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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Portuguse trade"
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Champagnat, Pauline. „Ensino do Português na França e cidadania: a questão descolonial“. Revista Légua & Meia 12, Nr. 2 (02.03.2022): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/lm.v12i2.7766.
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RESUMO: Ao abordar a cultura dos países africanos de língua portuguesa, o professor de língua portuguesa se encontra no desafio de tratar de assuntos como a escravidão, o comércio negreiro, a colonialidade mas também do processo da pós-colonialidade. Isso permite também traçar paralelos com a situação francesa, e refletir sobre o próprio processo de descolonização nas colônias francesas, e a relação que este país ainda mantém com elas. Desta maneira, pretendemos demostrar que o ensino do português pode implicar uma responsabilidade de sensibilização para temas atuais de extrema importância ligados à pós-colonialidade.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: PLE, França, África lusófona, descolonial.
ABSTRACT: When he addresses the subject of Portuguese-speaking African countries, the Portuguese teacher is confronted with the challenge of discussing topics such as slavery, the triangular trade, colonialism but also the post-colonialism process. That is why it makes it possible to draw a parallel with the French situation and reflect about the decolonization process in French former colonies, and the relation that this country still maintains with them. This way, we intend to prove that the Portuguese learning process might imply a responsibility of awareness around major contemporary topics linked to post-coloniality.
KEYWORDS: PLE, France, Portuguese-speaking Africa, decolonial.
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Ali, Mufti. „Kebijakan Politik Pragmatis Strategis Maulana Hasanuddin Banten (1546-1570) terhadap Portugis“. Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha 7, Nr. 1 (07.06.2022): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jscl.v7i1.39859.
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This paper explores the trade relation between Banten and Portugal in the last three-quarters of the sixteenth century, with special reference to the reign period of Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin (1546-1570). The mutual relationship between these two political entities and the absence of Banten rulers in the alignment of the Muslim kings of the Archipelago against Portugal are also paid due attention. This paper used historical method, which comprises four following steps: heuristic, critic, interpretation, and historiography. The study of the European primary sources, especially letters of Portuguese Catholic missionaries, accounts of the scribes of the Portuguese viceroys in Goa India, travelogues of Portuguese merchants as well as works by the Portuguese historians, unravels a piece of very important information that the relation between Banten and Portugis can be regarded as the closest one. In addition to the pepper trade, the topic of establishing the Portuguese fortress in Banten is also dealt with by the sources. The intensive arrival of the Portuguese catholic missionaries to Banten to give spiritual guidance to their fellow citizens can be associated with the fact that many Portuguese stayed in Banten. Finally, the absence of Banten rulers in the anti-Portuguese alignment led either by Aceh (1568, 1575) or by Jepara (1551, 1574), led to conclude that the commercial policy of the Islamic kingdom of Banten is pragmatic-strategic oriented rather than ideological.
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Alputila, Cheviano E. „Pasang Surut Penyebaran Agama Katolik di Maluku Utara Pada Abad 16-17“. Kapata Arkeologi 10, Nr. 1 (23.04.2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v10i1.213.
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Until the 18th century the spice is a tremendous appeal to the international community. No exception with cloves then just grow on some island in the North Moluccas. Two first nation to get a clove monopoly rights in North Maluku is Portuguese and Spanish. When activity in the region is not only the two nations trade, but also spread their religion is Catholicism. Through a review of the literature from a variety of sources, the conclusion about the spread of the Catholic faith that made the Portuguese and Spanish in their efforts to monopolize the clove trade in North Moluccas. In the end, the spread of Catholicism that made the Portuguese and Spanish only reinforce hatred against their local authorities and result in the expulsion of both these imperialist nations of North Moluccas.Sampai abad ke-18 rempah-rempah merupakan daya tarik yang luar biasa bagi masyarakat internasional. Tidak terkecuali dengan cengkeh yang saat itu hanya tumbuh pada beberapa pulau di kawasan Maluku Utara. Dua bangsa pertama yang mendapatkan hak monopoli cengkeh di Maluku Utara adalah Portugis dan Spanyol. Saat beraktivitas di kawasan itu dua bangsa ini tidak hanya berdagang namun juga menyebarkan agama yang mereka anut yaitu Kristen Katolik. Melalui telaah pustaka dari berbagai sumber, diperoleh kesimpulan tentang penyebaran agama Katolik yang dilakukan Portugis dan Spanyol di tengah usaha mereka memonopoli perdagangan cengkeh di Maluku Utara. Pada akhirnya, penyebaran agama Katolik yang dilakukan Portugis dan Spanyol hanya memperkuat kebencian para penguasa lokal terhadap mereka dan berakibat terusirnya kedua bangsa imperialis ini dari Maluku Utara.
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NEWSON, LINDA A. „AFRICANS AND LUSO-AFRICANS IN THE PORTUGUESE SLAVE TRADE ON THE UPPER GUINEA COAST IN THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY“. Journal of African History 53, Nr. 1 (März 2012): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853712000011.
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ABSTRACTUsing previously unknown account books, found in archives in Peru, of three New Christian Portuguese slave traders on the Upper Guinea Coast, this article examines the extent and nature of African and Luso-African involvement in the Atlantic trade during the early seventeenth century. Beads, textiles, and wine that figured most prominently among Portuguese imports were traded predominantly by Luso-Africans. Meanwhile, slaves were delivered in small numbers by people from a diverse range of social backgrounds. This trade was not a simple exchange of imported goods for slaves, but was a complex one that built on pre-European patterns of exchange in locally-produced commodities.
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Jalil, Laila Abdul. „PEMBANGUNAN BENTENG NOSTRA SENORA DEL ROSARIO (THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NOSTRA SENORA DEL ROSARIO FORT)“. Kindai Etam: Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi 5, Nr. 1 (10.02.2020): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/ke.v5i1.46.
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Rempah-rempah menjadi daya tarik utama kedatangan bangsa Eropa ke Nusantara. Cengkih, pala, dan fuli (bagian dalam buah pala yang berwarna merah dengan aroma harum) merupakan jenis rempah yang dicari. Rempah-rempah yang berasal dari Pulau Ternate, Tidore, Moti, Makian, dan Bacan menjadi komoditas utama yang memiliki nilai tinggi dan diperebutkan oleh bangsa Eropa. Portugis merupakan bangsa Eropa pertama yang berhasil mencapai kepulauan rempah. Setelah menaklukkan Malaka pada tahun 1511, Alburqueque mengirimkan tiga kapal mencari kepulauan rempah. Kedatanganbangsa Portugis ke Maluku menjadi penanda awal hubungan bangsa Eropa dengan Nusantara hingga abad XX. Motivasi kedatangan bangsa Eropa yang didorong dengan semangat gold, gospel, dan glory memicu konflik yang berkepanjangan antara Eropa dan penduduk Maluku. Kedatangan Portugis ke Maluku disambut dengan baik oleh Sultan Ternate, Sultan Bayan (Abu Lais). Hubungan perdagangan yang baik antara Kesultanan Ternate dengan Portugis mendorong niat Portugis untuk membangun benteng di Ternate. Keinginan Portugis untuk membangun benteng mendapat izin dari Kesultanan Ternate. Tahap awal pengerjaan benteng dimulai pada tahun 1522. Daerah Kastela dipilih sebagai lokasi pembangunan benteng. Benteng ini merupakan benteng Portugis pertama di Nusantara. Selain sebagai pusat untuk perdagangan dan tempat tinggal bangsa Portugis, benteng pertama ini juga menjadi sekolah teologi pertama di Asia Tenggara. Benteng ini diberi nama Sao Joao Bautista atau Nostra Senora del Rosario yang berarti wanita cantik berkalung bunga mawar. Spices had attracted the arrival of Europeans to the archipelago. Cloves, nutmeg, and mace (the inside part of nutmeg which red color and fragrant) were the most wanted spices. The spices originating from the islands of Ternate, Tidore, Moti, Makian, and Bacan became a high value comodity which was contested by Europeans. Portuguese was the first Europeans to reach the spice islands. After conquering Malacca in 1511, Alburqueque sent three ships to discover the spice islands. The arrival of the Portuguese to Moluccas was a sign of the beginning of the relationship between Portugal and Maluku until XX century. Portuguese motivation arriving to Mollucas was driven by enthusiasm gold, gospel, and glory. The arrival of the Portuguese was welcomed by the Sultan of Ternate, Sultan Bayan (Abu Lais). Good trade relations between Portuguese and Ternate encouraged Portuguese intention to build a fort in Ternate. the Portuguese wish to build a fort got permission from the Sultan. In 1522, early of the fort construction began. Kastela area was chosen as the location for the fort construction. It become the first Portuguese fort in the archipelago. Other than as a trading centre and Portuguese residence, the fort was also the first theological school in Southeast Asia. The fort is named of Sao Joao Bautista or Nostra Senora del Rosario which means beautiful women with rose flowers.
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S, Arunjunai Devi. „Trade Under Portuguese - Thoothukudi“. Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 10, Nr. 4 (01.04.2023): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v10i4.6138.
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One after another, the Portuguese, the Dutch and the British ruled over this town and the Pearl Fishery Coast. They exploited its revenue for nearly 450 years. The Portuguese were the strongest colonial rulers of this town and its surroundings. The Nayaks and the local Kings or chieftains, the Vadugars and finally the Muslims under the patron ship of then Travancore and Calicut rulers harassed the natives. This forced them into the saving hands of the Portuguese. By the end of the beginning of the sixteenth century the Pearl Fishery Coast was brought under the control of Portuguese. The Mass conversion in 1536 is a historic event which changed the history of Thoothukudi. The Paravas of Thoothukudi regained their lost rights of the Pearl fishing from the Muslims and started living a peaceful life under the protection of the Portuguese for more than a century then onwards. They returned their gratitude to the European coloniser by paying tributes in large amounts from their prize catches of the pearls and the chanks of the Gulf of Mannar.At the far end of the Portuguese colonial regime in this region, by the year 1658, Thoothukudi was lost to the Dutch invaders. Thoothukudi came under the control of the Dutch in the year 1658 and continued so till the end of the eighteenth century. The Dutch East India Company built a fort at Thoothukudi making it their strong bastion. The Dutch occupation of Thoothukudi ended in 1825 .
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Polisar, John, Charlotte Davies, Thais Morcatty, Mariana Da Silva, Song Zhang, Kurt Duchez, Julio Madrid et al. „Multi-lingual multi-platform investigations of online trade in jaguar parts“. PLOS ONE 18, Nr. 1 (23.01.2023): e0280039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280039.
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We conducted research to understand online trade in jaguar parts and develop tools of utility for jaguars and other species. Our research took place to identify potential trade across 31 online platforms in Spanish, Portuguese, English, Dutch, French, Chinese, and Vietnamese. We identified 230 posts from between 2009 and 2019. We screened the images of animal parts shown in search results to verify if from jaguar; 71 posts on 12 different platforms in four languages were accompanied by images identified as definitely jaguar, including a total of 125 jaguar parts (50.7% posts in Spanish, 25.4% Portuguese, 22.5% Chinese and 1.4% French). Search effort varied among languages due to staff availability. Standardizing for effort across languages by dividing number of posts advertising jaguars by search time and number of individual searches completed via term/platform combinations changed the proportions the rankings of posts adjusted for effort were led by Portuguese, Chinese, and Spanish. Teeth were the most common part; 156 posts offered at least 367 teeth and from these, 95 were assessed as definitely jaguar; 71 of which could be linked to a location, with the majority offered for sale from Mexico, China, Bolivia, and Brazil (26.8, 25.4, 16.9, and 12.7% respectively). The second most traded item, skins and derivative items were only identified from Latin America: Brazil (7), followed by Peru (6), Bolivia (3), Mexico (2 and 1 skin piece), and Nicaragua and Venezuela (1 each). Whether by number of posts or pieces, the most commonly parts were: teeth, skins/pieces of skins, heads, and bodies. Our research took place within a longer-term project to assist law enforcement in host countries to better identify potential illegal trade and presents a snapshot of online jaguar trade and methods that also may have utility for many species traded online.
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Muñoz Sánchez, Antonio. „La socialdemocracia alemana y el movimiento sindical ibérico durante las transiciones a la democracia (1974-1979) = The German Social Democracy and the Iberian Trade Union Movement during the Transition to Democracy (1974-1979)“. Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie V, Historia Contemporánea, Nr. 32 (23.06.2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfv.32.2020.26052.
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El texto trata de la dimensión internacional de la transición sindical en Portugal y España. En concreto, analiza la contribución de la socialdemocracia alemana a la reconstrucción del movimiento sindical socialista, muy débil en ambos países al iniciarse el proceso de transición. Muestra cómo el temor a que el predominio comunista en las dos grandes centrales ibéricas, Intersindical y Comisiones Obreras, significase un factor de inestabilidad permanente en las nacientes democracias, movió a la DGB y la Fundación Ebert a implicarse masivamente en apoyo de las modestas organizaciones socialistas. El texto explora las líneas maestras de la colaboración con los cuadros sindicales del Partido Socialista portugués y con la española Unión General de Trabajadores. El autor defiende la tesis, que podrá refrendarse o refutarse cuando se permita el acceso a algunas fuentes relevantes en Madrid y Lisboa, que el apoyo alemán fue crucial para el meteórico ascenso del histórico sindicato socialista español y para la creación de homónima central portuguesa União Geral de Trabalhadores. AbstractThis paper deals with the international dimension of the trade union transition in Portugal and Spain in the 1970s. It analyzes the contribution of German social democracy to the reconstruction of the socialist labor movement, which were extremely weak in both countries at the beginning of the transitions. It shows how the fear that the communist dominance in the two great Iberian unions, Intersindical and Comisiones Obreras, meant a permanent instability factor in the nascent democracies, moved the DGB and the Ebert Foundation to massively support the modest socialist labor movement. The text explores the main lines of the cooperation with the trade union cadres of the Portuguese Socialist Party and with the Spanish Unión General de Trabajadores. The author holds the thesis, which can be endorsed or refuted when access to some relevant sources in Madrid and Lisbon is allowed, that German support was crucial for the meteoric rise of the historic Spanish socialist union and for the creation of the homonym Portuguese União Geral de Trabalhadores.
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Childs, Wendy R. „Anglo-Portuguese Trade in the Fifteenth Century“. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 2 (Dezember 1992): 195–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679105.
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My concern in this paper is essentially the complementary commercial links of the two countries against the background of political friendship.Eighty years ago Miss Shillington put forward a very positive picture of the strength of Anglo-Portuguese trade, and apart from some work by Professor Carus-Wilson and Dr Livermore, not much has been done on this trade since, although almost all other aspects of Portuguese activity in northern and Mediterranean markets and in exploration have been considered, and the relationship of northern trade in Portugal's seemingly dramatic expansion into colonial adventure has not infrequently been raised. Writers may passingly refer to Anglo-Portuguese trade as vigorous, regular, modest, increasing or decreasing: but on what scale? Is vigorous trade two, five, or ten ships a year in the context of Anglo-Portuguese trade? I first became interested in Portuguese trade years ago as I wrote on Castilian trade, when it seemed to me that, despite good political relations Anglo-Portuguese trade was modest, while the Basque and Castilian trade flourished in much less welcoming political circumstances. The approach of 1992 with its promised closer commercial links in the European community (now including Portugal) seems a good time to review England's medieval links with what is commonly called her oldest continuous ally and trading partner. What I intend to do in this paper is at once limited (to examine England's trade with Portugal and the Portuguese role in it) and very broad (to sweep a whole century to provide a context for this activity).
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Viotti da Costa, Emilia. „The Portuguese-African Slave Trade“. Latin American Perspectives 12, Nr. 1 (Januar 1985): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x8501200103.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertationen zum Thema "Portuguse trade"
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Datta, Karubaki. „Remnants of a receding empire : Portuguse trade with Goa and the East (c1750-1800)“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1247.
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Mendonça, Fernando Emanuel Martins Mascarenhas. „Determinants of Portuguese trade: 1986-2010“. Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11787.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsThis paper aims to assess the determinants of Portuguese trade in the years 1986 to 2010. The beginning of this period is marked by the Portuguese entry to the EEC and the Single European Act in 1985, the introduction of Euro in 1999, while the end is defined by the 2007 financial crisis and the late 2010 sovereign debt crisis. The results show that some sectors of the Portuguese economy suffered a structural change in their behavior, regarding international trade. Apart from some exceptions, the results also show that, in general, the economy behaved as expected. Capital stocks (K), human capital (HC) and infrastructures (IF) promote higher exports whereas economies of scale (ES) has an ambiguous contribution. For the Retail (G), Construction (F) and Health/ Social Work (N+O+P) sectors, the results suggest an increase of intra-industry trade.
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Araújo, Wilson Nicolau Melim. „The Margins of portuguese trade and the euro“. Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10185.
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Mestrado em Econometria Aplicada e PrevisãoEste artigo analisa as características seccionais e temporais das exportações Portuguesas entre 1995 e 2002, antes e depois da introdução da moeda única europeia: o Euro. A análise baseia-se num conjunto de margens de comércio, que compõem o valor total das exportações num dado mercado, incluindo o número de empresas exportadoras, o número de produtos exportados (margem extensiva), e as exportações médias por combinação empresa-produto (margem intensiva). Usando uma base de dados de comércio internacional para Portugal, extremamente rica e extensiva, demonstramos os seguintes resultados. Em primeiro lugar, a margem extensiva (principalmente o número de exportadores e o número de produtos exportados) é o principal factor que explica a variação seccional das exportações Portuguesas entre os parceiros comerciais. Em segundo lugar, a evolução ao longo do tempo de todas as margens de comércio para a Zona Euro é dominada por uma raiz unitária, implicando, por exemplo, que os choques que afectam o número de exportadores, o número de produtos exportados ou as exportações médias por combinação empresa-produto terão efeitos permanentes. Em terceiro lugar, identificamos três possíveis efeitos da introdução do Euro em 1999: (i) um efeito positivo sobre o número de empresas exportadoras nos quatro anos anteriores à introdução, (ii) um efeito positivo na margem intensiva, i.e., exportações médias por combinação empresa-produto, de 1998 até 2002, e (iii) uma tendência para as empresas homogeneizarem o conjunto de produtos exportados para diferentes destinos, de 1999 a 2002.
This paper analyzes the cross-sectional and time-series characteristics of Portuguese exports between 1995 and 2002, before and after the introduction of the single European currency: the Euro. The analysis focuses on a set of trade margins, that compose the total value of exports in a given market, including the number of exporting firms, the number of products exported (extensive margin), and the average exports per firm-product pair (intensive margin). Using an extremely rich and comprehensive international trade data set for Portugal, we show the following results. First, the extensive margin (mainly the number of exporters and the number of exported products) is the main factor explaining the cross-sectional variation of Portuguese exports across trading partners. Second, the evolution over time of all trade margins for the Euro Zone is dominated by a unit root, implying, for example, that shocks affecting the number of exporters, the number of exported products or the average exports per firm-product pair will have permanent effects. Third, we identify three potential effects of the introduction of the Euro in 1999: (i) a positive effect on the number of exporting firms in the four years before the introduction; (ii) a positive effect on the intensive margin, i.e. average exports per firm-product pair, from 1998 until 2002, and (iii) a tendency for firms to homogenize the set of products exported to different destinations, from 1999 to 2002.
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Santos, Susana Isabel Barros dos. „Trace elements quantification in Portuguese red wines“. Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6276.
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Dissertation for the Degree of Master in
Technology and Food Safety – Food QualityThe aim of this thesis is to characterize Portuguese red wines in terms of trace elements composition. The wines were chosen so that all the country was represented and studied. For trace elements quantification (As, Hg, Cd, Ni and Pb) were tested various sample treatments including for all trace elements: acid digestion or presence and absence of spike. The need for H2O2 addition in order to oxidize organic compounds was analyzed for Hg, Cd, Ni and Pb. Quantification of all trace elements was performed with Atomic Absorption Spectrometry techniques. After the method validation were analyzed 25 Portuguese red wines and duplicates. The concentrations obtained were used to perform a statistical analysis to determine what were the regions with highest incidence of each trace element. Using Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) equation was possible to identify the regions where the concentrations found are a reason for public health concern, being values above 1 a motive for concern. After the analysis was determined that there is no need for wine samples digestion and that the presence of H2O2 is crucial. Hg and As were quantified with Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; Ni and Pb with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; Cd with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The statistical results allowed to conclude that the system variation was mainly explained by the variation of Ni, As and Hg concentrations. Ni was largely found in Estremadura and Terras do Sado wines, while As and Hg were found mostly in Minho and Douro wines respectively. All of THQs determined were under 1, which is the limit value above which there is reason for health concern. Maximum THQ values were of 0.044 in Algarve wines were due to Ni.
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Silva, Ana Paula Africano de Sousa e. „The impact of European Community membership on Portuguese trade in manufactured goods“. Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283642.
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Moreira, Edelvira A?da da Silva. „A subordina??o no portugu?s brasileiro : da tradi??o gramatical ? vis?o ling??stica“. Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/1855.
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Previous issue date: 2007-01-29Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a senten?a subordinativa em editoriais jornal?sticos, detendo-se, no estudo prescritivista, como um todo, difundido pelas gram?ticas tradicionais, e nas teorias funcionalistas, para explicar as manifesta??es e interfer?ncia do n?vel funcional da l?ngua na escolha das formas verbais e do modo indicativo para a institui??o da ora??o subordinada nos textos de opini?o. A amostra ? constitu?da por 23 textos de editoriais veiculados pelos principais jornais brasileiros. A partir dos dados levantados, ? poss?vel constatar as ocorr?ncias em ora??es subordinadas das formas verbais e do modo indicativo e analisar as peculiaridades encontradas por esses elementos ling??sticos na composi??o das senten?as subordinativas. Os resultados das an?lises evidenciam que o verbo se apresenta no infinitivo em diferentes estruturas sint?ticas e que o predom?nio das ora??es reduzidas de partic?pio, do modo indicativo e da ora??o adjetiva implica funcionalidade da l?ngua, estabelecida nos diferentes contextos de uso em que est? inserido o editorial jornal?stico. Assim, a subordina??o n?o segue os padr?es gramaticais tradicionais na institui??o da senten?a subordinativa e tem como princ?pio que a escolha das formas e dos modos verbais, em textos de opini?o, tem como determinante o n?vel funcional da l?ngua.
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Castro, Francisco B. „Foreign direct investment in the European periphery : the competitiveness of Portugal“. Thesis, University of Leeds, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2612/.
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This thesis analyses the evolution and characteristics of Portugal’s inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent years and how they reflect changes in the country’s competitiveness. Inward FDI was investigated using regression analysis and a postal questionnaire. For outward FDI, semi-structured interviews were conducted at locally owned firms with productive capacity abroad. The investment development path (IDP) was the framework used to integrate the results obtained with the analysis of national competitiveness. The thesis also suggests a novel functional relationship for the IDP in order to reconcile the empirical tests with the underlying theory. Inward FDI flows into Portugal have declined sharply in recent years, which was shown to be incommensurate with Portugal’s size and level of development. The questionnaire survey suggested that efficiency seeking investment was especially affected. This points to the geopolitical changes that have occurred in Europe as a major reason for Portugal’s lower attractiveness as a location for FDI. Bureaucracy and a shortage of skilled workers were other important obstacles to foreign investment. Both correspond to institutional failures: the failure to promote an efficient legal environment, and the failure to create advanced assets that compensate for rising production costs as locational determinants of FDI. Outward FDI was found to be more in line with Portugal’s level of development. It is growing fast but requires consolidation. Investment is concentrated in few locations, and cultural proximity (particularly language) plays a major role. I Iowever, more than exploiting existing ownership advantages, the firms surveyed were internationalising in order to build new ownership advantages. To reach an efficient size, which is not possible at home when the market is small, or to consolidate the relationship with important clients in oligopsonistic industries were the dominant motivations for internationalisation amongst the firms surveyed.
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Ahmed, Afzal. „Portuguese trade and socio-economic changes on the western coast of India (1600-1663) /“. Delhi : Originals, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401128685.
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Dias, Maria João Saraiva. „Diversificação das exportações : o caso português“. Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10475.
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Mestrado em Ciências EmpresariaisO objectivo deste trabalho é analisar como têm evoluído as exportações portuguesas de bens ao longo das últimas duas décadas, caracterizar as empresas que exportam e perceber se estas têm ou não seguido uma estratégia de diversificação (quer geográfica quer de produto), para aumentar as suas vendas ao exterior. A metodologia escolhida foi o estudo de caso e as análises efectuadas tiveram por base os dados estatísticos do comércio internacional português, entre 1988 e 2009, disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Verificou-se que, apesar do crescimento observado nas exportações ao longo do período em estudo, este não se deve a uma estratégia de diversificação, uma vez que as empresas portuguesas têm tendência a exportar cada vez mais para um único mercado e um número reduzido de produtos. Estes resultados poderão ajudar a perceber a realidade do comércio externo português e levar a questionar se este é o melhor caminho a seguir, tendo em conta a importância que as exportações têm no actual contexto económico.
The aim of this study is to analyze how portuguese exports of goods have evolved over the past two decades, characterize the companies that export and understand whether or not they have followed a diversification strategy (both geographic and product diversification), to increase their sales abroad. The methodology chosen was the case study and the analysis made were based on statistical data from the portuguese international trade between 1988 and 2009, provided by Instituto Nacional de Estatística. It was found that, despite the growth observed in the exports over the studied period, this is not due to a diversification strategy, since portuguese companies tend to export increasingly to only one market and only a few products. These results may help to understand the reality of portuguese external trade and lead to question whether this is the best way forward, taking into account the importance of exports in the current economic context.
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Young, Melinda. „The foraminiferal and sedimentological dynamics of a Portuguese submarine canyon system“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295866.
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Gorjão, Clara João, und Museu Nacional do Traje (Portugal), Hrsg. O traje portugues equitação =: The Portuguese riding costume. Lisboa: Museu Nacional do Traje, 1995.
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Trade and finance in Portuguese India: A study of the Portuguese country trade, 1770-1840. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co., 1994.
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Museu Nacional do Traje (Portugal) und Sociedade Lisboa 94, Hrsg. Trajes míticos da cultura regional portuguesa =: Mythical costumes of portuguese regional culture. Lisboa: Electa, 1994.
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Boyajian, James C. Portuguese trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580-1640. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
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Indo-Portuguese trade and the Fuggers of Germany: Sixteenth century. New Delhi: Manohar, 1997.
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Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR., Hrsg. A commercial resurgence, 1770-1830: Situating Indo-Portuguese trade history. Tellicherry: IRISH, 2003.
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Portuguese Cochin and the maritime trade of India, 1500-1663. New Delhi: Manohar, 2001.
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Vaz, Manuel Afonso. Direito económico: A ordem económica portuguesa. 4. Aufl. [Porto]: Coimbra Editora, 1998.
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Gauch, Silvia Rosmarie Lehmann. Dicionário de logística e comércio exterior: Inglês-português, português-inglês. São Paulo: Aduaneiras, 2009.
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Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and free trade in the East Indies. Singapore: NUS Press, 2011.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Portuguse trade"
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Fisher, H. E. S. „Anglo-Portuguese Trade 1700-17701“. In The Growth of English Overseas Trade in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 144–64. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003393221-6.
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Hancock, James F. „Portuguese discovery and conquest.“ In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 206–21. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0016.
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Abstract Opens on a summary about the Medieval European knowledge of the Spice Trade, the chapter also show how Portugal dominated Europe in terms of trade and invasion in the fifteenth century. It goes on with the summary of Portuguese invasion of Africa through the Treaty of Tordesillas and the navigation of Vasco de Gama in the Atlantic coast. After de Gama's navigation, the Portuguese conquest of India began which led to the Portuguese-Mamluk Naval war and established Portuguese sea power in the Indian Ocean. Lastly, the chapter gives a brief summary of the other Portuguese navigations.
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Hancock, James F. „Age of expansion.“ In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 264–77. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0020.
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Abstract When the Dutch and English first entered the Indian Ocean, the primary goal of both nations was to gain a monopoly in the spice trade. To do this, they had to militarily push out the Portuguese and prevent the other from gaining a foothold. Ultimately, the VOC came out the big Winner taking control of the clove, nutmeg and mace trade of the Moluccas. It also took a considerable portion of the Indonesian pepper trade by force, but not all. With the loss of the Spice Islands, the British shifted their attention to India and its pepper, saltpetre, cotton and indigo. The VOC also turned its eyes to India, but with far less lasting impact. To gain their foothold in India the English and Dutch were faced with two significant challenges: they would need to gain the favour of the Mughals who now controlled most of North India and they would have to push back the Portuguese who were well entrenched along the west coast. The Mughals had left the Portuguese ports mostly alone, preferring to trade with them rather than fight.
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Hancock, James F. „The Portuguese build an empire.“ In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 222–34. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0017.
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Abstract Albuquerque's victory in Malacca gave Portugal a major foothold in the Far Eastern pepper trade, but the Portuguese were never able to fully dominate it. The chapter summarizes the struggles of Portugal's building of its empire. It also discusses the cartaz system, where the Portuguese claimed suzerainty over the Indian Ocean and no one else was allowed to sail unless they purchased a safe conduct pass. The cartaz obliged Asian ships to call at a Portuguese-controlled port and pay customs duties before proceeding on their voyage. Ships without this document were considered fair game and their goods could be confiscated. It was, pure and simple, a protection racket. The cartaz system, plus customs duties and outright piracy, provided most of the funds defraying the costs of the Portuguese navy and its garrisons. The chapter also outlines the importance of Indian cotton in the Spice Trade and the routes of spices into Europe. Further, the chapter provides highlights of the Portuguese profits on spices. Portuguese imports of pepper held strong over most the sixteenth century. The total weight of the spice cargoes averaged 40,000 to 50,000 quintals (1 quintal = 130 pounds or 59 kilograms) annually in the first half of the century and 60,000 to 70,000 quintals later on. Records have been left of one cargo in 1518 that totalled almost 5 million pounds (2.27 million kilograms), of which 4.7 million pounds (2.13 million kilograms) was pepper, 12,000 pounds (5443 kilograms) cloves, 3000 pounds (1360 kilograms) cinnamon and 2000 pounds (907 kilograms) mace (Krondl, 2007). Most of the pepper and other spices were purchased in Malabar on the open market. Portuguese profits on the pepper trade could run as high as 500%. Lastly, the chapter briefly discusses how other European countries looked for alternative routes to the spices.
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Pereira, Alfredo M. „Trade-Off between Emigration and Remittances in the Portuguese Economy“. In The Portuguese Economy Towards 1992, 175–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3638-3_7.
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Blake, John W. „English trade with the Portuguese Empire in West Africa 1581–1629“. In The Atlantic Slave Trade, 331–58. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003362401-15.
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Courakis, Anthony S., und Fátima Moura Roque. „Comparative Advantage and Structural Change in the Portuguese Pattern of Trade in Manufactures“. In The Portuguese Economy Towards 1992, 233–55. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3638-3_11.
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Prakash, Om. „Asian Merchants and the Portuguese Trade in Asia“. In On the Economic Encounter Between Asia and Europe, 1500-1800, III—131—III—141. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003420750-3.
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Russell-Wood, A. J. R. „Iberian Expansion and the Issue of Black Slavery: Changing Portuguese Attitudes, 1440–1770“. In The Atlantic Slave Trade, 303–30. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003362401-14.
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Wilks, Ivor. „Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. I. the Matter of Bitu“. In The Atlantic Slave Trade, 101–18. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003362401-5.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Portuguse trade"
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Carvalho, J. M. „The regulation of tourism settlements in the Portuguese territory: trade-offs and inefficiencies“. In SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp150791.
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da Silva, Agostinho, und Antonio Cardoso. „CARBON FOOTPRINT REDUCTION ON MANUFACTURING SMES FROM DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES“. In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s26.65.
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Europe must avoid losing manufacturing SMEs. However, presenting distinct maturity levels, these companies have a hard time fulfilling the necessary ecological sustainability level. Controversially, despite the intense debate about digital technologies, there is still a need for knowledge in the industrial world about the impact of these technologies to make manufacturing SMEs environmentally friendly. According to data made available by Stone Portuguese Federation, in 2019, the Portuguese Ornamental Stone sector (OS.Pt): (i) exported to 116 countries; (ii) ranked 9th in the World International Stone Trade; (iii); was the second country in the world in international trade per capita; (iv) exports covered imports by 660%; (v) 45% of exports were to countries outside Europe and (vi) had a total turnover of EUR1,230 million. Mainly comprised of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the OS.Pt sector is relevant for the Portuguese Economy, representing over 16,600 direct jobs, and is one of the main generators of private employment in inland regions has registered an average annual growth rate in turnover of 5.13% over the last ten years and has generated around 500 new jobs from 2016. By using the Portuguese stone sector case study, considering the investment to improve the operations towards digital, a framework was designed and used in five groups of forty stone manufacturing SMEs, each representing a digital level. Through a quantitative methodology based on five years after the investment, depending on the technology used and level of investment in digital technologies, it was found a potential reduction of CO2 emissions between 10.7% and 35.1%.
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Spindola, Stefano, Marcos Menon José, André Seidel Oliveira, Flávio Nakasato Cação und Fábio Gagliardi Cozman. „Interpretability of Attention Mechanisms in a Portuguese-Based Question Answering System about the Blue Amazon“. In Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2021.18302.
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The Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone, or the "Blue Amazon", with its extensive maritime area, is the primary means of transport for the country's foreign trade and is important due to its oil reserves, gas and other mineral resources, in addition to the significant influence on the Brazilian climate. We have manually built a question answering (QA) dataset based on crawled articles and have applied an off-the-shelf QA system based on a fine-tuned BERTimbau Model, achieving an F1-score of 47.0. More importantly, we explored how the proper visualization of attention weights can support helpful interpretations of the system's answers, which is critical in real environments.
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Franco, Antônio, und Leonardo Oliveira. „Avaliação de Modelos de Redes Neurais Recorrentes para Anonimização de Textos em Português“. In Simpósio Brasileiro de Segurança da Informação e de Sistemas Computacionais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbseg.2019.13992.
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Currently, there are several approaches to provide anonymity on the Internet. However, one can still identify anonymous users through their writing style. With the advances in neural network and natural language processing research, the success of a classifier when accurately identify the author of a text is growing. On the other hand, new approaches that use recurrent neural networks for automatic generation of obfuscated texts have also arisen to fight anonymity adversaries. In this work, we evaluate two approaches that use neural networks to generate obfuscated texts. In our experiments, we compared the efficiency of both techniques when removing the stylistic attributes of a text and preserving its original semantics. Our results show a trade-off between the obfuscation level and the text semantics.
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Calvo Serrano, Julio, Carlos Malagón Luesma, Jorge Bezares Batista, Jesús Rodríguez Bulnes und Adelaida Martín Martín. „La Torre de Martil, Tetuán, Marruecos“. In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.17910.
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Tetuan, located on the slopes of Mount Dersa, on the banks of the Martil (Martin) River, did not assume an important urban role until after the fall of Ceuta, located 60 km away, sometimes in the hands of Castilian troops and others of the Portuguese. Its location 10 km from the sea, avoided any maritime attack but, through shallow draft boats, the Martil River, made communication with the Mediterranean possible, assuming the function of naval base of the kingdom of Fez in the Strait. Historically, the economy of Tetuan was constituted by the tributes received in the name of the sultan among the tribes of the district, maritime trade with other ports of Barbary, and above all the product of privateering, ransoms of Christian captives and slave trade. The latter led to the development of simple port infrastructures at the mouth of the Martil River, as well as to the growth of a small coastal settlement. It would be at the beginning of the 18th century when privateering activity definitively gave way to maritime trade with the peninsula and British settlements in the Mediterranean. It was under the mandate of Caid Ahmad al-Riffi in 1720 when construction took place at its mouth, of Martil Tower. It is an artillery tower without passage holes at ground level, which can be accessed by a portable staircase to the first floor and is crowned by three watchtowers and a turret. This work aims to lay the foundations for its rehabilitation. The working methodology is based on photogrammetric plans as a basis for functional and constructive analysis, its materials, and a mapping of its most significant lesions, as well as an important search for information, especially graphic, that allows establishing its original state and its evolution over time.
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Campos, João. „Kilwa, the first European overseas’ fortification built in the East“. In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.17944.
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The Portuguese Fort of Kilwa, 300 km south of Dar-es-Salam, is part of the archaeological landscape of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara (Tanzania), classified as World Heritage in 1981. Together with the Fort they stand out the ruins of the Great Mosque (11th/13th c.) and the Husuni Kubwa Palace (14th c.). Since the 10th century there were flourishing cities at , through which passed much of the trade in the Indian Ocean. As the control came to the Portuguese hands in the 16th century, the region went into decline. Built in 17 days (23 July – 9 August 1505) during the inauguration voyage of Francisco de Almeida, the designated 1st Viceroy of India, the Fort was enshrined in royal rules for the ordering of the colonial direction of the Expansion. Therefore, it can be considered as the first construction of stone (coral) and lime made by Europeans in the eastern side of the world, 500 years ago. The Portuguese occupation only last for 7 years, but its use remain until the mid-nineteenth century, during the operational city. Despite the evolutionary adaptations that lend some contours of Swahili culture to the Fort, its original compositional principles are clearly identified. It is a practical and expeditious example of military architecture, in transition to pyroballistic architecture, designed with a square shape and two round bastions at opposite angles. This model possibly corresponds to the one idealized by Leonardo da Vinci, serving the requirements of the first phase of the Expansion (although it was also adapted in the remodeling of the medieval castles on the border with Spain). The period in which it occurs is called Manueline (King Manuel, 1495-1521), important examples remaining in Africa (Morocco with El Jadida and Aguz, or Ghana with Mina) and in India (Cranganor, Chale), some abandoned or destroyed, and others replaced by more advanced equipment. Kilwa's Fort (located on the seashore served by ships, like all Expansion forts) had internally 2 floors with flat cover in the bastions for artillery.
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Brandão do Carmo, Filipe. „O PARADIGMA DA CIDADE-RIO NOS IMPÉRIOS PORTUGUÊS E ESPANHOL. Belém e Valdivia no século XVII“. In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Grup de Recerca en Urbanisme, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.12781.
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In the early 17th century, Portugal and Spain shared territory and enemies, with Portugal experiencing previously peaceful countries such as Holland and England as threats to its colonies and trade and Spain experiencing attacks from the English and Dutch in its overseas colonies. Loosely consolidated colonial cities were established to consolidate footholds in under-exploited territories and for the defense of these territories. The foundation and maintenance of these cities were subject to the intervention of military and military engineers, aiming this article to understand the urban form resulting from this action, using urban morphology as a discipline of analysis. Although they do not correspond exactly, by analyzing the layouts of both cities, we realize that they are characterized by similar principles, such as orthogonality and the proximity of the main squares near the river, as well as the role of natural obstacles as boundaries and defense. Although the physical distance between the two cities is considerable, the Portuguese and Spanish intentions and layouts converged in a typology identified by us here. Keywords: Iberoamerican Cities; Colonial History; Belém; Valdivia. No início do século XVII, Portugal e Espanha compartilharam território e inimigos, com Portugal a ver países anteriormente pacíficos como a Holanda e a Inglaterra como ameaças às suas colônias e comércio e Espanha a sofrer ataques de ingleses e holandeses nas suas colónias ultramarinas. Cidades coloniais pouco consolidadas foram estabelecidas para consolidar pontos de apoio em territórios pouco explorados e para a defesa destes territórios. A fundação e manutenção dessas cidades foram objecto da intervenção de militares e engenheiros militares, procurando este artigo perceber a forma urbana resultante desta actuação, recorrendo à morfologia urbana como disciplina de análise. Embora não correspondam exatamente, ao analisar-se os traçados de ambas as cidades, percebemos que são caracterizados por princípios semelhantes, como a ortogonalidade e a proximidade das principais praças junto ao rio, bem como o papel dos obstáculos naturais como limite e defesa. Embora a distância física entre as duas cidades seja considerável, as intenções e traçados portugueses e espanhóis convergiram numa tipologia por nós aqui identificada. Palavras-chave: Cidades iberoamericanas; História Colonial; Belém; Valdivia.
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Cook, Bryce, Diana L. Thatcher, Andrew Graham, Alan D. Wanamaker, Rhawn F. Denniston, David P. Gillikin, Yemane Asmerom, Victor J. Polyak und Caroline C. Ummenhofer. „A 2500-YEAR RECORD OF HYDROCLIMATE VARIABILITY AS EVIDENCED BY LASER ABLATION ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND STABLE ISOTOPES IN PORTUGUESE SPELEOTHEMS“. In Joint 55th Annual North-Central / 55th Annual South-Central Section Meeting - 2021. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021nc-362866.
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PEREIRA, Paula Graciano. „EXPERIÊNCIAS NO ESTÁGIO SUPERVISIONADO E MUDANÇA NAS TRAJE-TÓRIAS DE FORMAÇÃO E ATUAÇÃO DE DOIS GRADUANDOS EM LETRAS PORTUGUÊS-INGLÊS“. In VI Congresso Latino-americano de Formação de Professores de Línguas. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/edupro-clafpl2016-051.
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Iegoroff, Renan, Rafael Herlan Terceros Vaca, Gustavo Araújo Pinheiro, Alvaro Marcelo Huchani Huanca, Matheus Henrique de Souza Coradini und Leonardo Mariano Inácio Medeiros. „Cadasil, atypical and familial presentation – family case report“. In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.318.
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Introduction: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), is a non-atherosclerotic, nonamyloid, hereditary cerebral disease of small vessels and capillaries caused by mutations in the NOTCH-3 gene located on chromosome 19. The presence of granular osmophilic material (GOM) deposition in the smooth muscle cells of vessel walls is the pathological hallmark of arteriopathy in CADASIL. GOM deposits in the basal lamina of smooth muscle of small vessels are pathognomonic for CADASIL. The presence of GOM in capillary blood vessels of the skin and muscle in biopsy and genetic studies (NOTCH-3 analysis) plays a key diagnostic role. Biopsy tests have high specificity (up to 100%) and low sensitivity (less than 50%). The NOTCH-3 test has been proposed as the primary diagnostic approach, allowing detection of 90% of affected individuals. CADASIL has an estimated prevalence between 2 and 5 in 100,000, and the phenotypic study demonstrates different clinical symptoms in the course of the disease within the same family. The average age of onset of clinical symptoms varies between 48.3 years in men and 52.2 years in women. Characteristic symptoms of migraine, stroke or TIA (transient ischemic attack), behavioral changes, early and progressive cognitive changes associated with leukoencephalopathy on imaging studies. The large association of symptoms often causes the diagnosis of CADASIL to be delayed. In this case, we had an association of gait ataxia within the framework of motor alterations, demonstrating the wide range of symptomatology of the pathology. This case report presents a familial course that started outside the most prevalent age group in the studies described and with an atypical presentation in an affected generation. Case reports: Case 01: woman, 68 years old, started progressively forgetting to perform household activities after the age of fifty, associated with primarily generalized myoclonic epileptic seizures, evolving rapidly within five years to walking apraxia with the use of a wheelchair and tonic-tonic epileptic seizures. bilateral clonic disorders, comprehension aphasia and bradypsychism. Relatives report previous migraine without chronic aura and REM (rapid eye movement sleep) sleep behavior disorder (RMSD). On neurological examination, severe ataxia with bilateral dysdiadochokinesia associated with bilateral hypometric index-index. Bilateral ROT 4+/4+ with bilateral Hoffman and Babinski signs. MMSS and MMII with FGM 4/5 proximal and distal. Case 02: woman, 36 years old, pastry chef, had episodes of forgetting about everyday activities of her work, progressive in the last three years (cake recipes, budget accounts, orders placed) associated with confusion for spatial location on the way home/ work, evolving to apraxia in writing letters and words and difficulty with calculations associated with monoparesis of the right lower limb for twelve months with progression to paresis of the lower limbs after six months and evolution to paresthesia of the upper limbs for three months. Associated with the condition, he has migraine without chronic aura and RMSD. The neurological examination showed Mini-Mental State Examination 22/30 (expected score of 29), list of animals in one minute: 09 animals; list of words starting with “F”: 03 words; clock test: 2/4; difficulty with calculations and digital agnosia with right/left apraxia; Upper limbs: eutrophic, FMG 4/5, bilateral distal; FMG 5/5 bilateral proximal; Lower limbs: eutrophic, bilateral FMG 4/5 distal and proximal with positive Mingazini; atypical gait with evidenced weakness in heel, toe and tandem gait; Bilateral dysdiadochokinesia with eumetric, slowed indexindex; ROT 4+/4+ in the right side with positive Hoffman and Babinski signs. MRI Brain (17/09/2020): extensive area of hypersignal on T2 and FLAIR (T2- weighted-Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery) involving the periventricular white matter in all lobes without atrophic or expansive effect; Case 03: woman, 45 years old, started behavioral arrest epileptic seizures at the age of thirty-two, progressing to focal dysperceptive seizures with progression to bilateral tonic clonic seizures after eight months and multiple episodes of anterograde amnesia, presenting forgetfulness related to everyday work activities (exchanged worksheets , payments, calculation errors and budgets); associated with the condition presented migraine without chronic aura and RMSD. Genetic Test (04/06/2017): Heterozygous alteration in exon 8 of the NOTHC – 3 gene. Discussion: CADASIL presents a rare cause of cognitive decline and is often overlooked in diagnosis, except in cases of high clinical suspicion in a familial course. Access to imaging tests becomes fundamental for the diagnostic segment and the primordial genetic test for etiological elucidation and family planning, in the report described the family presentation with the same course of satellite symptoms (migraine without aura, and RMSD) associated with cognitive alteration with anticipation of age of onset are hallmarks of clinical thinking. Cases described in the literature show that the clinical symptomatology is not necessarily related to the level of brain injury observed in the imaging exam, which could be explained by personal factors and which exon is affected. The NOTCH-3 gene has 24 exons, in which the literature reports exon 4 as the most common mutation, followed by 3, 5 and 6, mainly in the Caucasian population. In an Asian population, the most affected exon is 4 and 11, which is also found in Italian descendants. The mutation in exon 8, described in the clinical case, is found in a population of Portuguese origin, being the second most common mutation in this nationality, behind the mutation in exon 4. Brain MRI studies have tried to elucidate the most affected brain regions, aiming to trace a line of evolution. Involvement of the temporal lobe, external capsule and corpus callosum are described as probable markers of CADASIL, and can be used as an aid in the diagnosis due to its specificity of 86% and sensitivity of 89%. Studies also show that the frontoparietal area has frequent findings of hyperintensity (100%), followed by the temporal lobe (83%), less frequently affecting the brainstem, occipital lobe and cerebellum. Despite the great advances in the specialized literature, the causes of the important cognitive dysfunction presented in the course of the evolution of CADASIL remain unclear. However, studies have suggested that the process of cognitive decline is more related to the loss of cortico-subcortical connections than to brain atrophy itself, with these disconnections resulting from repeated transient ischemic accidents. Science has been looking for ways to change the prognosis of CADASIL, recent studies in gene therapy and neurogenetics show the importance of thinking about this pathology as a genetic disease of great importance to change the prognosis of this pathology.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Portuguse trade"
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Carvalho, Helena. Land Inequality, Agricultural Productivity, and the Portuguese Agrarian Reform (1974-1976). APHES Working Paper in Economic and Social History, März 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55462/wpaphes_a_503.
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Land reforms sacrifice property rights in the name of a fairer distribution. The trade-off they imply makes their study of interest to Economic Historians: do the benefits of reduced land inequality justify the violation of property rights? The discussion about land reforms factors in both the social and efficiency consequences of land inequality. The debate preceding the Portuguese Agrarian Reform echoes these concerns and culminated in an anti-latifundia sentiment crystallized in the legislation used to justify the land occupations of 1974 to 1976. The aim of this paper is to critically assess the efficiency arguments used to justify the occupations. Was land productivity lower in latifúndio counties? A unique dataset drawn from primary sources was specially assembled to answer this question. Through standard OLS regression, this study finds that the number of agriculture journeyman per employer landowner has a statistically significant effect on agricultural productivity after controlling for geographical and soil characteristics. It also finds that introducing literacy as a control causes the effect of land inequality to disappear leading to the conclusion that policies aimed at improving human capital would have been just as effective as a land reform. Further, this study also identifies the crop mix selected as the proximate channel of transmission. Farmers in the region with the highest levels of land inequality favoured less valuable crops, like wheat. An arid climate combined with a lack of irrigation infrastructure and wheat protectionism justify this preference.