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1
Office, General Accounting. U.N. peacekeeping: Transition strategies for post-conflict countries lack results-oriented measures of progress : report to the Chairman, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003.
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2
United States Institute of Peace, Hrsg. Building security in post-Cold War Eurasia: The OSCE and U.S. foreign policy. Washington, DC (1200 17th St., NW, Washington 20036-3011): United States Institute of Peace, 1999.
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3
Institute, Aspen, Hrsg. Conflict prevention: Strategies to sustain peace in the post-Cold War world. Queenstown, MD: Aspen Institute, 1997.
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4
Cheng, Christine. Extralegal Groups in Post-Conflict Liberia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199673346.001.0001.
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In the aftermath of the Liberian civil war, groups of ex-combatants took control of natural resource enclaves. With some of them threatening a return to war, these groups were widely viewed as the most significant threats to Liberia’s hard-won peace. Building on fieldwork and socio-historical analysis, this study shows how extralegal groups emerge as a product of livelihood strategies and the political economy of war. It analyzes the trajectory of extralegal groups in three sectors of the Liberian economy: rubber, diamonds, and timber. The findings offer a counterpoint to the prevailing narrative, arguing that extralegal groups have a dual nature and should be viewed as accidental statebuilders driven to provide basic governance goods in order to create a stable commercial environment. These groups do not seek to rule; they provide governance because they need to trade—not as an end in itself. This leads to the book’s broader argument: it is trade, rather than war, that drives contemporary statebuilding. In areas where the state is weak and political authority is contested, where the rule of law is corrupt and government distrust runs deep, extralegal groups can provide order and dispute resolution, forming the basic kernel of the state. Extralegal groups also perform a series of hidden governance functions that establish public norms of compliance and cooperation with local populations. This sheds new light on how we understand violent nonstate actors, allowing us to view them as part of an evolutionary process of state-making, rather than simply as national security threats.
5
Griffiths, Richard D. Introduction: Therapeutic and Rehabilitation Strategies in the Post-ICU Period. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0046.
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Chapter 46 provides an outline to therapeutic and rehabilitation strategies in the post-ICU period, and examines conflict in care between patient and family experiences, types of recovery pathways, relatives' coping strategies, risk assessment and support, and a clinical review of issues that may include drug withdrawal, cessation of unwanted medication, optimization of cardiorespiratory function, and screening for the associated physical problems of immobility. It also covers elements of physical, psychological, and social recoveries, as well as cognitive dysfunction and social challenges.
6
Stahn, Carsten, und Jens Iverson, Hrsg. Just Peace After Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823285.001.0001.
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The interplay between peace and justice plays an important role in almost any contemporary conflict. Peace and conflict studies have generally devoted more attention to conflict than to peace. Peace is often described in adjectives, such as negative/positive peace, liberal peace or democratic peace. But what elements make a peace just? Just war theory, peacebuilding, or transitional justice provide different perspectives on the dialectic relation between peace and justice and the methods of establishing peace after conflict. Experiences such as the Colombian peace process show that peace is increasingly judicialized. This volume analyses some of the situational, normative, and relational elements of peace in processes of transition. It explores six core themes: conceptual approaches towards just peace, macro-principles, the nexus to security and stability, protection of persons and public goods, rule of law and economic reform and accountability. It engages with understudied issues, such as the pros and cons of robust UN mandates, the link between environment protection and indigenous peoples, the treatment of illegal settlements, the feasibility of vetting practices or the protection labour rights in post-conflict economies. It argues that just peace requires only not negotiation, agreement and compromise (e.g., moderation), but contextual understandings of law, multiple dimensions of justice and strategies of prevention. It complements the two earlier volumes on the legal contours of jus post bellum, namely Just Post Bellum: Mapping the Normative Foundations (2014) and Environmental Protection and Transitions from Conflict to Peace: Clarifying Norms, Principles and Practices (2017).
7
Dyke, Nancy Bearg. Conflict Prevention: Strategies to Sustain Peace in the Post-Cold War World (Aspen Institute Conferences on International Peace & Security Series No 3). Aspen Institute, 1997.
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8
Filipov, Filip. Post-conflict Peacebuilding: Strategies and Lessons from Bosnia and Herzegovina, El Salvador and Sierra Leone: Some Thoughts from the Rights to Education and Health (Politicas Sociales). United Nations Publications, 2006.
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9
Dam-de Jong, Daniëlla. Standard-setting Practices for the Management of Natural Resources in Conflict-Torn States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784630.003.0008.
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Natural resources have financed a number of armed conflicts in the last decades. Restoring governance over these natural resources to the government is an essential component of strategies to enable a transition to durable peace for resource rich states which have suffered from armed conflict. The UN Security Council has played a key role in efforts to break the link between natural resources and conflict financing, including by setting standards for the proper management of natural resources. This chapter identifies the standards that have been developed by the Security Council in relation to Liberia and the DRC and examines their implementation in the mandates of peacekeeping operations and in programmes set up by regional and international organizations. It is argued that the Security Council through its standard-setting helps to shape the normative content of the applicable jus post bellum.
10
Nassenstein, Nico. Language Movement and Pragmatic Change in a Conflict Area. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657543.003.0014.
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Since the Rwandan Genocide in 1994, the border areas of Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have been characterized by armed conflict and waves of cross-border migration, which have affected speakers’ realizations of the varieties of Kinyarwanda spoken in the area. The resulting recontextualized language use is best explored through a theoretical background of language ideologies and “border thinking.” With respect to Kinyarwanda, the fluid practice Kinyafranglais and the youth language Imvugo y’Umuhanda have emerged in relation to post-genocide language purification processes in Rwanda. In the ongoing conflict in DR Congo, secret metaphors in Kinyabwisha are used by Congolese armed groups when planning military operations, but they are also adopted by civilians when addressing delicate war-related topics. Pragmatic change in Rufumbira (Uganda) in the adjacent areas affect the realization of linguistic taboos, “sex talk,” and politeness strategies, which all deviate from patterns found across the border(s).
11
Gegout, Catherine. Why Europe Intervenes in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845162.001.0001.
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Why Europe Intervenes in Africa analyzes the underlying causes of all European decisions for and against military interventions in conflicts in African states since the late 1980s. It focuses on the main European actors who have deployed troops in Africa: France, the United Kingdom and the European Union. When conflict occurs in Africa, the response of European actors is generally inaction. This can be explained in several ways: the absence of strategic and economic interests, the unwillingness of European leaders to become involved in conflicts in former colonies of other European states, and sometimes the Eurocentric assumption that conflict in Africa is a normal event which does not require intervention. When European actors do decide to intervene, it is primarily for motives of security and prestige, and not primarily for economic or humanitarian reasons. The weight of past relations with Africa can also be a driver for European military intervention, but the impact of that past is changing. This book offers a theory of European intervention based mainly on the approaches of realism and post-colonialism. It refutes the assumptions of liberals and constructivists who posit that states and organizations intervene primarily in order to respect the principle of the “responsibility to protect.”
12
Johnston, Josephine, und Naomi Scheinerman. Protecting Research, Preserving Trust. Herausgegeben von John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford und Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.12.
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This chapter reviews the two main concerns about financial relationships with industry: that they could conflict with research-related obligations leading to biased or flawed research and an incomplete research record, and that they could undermine trust in biomedical research, researchers, and research institutions. We show that these concerns are valid, and that they persist in the U.S., despite a gradual tightening over the past decade of rules and regulations regarding financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research. The threat that financial interests can pose to research integrity should be of special interest to psychiatry for two reasons: they are prevalent in this field, and they pose heightened risks due to the nature of psychiatry itself. Finally, we recommend that psychiatry—and individual research psychiatrists—take more seriously the threat posed by financial relationships with industry, and work together to develop additional strategies for avoiding and managing financial conflicts of interest.
13
Hassner, Ron E. Conflicts over Sacred Ground. Herausgegeben von Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer und Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0021.
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This chapter argues that contested sacred sites pose indivisibility challenges which can drive even natural religious allies into violent conflict, and also outlines the multiple roots of conflicts over sacred sites based on the type of objective at stake: legitimacy, security, or profit. It then turns to investigate several aspects that characterize these disputes, regardless of cause. Sacred sites cannot be shared to the satisfaction of all parties involved. The characteristics of disputes over sacred places include cohesion, boundaries, and value. Leaders have pursued three primary strategies in order to avoid bloodshed: partition, scheduling, and exclusion. These approaches develop tensions that threaten to burst as soon as one of the claimants perceives a change in the balance of power. Religious leaders can introduce flexibility into the rules governing holy places and add a measure of harmony to contests over holy sites.
14
Paris, Roland. The Blurry Boundary between Peacebuilding and R2P. Herausgegeben von Alex J. Bellamy und Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.27.
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Policy practitioners and scholars have tended to treat the responsibility to protect (R2P) and peacebuilding as separate domains. This chapter, in contrast, argues that these two domains are more closely connected than both the policy discourse and much of the academic literature would suggest. Peacebuilding appears to be an integral part of R2P, and peacebuilding strategies aimed at reducing the risks of conflict relapse are core strategies for preventing atrocity crimes. Further, the use of coercive military force to stop an imminent or actual atrocity crime creates its own requirement for post-crisis peacebuilding. Thus, closer analysis of the relationship between peacebuilding and R2P would benefit both practitioners and scholars.
15
Hopmann, P. Terrence. Building Security In Post-cold War Eurasia: The Osce And U.s. Foreign Policy. Diane Pub Co, 1999.
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16
King, Elisabeth, und Cyrus Samii. Diversity, Violence, and Recognition. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509456.001.0001.
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When considering strategies to address violent conflict, an enduring debate concerns the wisdom of recognizing versus avoiding reference to ethnic identities. This book asks: Under what conditions do governments manage internal violent conflicts by formally recognizing different ethnic identities? Moreover, what are the implications for peace? Introducing the concept of “ethnic recognition,” and building on a theory rooted in ethnic power configurations, the book examines the merits, risks, and trade-offs of publicly recognizing ethnic groups in state institutions as compared to not doing so, in terms of sought-after outcomes such as political inclusiveness, the decline of political violence, economic vitality, and the improvement of democracy. It draws on both global cross-national quantitative analysis of post-conflict constitutions, settlements, and institutions since 1990, as well as in-depth qualitative case studies of Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia. Findings show that recognition is adopted about 40 percent of the time and is much more likely when the leader is from the largest ethnic group, as opposed to an ethnic minority. On average, countries that adopt recognition go on to experience less violence, more economic vitality, and more democratic politics, and countries under plurality ethnic rule drive these effects. These findings should be of great interest to social scientists studying peace, democracy, and development, and of practical relevance to policymakers attempting to make these concepts a reality around the world.
17
Grauer, Ryan. Conventional Interstate Warfare. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0027.
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This chapter details the challenge European states face in confronting conventional interstate warfare in the post-cold-war era. The European continent has been the site of several interstate conflicts featuring conventional operations since the collapse of the Soviet Union, and European militaries have fought in a number of similar wars waged outside the region. Conventional interstate wars are likely to manifest quite differently in the future from the way they did in the past, sometimes taking the form of ‘hybrid’ wars that involve irregular fighters and strategies alongside more traditional soldiers and efforts, but they will not disappear from the European security landscape in the near to medium term. Accordingly, while there is considerable room for improvement in the strategic allocation of resources, European states’ decisions to spend considerable sums on weaponry, equipment, and training programmes designed to maintain or improve their fighting capabilities in conventional operations are warranted.
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Olzer, Rachel, Rebecca L. Ehrlich, Justa L. Heinen-Kay, Jessie Tanner und Marlene Zuk. Reproductive behavior. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0013.
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Sex and reproduction lie at the heart of studies of insect behavior. We begin by providing a brief overview of insect anatomy and physiology, followed by an introduction to the overarching themes of parental investment, sexual selection, and mating systems. We then take a sequential approach to illustrate the diversity of phenomena and concepts behind insect reproductive behavior from pre-copulatory mate signalling through copulatory sperm transfer, mating positions, and sexual conflict, to post-copulatory sperm competition, and cryptic female choice. We provide an overview of the evolutionary mechanisms driving reproductive behavior. These events are linked by the economic defendability of mates or resources, and how these are allocated in each sex. Under the framework of economic defendability, the reader can better understand how sexual antagonistic behaviors arise as the result of competing optimal fitness strategies between males and females.
19
Warren, Jason W., Hrsg. Landpower in the Long War. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813177571.001.0001.
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Landpower in the Long War is the first holistic account of the projection of landpower during the wars of post-9/11. Moving beyond the existing accounts of conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, the book includes vital chapters on socio-cultural and institutional factors that influence the power-projection of American landpower. Although there are a number of positive accounts herein, such as the recounting of successful humanitarian missions, the underlying theme is one of the need for landpower reform better to achieve U.S. strategic objectives. This is not an account of why America has looked to military power in the post-9/11 world, but how it has projected it.
20
Sperling, James, und Mark Webber. NATO Operations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0052.
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In the post-cold-war period, NATO’s mission has shifted from static territorial defence against a well-defined adversary to expeditionary missions against ill-defined adversaries along the entire conflict spectrum. We trace the evolution of NATO security strategies and the attendant changes in allied threat perception, purpose, and force structure, the range and kinds of military operations between 1990 and 2016, and military exercises undertaken after the Russian annexation of Crimea. We then assess allied contributions to those operations (burden- and risk-sharing) and the selective participation of allies in operations (risk-assuming and risk-shirking). A final substantive concern is the growing capabilities gap among the allies, its implications for future allied operations, and its consequences for the alliance. The conclusion addresses the key question facing the alliance: should NATO abandon expeditionary operations and return to static territorial defence consistent with the original intent of the North Atlantic Treaty?
21
Broers, Laurence. Armenia and Azerbaijan. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450522.001.0001.
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The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict is the longest-running dispute in Eurasia. This study looks beyond tabloid tropes of ‘frozen conflict’ or ‘Russian land-grab’, to unpack both unresolved territorial issues left over from the 1990s and the strategic rivalry that has built up around them since then. Unstable and overlapping conceptions of homeland have characterised the Armenian and Azerbaijani republics since their first emergence in 1918. Seventy years of incorporation into the Soviet Union did not resolve these issues. As they emerged from the Soviet collapse in 1991, Armenians and Azerbaijanis fought for sovereignty over Nagorny Karabakh, leading to its secession from Azerbaijan, the deaths of more than 25,000 people and the forced displacement of more than a million more. Since then, the conflict has evolved into an ‘enduring rivalry’, a particularly intractable form of long-term militarised competition between two states. Combining perspectives rarely found in a single volume, the study shows how these outcomes became intractably embedded within the regime politics, strategic interactions and international linkages of post-war Armenia and Azerbaijan. Far from ‘frozen’, this book demonstrates how more than two decades of dynamic conceptions of territory, shifting power relations, international diffusion and unsuccessful mediation efforts have contributed to the resilience of this stubbornly unresolved dispute – one of the most intractable of our times.
22
Balkelis, Tomas. War, Revolution, and Nation-Making in Lithuania, 1914-1923. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668021.001.0001.
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This book explores how war made the Lithuanian state and shaped society from the onset of the Great War in 1914 to the last waves of violence in 1923. As the very notion of an independent Lithuania was constructed during the war, violence became an essential part of the formation of Lithuanian state, nation, and identity. War was much more than simply the historical context in which the tectonic change from empire to nation state took place. It transformed people, policies, institutions, and modes of thought in ways that would continue to shape the nation for decades after the conflict subsided. By telling the story of the post-World War I conflict in Lithuania, the book focuses on the juncture between soldiers and civilians rather than the strategies and acts of politicians, generals, or diplomats. Its two main themes are the impact of military, social, and cultural mobilizations on the local population, and different types of violence that were so characteristic of the region throughout the period. The actors in this story are people displaced by war and mobilized for war: refugees, veterans, volunteers, peasant conscripts, prisoners of war, paramilitary fighters, and others who took to guns, not diplomacy, to assert their power. The book tells the story of how their lives were changed by war and how they shaped the society that emerged after war.
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Hutchings, Robert, und Gregory F. Treverton, Hrsg. Truth to Power. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190940003.001.0001.
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This first-ever history of the US National Intelligence Council (NIC) is told through the reflections of its eight chairs in the period from the end of the Cold War until 2017. Coeditors Robert Hutchings and Gregory Treverton add a substantial introduction placing the NIC in its historical context going all the way back to the Board of National Estimates in the 1940s, as well as a concluding chapter that highlights key themes and judgments. The historic mission of this remarkable but little-understood organization is strategic intelligence assessment in service of senior American foreign policymakers. It has been at the center of every critical foreign policy issue during the period covered by this volume: helping shape America’s post–Cold War strategies, confronting sectarian conflicts around the world, meeting the new challenge of international terrorism, and now assessing the radical restructuring of the global order. Each chapter places its particular period of the NIC’s history in context (the global situation, the administration, the intelligence community) and assesses the most important issues with which the NIC grappled during the period, acknowledging failures as well as claiming successes. With the creation of the director of national intelligence in 2005, the NIC’s mission mushroomed to include direct intelligence support to the main policymaking committees in the government. The mission shift took the NIC directly into the thick of the action but may have come at the expense of weakening its historic role of providing over-the horizon strategic analysis.
24
Williams, Nick. The Diaspora and Returnee Entrepreneurship. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190911874.001.0001.
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This book analyses the role that the diaspora play when returning as entrepreneurs to their homeland. Returnee entrepreneurs are defined as individuals who have moved away from their home country and lived as part of the diaspora, and have later returned home to live, invest, or both. With increased movements of people around the world, the role of transnational economic activity is becoming ever more significant, yet little is still understood about the motivations and contribution of those who return to their homeland to undertake entrepreneurial activity. The book examines return to post-conflict economies, with the returnees initially forced to move due to war. In doing so, it examines policy approaches to return and the intentions of returnees, and highlights the important role that emotional attachment plays in harnessing return. The book recognises the undoubted potential of diaspora entrepreneurs to benefit their homeland. Yet it also recognises the challenges in doing so. Not all diaspora entrepreneurship will be beneficial. Not all policy interventions will be effective, despite good intentions. Yet the lessons contained within this book are that by understanding the challenges and opportunities associated with diaspora return entrepreneurship, more effective strategies can be put in place.
25
Wani, Aijaz Ashraf. What Happened to Governance in Kashmir? Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199487608.001.0001.
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What Happened to governance in Kashmir? studies the state of Jammu and Kashmir from the perspective of an ‘exceptional state’ rather than a ‘normal state’, a periphery on the margins of the centre, and thus shifts the focus from the central grid to the local arena. It contains a mass of information on what successive governments did to manage the conflicted state of Jammu and Kashmir. It identifies the various issues and problems the state has been confronted with since the transfer of power to ‘popular’ government in 1948 to 1989. The book makes a critical study of the engagement of Indian state and its clientele governments and patronage democracies with political instability to create ‘order’ in ‘durable disorder’. With having examined the different political, military, legal, economic, social, and cultural strategies, instruments and tactics employed by the state at different times to suit changing environments, this is the first work on post 1947 Kashmir which brings together many capital dimensions of state, politics, and governance in Kashmir under one cover. While critically delineating the doings of the governments, the book does not only provide flesh and blood to some existing narratives, it also modifies and even refutes some of the long held assumptions on the basis of hitherto unexamined evidence. All in all, the book illuminates the reader about the policies of Indian state towards Kashmir and the extent the successive governments have succeeded in winning the emotional integration of Kashmiris with the Indian Union. As Sheikh Abdullah was a central figure of Kashmir politics and governance, the readers will find a refreshingly new light on his governance when he was in power, and a most influential agency to mould the public opinion when he was out of state power. Similar revealing information on the other governments are documented for the first time. Having studied each government in its own right, we find the governance characterized by change in continuity. Indeed, governance in Kashmir does not constitute one single development. In essence it is a diachronic assemblage, a composite result of different systems each with its own internal or imposed coherence moving at different speeds—some are stable, some move slowly, and some wear themselves out more quickly depending on various forces and factors. What Happened to Governance in Kashmir? is a telling tale on the state of governance in Kashmir; the policies and strategies adopted by Indian state and the successive patronage governments to grapple with the multifarious problems of the state. Kashmir is an ailing state. It is the victim of colonialism and partition, which subverted its geographical centrality with serious economic implications besides making it a permanent conflict state causing immense human and material loss. Besides being claimed by India, Pakistan, and Kashmiris, it is also a rainbow state very difficult to manage with various ethno-regional and sub-regional nationalities at cross-purposes. Added to this, it is a dependent state. This book situates governance in its total milieu and examines the governance in the framework of challenge and response continuum. It unfolds how in a conflict state like Kashmir democracy and governance is always guided and controlled. This is the first comprehensive book on the post 1947 governance in Kashmir.
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Monshipouri, Mahmood. Pipeline Politics in Iran, Turkey, and the South Caucasus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673604.003.0003.
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The relationship between Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus states have been influenced by an array of geopolitical, strategic, cultural, and economic factors. The competition between Iran and Turkey and their roles in the South Caucasus are best defined by traditional balance-of-power relations and the broader context of the post-Soviet era. This chapter unpacks the complex dynamics of pipeline politics in the South Caucasus region by underlying the need to understand the “Great Power Game” involving geostrategic and geo-economic interests of local governments, regional actors, global powers, and international oil companies. The larger focus turns on underscoring the importance of the region’s large oil and gas reserves; its land connection between the Caspian Sea, South Caucasus, and Europe; and its long-standing territorial conflicts in the post-Soviet era. Iran and Turkey have fought for influence in the South Caucasus while maintaining relatively good bilateral relationships in the region.
27
Campione-Barr, Nicole, Sonia E. Giron und Christopher Odudu. Relational Aggression in Sibling Relationships. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0014.
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Given the uniqueness of siblings, it is important to consider the presence and role of relational aggression within the sibling relationship. Due to the time spent together and the information disclosed between siblings, during conflict, such information could be used in threatening or relationally aggressive ways. Relationally aggressive actions do not pose a threat to end the sibling relationship, making it a safe relationship to practice such strategies. While parents are likely to be aware of physical aggression between siblings, and attempt to stop it, relational aggression may be difficult for parents to catch and address, reinforcing its effectiveness as a strategy of control. This chapter describes the developmental course of relational aggression within the sibling relationship, as well as associations between relational aggression in the sibling relationship and relationships with others. Finally, we highlight the conclusions and limitations of this research and offer ideas for future research directions.
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Bussel, Robert. “A Planned Social Revolution”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039492.003.0010.
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This chapter examines how Harold Gibbons and Ernest Calloway embarked on implementing their vision of total person unionism. As second-in-command at Teamsters, Gibbons now had access to a national audience. In St. Louis, Calloway had solidified his reputation as a gifted strategist and envisioned new possibilities for a community bargaining table where African Americans could sit as equals with the city's power brokers. However, both men experienced a growing sense of marginalization as social ferment bubbled. After the McClellan Committee hearings, the Teamsters became a suspect institution. This chapter discusses how Gibbons's ambitions repeatedly became entangled in charges of corruption during his five-year tenure as Jimmy Hoffa's executive assistant at Teamsters, along with his resignation from his post due to differences with Hoffa. It also considers Calloway's conflict with William Clay over whose vision would guide the political strategy of African Americans in St. Louis, as well as his growing marginalization within the black freedom struggle.
29
Singh, Danny. Investigating Corruption in the Afghan Police Force. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447354666.001.0001.
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This book provides a unique study on the lower ranks of the Afghan police force due to the lack of empirical evidence of what attributes to the causes, practices and consequences of corruption in this institution. The book is divided into a number of sections. It commences with an understanding of how corruption, and narrowly police corruption, impact on the police force, state legitimacy and the strategies in place to mitigate such problems as part of broader security and post-conflict reconstruction initiatives. The theoretical framework comprises political, economic and cultural drivers of police corruption by drawing on semi-structured interviews with elites and a survey and structured interview conducted with street-level police officers. The findings infer that weak oversight and low pay are causes of police corruption which intensify bribery and roadside extortion. The lack of professionalism, partly due to short and unclear training, and patronage are deemed as meanings of police corruption. In terms of motivation, there is no sense of pride in Afghan policing to fulfil a clear mandate. Moreover, non-meritocratic recruitment is prevalent which exacerbates local influences, loyalties and job buying in either high-drug cultivating or urban areas. To curb patronage, police officers are rotated to distant provinces but economic hardship is further increased when catering for large families with fewer breadwinners. The book concludes that the problems with police corruption and failure to combat it results in low public confidence and state illegitimacy which can support violent opposition groups to create further instability in war-torn societies.
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Zaitchik, Benjamin F. Climate and Health across Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.555.
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Humans have understood the importance of climate to human health since ancient times. In some cases, the connections appear to be obvious: a flood can cause drownings, a drought can lead to crop failure and hunger, and temperature extremes pose a risk of exposure. In other cases, the connections are veiled by complex or unobserved processes, such that the influence of climate on a disease epidemic or a conflict can be difficult to diagnose. In reality, however, all climate impacts on health are mediated by some combination of natural and human dynamics that cause individuals or populations to be vulnerable to the effects of a variable or changing climate.Understanding and managing negative health impacts of climate is a global challenge. The challenge is greater in regions with high poverty and weak institutions, however, and Africa is a continent where the health burden of climate is particularly acute. Observed climate variability in the modern era has been associated with widespread food insecurity, significant epidemics of infectious disease, and loss of life and livelihoods to climate extremes. Anthropogenic climate change is a further stress that has the potential to increase malnutrition, alter the distribution of diseases, and bring more frequent hydrological and temperature extremes to many regions across the continent.Skillful early warning systems and informed climate change adaptation strategies have the potential to enhance resilience to short-term climate variability and to buffer against negative impacts of climate change. But effective warnings and projections require both scientific and institutional capacity to address complex processes that are mediated by physical, ecological, and societal systems. Here the state of understanding climate impacts on health in Africa is summarized through a selective review that focuses on food security, infectious disease, and extreme events. The potential to apply scientific understanding to early warning and climate change projection is also considered.