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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Postembryonic“

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Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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1

Prokop, A., und G. M. Technau. „The origin of postembryonic neuroblasts in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila melanogaster“. Development 111, Nr. 1 (01.01.1991): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.111.1.79.

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Embryonic and postembryonic neuroblasts in the thoracic ventral nerve cord of Drosophila melanogaster have the same origin. We have traced the development of threefold-labelled single precursor cells from the early gastrula stage to late larval stages. The technique allows in the same individual monitoring of progeny cells at embryonic stages (in vivo) and differentially staining embryonic and postembryonic progeny within the resulting neural clone at late postembryonic stages. The analysis reveals that postembryonic cells always appear together with embryonic cells in one clone. Furthermore, BrdU labelling suggests that the embryonic neuroblast itself rather than one of its progeny resumes proliferation as a postembryonic neuroblast. A second type of clone consists of embryonic progeny only.

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2

Antonova, E. I., D. I. Omarova, N. V. Firsova und K. A. Krasnikova. „The Role of Liver Progenitor Cells in Postembryonic Development of <i>Rana terrestris</i> under Normal Physiological Conditions“. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta Seriya Estestvennye Nauki 166, Nr. 1 (15.03.2024): 38–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2542-064x.2024.1.38-65.

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The liver plays an essential role in the metabolism of animals, acting as a central hub for metabolic reactions. It serves as a “peripheral integrator” and balances the body’s energy needs. Its regenerative capacity is remarkably high and is maintained by the proliferation of hepatocytes, as well as hematopoietic and regional liver progenitor cells (LPC). This study investigated LPC-driven liver regeneration during postembryonic development in Rana terrestris under normal physiological conditions. The analysis of intrahepatic and hematopoietic markers by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry revealed that progenitor cells with the immunophenotypes of CK19+ (intrahepatic progenitor cells), CD34+CD45+ (hematopoietic progenitor cell population), and CD34+CD45– (hemangioblast population) equally promote liver regeneration during the first year of postembryonic development. However, in the second and third years of postembryonic development, liver regeneration was found to be primarily associated with CK19+-positive cells, with a smaller contribution from CD34+CD45– cells. The results obtained were largely determined by the habitat of the amphibians, thermoregulation, and the completion of morphogenetic processes in the third year of postembryonic development. It is also noteworthy that the liver of the examined specimens remained the major hematopoietic organ throughout all observed stages of postembryonic development.

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3

Lanot, René, Daniel Zachary, François Holder und Marie Meister. „Postembryonic Hematopoiesis in Drosophila“. Developmental Biology 230, Nr. 2 (Februar 2001): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.2000.0123.

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4

Diefenbach, Thomas J., und Jeffrey I. Goldberg. „Postembryonic expression of the serotonin phenotype in Helisoma trivolvis: comparison between laboratory-reared and wild-type strains“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, Nr. 7 (01.07.1990): 1382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-206.

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In a laboratory-reared albino strain of the snail Helisoma trivolvis, the number of neurons expressing the serotonin phenotype increases markedly during postembryonic life. To address whether these latent changes occur selectively in the laboratory-reared strain, postembryonic expression of serotonin immunoreactivity was directly compared in laboratory-reared and wild-type specimens. The spatial pattern of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons was generally the same in the two strains. In contrast, the time course over which this pattern was generated was more prolonged in the wild types than in the laboratory-reared strain. The cerebral, left parietal, and visceral ganglia of laboratory-reared animals completed their postembryonic acquisition of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons by stage P10. Acquisition of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons after stage P10 occurred only in the pedal ganglia. In the wild types, addition of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons continued at least until stage P20 in all of the ganglia examined. Analysis of serotonergic clusters within the cerebral and pedal ganglia revealed distinct developmental patterns for individual clusters. Therefore, the acquisition of the serotonin phenotype during postembryonic life is a normal component of nervous system development in wild-type H. trivolvis.

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5

Chengyan, WAN, LIN Yongtai und HUANG Daoming. „Postembryonic Development of Megalobrama skolkovii“. Journal of Lake Sciences 11, Nr. 4 (1999): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/1999.0412.

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6

Peskov, V. N., M. V. Franchuk und N. S. Atamas. „Morphological Differentiation in Nestlings Turdus philomelos (Passeriformes, Turdidae) and Staging in their Development during the Nesting Period of Postembryogenesis“. Vestnik Zoologii 52, Nr. 5 (01.10.2018): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2018-0044.

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Abstract The work demonstrates the clear presence of ageing aspects in the postembryonic development of the song thrush in regard to its linear dimensions and body proportions. It is proposed to distinguish the stages of early nesting, mid-nesting and late nesting. At each stage, the mostly developed body parts and organs are those which are needed for the growing organism to provide its best functionality at the current period of its postembryonic development.

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7

Kondratov, Kondratov, Viktor V. Stepanishin und Stanislav G. Kumirov. „Histogenesis of skeletal muscles of representatives of chicken meat productivity“. Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 1, Nr. 110 (2023): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202301002.

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The article presents a comparative analysis of the histogenesis of skeletal musculature of Smena-8 cross chickens and Pharaoh quails at different periods of postembryonic development. The regularities and features of postembryonic histogenesis of skeletal muscles of chickens and quails are presented on the example of the rectus head of the quadriceps femoris and the superficial pectoral muscle. The periods of ontogenesis reflecting the formation of the muscular system in chickens and quails are described. Increased differentiation of cellular structures at certain periods of development was established, differences in the histological structure of skeletal muscles depending on the age of the bird and its species were shown. A comparative characteristic of these muscles at different stages of postembryonic ontogenesis is given. According to all micromorphological indicators, the superiority of the quadriceps femoral muscle over the superficial pectoral muscle was established in all the studied periods, as well as earlier differentiation of its intracellular structures, regardless of the species of chicken.

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8

Park, M., und M. W. Krause. „Regulation of postembryonic G(1) cell cycle progression in Caenorhabditis elegans by a cyclin D/CDK-like complex“. Development 126, Nr. 21 (01.11.1999): 4849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.21.4849.

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In many organisms, initiation and progression through the G(1) phase of the cell cycle requires the activity of G(1)-specific cyclins (cyclin D and cyclin E) and their associated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK2, CDK4, CDK6). We show here that the Caenorhabditis elegans genes cyd-1 and cdk-4, encoding proteins similar to cyclin D and its cognate cyclin-dependent kinases, respectively, are necessary for proper division of postembryonic blast cells. Animals deficient for cyd-1 and/or cdk-4 activity have behavioral and developmental defects that result from the inability of the postembryonic blast cells to escape G(1) cell cycle arrest. Moreover, ectopic expression of cyd-1 and cdk-4 in transgenic animals is sufficient to activate a S-phase reporter gene. We observe no embryonic defects associated with depletion of either of these two gene products, suggesting that their essential functions are restricted to postembryonic development. We propose that the cyd-1 and cdk-4 gene products are an integral part of the developmental control of larval cell proliferation through the regulation of G(1) progression.

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9

Higgins, Linden E., und Mary Ann Rankin. „Different Pathways in Arthropod Postembryonic Development“. Evolution 50, Nr. 2 (April 1996): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2410832.

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10

García-Alonso, L. A. „Postembryonic sensory axon guidance in Drosophila“. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS 55, Nr. 11 (August 1999): 1386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050379.

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11

Higgins, Linden E., und Mary Ann Rankin. „DIFFERENT PATHWAYS IN ARTHROPOD POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT“. Evolution 50, Nr. 2 (April 1996): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03869.x.

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12

NISHIO, Y., A. FUKUNAGA und H. YOSHIDA. „Postembryonic development of red back spider“. Medical Entomology and Zoology 49, Nr. 2 (1998): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.49.156_3.

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13

Karasek, Marvin. „Differentiation of Postembryonic Skin Endothelial Cells“. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 127, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2007): 2710–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5701072.

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14

Fischer-Lougheed, J., M. O'Shea, I. Cornish, C. Losberger, E. Roulet und M. F. Schulz-Aellen. „AKH BIOSYNTHESIS: TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL OF TWO CO- LOCALISED PROHORMONES“. Journal of Experimental Biology 177, Nr. 1 (01.04.1993): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.177.1.223.

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The neurosecretory cells of the locust corpora cardiaca (CC) express two co-localised transcripts which are translated into the two preprohormones required in adipokinetic hormone I (AKH I) and AKH II biosynthesis. At different stages of postembryonic development, the relative amounts of the two transcripts (AKH I mRNA and AKH II mRNA) change in parallel with the relative rates of synthesis of proAKH I and proAKH II. Differential regulation of transcript expression, however, cannot account for the changes in neuropeptide ratios seen during postembryonic development. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro translation shows that protein synthesis in vivo is biased towards the translation of AKH I mRNA by a factor of about 2.6. This factor appears to be constant during postembryonic development and is required to produce the observed developmental changes in neuropeptide ratios. Both transcriptional and translational mechanisms are therefore necessary to alter neuropeptide ratios in the CC. The mechanisms we describe can account for the developmentally changing pattern of peptide expression. We suggest that regulation of neuropeptide ratios indicates that signalling functions can be attributed to the precise configuration of peptide cocktails.

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15

Díaz-Sala, Carmen. „Adventitious Root Formation in Tree Species“. Plants 10, Nr. 3 (05.03.2021): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030486.

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16

MIKHALJOVA, ELENA V. „Identities of the millipede genera Skleroprotopus Attems, 1901 and Ansiulus Takakuwa, 1940 (Diplopoda: Julida: Mongoliulidae), with emphasis on the postembryonic development of Skleroprotopus coreanus (Pocock, 1895)“. Zootaxa 4551, Nr. 5 (04.02.2019): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4551.5.1.

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Based on a study of postembryonic growth of Skleroprotopus coreanus (Pocock, 1895), the following new synonyms and combinations are proposed: Skleroprotopus Attems, 1901 = Ansiulus Takakuwa, 1940, syn. n., Skleroprotopus coreanus (Pocock, 1895) = Skleroprotopus schmidti Golovatch, 1979, syn. n., Skleroprotopus aberrans (Mikhaljova & Korsós, 2003), comb. n. = Ansiulus aberrans Mikhaljova & Korsós, 2003; Skleroprotopus legitimus (Golovatch, 1980), comb. n. = Ansiulus legitimus (Golovatch, 1980); Skleroprotopus deminutus (Mikhaljova, 2001), comb. n. = Ansiulus deminutus Mikhaljova, 2001; Skleroprotopus matumotoi (Takakuwa, 1940), comb. n. = Ansiulus matumotoi Takakuwa, 1940, the valid names being the former. 13 postembryonic stadia of males of Skleroprotopus coreanus were revealed: sexual dimorphism appears at stadium VIII, maturity is achieved in stadium XI.

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17

Shlenkina, Tat'yana Matveevna, Elena Mikhaylovna Romanova, Vasiliy Vasil'evich Romanov, Eler Beknur ugli Fazilov, Vaselina Nikolaevna Lyubomirova und Elena Vasil'evna Sveshnikova. „EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LIGHT INTENSITIES ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARTEMIA (ARTEMIA SALINA) IN AN ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEM“. Ulyanovsk Medico-biological Journal, Nr. 2 (03.07.2023): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/2227-1848-2023-2-166-180.

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Artemia nauplii are the best initital food for most fish larvae. Feeder fish, Artemia nauplii, contain the ingredients necessary for the survival of aquatic organisms during critical periods of early postembryonic ontogenesis. Thus, it is important to improve the biotechnology of Artemia cultivation in artificial ecosystems. Materials and Methods. In the course of the study, various illumination modes were used, namely, 1.5; 2.5 and 4 klx to determine the most effective one. Results. Various illumination modes affect Artemia development in different ways. The most effective illumination mode at the stage of embryonic development and the initial stages of postembryonic ontogenesis was 4 klx.

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18

Huang, Shih-Hao, und Yu-Wei Lin. „Bioenergetic Health Assessment of a Single Caenorhabditis elegans from Postembryonic Development to Aging Stages via Monitoring Changes in the Oxygen Consumption Rate within a Microfluidic Device“. Sensors 18, Nr. 8 (28.07.2018): 2453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082453.

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Monitoring dynamic changes in oxygen consumption rates (OCR) of a living organism in real time provide an indirect method of monitoring changes in mitochondrial function during development, aging, or malfunctioning processes. In this study, we developed a microfluidic device integrated with an optical detection system to measure the OCR of a single developing Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) from postembryonic development to aging stages in real time via phase-based phosphorescence lifetime measurement. The device consists of two components: an acrylic microwell deposited with an oxygen-sensitive luminescent layer for oxygen (O2) measurement and a microfluidic module with a pneumatically driven acrylic lid to controllably seal the microwell. We successfully measured the basal respiration (basal OCR, in pmol O2/min/worm) of a single C. elegans inside a microwell from the stages of postembryonic development (larval stages) through adulthood to aged adult. Sequentially adding metabolic inhibitors to block bioenergetic pathways allowed us to measure the metabolic profiles of a single C. elegans at key growth and aging stages, determining the following fundamental parameters: basal OCR, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-linked OCR, maximal OCR, reserve respiratory capacity, OCR due to proton leak, and non-mitochondrial OCR. The bioenergetic health index (BHI) was calculated from these fundamental parameters to assess the bioenergetic health of a single developing C. elegans from the postembryonic development to aging stages. The changes in BHI are correlated to C. elegans development stage, with the highest BHI = 27.5 for 4-day-old adults, which possess well-developed bioenergetic functionality. Our proposed platform demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of assessing the BHI of a single C. elegans from postembryonic development to aging stages inside a microfluidic device and provides the potential for a wide variety of biomedical applications that relate mitochondrial malfunction and diseases.

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Liu, J., und A. Fire. „Overlapping roles of two Hox genes and the exd ortholog ceh-20 in diversification of the C. elegans postembryonic mesoderm“. Development 127, Nr. 23 (01.12.2000): 5179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.23.5179.

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Members of the Hox family of homeoproteins and their cofactors play a central role in pattern formation of all germ layers. During postembryonic development of C. elegans, non-gonadal mesoderm arises from a single mesoblast cell M. Starting in the first larval stage, M divides to produce 14 striated muscles, 16 non-striated muscles, and two non-muscle cells (coelomocytes). We investigated the role of the C. elegans Hox cluster and of the exd ortholog ceh-20 in patterning of the postembryonic mesoderm. By examining the M lineage and its differentiation products in different Hox mutant combinations, we found an essential but overlapping role for two of the Hox cluster genes, lin-39 and mab-5, in diversification of the postembryonic mesoderm. This role of the two Hox gene products required the CEH-20 cofactor. One target of these two Hox genes is the C. elegans twist ortholog hlh-8. Using both in vitro and in vivo assays, we demonstrated that twist is a direct target of Hox activation. We present evidence from mutant phenotypes that twist is not the only target for Hox genes in the M lineage: in particular we show that lin-39 mab-5 double mutants exhibit a more severe M lineage defect than the hlh-8 null mutant.

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20

Meseke, Maurice, Jan Felix Evers und Carsten Duch. „Developmental Changes in Dendritic Shape and Synapse Location Tune Single-Neuron Computations to Changing Behavioral Functions“. Journal of Neurophysiology 102, Nr. 1 (Juli 2009): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90899.2008.

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During nervous system development, different classes of neurons obtain different dendritic architectures, each of which receives a large number of input synapses. However, it is not clear whether synaptic inputs are targeted to specific regions within a dendritic tree and whether dendritic tree geometry and subdendritic synapse distributions might be optimized to support proper neuronal input-output computations. This study uses an insect model where structure and function of an individually identifiable neuron, motoneuron 5 (MN5), are changed while it develops from a slow larval crawling into a fast adult flight motoneuron during metamorphosis. This allows for relating postembryonic dendritic remodeling of an individual motoneuron to developmental changes in behavioral function. Dendritic architecture of MN5 is analyzed by three-dimensional geometric reconstructions and quantitative co-localization analysis to address the distribution of synaptic terminals. Postembryonic development of MN5 comprises distinct changes in dendritic shape and in the subdendritic distribution of GABAergic input synapses onto MN5. Subdendritic synapse targeting is not a consequence of neuropil structure but must rely on specific subdendritic recognition mechanisms. Passive multicompartment simulations indicate that postembryonic changes in dendritic architecture and in subdendritic input synapse distributions may tune the passive computational properties of MN5 toward stage-specific behavioral requirements.

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21

Landman, Neil H., J. Kirk Cochran, Danny M. Rye, Kazushige Tanabe und John M. Arnold. „Early life history of Nautilus: evidence from isotopic analyses of aquarium-reared specimens“. Paleobiology 20, Nr. 1 (1994): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s009483730001112x.

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Specimens of Nautilus species caught in the wild show a marked increase in oxygen isotopic composition between embryonic and postembryonic septa. The significance of this increase in terms of the early life history of Nautilus has been unclear. To help explain this pattern, we analyzed the isotopic composition of the septa of three specimens of Nautilus belauensis raised in aquariums under controlled temperature conditions. Our results indicate that both embryonic and postembryonic septa are secreted with the same temperature-dependent fractionation of aragonite relative to water as that of other aragonite-secreting molluscs (Grossman and Ku 1986). The δ18O values of the septa thus provide a reliable means of determining the water temperature in which the septa form. Calculated temperatures based on oxygen isotopic data from specimens caught in the wild reveal that embryonic development occurs at 22°-24° corresponding to a depth of 100-200 m depending on the location. The increase in δ18O in postembryonic septa reflects a migration into colder, deeper water after hatching. In Cretaceous nautilids, a systematic shift in δ18O is not present, indicating that these animals probably did not change their habitat after hatching. This is consistent with the likelihood that they lived in shallower environments than that of modern Nautilus.

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SOTO-ADAMES, FELIPE N. „Postembryonic development of the dorsal chaetotaxy in Seira dowlingi (Collembola, Entomobryidae); with an analysis of the diagnostic and phylogenetic significance of primary chaetotaxy in Seira“. Zootaxa 1683, Nr. 1 (18.01.2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1683.1.1.

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Chaetotaxy is probably the most important character system used to diagnose species in Entomobryidae, but its use in studies of phylogenetic relationships of suprageneric taxa has been hampered by difficulties in identifying the homology of individual setae. Currently there is developmental information for three (Orchesella, Entomobrya sensu lato and Lepidocyrtus sensu lato) of the four largest groups of entomobryids. Seira is the only major genus for which the postembryonic development of the chaetotaxy has not been described. To fill this gap a complete description of the postembryonic development of the dorsal chaetotaxy of Seira dowlingi (Wray, 1953) is presented. Based on this description and by comparisons with up to 96 additional Seira species, it is suggested that the loss of second abdominal segment primary setae m4 and p4 (by transformation into scales during postembryonic development) is the only chaetotaxic character diagnostic for the genus. The posterior botriothricum (homologous to D3) on the fourth abdominal segment is absent only in S. (Afroseira) rowani Yosii, from South Africa. It is suggested that the presence of seta p3 and absence of p4 on the third abdominal segment support a more recent relationship between Seira and Lepidocyrtus/Pseudosinella than between Seira and Entomobrya sensu lato.

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23

Wang, Xu, Daniel Kopinke, Junji Lin, Adam D. McPherson, Robert N. Duncan, Hideo Otsuna, Enrico Moro et al. „Wnt Signaling Regulates Postembryonic Hypothalamic Progenitor Differentiation“. Developmental Cell 23, Nr. 3 (September 2012): 624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2012.07.012.

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24

Willis, J. H. „Volume 2 (Postembryonic Development). 505 + xvi pp.“ International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 15, Nr. 1-2 (Januar 1986): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(86)90013-9.

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25

Yurista, Peder M. „Embryonic and Postembryonic Development in Bythotrephes cederstroemii“. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, Nr. 6 (01.06.1992): 1118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-124.

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Laboratory observations were made of embryonic development time for parthenogenic Bythotrephes cederstroemii under differing temperatures spanning the range when Bythotrephes may be present in the plankton of Lake Michigan. Postembryonic development was documented for parthenogenically produced and sexually produced offspring. The complete life cycle of Bythotrephes was observed to have two distinct morphological series. Development time from birth to primaparity, consisting of three instars, was 14.0 ± 1.63 d at 12.7 °C for pathenogenically produced offspring. Development time at 12.7 °C for gametogenically produced offspring was 13.7 ± 1.57 d with four instars. Because parthenogenic eggs released into the brood sac of Bythotrephes do not become obvious until the embryo development is well advanced, a useful model for birth rate calculations in field work was developed based on observable morphological traits of the embryos within the brood sac. A curvilinear logarithmic model of development time (D, hours) as a function of temperature (T degrees Celsius) was fit to the embryonic development data: log (D) = 6.840–7.305log(T) + 2.490log(T)2.

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26

Goulden, C. E., L. Henry und D. Berrigan. „Egg size, postembryonic yolk, and survival ability“. Oecologia 72, Nr. 1 (April 1987): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00385040.

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27

Dittrich, Birgit. „Postembryonic development of the parasitic amphipodHyperia galba“. Helgoläander Meeresuntersuchungen 41, Nr. 2 (Juni 1987): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02364701.

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28

Hoshizaki, Deborah Keiko. „Krüppel Expression during Postembryonic Development of Drosophila“. Developmental Biology 163, Nr. 1 (Mai 1994): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1994.1129.

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Takahashi, M., H. Iwasaki, H. Inoue und K. Takahashi. „Reverse Genetic Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans 26S Proteasome Subunits by RNA Interference“. Biological Chemistry 383, Nr. 7-8 (27.08.2002): 1263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2002.140.

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Abstract Reverse genetic analysis was performed on the Caenorhabditis elegans 26S proteasome subunit genes by doublestranded RNAmediated interference (RNAi). Embryonic and postembryonic lethality was caused by interference of all of the eight tested 20S core subunits and all of the 19S regulatory particle subunits except for CeRpn9, CeRpn10, and Ce Rpn12, where RNAi caused no abnormality. However, synthetic suppression of CeRpn10 and CeRpn12 was lethal, whereas neither the combination of Ce Rpn9 with CeRpn10 nor with CeRpn12 resulted in abnormalities in RNAi. These results indicate that the 26S proteasome is indispensable for embryogenesis and postembryonic development, although Ce Rpn9, CeRpn10, and CeRpn12 are not essential, at least under the conditions used. CeRpn10 and Ce Rpn12 are considered to compensate for the suppression of each other.

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Burris, Z. P. „Larval morphologies and potential developmental modes of eight sea spider species (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the southern Oregon coast“. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, Nr. 4 (16.11.2010): 845–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410001554.

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Larvae of eight sea spiders from three families (Ammotheidae, Pycnogonidae and Phoxichilidiidae) are described for the first time. The external morphology of the first larval stage of each species is presented in detail using scanning electron microscopy photographs in order to determine the mode of postembryonic development. Three types of larval development are apparent in the species examined. The speciesAchelia gracilipes, Eurycyde spinosa, Pycnogonum rickettsiandPycnogonum stearnsi(families Ammotheidae and Pycnogonidae) have larval morphologies indicative of an ‘ectoparasitic’ development. Morphological characteristics ofAchelia simplissimaandAchelia chelata(family Ammotheidae) larvae suggest an ‘endoparasitic’ development, while larvae of the speciesAnoplodactylus viridintestinalis(family Phoxichilidiidae) have traits implying an ‘encysting’ postembryonic mode of development. Larvae of the speciesNymphopsis spinosissimahave unusual morphological characteristics that may be indicative of a new developmental mode.

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Taylor, B. J., und J. W. Truman. „Commitment of abdominal neuroblasts in Drosophila to a male or female fate is dependent on genes of the sex-determining hierarchy“. Development 114, Nr. 3 (01.03.1992): 625–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114.3.625.

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Adult specific neurons in the central nervous system of holometabolous insects are generated by the postembryonic divisions of neuronal stem cells (neuroblasts). In the ventral nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, sex-specific divisions by a set of abdominal neuroblasts occur during larval and early pupal stages. Animals mutant for several sex-determining genes were analyzed to determine the genetic regulation of neuroblast commitment to the male or female pattern of division and the time during development when these decisions are made. We have found that the choice of the sexual pathway taken by sex-specific neuroblasts depends on the expression of one of these genes, doublesex (dsx). In the absence of any functional dxs+ products, the sex-specific neuroblasts fail to undergo any postembryonic divisions in male or female larval nervous systems. From the analysis of intersexes generated by dominant alleles of dsx, it has been concluded that the same neuroblasts provide the sex-specific neuroblasts in both male and female central nervous systems. The time when neuroblasts become committed to generate their sex-specific divisions were identified by shifting tra-2ts flies between the male- and female-specifying temperatures at various times during larval development. Neuroblasts become determined to adopt a male or female state at the end of the first larval instar, a time when abdominal neuroblasts enter their first postembryonic S-phase.

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Athias-Binche, Françoise. „Signification adaptative des différents types de développements postembryonnaires chez les Gamasides (Acariens: Anactinotriches)“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, Nr. 6 (01.06.1987): 1299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-206.

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This review of the adaptive significance of various patterns of postembryonic development in the gamasid mites is restricted to the phenotypic and adaptive aspects of the different developmental patterns. Postembryonic development is redefined as beginning with achievement of embryonic ectoderm differentiation into a sclerified recognizable integument. The various kinds of postembryonic development depend on the ecology of the species and their adaptative strategies, ranging from generalized edaphic forms to more specialized species, either colonizing unpredictable habitats or being parasitic. In relation to progressive specialization, the relative duration of development tends to decrease from four active instars to three or two instars, or even to an abbreviated adult–adult cycle in endoparasitic species. One can distinguish the following main features: full development with four active instars, full development but comprising one or several phoretic instars; abbreviated development, with regressed apomorphic larva, with ovolarviparity, with regressed protonymph or with both regressed protonymph and deutonymph associated with ovolarviparity, and occasionally with phoresy. Phenotypic plasticity may occur and can be marked by facultative, behavioural, or polymorphic phoresy, facultative ovolarviparity, occasional arrhenotoky, or appearance of dormancy. The adaptive fitness of these different characters is discussed in terms of r–K selection strategies, colonizing dynamics, and specialized microhabitats. The concepts of adaptative and evolutive processes are briefly discussed, including Grandjean's theory of "l'évolution selon l'âge."

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Bellido, A. „Caractéristiques biodémographiques d'un acarien oribate (Carabodes willmanni) des pelouses xérophiles“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, Nr. 10 (01.10.1990): 2221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-309.

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An analysis of biodemographic characteristics was undertaken under experimental conditions in Carabodes willmanni, the first study of its kind in the superfamily Carabodoidea. The species dominates the microarthropod fauna of dry Cladonia cover. Immature stages have a very soft integument and live within the decomposing lichen layer. The population is characterized by the following: (i) low fecundity, strongly density dependent; (ii) relatively long postembryonic development for such a small species, lasting 117 days at 20 °C; (iii) extended premoulting stage (pupation), lasting 28% of postembryonic development; (iv) high but very variable longevity, with values varying from 200 to 600 days between egg laying and death of the adult; (v) strong influence of temperature on fecundity, adult survival, and duration of embryonic and postembryonic developments: development is inhibited at 10 °C. Based on previously acquired information on the phenology of the population, a model for the life cycle under natural conditions is proposed. Periods favorable to development being greatly shortened by environmental factors, the duration of the cycle is lengthened and probably takes as much as 1 year under the harshest conditions. The success of C. willmanni in such an environment can be explained by the capacity of the immature stages to take advantage of the lichen substrate both as a source of food and as a means of protection against desiccation.[Journal translation]

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GUIDOTI, MARCUS, und ALINE BARCELLOS. „On the nymphs of lantana lace bug Teleonemia scrupulosa Stål (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae: Tinginae): ontogenetic features of integumentary structures highlighted“. Zootaxa 3613, Nr. 3 (11.02.2013): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3613.3.7.

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The five instars of Teleonemia scrupulosa Stål are described. The postembryonic ontogenetic development of integumen-tary structures is emphasized, with a discussion on its potential use in cladistic studies within Tingidae.

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Prokop, Jakub, André Nel und Michael S. Engel. „Diversity, Form, and Postembryonic Development of Paleozoic Insects“. Annual Review of Entomology 68, Nr. 1 (23.01.2023): 401–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-022637.

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While Mesozoic, Paleogene, and Neogene insect faunas greatly resemble the modern one, the Paleozoic fauna provides unique insights into key innovations in insect evolution, such as the origin of wings and modifications of postembryonic development including holometaboly. Deep-divergence estimates suggest that the majority of contemporary insect orders originated in the Late Paleozoic, but these estimates reflect divergences between stem groups of each lineage rather than the later appearance of the crown groups. The fossil record shows the initial radiations of the extant hyperdiverse clades during the Early Permian, as well as the specialized fauna present before the End Permian mass extinction. This review summarizes the recent discoveries related to the documented diversity of Paleozoic hexapods, as well as current knowledge about what has actually been verified from fossil evidence as it relates to postembryonic development and the morphology of different body parts.

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Wang, Liangjun, Neal Jahren, Marcus L. Vargas, Erica F. Andersen, Judith Benes, Junyu Zhang, Ellen L. Miller, Richard S. Jones und Jeffrey A. Simon. „Alternative ESC and ESC-Like Subunits of a Polycomb Group Histone Methyltransferase Complex Are Differentially Deployed during Drosophila Development“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, Nr. 7 (01.04.2006): 2637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.26.7.2637-2647.2006.

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ABSTRACT The Extra sex combs (ESC) protein is a Polycomb group (PcG) repressor that is a key noncatalytic subunit in the ESC-Enhancer of zeste [E(Z)] histone methyltransferase complex. Survival of esc homozygotes to adulthood based solely on maternal product and peak ESC expression during embryonic stages indicate that ESC is most critical during early development. In contrast, two other PcG repressors in the same complex, E(Z) and Suppressor of zeste-12 [SU(Z)12], are required throughout development for viability and Hox gene repression. Here we describe a novel fly PcG repressor, called ESC-Like (ESCL), whose biochemical, molecular, and genetic properties can explain the long-standing paradox of ESC dispensability during postembryonic times. Developmental Western blots show that ESCL, which is 60% identical to ESC, is expressed with peak abundance during postembryonic stages. Recombinant complexes containing ESCL in place of ESC can methylate histone H3 with activity levels, and lysine specificity for K27, similar to that of the ESC-containing complex. Coimmunoprecipitations show that ESCL associates with E(Z) in postembryonic cells and chromatin immunoprecipitations show that ESCL tracks closely with E(Z) on Ubx regulatory DNA in wing discs. Furthermore, reduced escl + dosage enhances esc loss-of-function phenotypes and double RNA interference knockdown of ESC/ESCL in wing disc-derived cells causes Ubx derepression. These results suggest that ESCL and ESC have similar functions in E(Z) methyltransferase complexes but are differentially deployed as development proceeds.

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SILVA, E. S., G. J. DE MORAES und G. W. KRANTZ. „A new species of Ologamasus (Acari: Ologamasidae) from Brazil“. Zootaxa 1462, Nr. 1 (30.04.2007): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1462.1.3.

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Ologamasus cananeiae sp. n. is described based on specimens representing all postembryonic stages, collected from litter in a forest area of southeastern Brazil. A key is provided to help in the separation of the seven species known worldwide.

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Morgan, W. R., und I. Greenwald. „Two novel transmembrane protein tyrosine kinases expressed during Caenorhabditis elegans hypodermal development“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, Nr. 11 (November 1993): 7133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.11.7133-7143.1993.

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We describe our characterization of kin-15 and kin-16, a tandem pair of homologous Caenorhabditis elegans genes encoding transmembrane protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) with an unusual structure: the predicted extracellular domain of each putative gene product is only about 50 amino acids, and there are no potential autophosphorylation sites in the C-terminal domain. Using lacZ fusions, we found that kin-15 and kin-16 both appear to be expressed during postembryonic development in the large hypodermal syncytium (hyp7) around the time that specific hypodermal cells fuse with hyp7. kin-15 and kin-16 were positioned on the genetic and physical maps, but extrachromosomal arrays containing wild-type kin-15 and/or kin-16 genes were unable to complement candidate lethal mutations. The results suggest that kin-15 and kin-16 may be specifically involved in cell-cell interactions regulating cell fusions that generate the hypodermis during postembryonic development.

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Morgan, W. R., und I. Greenwald. „Two novel transmembrane protein tyrosine kinases expressed during Caenorhabditis elegans hypodermal development.“ Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, Nr. 11 (November 1993): 7133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.11.7133.

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We describe our characterization of kin-15 and kin-16, a tandem pair of homologous Caenorhabditis elegans genes encoding transmembrane protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) with an unusual structure: the predicted extracellular domain of each putative gene product is only about 50 amino acids, and there are no potential autophosphorylation sites in the C-terminal domain. Using lacZ fusions, we found that kin-15 and kin-16 both appear to be expressed during postembryonic development in the large hypodermal syncytium (hyp7) around the time that specific hypodermal cells fuse with hyp7. kin-15 and kin-16 were positioned on the genetic and physical maps, but extrachromosomal arrays containing wild-type kin-15 and/or kin-16 genes were unable to complement candidate lethal mutations. The results suggest that kin-15 and kin-16 may be specifically involved in cell-cell interactions regulating cell fusions that generate the hypodermis during postembryonic development.

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Beumer, K. J., J. Rohrbough, A. Prokop und K. Broadie. „A role for PS integrins in morphological growth and synaptic function at the postembryonic neuromuscular junction of Drosophila“. Development 126, Nr. 24 (15.12.1999): 5833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.24.5833.

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A family of three position-specific (PS) integrins are expressed at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ): a beta subunit ((betaPS), expressed in both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, and two alpha subunits (alphaPS1, alphaPS2), expressed at least in the postsynaptic membrane. PS integrins appear at postembryonic NMJs coincident with the onset of rapid morphological growth and terminal type-specific differentiation, and are restricted to type I synaptic boutons, which mediate fast, excitatory glutamatergic transmission. We show that two distinctive hypomorphic mutant alleles of the beta subunit gene myospheroid (mys(b9) and mys(ts1)), differentially affect betaPS protein expression at the synapse to produce distinctive alterations in NMJ branching, bouton formation, synaptic architecture and the specificity of synapse formation on target cells. The mys(b9) mutation alters betaPS localization to cause a striking reduction in NMJ branching, bouton size/number and the formation of aberrant ‘mini-boutons’, which may represent a developmentally arrested state. The mys(ts1) mutation strongly reduces betaPS expression to cause the opposite phenotype of excessive synaptic sprouting and morphological growth. NMJ function in these mutant conditions is altered in line with the severity of the morphological aberrations. Consistent with these mutant phenotypes, transgenic overexpression of the betaPS protein with a heat-shock construct or tissue-specific GAL4 drivers causes a reduction in synaptic branching and bouton number. We conclude that betaPS integrin at the postembryonic NMJ is a critical determinant of morphological growth and synaptic specificity. These data provide the first genetic evidence for a functional role of integrins at the postembryonic synapse.

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Baffi, Milla Alves, Cícero Donizete Pereira, Guilherme Rocha Lino de Souza, Carlos Roberto Ceron und Ana Maria Bonetti. „Esterase profile in the postembryonic development of Rhipicephalusmicroplus“. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 42, Nr. 8 (August 2007): 1183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2007000800016.

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The objective of this work was to analyze the pattern of esterase activity in the development stages of Rhipicephalus microplus by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using specific staining for esterase. The electrophoretical results revealed the presence of nine regions displaying esterase activity, stained with both alpha-naphthyl acetate and beta-naphthyl acetate, and classified as alpha-beta-esterase. Stage-specific esterases were found, with the first nymphal and larval stages showing the greatest esterase activity throughout the development. An esterase called EST-4 was detected only in males and was considered sex-specific. There are differences in the esterase profile among the different postembryonic development stages of R. microplus.

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Vandewalle, P., I. Gluckmann, E. Baras, F. Huriaux und B. Focant. „Postembryonic development of the cephalic region inHeterobranchus longifilis“. Journal of Fish Biology 50, Nr. 2 (Februar 1997): 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01355.x.

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Mrak, Polona, Urban Bogataj, Jasna Štrus und Nada Žnidaršič. „Cuticle morphogenesis in crustacean embryonic and postembryonic stages“. Arthropod Structure & Development 46, Nr. 1 (Januar 2017): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2016.11.001.

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Varsamos, Stamatis, Catherine Nebel und Guy Charmantier. „Ontogeny of osmoregulation in postembryonic fish: A review“. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 141, Nr. 4 (August 2005): 401–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.01.013.

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Sozzani, Rosangela, und Anjali Iyer-Pascuzzi. „Postembryonic control of root meristem growth and development“. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 17 (Februar 2014): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2013.10.005.

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Alexeeva, Nina, Yuta Tamberg und Natalia Shunatova. „Postembryonic development of pycnogonids: A deeper look inside“. Arthropod Structure & Development 47, Nr. 3 (Mai 2018): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2018.03.002.

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BAIN, BONNIE A. „Postembryonic development in the pycnogonidAustropallene cornigera(Family Callipallenidae)“. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development 43, Nr. 3 (Juli 2003): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2003.9652539.

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Hochner, B., und ME Spira. „Preservation of motoneuron electrotonic characteristics during postembryonic growth“. Journal of Neuroscience 7, Nr. 1 (01.01.1987): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.07-01-00261.1987.

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Chiba, A., D. Shepherd und R. Murphey. „Synaptic rearrangement during postembryonic development in the cricket“. Science 240, Nr. 4854 (13.05.1988): 901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3363372.

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Ermilov, S. G. „The postembryonic development of Camisia biurus (Oribatei, Camisiidae)“. Entomological Review 87, Nr. 2 (April 2007): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0013873807020091.

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