bahrul Ulum can operationalize the momentCam application, 2) Teacher of Mts. Bahrul Ulum can make 3D understanding media through pop ups. The method of implementation in this service is 1) Conducting pretest, 2) counseling and coaching, 3) holding postes, and organizing reflection. The service scheme starts from the pre-service, dedication and post-service steps. The results of dedication show the teachers in MTs. Bahrul Ulum can be a Momencam application and can make pop up media, this can be seen from the results of the posting In addition, teachers can create their own media and they will implement the results of this service program to students. The conclusions in this service are the teachers at Mts. Bahrul Ulum can create 3D learning media. Keywords: 3D learning media, momentcam application media, pop up media, teacher. ABSTRAKTujuan pengadian ini adalah agar 1) Guru Mts. Bahrul Ulum dapat mengoprasionalkan aplikasi momentCam, 2) Guru Mts. Bahrul Ulum dapat membuat media pembelajaran 3D melalui pop up. Metode pelaksanaa pada pengabdian ini adalah 1) mengadakan pretes, 2) penyuluhan dan pembimbingan, 3) Mengadakan postes, dan mengadakan refleksi. Skema pengabdian dimulai dari langkah prapengabdian, pengabdian, dan pascapengabdian. Hasil pengabdian menunjukkan guru-guru di MTs. Bahrul Ulum bisa mengoperasikan aplikasi momentcam dan dapat membuat media pop up, hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil postes. Selain itu guru dapat menciptakan media sendiri dan mereka berkomitmen untuk menerapkan hasil program pengabdikan ini kepada peserta didik. Simpulan dalam pengabdian ini adalah guru-guru di Mts. Bahrul Ulum dapat membuat media pembelajaran 3D. Kata kunci: Media pembelajaran 3D, media aplikasi momentcam, media pop up, guru.

Abstrak: Tuberkulosis (Tb) masih banyak diderita masyarakat di Indonesia. Penderita Tb dalam suatu keluarga akan berisiko mudah menyebarkan penyakit tersebut pada anggota keluarga yang lain. Terlebih pada pasangan suami istri (pasutri) yang berencana mengikuti program kehamilan. Pengetahuan tentang risiko Tb pada pasutri yang merencanakan kehamilan perlu diketahui. Penularannya melalui gejala batuk yang diderita menjadikan rancu dengan batuk yang juga didapati pada Covid-19. Tujuan pengabdian untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan atau kesadaran tentang faktor risiko Tb pada pasutri yang merencanakan kehamilan dan pencegahan penularannya, dan bagaimana mengetahui perbedaannya dengan gejala Covid-19. Metode yang digunakan pada pengabdian adalah pretes, penyuluhan, dan postes. Kegiatan pengabdian dihadiri oleh 36 peserta, dengan nilai postes meningkat menjadi 89 setelah penyuluhan dibandingkan 45 pada nilai pretes. Peningkatan nilai postes menunjukkan pemahaman peserta meningkat setelah menyimak materi yang disampaikan oleh narasumber. Pemahaman tersebut dapat digunakan pasutri yang mengikuti program hamil dalam membekali diri menjalani kehamilan yang sehat nantinya.Abstract: Tuberculosis (Tb) is still suffered by many people in Indonesia. Patients with TB in a family will be at risk of easily spreading the disease to other family members. Especially for couples who plan to participate in a pregnancy program. Knowledge about the risk of TB in couples planning a pregnancy needs to be known. Transmission is through coughing symptoms that are confused with coughing which is also found in Covid-19. The purpose of the service is to increase knowledge or awareness about TB risk factors in couples planning pregnancy and preventing transmission, and how to know the difference between the symptoms of Covid-19. The methods used in the service are pretest, counseling, and posttest. The service activity was attended by 36 participants, with the posttest score increasing to 89 after counseling compared to 45 in the pretest score. The increase in posttest scores showed that participants' understanding increased after listening to the material presented by the resource person. This understanding can be used by couples who participate in the pregnancy program in equipping themselves for a healthy pregnancy later.

RÉSUMÉ La crise économique qui a précédé la Deuxième Guerre mondiale a obligé le gouvernement du Québec à donner des terres aux indigents désireux de s'établir dans des régions éloignées des centres urbains. Ce mouvement a donné naissance à de petites communautés appelées « colonies », composées essentiellement de populations très pauvres. Pour plusieurs raisons, en particulier en raison de contraintes budgétaires, le gouvernement a choisi d'embaucher des infirmières pour répondre à l'ensemble des besoins de santé de ces populations, plutôt que d'y envoyer des médecins. Ce choix l'a conduit à accepter que des infirmières fassent quotidiennement des interventions considérées comme des actes médicaux. C'est ainsi que fut créé un service spécial appelé «Service médical aux colons », consistant en un réseau de plus de cent postes desservis uniquement par des infirmières travaillant en collaboration avec les médecins établis en région. Cet article décrit la longue gestation et l'implantation de ce service méconnu; il démontre que les infirmières ont été au cœur d'un vaste réseau de soins de santé, en particulier pendant une période de grandes difficultés économiques.

ABSTRAKUntuk menjadi seorang guru peneliti, mahasiswa calon guru harus memiliki keterampilan riset pendidikan yang memadai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran experiential ter-hadap kemampuan dan keterampilan mahasiswa calon guru biologi dalam merancang riset penelitian pendi-dikan. Sampel penelitian adalah 68 mahasiswa calon guru biologi yang mengambil mata kuliah Metodologi Penelitian. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah tes objektif dan rubrik penilaian proposal. Hasil tes objektif me-nunjukkan bahwa rerata pemahaman mahasiswa calon guru biologi tentang perancangan riset pendidikan pa-da saat pretes adalah 27,35% sedangkan untuk postes adalah 40,94%. Penghitungan N-Gain menghasilkan ni-lai N-Gain 0,18 dan nilai ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan dari pretes ke postes termasuk dalam kategori rendah. Hasil penilaian proposal menunjukkan bahwa rerata penguasaan keterampilan merancang riset adalah 59,15%. Hasil penilaian proposal ini menunjukkan bahwa meskipun pembelajaran Experiential kurang ber-pengaruh pada peningkatan aspek kognitif, pendekatan ini dapat membantu mahasiswa calon guru biologi da-lam merancang proposal riset pendidikan. ABSTRACTTo become a teacher researcher, pre-service teachers should have sufficient education research skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of experiential learning in improving pre-service biology teachers’ skills in designing education research. Sample were 68 pre-service biology teachers enrolling in Biology Research Methodology course. Research instruments were objective test and research proposals assessment rubric. Objective test results showed that pretest average was 27.35% while posttest average was 40.94%. N-Gain value was 0.18 and this value indicates that the increment from pretest to posttest was categorized in low category. Results of proposal assessment showed that the average skill in designing education research was 59.15%. Proposal assessment results indicate that although experiential learning has low impact in improving cognitive aspect, this approach can help pre-service teachers in designing education research proposal.

Depuis 20 ans, l'association Infoclimat développe un réseau de stations normalisées en complément de l'observation visuelle réalisée par ses passionnés. Ces observations, qui s'inscrivent dans la durée et sont pour certaines dans la continuité des postes du Réseau climatologique d'État précédemment exploités par Météo-France, sont les témoins d'un changement climatique de plus en plus prégnant et rapide. La mine d'or qu'elles représentent aujourd'hui permet la réalisation d'outils pédagogiques au service de la vulgarisation scientifique. For 20 years, Infoclimat, a non-profit organization, has developed a network of standardized weather stations across France in addition to the visual observation carried by its enthusiasts. These observations are complementary of the official network operated by Météo-France and many of them are the continuity of the State climatological network. Year after year, they are recording the impact of climate change in France. Nowadays, the network of Infoclimat is used as a tool for education and vulgarization.

<p>Measurement of students' process skills in science lessons by teachers can be applied through an authentic assessment process. This valuation method is by what was mandated in the 2013 curriculum. The problem related to the implementation of authentic assessment by Biology Science teachers in Bogor Regency is that teachers are less skilled in applying authentic assessment in the learning process. This service activity aims to ensure that teachers not only understand but are also trained in using authentic assessment well. The target of this service activity is science teachers who are members of the Subject Teachers' Consultation (MGMP) in Bogor Regency. The teacher involved in this activity amounted to 40 people consisting of various Schools in Bogor Regency. The action was held at SMPN 1 Cibinong, Bogor in August 2018. The instruments for implementing community service included test instruments and questionnaires. The implementation of this service includes several stages, namely 1) pre-test and observation, 2) socialization of understanding, forms and examples of authentic assessment, 3) practice of developing and compiling authentic assessments, 4) presentation of results and 5) posttest. The results of the activity showed that there were differences in the score scores of the understanding of the teacher's authentic assessment concept on the pretest and posttest. The average score of the pretest is classified as very low at 20.06, and the post-test mean score is 68.75 in the sufficient category. It can be concluded that the discussing about authentic assessments can be well received by teachers in the Subject of Teacher Subjects in the Bogor.<br />Keywords: Authentic assessment, Bogor, science, teacher.</p><p>Abstrak<br />Pengukuran keterampilan proses peserta didik pada matapelajaran IPA oleh guru dapat diterapkan melalui proses penilaian autentik. Metode penilaian ini sesuai dengan yang diamanatkan pada kurikulum 2013. Permasalahan terkait implementasi penilaian autentik oleh guru IPA Biologi di Kabupaten Bogor adalah guru kurang terampil dalam menerapkan penilaian autentik pada proses pembelajaran. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan supaya guru tidak hanya memahami tetapi juga terampil dalam menerapkan penilaian auntentik dengan baik. Sasaran kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah guru IPA yang tergabung pada Musyawarah Guru Mata Pelajaran (MGMP) di Kabupaten Bogor. Guru yang dilibatkan pada kegiatan ini berjumlah 40 orang yang terdiri dari berbagai Sekolah yang terdapat di Kabupaten Bogor. Kegiatan dilaksanakan di SMPN 1 Cibinong, Kabupaten Bogor pada Bulan Agustus 2018. Instrumen pelaksanaan pengabdian kepada masyarakat mencakup instrumen tes dan angket. Pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian ini meliputi beberapa tahapan yaitu 1) pre test dan observasi, 2) Sosialisasi tentang pengertian, bentuk dan contoh penilaian autentik, 3) praktik mengembangkan dan menyusun penilaian autentik, 4) presentasi hasil, dan 5) postes. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan skor nilai pemahaman konsep penilaian autentik guru pada pretes dan postes. Skor rata-rata pretes adalah tergolong sangat rendah yaitu 20,06 dan skor rerata postes adalah 68,75 pada kategori cukup. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyapaian informasi terhadap penilaian autentik dapat diterima baik oleh guru Musyawarah Guru Mata Pelajaran (MGMP) IPA Kabupaten Bogor.<br />Kata kunci: Bogor, guru, ipa, penilaian autentik.</p><p> </p>

Abstrak: Pandemi Covid-19 menimbulkan duka mendalam dan trauma bagi sebagian masyarakat, terlebih yang terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19. Untuk itu upaya pengenalan faktor risiko, penyakit yang menjadi komorbid yang kemungkinan lebih rentan tertular Covid-19, dan pelaksanaan deteksi dini atau skrining Covid-19 perlu diketahui masyarakat. Dengan demikian upaya pencegahan tertular Covid-19, sekaligus memberikan rasa tenang pada masyarakat akan meningkat. Tujuan pengabdian untuk memberikan informasi apa saja yang menjadi faktor risiko, penyakit apa saja yang menjadi komorbid yang menyebabkan lebih rentan tertular Covid-19, sekaligus melakukan pemeriksaan deteksi dini atau skrining Covid-19 pada masyarakat. Pelaksanaan pengabdian berupa pretes, penyampaian materi penyuluhan, pengisian kuesioner dan pelaksanaan skrining, dan postes. Kegiatan pengabdian dihadiri oleh 29 peserta, 28 peserta mengikuti kegiatan dengan lengkap, 1 peserta hanya mengisi daftar hadir tanpa mengikuti kegiatan. Peningkatan softskill nilai postes 100% dari nilai pretes 70% menunjukkan perhatian peserta pengabdian terhadap materi yang disimak dengan baik oleh seluruh peserta pengabdian. Dari peserta yang mengikuti kegiatan pengabdian dengan lengkap, seratus persen peserta tidak mempunyai faktor risiko Covid-19, juga tidak mempunyai faktor risiko komorbid Covid-19, dan hasil skrining 100% peserta tidak menunjukkan gejala menderita Covid-19. Seluruh kegiatan pengabdian dirasakan sangat bermanfaat bagi peserta pengabdian di masa pandemi ini.Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic has caused grief and trauma for some people, especially those who have been confirmed positive. Therefore, efforts to identify risk factors, comorbid diseases that are more susceptible to infection and screening for Covid-19 need to be known by the public. Thus, efforts to prevent the spread of Covid-19 and provide a sense of comfort to the community will increase. This service aimed to provide information on risk factors, a comorbid disease and also Covid-19 screening. Implementation of service in the form of pretest, delivery of counseling materials, filling out questionnaires, screening, and posttest. The service activity was attended by 29 participants, which is 28 participants followed all of activities, one person only sign attandence. An increase of softskill in the posttest score of 100% from the pretest score of 70% shows the dedication participants' attention to the material that was listened to well by all service participants. From all of participants who followed all of activities, one hundred percent of the participants did not have any risk factors for Covid-19, nor have any comorbid risk factors for Covid-19. All of the participants did not show any symptoms of Covid-19. All service activities have benefits for service participants during this pandemic.

Créé en 1973 et implanté sur l’îlot Percy (Clamart – 92), le Service de protection radiologique des armées (SPRA) est l’expert en radioprotection pour tous les organismes du ministère de la Défense. Fort de plus de 80 personnels à statut militaire et civil, il assure entre autres le suivi dosimétrique des personnels exposés aux rayonnements ionisants et mène les contrôles techniques réglementaires des installations radiologiques, quelle que soit leur nature (sources scellées, non scellées, générateurs X). Le SPRA dispose par ailleurs des moyens de mesures les plus performants susceptibles d’être déployés sur le territoire national ou sur les théâtres d’opération extérieure, en s’appuyant éventuellement sur ses laboratoires mobiles aérotransportables. Les exemples de sollicitations sont très variés, de la simple levée de doute sur la présence d’une source à l’expertise complète menant à la libération d’un site à activité radiologique identifié, en passant par les études de postes en milieu professionnel. Le SPRA peut aussi mettre à profit ses compétences dans le cadre de convention nationale ou sur demande d’organismes internationaux, aussi bien pour la gestion de patients contaminés et/ou irradiés.

La livraison de colis en points relais (PR) ou en consigne automatique est une alternative intéressante à la livraison à domicile, que ce soit pour des achats auprès de commerçants en ligne (B2C) ou sur des plateformes de vente entre particuliers (C2C). Un colis peut être livré en PR à un coût réduit et reste plusieurs jours à disposition du client avant d'être retourné au vendeur. Cependant, lorsque le PR choisi est saturé, le colis peut être refusé par le gestionnaire du PR et livré à un autre PR sur la tournée du transporteur. Ceci engendre une perte de temps pour le client et donc du mécontentement. Afin d'améliorer la satisfaction du client, lors d'un achat de produit il est donc important que le gestionnaire des PR (GPR) ne propose que des PR qui seront susceptibles d'accepter les colis. Cette tâche est complexe à cause des délais de livraison : un colis n'affecte la charge d'un PR qu'un à quelques jours après la commande, selon le transporteur. Cette thèse a pour objectif de prédire l'évolution de la charge d'un PR afin de permettre à un GPR de mieux équilibrer les charges de PR géographiquement proches et de limiter le risque de refus d'un colis. Pour cela, une analyse des historiques de charges de PR est effectuée afin de déterminer les paramètres importants influant sur la charge. Des modèles statistiques et issus de l'intelligence artificielle sont ensuite comparés. Dans une première partie, nous considérons la charge des PR liée aux achats en ligne effectués auprès de sites marchands (B2C). La modélisation de l'évolution de la charge d'un PR tient compte du nombre de colis dans chaque état (prêt à être expédié, en transit, livré au PR). Ensuite, le cycle de vie d'un colis est pris en compte dans le processus de prédiction, via des modèles des flux de commandes, des délais de livraison, et du processus de retrait. L'approche proposée reposant sur un modèle est comparée avec des approches exploitant la série temporelle du nombre de livraisons, de retraits et de la charge en termes de précision de prédiction. Dans un deuxième temps, nous considérons la partie de la charge des PR liée aux colis issus des sites de vente entre particuliers (C2C). Dans cette approche, la probabilité qu'un colis contribue à la charge d'un PR est évaluée en fonction de la connaissance de l'état du colis au moment de la prédiction. Le cycle de vie du colis est modélisé par un processus markovien à sauts. De plus, le nombre de colis déposés à destination d'un PR donné est décrit par un modèle autorégressif à changements markoviens (MSAR) pour prendre en compte de la non-stationarité de l'activité de vente entre particuliers. Les paramètres des modèles sont estimés à partir de données historiques sur les dates de chaque étape: dépôt, collecte, livraison et retrait. Il est ensuite possible de déduire la probabilité de la charge future d'un PR. Cette approche est à nouveau comparée à des techniques exploitant la série temporelle de la charge (modèle de Holt-Winters, SARIMA ou LSTM). Dans les deux cas, l'approche proposée considérant le cycle de vie des colis donne de meilleures performances de prédiction, en particulier pour la prédiction jusqu'à quatre jours à l'avance dans le cas du B2C et jusqu'à six jours à l'avance dans le cas du C2C, en comparaison avec les modèles de type LSTM, Holt-Winters, ou SARIMA. Ces résultats permettent de prédire la charge d'un PR avec une erreur relative de 3 colis à 1 jour, et de 7 colis à 3 jours pour les colis B2C, et de 5 colis à 1 jour et de 8 colis à 7 jours pour les colis C2C. Compte-tenu des délais entre commande et livraison (en général de 1 à 3 jours pour le B2C et de 4-5 jours pour le C2C), ces techniques de prédiction sont utiles pour permettre un équilibrage de la charge de PR voisins. Les travaux futurs seront pour but d’améliorer les approches de prévision et de déterminer une méthode d’équilibrage de charge pour mieux gérer le flux de colis<br>Pick-Up Points (PUP) represent an alternative delivery option for purchases from online retailers (Business-to-Customer, B2C) or online Customer-to-Customer (C2C) marketplaces. Parcels are delivered at a reduced cost to a PUP and wait until being picked up by customers or returned to the original warehouse if their sojourn time is over. When the chosen PUP is overloaded, the parcel may be refused and delivered to the next available PUP on the carrier tour. PUP load forecasting is an efficient method for the PUP management company (PMC) to better balance the load of each PUP and reduce the number of rerouted parcels. This thesis aims to describe the parcel flows in a PUP and to proposed models used to forecast the evolution of the load. For the PUP load associated with the B2C business, the parcel life-cycle has been taken into account in the forecasting process via models of the flow of parcel orders, the delivery delays, and the pick-up process. Model-driven and data-driven approaches are compared in terms of load-prediction accuracy. For the PUP load associated with the C2C business, the daily number of parcels dropped off with a given PUP as target is described by a Markov-Switching AutoRegressive model to account for the non-stationarity of the second-hand shopping activity. The life-cycle of each parcel is modeled by a Markov jump process. Model parameters are evaluated from previous parcel drop-off, delivery, and pick-up records. The probability mass function of the future load of a PUP is then evaluated using all information available on parcels with this PUP as target. In both cases, the proposed model-driven approaches give, for most of the cases, better forecasting performance, compared with the data-driven models, involving LSTM, Random forest, Holt-Winters, and SARIMA models, up to four days ahead in the B2C case and up to six days ahead in the C2C case. The first approach applied to the B2C parcel load yields an MAE of 3 parcels for the one-day ahead prediction and 8 parcels for the four-day ahead prediction. The second approach applied to the C2C parcel load yields an MAE of 5 parcels for the one-day ahead prediction and 8 parcels for the seven-day ahead prediction. These prediction horizons are consistent with the delivery delay associated with these parcels (1-3 days in the case of a B2C parcel and 4-5 days in the case of a C2C parcel). Future research directions aim at optimizing the prediction accuracy, especially in predicting future orders and studying a load-balancing approach to better share the load between PUPs

Les ambulants postaux, apparus au 19e siècle, désignent à la fois les agents de la poste, qui traitent le courrier sur les wagons ferroviaires, et les services sur lesquels ils travaillent. Ils ont progressivement constitué un des piliers essentiels de l'acheminement du courrier, dans le cadre du service public national de la poste, qu'ils ont contribué à développer en le démocratisant. Les agents de ces services qualifiés d'"insalubres" ont cherché à améliorer leur sort en s'affiliant aux mêmes organisations syndicales que les salariés du secteur privé, et en revendiquant un contrat pour clarifier leur relation de travail avec l'Etat. Ils ont trouvé une protection avec la reconnaissance de la représentation collective, dans le cadre du statut des fonctionnaires de 1946, à l'intérieur duquel ils ont fait reconnaître certaines pratiques d'autonomie, notamment en matière d'aménagement du temps de travail. A partir de la fin des années 1960, l'importance des ambulants a diminué progressivement dans le cadre d'une mutation de la poste, inspirée du droit prive, rendue nécessaire par la concurrence, notamment celles des intégrateurs, agissant dans l'espace<br>Travelling post offices, mail-sorting services aboard trains, first appeared in the nineteenth century. The french name for these units, ambulants postaux, refers to both the service and the people who work in it. With time, they became one of the key fixtures, in mail routing and in the public-service structure of the french post office, where their presence led to more widespread access for the public. Employees in these units where working conditions were labelled unhealthy sought to improve their lot by joining the same unions as privates-sector workers and by demanding contracts in order to clarify their ties with the state. The recognition of their collective representaion brought them new rights, when the right of civil servants to unionize was granted, in 1946, while retaining a certain autonomy, particularly around the organization of shift-work and compensatory reduction of overall working hours. Starting in the late sixties, the role of the travelling post

Cette thèse se propose, entre la Révolution et le tournant libéral du second Empire, de traquer la notion de service public dans l'histoire de la poste aux lettres, en utilisant un faisceau d'indices qui est celui des éléments constituant la défmition du servicc public tel qu'elle est issue du XIXe siècle, à savoir la structure, la finalité du service, le régime juridique applicable. En d'autres termes, il s'agit de voir comment l'administration postale progresse vers le service public, comment la question du service public se pose et se matérialise dans le domaine postal. L'étude de ces éléments au cours de la période envisagée a permis de distinguer deux grandes périodes dans cette contribution à l'histoire du service public postal. De la Révolution à l'Empire, l'objectif premier de l'administration postale est de survivre il une conjoncture difficile, tandis que la notion de service public, très polysémique, apparaît régulièrement au cours des débats parlementaires. L'administration postale se stabilise sous l'Empire. De la Restauration au tournant libéral du second Empire, la notion de service public progresse au cœur de l'évolution de la poste aux lettres; si son influence n'est encore qu'officieuse, les discours et interventions autour des amélioratious progressives apportées au service postal créent un lien entre le monopole exploité par l'Etat, l'accès géographique et financier au service, la fonction sociale et le service public. Parallèlement pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, les tribunaux se réfèrent de plus en plus au service public<br>This thesis is aimed at proposing a definition of the public service in the history of the mail Postal Office, between the Revolution and the liberal turning point of the second Empire. This work is based on a number of indications stemming trom elements that constitute the definition of the public service during the 19th century, that is to say, the structure, the aim of the service, the appropriate legal system. In other words, the point is to analyse how the postal administration evolves towards the notion of public service, and how this notion questions itself and becomes operative in the postal field. The research study during the envisaged time trame has highlighted two major periods in this contribution to the history of the postal public service. From the Revolution to the Empire, the first objective for the postal administration, is to outlive an adverse climate, while the highly polysemous notion of public service is trequently debated during parliamentary sessions. The postal administration stabilizes under the Empire regime. From the "Restauration" to the liberal turning point of the second Empire, the notion of the public service gains ground as the mail Postal Office evolves. If its influence is no more than unofficial, the speeches and the interventions about the graduai improvements brought to the postal service create a link between the monopole that the State exploits, the geographic and financial access to the service, the social function and the public service. Concurrently, during the second half of the 19th century, the courts more and more refer to the public service

Étant donne le contexte d'ouverture accrue du marché du courrier à la concurrence, nous nous posons la question de dispositifs alternatifs au monopole, pour garantir la viabilité du service universel postal. Celui-ci consiste en une offre de services postaux de qualité déterminée, fournis de manière permanente en tout point du territoire à des prix abordables pour l'ensemble des utilisateurs. L’organisation du service universel repose sur un réseau universel : sa vocation est de répondre a des besoins très varies en concentrant puis en répartissant des envois très différents. L’équilibre antérieur des opérateurs de service universel européens est aujourd'hui remis en cause par l'évolution de la demande vers des services personnalises, les pressions du marché et les pressions règlementaires sur le monopole. L’analyse et la mesure du cout du service universel permet alors d'appréhender les effets de cette dynamique de marche sur les obligations de service universel. Ainsi nous montrons comment les besoins de financement de l'opérateur pour maintenir le service universel varient en fonction de la situation de marche. La pérennité des obligations de service universel nécessite ensuite d'envisager d'autres modalités de financement (fiscalité générale, fonds de compensation, aides ciblées, etc. ). Les possibilités d'adaptation en matière d'application des obligations de service universel (niveau de prix abordable, niveau de qualité de service) sur un marché libéralise sont également examinées. Elles impliquent en définitive un débat sur la définition et le périmètre du service universel.

This dissertation contributes to the literature and current discussions on the European postal markets and the universal service obligations (USO). It consists of three independent chapters.<p><p>In chapter one, we investigate the consumers' preferences for various kinds of postal services. As such, we begin by reviewing the market and regulatory conditions for Europe and for our case study, Belgium. Then using data provided by the incumbent provider, the Belgian post (Bpost), we estimate demand price elasticities. The data comprises customer transactional information on letter mail, direct mail, parcels & express services, press delivery and value added services for the 2008-2009 period. These categories constitute not only the important lines of services that Bpost offers to its clients but also the main segments that constitute the whole Belgian postal market. As such, and using standard methods, we estimate for each service an equation that explains demand by prices, product varieties (i.e. mixes or combinations of volume, weight, priority and destination, inter alia), income, regulation proxies and other socioeconomic variables. The estimated price elasticities for regulated and partially regulated services are around -1.1, whereas for unregulated segments they fluctuate between -2.1 and -2.8. The lowest price elasticity is obtained for direct mail services (-1.0); the highest ones are associated with value added services (-2.1) and registered mail (-3.3). Price elasticities may be influenced by the cyclical effects during the period of analysis. Therefore, elasticities are higher when compared with the empirical evidence obtained for other countries and through the various methodologies applied over the last decades. The fact that technological substitutes, such as expenditures on telephony and internet access for daily and administrative mail services and, radio and television advertising for direct mail services, could not be accounted for (because there were no data available) may however be considered as a major limitation for the scope of our results. <p><p>In the second chapter, we explore theoretically the effects of the USO on unregulated markets. In particular, we are interested in investigating its welfare effects when the provision of services cannot be technologically separated. We present a model in which there is an incumbent who provides two services: a universal service and a non-USO service, the latter opened to competition. This is the case of letter mail and direct (or bulk) mail, services which have quite different purposes and regulatory frameworks (i.e. the former is fully regulated whereas the latter is liberalized under the current European Internal Market framework), but are jointly produce at some stages of the postal value chain. The USO is simplified to two dimensions, affordability and quality, implemented as a price cap and a minimum quality standard (MQS) for the provision of letter mail services. The latter involves the technological aspects that we are interested in. We find that the definition of the USO plays an important role in organizing markets that are open to competition. When it imposes few quality requirements (low MQS), the incumbent is not cost efficient enough to provide the high-quality variant of bulk mail, allowing its competitors to cream-skim the segment. However, because there are cost economies, the firm's participation in the segment yields a higher average quality of mail services at lower prices. When the USO is too comprehensive (high MQS), the incumbent exhibits large cost economies that ensure a dominant position in the provision of bulk mail services. Consumers are worse off as competition induces too much service differentiation in order to make profitable the provision. Relaxing the definition of the USO mitigates the competitive advantage of the USP and so, yields improvements in welfare. In the absence of access costs, firms will find profitable to participate in the bulk mail segment. However, foreclosure happens if the USO induces the incumbent to exhibit significant fixed costs. Therefore, the USP may end up as the sole supplier of bulk mail services if the definition of the USO imposes too many quality requirements (high MQS). In that case, the authority must balance the welfare gains of defining USO with the welfare losses of the consumers of the contested service. <p><p>Finally, in the third chapter we consider the ownership aspect of the provision of universal services as an incentive to introduce competition. One can further segment the provision between services for customers located in high-cost areas and services for customers located in low-cost areas. Additionally, under the current EU legislation, the supply is divided between upstream activities (e.g. collection and sorting) and downstream activities (i.e. delivery). The provision of upstream activities in high-cost areas remains in hands of the incumbent firm or the owner of the downstream (delivery) network. The upstream provision in low-cost areas is open to competition, but a retailer may be vertically integrated/separated or legally unbundled with the downstream firm. Legal unbundling means, in our model, that the downstream firm and one upstream firm located in the low-cost area belong legally to the same entity entitled to all profits, whom does not have full control rights over the firms' decisions. That is to say, upstream activities and the downstream services will be managed separately under the same ownership. In this framework we analyze the firm's boundaries in terms of competition development and welfare. We implement two criteria to answer questions like, does vertical separation promotes competition (entry of firms) while covers a larger demand than vertical integration? Does vertical integration demand less public funds to cover demand? Does legal unbundling is worse than ownership separation to promote competition? The first criterion is the probability of entry (of the potential upstream firm), which we determine for each modes of ownership. The second criterion is the cost of public funds. It is implemented by defining a loss function as the difference between the expected consumer surplus when the downstream firm chooses an access fee that maximizes its profits and the consumer surplus when access is priced at marginal cost. The use of both criteria let us conclude that efficient entry occurs when the downstream firm is vertically separated or legally unbundled of the retailer providing services in the low-cost area. However, it is under legal unbundling that the access charge takes its lowest value. The highest cost of public transfers is obtained when firms are vertically separated, but the lowest one is attained when firms are legally unbundled. Therefore legal unbundling constitutes the preferred organizational form to induce competition and to reduce the cost of public funds.<br>Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'évolution des marchés postaux, du fait de la dynamique du jeu de l'offre et de la demande, a conduit à un processus de dérégulation du marché, par révision des monopoles nationaux et application des règles de la concurrence. Cette transformation de l'environnement externe a été accompagnée d'une adaptation d'ordre règlementaire : le changement de statut de la poste. Cette ancienne administration postale, devenue exploitant public, apparait actuellement une organisation composite. Le caractère hybride du statut de la poste participe à la reconnaissance en son sein de plusieurs formes de coordination : tout en étant chargée d'une mission de service public et bénéficiant de droits exclusifs ou réservés, la poste a aussi pour objet d'assurer des prestations libres sous le régime et dans le respect du jeu de la concurrence. De plus, la majorité du personnel demeure fonctionnaire, dans le cadre du statut de la fonction publique, une autre partie est régie par une convention commune de droit privé. Cette thèse a pour finalité d'analyser les nouvelles règles du jeu et le nouveau jeu organisationnel à la distribution du courrier en adoptant une démarche pluridisciplinaire. Le cadre conceptuel des économies de la grandeur est le principal outil utilisé<br>The postal market evolution leads to a process of deregulation by reason of national monopoly review and competition rules application. The external environment transformation was accompanied by the creation of a new regulation: the change of the post office status. This old administration, which turned a nationalized company, seems to be into a heterogeneous organization. The hybrid nature of the post office status is analyzed in this thesis: the new rules and the new game of this organization have been described. The new regulation understanding is based on the case of the delivery of letters. This economic thesis includes not only a sociological proceeding but also a juridical and historical analysis of the organization

Abstract This chapter explores the role of the UK in EU telecommunications policy formation. The UK supported deregulation and privatisation by taking a market lead in Europe. It addressed monopolies and privatisation through key appointments to the European Commission and chaired the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations on telecommunications liberalisation. The UK showed full support for the EU Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications and Services (the ‘Convergence initiative’). The chapter does not find much policy divergence post-Brexit. The UK continues to be a member of the Conférence Européenne des Administrations des Postes et des Télécommunications (CEPT) and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) where it is in close alliance with the EU on international standard setting. There are, however, signs of policy divergence in newer areas such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the UK is prone to additional pressure from internet service providers (ISPs) to loosen rules on net neutrality at the domestic level.

Le Patient Evacuation Coordination Cell existe depuis 2009 au sein des opérations des armées françaises. Il est en charge de la régulation et de l'organisation des évacuations médicales tactiques. La généralisation des postes de commandement interarmées de théâtre au sein des opérations français a entraîné la mise en place de processus de planification en adéquation avec la doctrine OTAN. Le positionnement du Patient Evacuation Coordination Cel/ au sein Tactical Operational Center où il réalise la régulation médicale du théâtre, lui permet aussi de participer à la planification et la conduite des opérations (fonction Medical Ops: MEDOPS). Cette fonction prend toute sa place sur un théâtre vaste comme celui de l'opération «Barkhane» où la mise en place d'un soutien médical cohérent avec sa doctrine s'avère un défi permanent pour le Service de santé des armées. Cet article expose donc le travail du MEDOPS en reprenant le processus de planification et revient sur l'activité du Patient Evacuation Coordination Cell en faisant un premier bilan des évacuations médicales tactiques après deux ans de l'opération «Barkhane» et plus d'un an de « Serval ».

Background: Unsafe food hygiene poses threats for becoming disease transmission. The most common of foodborne pathogenic bacteria is Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between food hygiene and the contamination of escherichia coli bacteria on school snack. Subejcts and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Cakung, East Jakarta from December 2016 to January 2017. A sample of 60 food handlers from a total of 147 foods handlers’ population was selected by cluster sampling. The dependent variable was E. coli bateria. The independent variables were proper hand washing, food serving aids, proper equipment washing, types of selling facilities, sanitation facilities, the placement of cooked food, and food preparation. The data were collected by laboratory test result and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by multiple logistic regressions. Results: As many as 45% of the positive snacks were contaminated with E. coli bacteria. E. coli bacterial contamination on food was related to the practice of using food serving aids (OR= 5.00; 95% CI= 1.19 to 20.92; p= 0.044), a place to store cooked food (OR= 6.11; 95% CI = 1.73 to 21.59; p = 0.007) and method of presentation (OR = 7.14; 95% CI = 1.43 to 35.57; p = 0.002). Conclusion: The incidence of Escherichia coli contamination on food is related to the practice of using food serving aids, the placement of cooked food and food serving. Keywords: Escherichia coli, school snack Corresponden: Hanifatun Nisa Ath Thoriqoh. Public Health Postgraduate Study Program, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java. Email: hanifatunnisa10@gmail.com. Mobile: 081808157745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.13

Endovascular coiling is an acceptable treatment of intracranial aneurysms yet long term follow-ups suggest that endovascular coiling fails to achieve complete aneurysm occlusion particularly in wide-neck and giant aneurysms. Flow diverting devices can serve as an alternative to coils in endovascular bypass of human brain aneurysms for their exclusion from the cerebral circulation. They can redirect flow away from the aneurysm distally into the parent vessel thereby reestablishing physiological flow patterns. Placing of a flow diverting device across the aneurysm neck may be sufficient to occlude the aneurysm by promoting intra-aneurysmal thrombosis, however, conclusive evidence of its efficacy are still lacking. In this study [1], we investigated in vitro the efficacy of custom designed flow diverting devices and develop indices of their performance in an elastomeric model of the elastase-induced aneurysm in rabbit. The efficacy of custom designed flow divertors is investigated in terms of reducing the flow activity inside the sac. These custom made devices possess porosities that are similar to available stents, however, their pore densities are much higher. The results will help optimize the device that will be used in the animal model.

In the medical field, more than half of people will choose antibiotics for self-medication, they believe that antibiotics can be used for illnesses such as colds and fevers, or even for viral infections, which accelerates bacterial immunity to antibiotics. Misuse of antibiotics is not only unhelpful, but can damage the organism in a variety of ways that can lead to drug resistance, drug toxicity and allergic reactions. Worldwide, hundreds of thousands of people die each year due to bacterial resistance. In China, the use of antibiotics is even higher in outpatient and inpatient settings. The misuse of antibiotics poses a serious threat to the effectiveness of their use. In order to raise awareness of the dangers of antibiotic misuse, reduce people's choice of non-essential antibiotic medication, and expand and improve monitoring of health care institutions, this study introduces the SAPAD model and AHP to tap into users' real needs and complete a study of users' service design system for antibiotic drug purchase.The article uses observation method, user interview method and questionnaire method in the early stage to get the process of users' medicine purchase in common flu. Based on the SAPAD model framework, the user behavior is disassembled, and the people and things involved in the drug purchase process are listed to complete the mapping of behavior-object-meaning. The study obtained meaning clusters by clustering analysis of meaning layers, and combined with AHP to calculate the weight of each meaning cluster to derive core meaning clusters. The SAPAD model is a user-centered model framework for solving practical problems, which can start from the user's behavior, analyze, cluster and reorganize the meaning behind the behavior layer by layer, and finally dig into the user's real needs; the AHP method combines qualitative and quantitative analysis, and is highly logical and scientific, which can be applied to this topic The effective combination of SAPAD model and hierarchical analysis can gradually quantify the qualitative analysis and obtain more objective research results, which provides new ideas for the theoretical research framework of service design.This study completes the construction of meaning-based objects through the mapping of core meaning clusters to objects. The research process analyzes the key behaviors of users in purchasing drugs in common influenza, and obtains four semantic level meaning clusters through cluster analysis, namely "want to buy drugs quickly and correctly", "want to fully understand the effects of drugs", "want doctors to provide advice on appropriate medication" and "want to raise awareness of antibiotic medications". The study used AHP to analyze the meaning clusters and calculated the weights of each level to obtain the core meaning clusters of "buy the right medicine quickly", "get the right medication diagnosis", and "understand the effect of the medicine".The study reconstructed the service design system for users to purchase drugs in the process of common influenza through user requirements, summarized the key design elements, and improved the service function modules of online drug purchase and online consultation and advice.This study combines SAPAD model and AHP to design research on the user's antibiotic purchase process. Through the SAPAD model, we deeply study the user behavior, get the mapping of user behavior and meaning, and combine the quantitative research of AHP to get the core meaning cluster "quickly buy the right medicine", "get the right diagnosis of medication" and "understand the effect of medication", which guide the design of the service system of user's medication purchase process and the design of the APP for online medication purchase consultation. The SAPAD-AHP method in this study improved the function of the service system for antibiotic purchase process, and the designed output APP effectively improved the user's knowledge on the cautious use of antibiotics, strengthened the supervision of doctors' prescribing of antibiotics, and provided an effective solution to improve the problem of excessive use of antibacterial drugs in primary care institutions and rural areas.