Dissertationen: „Population aging – economic aspects“

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Elgaard, Emil. „The impact of demographic transition and aging on economic growth : a comparative study of Japan and China“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/211027.

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China is growing old before it is growing affluent. This situation is not unique to China; at least three other countries are in the same situation. While some of these had family planning campaigns, none had a one-child policy which implies that one-child policy is not the direct cause of this predicament. While China’s working-age share of the population has peaked, any shortages of low-skill labor currently observed in China are primarily caused by the hukou system and its barriers to labor mobility. A reform of the hukou system would secure ample supplies of migrant labor even in the face of mildly declining working-age share of the population. The absence of reforms could mean the arrival of a policy-induced Lewis Turning Point, prompting a premature and potentially counterproductive reorientation of industry. China does not yet possess an advantage in capital and technology intensive production and thus risks falling into the middle-income trap if the reorientation of industry takes place too early. If the Lewis Point can be postponed and the current rate of capital stock growth can be maintained for another decade or two, China might be able to avoid the middle-income trap. Both China’s and Japan’s current pension systems are unsustainable and their PAYGO nature is detrimental to long-run economic growth, especially so for aging societies. It is possible for China to make the system sustainable in the long if reforms are implemented while the transition costs are manageable. Although China is aging, the pace will be relatively slow until 2030. It will still take many years before the country is as old as Japan is a present. A low debt-to-GDP ratio also offers China more flexibility than Japan currently enjoys.
published_or_final_version
China Development Studies
Master
Master of Arts in China Development Studies

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Karakaya, Gungor. „Essays on population ageing, dependency and overeducation“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210405.

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The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the problem of population ageing in terms of the cessation of professional activity (and especially premature labour market withdrawals) and non-medical care needs of persons who are dependent or have lost their autonomy, in order to provide the various public and private administrations active in these fields with some food for thought.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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3

Brown, Robert L. „Economic security for an aging Canadian population“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24297.pdf.

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4

Fisher, Mary Caperton. „Aging America: Essays on Population Aging and the Physical and Economic Landscapes in the United States“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39257.

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Major population shifts shape both economic and physical landscapes of nations because demographic and economic drivers are inextricably linked. This study follows a three essay approach focused on the impact of population aging on two broad categories, physical and economic development in the United States. Specifically, this dissertation investigates later life entrepreneurship, elder housing choices and the impact of aging on rural prosperity. It appears that age is a factor in later life labor force participation choices, with 61 to 70 year olds and those over 70 years of age exhibiting a greater tendency toward self-employment than their 50 to 60 year old counterparts. However, individuals over age 60 are more likely to retire than transition to self-employment. Still, economic developers should consider small business development programs that include even those ahead of the baby boomer cohort. Amongst recent mover households, age influences dwelling selection. Households headed by 50 to 69 year olds are more likely to move to single family dwellings of 1,000 to just under 3,000 square feet. Conversely, households headed by individuals aged 70 years or more, are more likely to select multi-family dwellings and in particular, smaller units (under 1,000 square feet). Thus, oldest individuals are more likely to relocate to the smallest, highest density units even after controlling for increased housing costs, shocks, income and children. These results suggest that older households are not homogenous in their housing preferences. As expected, population aging impacts rural prosperity. The effect is not significant for the proportion of the population aged 70 to 79 years. However, the greater the percentage of the population that is 50 to 59 years of old or 60 to 69 years old, the less likely a rural county is to be prosperous. Contrary to this finding, the greater the proportion of the population that is 80 years of age or older, the greater the likelihood of rural prosperity. It was originally hypothesized that rural areas may fall short of prosperity because of a mismatch between an aging labor force and the prevalence of physically demanding occupations - this is likely not the case.
Ph. D.

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5

Lawgali, Fathia. „Economic aspects of population growth and water consumption in Libya“. Thesis, Abertay University, 2009. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/db1d8052-382b-490d-88b1-8377a5bb10f4.

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Large increases in water demand with very little recharge have strained Libya’s groundwater resources, resulting in serious declines in water levels and quality, especially along the Mediterranean coast where most of the agricultural, domestic and industrial activities are concentrated. To meet these increases, Libya turned to desalination as a supplementary water resource as early as 1964. Both thermal and membrane desalination technologies have been used. This study shows that the problem of water scarcity is likely to increase further in the future. This study has three aims: first, to estimate the historical relationship between population growth and the various uses of water; second, to forecast water consumption according to the various uses; third, to estimate the elasticities of water demand and examine the effect of price, income, population and temperature on water demand in Libya in the short and long-run. To achieve these aims, an econometric model of Libyan water demand is constructed and estimated for the period 1975-2005, using the Box-Jenkins approach to forecast water demand and the Engle-Granger two-step approach to estimate the short and long-run elasticities of water demand. As a result this study provides considerable information for policy makers concerning current and future Libyan water demand. By examining the relationships between population growth and the future consumption of water in Libya, it is possible to reach the following conclusions. • Population growth in Libya will be very high. • Population elasticities for water demand are elastic for agricultural, domestic and industrial purposes. Water demand for all purposes is extremely elastic. • Most of the population and agricultural lands are concentrated in the northern part of the country. • The Libyan economy depends heavily on underground water. • In Libya, as a whole, water demand will increase. Available water in 2020 will be less than half of water demands, implying an increase in the water scarcity problem over time. • The short and long-run price elasticties are negative, suggesting that there is an inverse relationship between water demands and price. Also, these elasticities indicate that water use is generally inelastic with respect to price. • The income elasticities are all positive in the short and long-run. This result accords with demand theory, implying that water is a normal good. • The estimation results suggest that, in the long-run, water demand for agricultural, domestic and industrial use is highly elastic for population and inelastic for price and income. • The short-run elasticities are less than the long-run elasticities, as economic theory suggests. Also, all elasticities in the short-run are less than one. This implies that water demand is inelastic in the short-run.

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Cheng, Hon-ting, und 鄭瀚婷. „Understanding rail-based transit-oriented development: the dynamics of metro systems, population and incomegrowth“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45865887.

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7

POSCH, Johanna Laurentia. „Essays in labour economics“. Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/61308.

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Defence date: 21 February 2019
Examining Board: Prof. Andrea Ichino, European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. Andrea Mattozzi, European University Institute; Prof. Andreas Steinhauer, The University of Edinburgh; Prof. Josef Zweimüller, University of Zuric
The elderly are an ever-growing group of the population of western countries. Increasing their low employment rates is one of the greatest challenges we face in labour market policy today and is the subject of the ﬁrst chapter of this thesis. I evaluate the labour market eﬀects of partial retirement - that is a scheme that subsidises part-time work for older workers. It was introduced as an attempt to extend working lives by incentivising part-time employment after a certain age. I ﬁnd that this policy had overwhelmingly negative eﬀects on old-age labour supply as most workers substituted full-time work with part-time work in partial retirement without actually extending their active lives. Chapter 2 of this thesis is a reﬂection on the labour market situation of young workers with parental backgrounds that make it diﬃcult for them to achieve their potential. When and where they are held back and whether an open labour market can compensate for this disadvantage is the subject of this chapter. I ﬁnd that after entering the labour force, workers from disadvantaged backgrounds ”catch-up” in terms of wages with respect to their privileged peers with the same educational achievement. I explain this phenomenon in a setup of education signalling with noise and subsequent employer learning. In the third chapter my co-authors and I focus on the consequences of national wage setting mechanisms in countries with large geographic diﬀerences in labour productivity. We confront Germany with relatively ﬂexible wage bargaining mechanisms and Italy with very rigid ones. We ﬁnd that given the large productivity diﬀerences in both countries, Italy’s highly centralised bargaining system generates signiﬁcant ineﬃciencies and high costs in terms of aggregate earnings and employment particularly in the South.

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Farouk, Abdelhalim E. El. „Internal migration in the Sudan : some demographic and socio-economic aspects“. Thesis, Durham University, 1991. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6171/.

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The outstanding characteristics of the population geography of the Sudan are seen in its vastness of the area, its low population density, its high population fertility, decreasing mortality rates and uneven distribution of developmental projects among its regions. All these have important effects upon the economic and de mographic characteristics of its population. They also underline the uneven distribution of the country's population, as a result of which large-scale migration movements occur. Three types of population movements in the Sudan are discussed; inter-provincial movements, rural-urban migration and seasonal migration for cotton picking in the Gezira scheme. In the discussion of the first type, the analysis covers issues related to the general levels of movements amongst the 18 provinces of the country, rates of in- and out-migration in each province and their net migration balances. Also, it discusses the spatial structure of the movement, and some gaining and losing provinces are singled out. The impacts of the movements and their selective nature are also revealed. Rural-urban migration to the capital city of Khartoum is studied using the 1983 census data, other published data and the author's 1988/89 survey of migrant households in the city. The scale of the migration and the characteristics of the migrants are analyzed. Additionally, the structure of the migrant households, literacy, occupation contrasts and links with the village are investigated. The reasons behind the migration decision and the reward of the rural-urban migration are also shown. Seasonal migration is discussed to disclose the nature of the movement and its patterns which are associated with the cotton picking operation in the Gezira scheme. The types of labour involved and labour market conditions are also investigated. The findings verified the seasonality of the movement to the scheme and the consistent relationship between migrants and tenants in the scheme.

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Grafeneder-Weissteiner, Theresa, und Klaus Prettner. „Agglomeration and population aging in a two region model of exogenous growth“. Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2009. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1670/1/document.pdf.

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This article investigates the effects of introducing demography into the New Economic Geography. We generalize the constructed capital approach, which relies on infinite individual planning horizons, by introducing mortality. The resulting overlapping generation framework with heterogeneous individuals allows us to study the effects of aging on agglomeration processes by analytically identifying the level of trade costs that triggers catastrophic agglomeration. Interestingly, this threshold value is rather sensitive to changes in mortality. In particular, the introduction of a positive mortality rate makes the symmetric equilibrium more stable and therefore counteracts agglomeration tendencies. In sharp contrast to other New Economic Geography approaches, this implies that deeper integration is not necessarily associated with higher interregional inequality.
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

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Boyer, Nicole Renée Soldner. „Economic evaluation of population health interventions aimed at children and delivered at school“. Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9012/.

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Background: Population health interventions by their nature affect an entire population and are typically delivered outwith of health services and within the community, such as in schools. An example of such interventions are those that aim to improve children’s social and emotional wellbeing, which have demonstrated effectiveness in the short-term and potentially the long-term. However, challenges arise when conducting economic evaluations of population health interventions, most notably the difficulties of identifying, measuring, and valuing broader intersectoral costs, health, and non-health outcomes. Economic evaluation in an education context is relatively novel, but could provide decision-makers with information to help them make transparent and consistent decisions about how to allocate limited funds. This thesis examined the role for economic evaluation in school-based interventions and sought to determine appropriate methods for its implementation in addition to examining appropriate child-focused outcome measures. Thus, the overarching research question asked, ‘How should the cost-effectiveness of school-based, population health interventions aimed at children be determined?’ Methods: A mixed methods approach to this thesis was used: (i) a systematic literature review and narrative synthesis to determine which evaluation methods (economic and non-economic) are currently being used in school-based population health interventions; (ii) a case study to illustrate an economic evaluation (including cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analysis) of a school-based intervention to reflect on the advantages and disadvantages for decision making in this context; and (iii) an exploration of outcome measures (through mapping validation) for valuing child health and social and emotional wellbeing in school-based programmes to support future evaluation work in this context. Data for the economic evaluation and mapping validation study were available from a cluster randomised controlled trial of the Roots of Empathy programme in Northern Ireland (Ref: 10/3006/02). Results: The systematic review found that the methods currently being utilised to evaluate school programmes are varied (including economic evaluation, cost only, and effectiveness only studies), with poor quality reporting for the economic evaluations. Of the few cost-utility analyses in school-based settings identified, none had directly measured health-related quality of life using child measures or values. The case study cost-utility analysis using Child Health Utility 9D of a school-based intervention was found to be cost-effective from the National Health Service perspective with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £11,000 per quality-adjusted life year (confidence interval: -£95,500 to £147,000), however the wide confidence interval demonstrates considerable uncertainty. This uncertainty is likely due to a lack of statistically significant effect that remained at the 36-month follow-up. Cost-effectiveness analysis using child behavioural descriptive measure, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £197 per unit decrease in total difficulties score (confidence interval: £77 to £471). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire is suitable for measuring social and emotional wellbeing, but is less advantageous for cost-effectiveness decision-making as no consensus has been reached as to what a clinically meaningful change in score represents, nor has a cost-effectiveness threshold been defined. It remains uncertain how these cost-effectiveness results will be interpreted in an education decision-making context where cost-effectiveness thresholds have not been set up. The mapping validation study validated a mapping algorithm to convert the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire into child health utility. Using this algorithm provides an option for valuing incremental changes in health-related quality of life against a generally accepted cost-effectiveness threshold from a health service perspective. Conclusions: Given the findings from the various aspects of work undertaken for this thesis to address population health issues, this thesis identified cost-benefit analysis as currently the most comprehensive method for determining the value for money of school-based public health interventions. Cost-benefit analysis incorporates monetary valuation of multisector outcomes in a final net benefit/loss result allowing clear, consistent, decision-making criteria to be set. Other methods such as cost-consequence analysis, cost-utility analysis, and multi-criteria decision analysis may also be suitable depending on the decision-making context and problem. This thesis demonstrates a lack of clear decision-making criteria in place for funding allocation decisions in education (e.g. education specific cost-effectiveness thresholds). Furthermore, there is no equitable method currently in place for apportioning the cost of funding public health interventions that generate benefits for multiple sectors. From a health service perspective, directly measuring child health utility using the Child Health Utility 9D is preferred as it is the only preference-based measure developed specifically for children and valued by young people. Mean child health utility can be predicted by mapping from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. This affords the opportunity to estimate longer-term utility by utilising long-term cohort data that routinely collects the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, as long-term cost-effectiveness of school-based preventive programmes is an area in need of further research. The school setting plays an important role in shaping our young people’s futures. Economic evaluation of school-based population health interventions is justified, as schools need to maximise their existing resources in order to give children the best start in life.

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Wong, Ming-sum, und 黃明沁. „Socio-economic determinants of breastfeeding rates in Hong Kong: evidence from a population-based childhealth survey“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45174623.

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12

Chung, Yat-nork Roger, und 鍾一諾. „The impact of socioeconomic development on population health now and into the future“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45696937.

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13

Sadie, J. L. (Johannes L. ). 1918. „The economic demography of South Africa“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51963.

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Thesis (DCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is remarkable that population, which is at the centre of the economic problem - the Wealth if not the Poverty of Nations - has received scant attention in economic research in South Africa. Which is probably why we can have a NEW - so designated in the Draft Report - population policy propounded by government (in 1997) which manifests little appreciation of the economics of population. This dissertation is an attempt to demonstrate why the void should be filled and to bring to light specific topics within the broader subject matter that could be fruitfully researched. The demographic scene in South Africa lends itself to a telling demonstration of the economic effects of population movements by way of contrasting the experience of the high fertility, youthful Black population - with a total fertility rate of around 37 after having been 6,75 in the 1950s - and that of the demographically older non-Blacks, among whom the Whites exhibit a fertility level way below the replacement rate of 2,1, while that of the Asians (Indians) and Coloureds has almost reached that rate. Since the former has a share of more than a dominant three-quarters in the aggregate South African population, the emphasis is inevitably on the economic consequences of rapid population growth and its attendant demographic magnitudes: fertility, mortality, migration, age and sex composition, spatial distribution and, what is called "economic quality" of the population as manifested in its supply of enterprise. The analysis is presented in the traditional supply and demand paradigm. Supply is examined by linking demographic forces to the five factors of production whose co-operation is responsible for the generation of the national product: entrepreneurship, (ordinary) labour, natural resources, technology and capital. The population has to generate an adequate supply of entrepreneurs, and the two human factors of production have to have one or more of the non-human factors at their disposal to accommodate the population economically. Proliferating human numbers can be destructive of natural resources, and in conflict with the formation of capital, the accumulation of technology and their potential economic welfare-enhancing operation. The demand aspects are analysed by linking on to the four macro demand components in the national accounts system: Household consumption, Government consumption, Investment (visa- vis saving) and foreign trade. Some of the issues discussed are: the stability deriving from a population elasticity of demand close to 1,0; the comparative significance of the population versus the affluence factor; the role of high fertility in the acquisition, at the election polls, of economic power via political power, and its consequences for the diversion of demand; the capital absorbed in "demographic investments"; and the significance of the South African factor endowment for its foreign trade. From the above analyses conclusions could be drawn about econormc growth, poverty, unemployment and the economic value of a life. In human populations, in sub-Saharan Africa at least, quantity is the adversary of quality.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is merkwaardig dat Bevolking, wat aan die middelpunt staan van die Rykdom van Volkere indien nie van die Armoede nie, so weinig aandag in die ekonomiese literatuur van Suid-Afrika geniet. Dit is waarskynlik waarom die regering in 1997 'n NUWE bevolkingsbeleid - so gespesifiseer in die konsepwitskrif - kan voorstel wat weinig aanduiding toon van 'n waardering vir die Ekonomie van Demografiese tendense. Hierdie dissertasie is 'n poging om te demonstreer waarom die leemte gevul moet word, en om spesifieke onderwerpe, binne die breëre raamwerk, vir verdere ondersoek aan die lig te bring. Die demografiese toneel in Suid-Afrika leen homself tot 'n treffende demonstrasie van die ekonomiese gevolge van demografiese tendense by wyse van 'n kontrastering van die ondervinding van die snelgroeiende, jeugdige Swart bevolking - met 'n totale fertiliteitsyfer (TFS) van nagenoeg 3.7, nadat dit gedurende die vyftigerjare 6,75 was - en dié van die demografies-ouer nie-Swart bevolking, onder wie die Blankes, met 'n TFS wat reeds ver benede verplasingskoers van 2,1 is, en Asiërs (Indiërs) en Kleurlinge wat alreeds byna daardie peil bereik het. Aangesien eersgenoemde etniese groep ook nog 'n oorheersende aandeel van meer as driekwart in die totale SA bevolkingsgrootte het, is dit onvermydelik dat die nadruk sal val op die ekonomiese gevolge van snelle bevolkingsgroei met die daarmee samehangende demografiese groothede: fertiliteit, mortaliteit, migrasie, leeftyd- en geslagsamestelling, geografiese verspreiding en ook "ekonomiese kwaliteit" soos dit in die aanbod van ondernemerskap gemanifesteer word. Die analise word in die tradisionele vraag en aanbod paradigma aangebied. Aanbod word ontleed deur demografiese faktore te koppel met die vyf produksiefaktore waarvan die samewerking vir die skepping van die nasionale produk verantwoordelik is: ondernemers, arbeid, natuurlike hulpbronne, tegnologie en kapitaal. Die bevolking moet 'n voldoende aantalondernemers verwek, en die twee menslike produksiefaktore benodig die bystand van een of meer van die niemenslike faktore, om die bevolking ekonomies te kan akkommodeer. Vermenigvuldigende mensegetalle kan vernietigend inwerk op natuurlike hulpbronne en kan in konflik verkeer met kapitaalvorming en tegnologie-akkumulasie en hul ekonomiese welsynsbevorderende werking. Die vraag-aspekte word analiseer deur aan te sluit by die vier makro vraagkomponente in die nasionale boekhoudingstelsel : huishoudelike verbruik, regeringskonsumpsie, belegging (vis-a-vis besparing) en buitlandse handel. Aangeleenthede wat onder die loep geneem word, sluit, onder andere, die volgende in: stabiliteit wat voorspruit uit 'n bevolkingselastisiteit van vraag wat nagenoeg 1 is; die vergelykende invloed van ekonomiese oorvloed teenoor die menslike getallefaktor; die rol van hoë fertiliteit in die verkryging van ekonomiese mag deur middel van die stembus en sy gevolge vir die omleiding van vraag; die kapitaal wat in "demografiese beleggings" geabsorbeer word; en die betekenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse produksiefaktorbegunstiging vir sy internasionale handel. Uit bogenoemde ontledings kan gevolgtrekkinge gemaak word ten opsigte van ekonomiese groei, armoede, werkloosheid en die ekonomiese waarde van 'n menselewe. In menslike bevolkings - minstens sover dit sub-Sahara-Afrika betref - staan kwantiteit in 'n adversatiewe houding teenoor kwaliteit.

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林嘉麗. „以多元流程理論分析澳門超齡子女政策“. Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2554440.

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Lehmann, Kurt. „Understanding the Effects of Demographic and Socio-Economic Factors on Public Transit Ridership Trends“. Scholar Commons, 2018. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7190.

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Public transit, an important mobility service for many, has incurred ridership decline in the U.S. for the past three years. In 2014, U.S. transit ridership was 10.74 billion unlinked passenger trips. In 2015, total ridership was 1.0 percent fewer, and the 2016 decrease was 2.2 percent from 2015. The consistent abandonment of transit in the U.S. does not seem to be ending. In 2017, ridership predicted from year-to-date data is 2.4 percent less than 2016. Furthermore, per capita ridership has decreased 17 percent since 1980. Both the short-term ridership trend and long-term per capita ridership trend is concerning given the increased spending and service provision during the same periods. In seeking to understand the many factors that influence transit ridership trends, it is important to analyze each so that policymakers and practitioners can respond and position transit accordingly. Numerous demographic and economic phenomena help explain this decline in transit use. This research focuses on five of these considerations – age, vehicle availability, telecommuting, fuel price, and geographical distribution of the population.

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Kofi, Ampofo-Twumasi. „Distribution of income among South African population groups“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52240.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary objective of this study was to verify the extent to which income distribution among the population groups in South Africa has changed since the 199! population census. These were the findings: It was established in this study that, at October 1996 the income share of Whites had dropped from 71.2 percent (1970) to 51.9 percent. The White population constitute 12.6 percent of South Africa population in 1996 but they received more than 50 percent of personal income in the country. At October 1996 the per capita income of Whites was 8.8 times that of Africans, 4.5 times that of Coloureds and 2.3 times that of Indians. The study found that income disparities between the population groups have narrowed, but there are a lot left to be done to remove income inequalities in the country. The study found that the income which accrued to each population group was not uniformly distributed within the group. In all population groups, the poorest 40%, and the next 41-70% household income classes suffered losses in household income shares between 1991 and 1996. In all population groups it was the richest 10% households who received the lion's share of income which accrued to the group, between 1991 and 1996. The study further found a shift in African employees from elementary occupations to artisan and machine operators. Between 1995 and 1999 the proportion of Coloureds in elementary jobs declined in favour of artisans, machine operators, managers and professionals. Indians and Whites had the smallest proportion of their workforce engaged in elementary occupations Only 5.4 percent of Africans aged 20 and above were found to possess degrees, diplomas and certificates in 1999, compared to 6.5 percent Coloureds, 14.3 percent Indians, 31.5 percent Whites. As high as 15.5 percent of Africans had not received any formal education at October 1999 compared to 7.9 percent Coloureds, 3.5 percent Indians and 0.3 percent Whites. Unemployment in all population groups has increased since the 1996 South African population census.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doelwit van hierdie studie was om die verandering in die omvang van die inkomsteverdeling tussen die bevolkingsgroepe sedert die 1991 bevolkingsopname te bevestig. Daar is bevind dat die inkomste aandeel van Blankes vanaf 71.2 persent in 1970 na 51.9 persent in 1996 afgeneem het. Die Blanke bevolking het 12.6 persent van die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking in 1996 uitgemaak, maar hulle ontvang meer as 50 persent van persoonlike inkomste in die land. In Oktober 1996 was die per capita inkomste van Blankes 8.8 keer meer as dié van Swart Suid-Afrikaners en 6.8 keer meer as dié van Kleurlinge. Die studie het gevind dat inkomsteverskille tussen die bevolkingsgroepe verminder het, maar dat daar nog groot inkomste ongelykhede is. Die studie het verder bevind dat die verdeling van inkomste binne elke bevolkingsgroep ongelyk verdeel is. Tussen 1991 en 1996 het in alle bevolkingsgroepe, die armste 40%, en die volgende 41-70% huishoudelike inkomsteklasse 'n daling in hul aandeel van huishoudelike inkomste ondervind. In alle bevolkingsgroepe was dit die rykste 10% huishoudings wat die grootste aandeel aan inkomste ontvang het tussen 1991 en 1996. Die studie het ook gevind dat daar 'n verskuiwing van swart Suid-Afrikaanse werknemers van elementêre beroepe na ambagsmanne en masjienoperateurs plaasgevind het. Tussen 1995 en 1999 het die verhouding van anderskleuriges in elementêre beroepe afgeneem ten gunste van ambagsmanne, masjienoperateurs, bestuurders en professionele beroepe. Asiate en Blankes het die kleinste verhouding van hulle werksmag in elementêre beroepe gehad. In 1999 was slegs 5.4 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners, ouderdom 20 en ouer, in besit van grade, diplomas en sertifikate, in vergelyking met 6.5 persent Kleurlinge, 14.3 persent Asiate en 31.5 persent Blankes. Tot en met Oktober 1999 het 15.5 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners geen formele opleiding ontvang in vergelyking met 7.9% Kleurlinge, 3.5% Asiate en 0.3% Blankes. Werkloosheid het sedert 1996 in alle bevolkingsgroepe toegeneem sedert die 1996 Suid-Afrikaanse bevolkingsopname.

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Šimková, Martina. „Prognóza vývoje ekonomicky aktivního obyvatelstva“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72815.

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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the structure of the population of the Czech Republic in terms of education and economic activity and then draw out its future development. To this variations of the projection is included the development of economic activity in the population compared to the standard demographic projections. This approach allows better assessment of future development economically active parts of the population by its actual participation in the labor market, and not only by age group, as it is in most demographic projections. This work also includes analysis of sex-education-age structure of the population and analysis the reasons for economic inactivity.

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LUK, Kit Ling. „Powerless or perilous? : ageing women as an emerging social force in Hong Kong“. Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2007. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/cs_etd/3.

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Ageing women have so often been represented in government policy rhetoric, gerontology literatures and journalistic discourse as the genderless, powerless and passive objects of welfare and services;, by and large, as a social problem that needs to be monitored and managed. Taking a cultural research approach, this thesis explores ageing women’s actual practices in Hong Kong social movements and aims to rerepresent ageing women as active social agents capable of generating multiple “tactical identities” enabling them to participate in and interact with an environment that poses concrete challenges to their participation. In filling the gap between research on social movements and in social gerontology, both massively studied areas but ones whose mutual interactions are rare, this thesis reviews the social participations of three women at their late 60s and early 70s, who have been actively involved around issues of involuntary removal in public housing, and in health care and rent issues. The research explores how ageing women have used the notions of “Old Hong Kong” and “Old residents” - a rhetoric long bound up with their life histories in Hong Kong—to create a ‘mask of ageing’ in negotiation and interaction with the authorities, with neighbours, their community and, most importantly, their children. On the other hand, by acting as mothers, as grandmothers and as the “po po” (older woman in Cantonese) living next door, ageing women in effect compose collectives and form networks in their community to support their independent mode of living. The thesis argues that a new politics of ageing which addresses the everyday realities of ageing women’s lives is essential if we are to offer an alternative interpretation of their ageing experiences.

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Zhelo, Inessa. „Impact of Economic, Political, and Socio-Demographic Factors on the Parliamentary Election Outcomes in Central and Eastern European Countries“. Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29712.

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This study determines how economic, political, and socio-demographic factors impact the parliamentary election outcomes in central and eastern European countries in transition period. A one-way fixed-effect method has been applied to analyze two main economic models. The dependent variables are share of the Western-oriented and traditional-oriented parties. Data of sixteen countries have been used in the thesis. According to the results of this study, it is possible to conclude that outcomes of parliamentary elections in central and eastern European countries depended on political and socio-demographic factors from I 990-2001. Factors such as loans, received from the United States, per capita in the pre-election year, as a measure of external pressure, and share of agriculture in GDP, as a measure of country`s level of development, demonstrate consistent significance in both variations of the model.

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Labbe, Eric Christopher. „A downtown revitalization strategy for Winamac, Indiana“. Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1180779.

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Winamac, Indiana is a small, rural town, much like many rural towns. The community is full of pride and heritage, while the downtown is full of vacancies. The National Main Street Program, founded by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, has proven a successful strategy for downtown revitalization. This study examined the current market place for Winamac using an in-depth market analysis. Demographics, trends, perceptions, clusters, sales leakages and many other aspects of the market place were studied. It was found that many aspects of the current market could be improved. The data collected and conclusions drawn from the market analysis lead into a Main Street Winamac Plan. This plan was written to address the four fundamental aspects of downtown revitalization: Design, Organization, Promotion, and Economic Restructuring.
Department of Urban Planning

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Sejanamane, Nkhahle Daniel. „Challenges in distribution of old age pensions in Lesotho“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20477.

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The research set out to explore the nature of challenges in distribution of old age pensions in Lesotho. Poor institutional capacity failed the implementing agency, the Department of Pensions; to set up competent administrative structures to run run the pensions effectively and efficiently. A number of challenges have been identified, some of which were: inadequate supervision of the paying officers, fraud by workers and community agents, missing funds, insufficient resources, inadequate administrative capacity, overworked employees, faulty targeting, soft and discriminatory approach to non-compliance with rules and multiple use of identity documents by recipients. On the other hand, a number of opportunities have been identified to counteract the challenges. The main recommendation of the study was the engagement of mobile phone-based money transfer facilities to transfer the old age pensions from the government to the recipients. The Department of Pensions should make use of baseline database like information from civil registration agency like the Ministry of Home Affairs to confirm the validity of the pension recipients. Other recommendations included moving the division of old age pensions from the Pensions Department to the Ministry of Social Development which is the controlling body for other forms of social grants in Lesotho. The Ministry of Social Development is regarded as well equipped with qualified staff and facilities to deal with vulnerable people like the elderly.

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Juin, Sandrine. „Care for dependent elderly people : dealing with health and financing issues“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0052/document.

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Dans un contexte de vieillissement rapide de la population, cette thèse explore les liens existants entre santé et modes de prise en charge des personnes âgées dépendantes et s'intéresse à la question du financement de la dépendance.La satisfaction des besoins d'aide des personnes âgées dépendantes constitue un objectif central de politiques publiques. Le Chapitre 1 estime l'effet de l'aide informelle (i.e. familiale) et de l'aide formelle (i.e. professionnelle) à domicile sur la santé mentale des personnes âgées dépendantes en France. Les résultats montrent que l'aide informelle réduit le risque de dépression et que l'aide formelle peut améliorer la santé mentale générale.De récentes études reconnaissent qu'aider un proche dépendant a des effets négatifs sur la santé des aidants et soulignent l'importance de les soutenir. Le Chapitre 2 s'intéresse à l'effet du soutien social sur la santé des aidants informels. Il montre que l'aide formelle et le soutien informel réduisent les problèmes de santé mentale associés à l'activité d'aide.Enfin, étant donné la pression financière et fiscale qui pèse sur les systèmes publics, le Chapitre 3 étudie dans quelle mesure les Européens seraient capables de financer leurs périodes de dépendance sur la base de leurs revenus et de leur patrimoine financier et immobilier. Il s'intéresse également au rôle du prêt viager hypothécaire. Les simulations soulignent que seule une faible proportion des individus serait capable de financer l'ensemble de ses dépenses de dépendance. Par ailleurs, le patrimoine immobilier pourrait jouer un rôle important dans le financement de la dépendance
In the context of a rapidly aging population, this doctoral dissertation explores the relationship between health and long-term care arrangements and addresses the issue of the financing of long-term care.Meeting the needs of dependent elderly is an important objective of public policy. Chapter 1 estimates the effects of both informal (i.e. family) care and formal (i.e. professional) home care on the mental health of French dependent elderly. The results highlight that informal care decreases the risk of depression and that formal care can improve general mental health.Recent studies acknowledge that providing informal care has adverse health effects and emphasize the importance of supporting caregivers. Chapter 2 examines the effect of social support on caregivers' health. It shows that formal care and informal support limit the negative consequences of caregiving on mental health.Finally, given the increasing financial and fiscal pressure on public systems, Chapter 3 investigates to what extent Europeans elderly are able to pay for their periods of long-term care needs on the basis of their income, financial assets and home equity. It also studies the role of reverse mortgages. The simulations stress that only a small proportion of individuals would be able to finance totally their long-term care expenses and that housing assets may play an important role in long-term care financing

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Porto, Maria Teresa Dalla Fontana Pinto Moreira. „O envelhicimento populacional e a atenção à saúde do idoso na Religião Metropolitana de Campinas“. [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278695.

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Orientador: José Marcos Pinto da Cunha
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T22:00:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Porto_MariaTeresaDallaFontanaPintoMoreira_M.pdf: 1524484 bytes, checksum: 5d88fb4aaac0356df7fe1fcda08c64a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: O cenário demográfico na RMC é delineado pelo aumento expressivo do envelhecimento populacional e da participação relativa das condições crônicas entre as causas de internação hospitalar e de mortalidade entre os idosos. Esse cenário e suas implicações no setor saúde reforçam a importância deste estudo, que teve como principal objetivo avaliar o processo da transição da saúde e a sinergia entre os dois componentes presentes nesse conceito: a transição epidemiológica e a transição da atenção sanitária. Nossa proposta de investigação partiu da hipótese de que os sistemas de saúde na RMC não estão organizados para responder, de forma contínua e integrada, às necessidades de saúde dos idosos. Para a verificação dessa hipótese, realizamos uma pesquisa descritiva, através de uma abordagem que conjuga análises de dados qualitativos quantitativos. Recorremos assim a duas estratégias de pesquisa. A primeira estratégia centrou-se na identificação do processo de transição das condições de saúde da população idosa na RMC, através da análise dos indicadores de morbidade hospitalar e mortalidade e da análise dos indicadores demográficos e epidemiológicos dos idosos na região, no intervalo de 1998 a 2008, a fim de traçar o perfil da morbi-mortalidade desse segmento populacional. A segunda buscou identificar alguns aspectos da transição da atenção à saúde do idoso na RMC, por meio da análise de dados relativos à implantação das políticas de atenção ao idoso na RMC, bem como à produção e à cobertura dos serviços de saúde existentes, à luz do conceito de estruturação de redes integradas de atenção e os seus diversos elementos. Os resultados apontaram uma queda nos coeficientes de hospitalização, induzidos provavelmente pela diversidade de equipamentos alternativos às internações. Mostram também que as principais causas de mortalidade ainda são as do grupo do aparelho circulatório, do aparelho respiratório e as neoplasias, e que ocorreu um aumento significativo nas taxas de mortalidade por diabetes mellitus. Evidenciam ainda que a atenção primária não vem conseguindo exercer o papel de coordenadora da atenção à saúde nos municípios da RMC, persistindo fragilidades no processo de integração entre os vários pontos de atenção. Os dados evidenciam ainda que as instâncias gestoras do sistema não vêm priorizando a implantação de medidas referentes à organização de um sistema integrado voltado ao atendimento das condições crônicas
Abstract: The demographic scenario in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC) is characterized by the significant increase of its aging population and by the relative increase of the chronic conditions among the causes of hospitalization and mortality among the elderly. This scenario and its implications for the health sector reinforce the importance of this work, which aimed at the process of health transition and the synergy between two elements of this concept: the epidemiological transition and the transition of health care. Our research proposal hypothesized that the healthcare systems in the MRC are not organized to respond in a continuous and integrated way the needs of the elderly. To verify this hypothesis, we conducted a descriptive research through an approach that combines analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. We resorted, therefore, to two research strategies. The first strategy focused on the identification of the transition process of the health conditions of the elderly population in the MRC, through the analysis of the indicators of hospital morbidity and mortality and through the analysis of the demographic and epidemiological indicators of the elderly in this region, in the range of 1998 to 2008, in order to delineate the profile of morbidity and mortality in this population segment. The second strategy aimed to indentify some aspects of the elderly health care transition in the MRC, through the analysis of data relating to the implementation of policies for the elderly in the MRC, as well as the production and coverage of the existing health services, from the standpoint of the concept of structuring integrated systems of care and its several elements. The results showed a decrease in the coefficients of hospitalization, probably induced by the diversity of equipment alternatives to hospitalization. They also show that the main causes of mortality are still the group of the circulatory system, of the respiratory system and of neoplasms, and that there was a significant increase in mortality rates for diabetes mellitus. The results also show that the primary health care has been unable to coordinate health care in the municipalities of RMC, leaving persisting problems in the process of integration between the various points of attention. The data show as well that the managing instances of the health system have not prioritized the implementation of measures concerning the organization of an integrated system that seeks to provide care for chronic conditions
Mestrado
Demografia
Mestre em Demografia

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Mitzel, Gina Marie. „The Impact of Genetics, Socioeconomic Status, and Lifestyle Factors on Visual Health in an Adult Population“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33187/.

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The purpose of this dissertation was to understand how genetics, socioeconomic status (SES), and lifestyle factors influence the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy in an adult population in Dallas County. Two hundred fifty-three older adults participated in this study as the sample. Crosstabulation and binary logistic regression were utilized to analyze the data. Results indicated a disparity among participants' test scores, visual health status, and perceptions of their visual impairment and highlighted the fact that many seniors are not educated about age-related retinal disorders. Furthermore, variables reaching statistical significance were consistent with the literature included race/ethnicity, age, having a family history of both AMD and diabetes, frequency of eye exams, and level of education. The results not consistent with the literature as affecting visual health included health insurance, access to health care, body weight, and smoking status. Recommendations for future study included applied research focusing on determining risk factors, raising awareness, educating, and providing early detection of these diseases among low to middle income Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic older adults.

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Angoué, Claudine-Augée. „Les changements sociaux dans la Réserve de Faune de la Lopé (Gabon)“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211832.

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SORENSON, ANN MARIE. „ETHNICITY AND FERTILITY: THE FERTILITY EXPECTATIONS AND FAMILY SIZE OF MEXICAN-AMERICAN AND ANGLO ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS, HUSBANDS AND WIVES (BIRTHS, HISPANIC)“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188137.

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Because pronatalist sentiments may be an important aspect of Mexican-American ethnic heritage, this research focuses on cultural as well as socioeconomic factors which may contribute to higher Mexican-American fertility. Language use and nativity are used as indirect indicators of identification with an ethnic culture. Wives' characteristics are generally considered adequate to the study of couples' fertility, but in light of earlier research by the author indicating the importance of cultural factors to the fertility expectations of Mexican-American adolescent males, characteristics of husbands as well as wives are included in this analysis. For this reason, the sample, which is drawn from the 1980 Census data for Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico, is limited to Mexican-American and Anglo women who have been married only once and live with their husbands. Two complementary methods of analysis are used. Linear regression describes the significance of husband's and wife's language use, nativity, and socioeconomic characteristics to mean family size. Parity progression ratios are used to study the contribution of these variables to the likelihood of the addition of one more child at each stage of the family building process. While wife's characteristics are sufficient to account for most of the variation observed in Anglo fertility, husband's socioeconomic characteristics significantly contribute to variation observed in the fertility of Mexican-American couples. Husbands' identification with Mexican-American culture may be somewhat more important to couples' fertility than that of their wives. This is consistent with research which suggests that children are more central to male sex role expectations as they are expressed in the context of Mexican-American culture than in that of Anglos. The measures of ethnic identity used in this study are clearly associated with socioeconomic status. The differential fertility of Anglos and Mexican Americans could be attributed to these differences. The association of Spanish language use and fertility has been linked to the lower opportunity costs represented by additional children to women who do not speak English proficiently. However, the analysis of these data, which compares structural and cultural explanations of fertility differentials, provides evidence of cultural effects as well as the effects of socioeconomic status on fertility.

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Pazderníková, Michaela. „Starší pracovníci na trhu práce“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261802.

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The thesis is dealing with the older workers in the labour market. The aim of this thesis is to analyse and evaluate the situation of the older workers in the labour market in the Czech Republic, especially in the years 2000 and 2005-2015, or even in 2015, with the focus on the indicators of the labour market, on the position of the older workers in this market according to selected aspects, and on the instruments affecting and encouraging these workers in the labour market. The thesis consists of the theoretical and the practical part. The theoretical part defines the problem of the demographic aging population, because this process is one of the reasons, why it is necessary to pay attention to the older workers in the labour market. This theoretical part is also dealing with the employment, unemployment, employment policy and strategic documents in relation to the older workers. The practical part begins with the demographic development in the Czech Republic, the following chapters are dealing with the analysis of the labour market indicators, instruments to support the older workers in the labour market and the comparison of the Czech Republic and EU states.

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Paumgarten, Fiona. „The significance of the safety-net role of NTFPS in rural livelihoods, South Africa /“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/871/.

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Noonan, Christine F. „Federal City revisited : atomic energy and community identity in Richland, Washington“. Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1180787.

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This study examines the relationship between atomic energy production and community identity in Richland, Washington. Over the past fifty years, the identity of southeastern Washington has been intimately tied to production and industry at the Hanford Site. Today, however, environmental restoration and waste management programs have replaced plutonium production. The decline of the nuclear industry has influenced reinterpretations of local history and community identity through public display, commodity goods, and the re-scripting of historical texts.
Department of Anthropology

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Keyes, Laura Marie. „Age Friendly Cities: The Bureaucratic Responsiveness Effects on Age Friendly Policy Adoption“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984140/.

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Challenging a long-held attachment to the medical model, this research develops a cultural model placing local governments at the center of policy making and refocusing policy attention on mobility, housing, the built environment and services. To examine the phenomenon of age friendly policy adoption by cities and the magnitude of adoption, a 21-question web-based survey was administered to a sample of 1,050 cities from the U.S. Census having a population over 10,000 and having at least 14% of their population aged 65 years and over. The goal of the questionnaire was to help identify what kind of policy objectives cities establish to facilitate the opportunity for older adults to live healthy and independent lives in their communities as they age. Multiple linear and ordinal regression models examined the likelihood of policy action by cities and provide evidence as to why some cities support more age friendly policy actions than others. Evidence illustrates theoretical advancement providing support for a cultural model of aging. The cultural model includes multiple factors including bureaucratic responsiveness reflected in the management values of the administration. Findings show variation in the integration of a cultural awareness of aging in the municipality's needs assessment, strategic goals, citizen engagement strategies, and budgetary principles. Cities with a cultural awareness of aging are more likely to adopt age friendly policies. Findings also provide support for the argument that the public administrator is not the driving sole factor in decision making. A shared spaced with mobilized citizen need of individuals 65 and over is identified.

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Cruz, German Tadeo. „Getting there : a study to define and offer conceptual solutions for the control of sprawl, rural land preservation, neighborhood connectivity, and community image development in northwest Muncie“. Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1136702.

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This study covers several areas of long held interest and urgent relevance: the development of lasting and meaningful community identity, the design of dynamic communities well aware of their current and future potential, the preservation of rural lands, and the control of unplanned growth.Working on two tracks, the study researches through focused interviews the conceptual image of the community held by representative members and then seeks to apply principles derived from the work of Randall Arendt, Robert Yaro and others to the articulation of land planning and site design measures that can be implemented in the Northwest sector of Muncie.Based on both the research and the derivation of principles, the study offers a large number of ideas supported with illustrations toward the improvement of the conditions and the creation of a long range strategy for land development and conservation.
Department of Landscape Architecture

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Badji, Ikpidi. „Est-ce que le vieillissement peut être une opportunité pour l’économie française ?“ Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100173.

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Le vieillissement démographique en France constitue un sujet de préoccupation majeure et fait l'objet de plusieurs recherches du point de vue économique. La plupart des études mettent en évidence les effets négatifs du vieillissement sur l'économie française notamment sur les comptes de la protection sociale et le marché du travail. Récemment une nouvelle littérature relative au vieillissement émerge. Celle-ci cherche à savoir et à montrer en quoi le vieillissement peut être une opportunité pour l'économie. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans cette littérature. Elle cherche à répondre à la question suivante : Est-ce que le vieillissement peut être une opportunité pour l'économie française ? Pour répondre à cette question, la thèse explore les pistes de l'épargne et de la consommation en insistant sur la partie de la consommation. La thèse est articulée en cinq chapitres. Le chapitre 1 décrit les causes du vieillissement démographique en France et dresse un état des lieux des études qui portent sur l'effet de ce phénomène sur l'économie française. Le chapitre 2 analyse l'évolution du revenu, du niveau de consommation et du taux d'épargne au cours du cycle de vie et selon les générations afin d'appréhender l'évolution la consommation et du taux d'épargne agrégés dans une société vieillissante et avec le renouvellement des générations. Ces résultats permettent également de comparer le niveau de vie des classes d'âge et des différentes générations. Le chapitre 3 se focalise sur l'évolution de la structure de consommation selon l'âge, les générations et suite à une modification du revenu du ménage. Le chapitre 4 part du constat de la modification de la structure de consommation au cours du temps, la différence de la structure de consommation entre les ménages d'âge actif et les seniors pour estimer les échelles d'équivalence de 1979 à 2010, des seniors et des ménages d'âge actif. Ces échelles permettent de comparer le niveau de vie des seniors et des ménages d'âge actif en tenant compte des économies d'échelles réalisées au sein des différents ménages. Enfin le chapitre 5 utilise un modèle d'équilibre général pour quantifier l'effet du vieillissement sur la structure de consommation, productive et de l'emploi
The ageing population in France is a subject of major concern and has been the subject of several studies from the economical perspectives. Most of studies highlight the negative effects of aging on the French economy, particularly on social protection accounts, the labor market. Recently a new literature on ageing emerges. It seeks to know and show how ageing can be an opportunity for the economy. This thesis is part of this literature. It seeks to answer the following question: Is Ageing can be an opportunity for the French economy? To answer to this question, the thesis explores the tracks of savings and consumption insisting on the consumption. The thesis is organized in five chapters. Chapter 1 describes the causes of ageing in France and provides an overview of studies covers the effect of this phenomenon on the French economy. Chapter 2 analyzes the evolution of income, consumption levels, and savings rates over the life cycle and according to the generations, to understand the evolution of aggregate consumption and aggregate savings rate in a society that's facing ageing and the renewal generations. These results also allow us to compare standards of living of age groups and different generations. Chapter 3 focuses on the evolution of consumption structure by age, generations. It provides also information about evolution of consumption structure when the household income changes. Chapter 4 began from the observation of the change in structure consumption over time, the difference in consumption structure between working-age households and seniors to estimate equivalence scales from 1979 to 2010, seniors and working-age households. These scales are used to compare the standards of living of seniors and working-age households, taking into account economies of scale achieved within different households. Finally Chapter 5 uses a general equilibrium model to quantify the effect of aging on the structure of consumption, productive and employment

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Liégeois, Philippe. „Essais en économie dynamique appliquée“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211600.

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Vrána, Martin. „Vliv migrace na vybrané socioekonomické ukazatele“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85315.

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This thesis deals with the topic of migration. In the theoretical level the work defines the term migration, further it discusses its reasons, forms, types and consequences. In the practical level the work examines the impact of migration on the socio-economic indicators. It is focused to characteristics of the migration impacts on social and economic indicators of the Czech Republic. The aim of the work is to assess the situation, which could arise in the future as a direct consequence of migration. The work further also brings information about the current situation and migration development in the Czech Republic, it also informs what kind of migration policy was chosen by the Czech Government and discusses the topic of national minorities living in our country. Selected goal of the work is processed in a third part, which discuss economic, social and demographic aspect of migration.

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Bricín, Lukáš. „Starobní důchody ve vztahu k hospodářské úrovni zemí EU“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85167.

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This thesis deals with the comparison of the European Union countries, in particular their schemes of pension and living standard of pensioners who use these schemes in confrontation with the economic standard of these countries. After a theoretical introduction, where various aspects of operation and theoretical construction of the pension system are introduced, there follows a brief outline of the situation in each country, completed with comparison of the values of indicators relating to the pension systems. The middle part of this thesis is devoted to the process of population aging, as the main cause of the current need for reforming the pension systems and the adequacy of extending the age for retirement. The last part of this thesis is devoted to determining the sequence of the states of the European Union by the standard of living of people in retirement age and confronting these results with the information on economic standard of these countries.

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Michailidis, Gianko. „Essays on Political Economy of Public Intergenerational Transfers“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667430.

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Low fertility and mortality rates combined with the retirement of the generation of “baby boomers” bring about dramatic population ageing and are projected to reverse the demographic pyramid in many advanced economies. The main implication derived from the population ageing concerns the public finance of the major public intergenerational transfers (i.e., pensions and education). Ageing makes the political clout of the elderly stronger and more inclined to support transfers towards their retirement, intensifying the intergenerational conflict between young and old. In parallel, an increasing income inequality constitutes another major trend in developed countries. This trend aggravates the intragenerational conflict between rich and poor over the redistribution and the size of the welfare state. This Ph.D. thesis investigates the interplay between the public finance of intergenerational transfers (i.e., pensions and education), population ageing and income inequality within a political economy framework. The main purpose of the second chapter is to conduct an empirical investigation on the effect of current and future population ageing on education spending taking into account the strategic intergenerational link that exists in a system with a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension structure. The design of the PAYG pension system provides the appropriate incentives for the working age generation to invest in public education of young “today” in order to “reap” future benefits “tomorrow” in terms of higher taxable income, social security contributions and returns on savings. We conduct a panel analysis on OECD countries over an extended period in order to test the effect of ageing on education spending in total and per educational level. Findings suggest that the intergenerational conflict is present however it depends on the level of total level of pension spending, indicating that in times of limited fiscal resources ageing has a negative effect on education spending. Furthermore, when we consider the intergenerational link projected (future) population ageing has a positive effect on education spending that seems to be driven by non-mandatory educational levels (pre-primary and tertiary). Better quality pre-primary schooling can increase the participation rate and liberate parents from a time intensive task of raising children, and hence can generate a substantial boost in parental productivity that is directly linked to the current pensions. Second, an increase in the quality of early-education for children could have a significant effect on their future productivity and therefore on future taxable income. In the same vein, higher quality tertiary education would lead to higher future productivity, and thereby higher taxable income that is linked with the pensions of current middle-aged workers. In the third chapter, taking into account the aforementioned intergenerational link between working age and young we aim to evaluate whether a system of public intergenerational transfers – both to the elderly and to the young – can be politically sustained. In other words, we investigate whether the electorate would choose to provide publicly intergenerational transfers (pensions and education) if this decision per se was put under voting? To examine this question we employ the unique dataset taken from the National Transfers Accounts project -that provides a coherent accounting framework of economic flows from one age group to another- and a theoretical framework for the political viability of public intergenerational transfers developed in the literature. We find that most of the developed countries meet the conditions to have a politically sustained system of pensions and education and that ageing contributes positively to the political viability of such a system. In the fourth chapter, we develop an overlapping generations model with heterogeneous agents with respect to their position in the income distribution, endogenous fertility and probabilistic voting to investigate how the size of public pensions and education is decided and how it is affected by population ageing and income inequality. The contribution is to include in a model with private and public education the dimension of pensions that are linked to the general level of education of the previous generation. This allows us to consider simultaneously both intragenerational and intergenerational conflicts as well as the intergenerational link. The model predicts that an increase in income inequality increases the income of the agent indifferent between public and private education, and thus decreases the participation in public education. This reduces the share of voters caring for public education through altruism for their children, which reduces the total public education spending (which in turn decreases taxes and increases pensions). However, the number of children attending public education decreases faster than the total spending, which leads to an increase in per student spending on public education. The mechanism in the case of an increase in the number of retirees works in a similar fashion: The increase in the number of pensioners increases the political weight of the retirees, increasing total pension spending (which increases taxes and decreases per student public education spending). The number of pensioners increases faster than the total pension spending, thus the per pensioner pension is decreasing. In both cases we find a positive relationship between per student public education spending and pensions through the budget constraint. Empirical evidences derived from a panel analysis of OECD countries seem to support our theoretical predictions. To sum up, this thesis reviews the existing literature on the effect of population ageing on pensions and on education, and explores empirically and theoretically the intergenerational link between these intergenerational transfers. This link between the adults and the young generation plays a crucial role in the analysis of both the effect of population ageing and the effect of income inequality on public finance of pensions and education. As we observe, ageing pressure in financial health of the PAYG pensions system indicates a conflict between financial and political sustainability. Nevertheless, if population ageing fosters political support for both public pensions and education, this can create some positive feedback improving future financial prospects of the PAYG system. Using the findings from this thesis and previous theoretical research we can suggest that it might be a useful reform to require legislation to vote on pensions and education as a unique social policy package in order to boost the sustainability of both public intergenerational transfers. The main policy conclusion is that the debate on pension reform should be widen to consider the comprehensive action of public policy along the life cycle, i.e. the joint role of forward (from parents to children) and backward (from adults to elderly parents) intergenerational transfers. This will offer a more complete view of the incentives given to agents in decisions like savings, fertility and education.

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Nguyen, Jeremy. „Modelling the macroeconomic effects of population ageing in Japan and the international economy“. Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150815.

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Most developed nations are experiencing a transition towards higher median ages and slower population growth. Many developing nations are likely to experience similar transitions in the coming decades. The implications of such demographic changes for economic growth and standards of living, public finance, and international capital flows have been the subject of much discussion and research. This study seeks to make a contribution to the literature on the modelling of macroeconomic effects of demographic transition. Specifically, it seeks to adapt, extend and enhance two well-known modelling frameworks: the empirical MSG3 model (McKibbin and Wilcoxen, 1999) and the theoretical Blanchard (1985) model. The MSG3 model is an important tool in the multi-country, general equilibrium modelling literature and is well suited to the analysis of saving and investment, capital accumulation, economic growth, standards of living, international capital flows, and transition dynamics in a general equilibrium context. In this study, we report some of the efforts that have been made in using formal mathematical analysis, as well as empirical implementation and calibration, to adapt the MSG3 framework such that it becomes suitable for the analysis of population ageing. We also report some key findings from simulations based on the adapted MSG3 model. Some of these findings are consistent with those reported in previous studies. For example, other things being equal, a fall in the birth rate is likely to result in slower growth in labour supply and real output, as well as in per capita real GDP and consumption. Other findings help shed new light on old questions, especially those involving transitional dynamics. For example, the contrast between simulations with and without the presence of children in the model helps to clarify the effects of demographic change on investment and saving: if the transition to slower population growth is anticipated well in advance, the short-term saving response (a rise in saving) may outweigh the staggered investment response (a rise in investment) so that the country tends to export capital (experience current account surpluses) for a number of years. This study also makes contributions towards enhancing the Blanchard (1985) model, a seminal framework that has served as the conceptual basis of numerous analyses of policy changes and demographic shocks. The Blanchard model makes a simplifying assumption, namely that all individuals face a common mortality rate. To relax this assumption, we apply an overlapping generations approach to the Blanchard model. In the new resultant model, an individual's mortality rate rises with the person's age, and this age-mortality relationship is allowed to change over time. A version of this theoretical model is numerically implemented and simulated. The new discrete-time, cohort-based theoretical model is readily amenable to direct calibration with the use of historical data and authoritative projections. By incorporating variable (increasing) mortality rates, it is better equipped to capture key demographic features such as the population age structure, in comparison with a corresponding model based on the constant-mortality assumption. Results obtained from simulations of the empirical model indicate that such differences in demographic modelling translate into material differences in projections for important macroeconomic variables, including per capita output.

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„Ageing, human capital and economic growth: evidence from international data“. 2000. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890350.

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Leung Chi Ping.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-123).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgement --- p.iii
Table of Contents --- p.iv
List of Tables --- p.v
List of Appendices --- p.vi
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.4
Chapter 2.1 --- Review of Literature on Population and Economic Growth --- p.4
Chapter 2.2 --- Review of Literature on Human Capital and Economic Growth --- p.7
Chapter 2.3 --- Review of Literature on Population Aging and Demographic Transition --- p.14
Chapter 2.4 --- "Summary of Results, Objective and Hypotheses" --- p.23
Chapter 3. --- Data Description --- p.27
Chapter 4. --- Empirical Specifications，Estimation Results and Analysis --- p.29
Chapter 4.1 --- Cross-sectional Regressions --- p.29
Chapter 4.2 --- Panel Regressions --- p.54
Chapter 5. --- Conclusions --- p.72
Tables --- p.74
Appendices --- p.114
References --- p.120

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Ficher-Orzechowska, Ewa. „Labour supply in ageing economies : a comparison of Japan and Australia“. Phd thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150860.

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Amaral, Ernesto F. L. (Ernesto Friedrich de Lima) 1977. „Demographic change and economic development at the local level in Brazil“. Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3202.

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In this analysis, I estimate the impact of the changing relative size of the adult male population, classified by age and education groups, on the earnings of employed males living in 502 Brazilian local labor markets during four time periods between 1970 and 2000. The effects of shifts in the age distribution of the working age population have been studied in relation to the effect of the baby-boom generation on the earnings of different cohorts in the United States. However, the question has received little attention in the context of the countries in Asia and Latin America, which are now experiencing substantial shifts in their age-education distributions. Taking advantage of the huge variation across Brazilian local labor markets, the models in this research suggest that age-education groups are not perfect substitutes, so that own-cohort-education size depresses earnings, as expected by the theory. Compositional shifts are influential, attesting that this approach represents a fruitful way of studying this central problem in economic development, going beyond the effects normally analyzed by formal labor market equations.
text

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Samaad, Anita. „Population ageing and its implications for older persons : an analysis of the perspectives of government and non government officials within the Department of Social Development sector“. Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10570.

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The concept of population ageing is a development issue that has received much attention due to the demographic transition that is occurring globally, marked by declining levels of fertility and mortality. Therefore, the implications of population ageing for older persons within the context of Social Development was examined from the perspective of government and non government officials. The study was confined to older persons and the policies and programmes implemented by the Department of Social Development. The study employed an exploratory research design within a qualitative paradigm. Semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire were distributed to officials in the nine provinces. Thirty six questionnaires were received and qualitative methods of data analysis were used to analyse and interpret the data. The main finding of the study is that there is congruence in what government officials and the non government officials view as implications for older persons. Central to this is that the issue of ageing does not receive attention on the agenda of government. The top five priorities for older persons are healthy ageing, economic security, community/home based care services for older persons, having care and support systems for older persons and an improved quality of life/poverty alleviation. Based on the demographic determinants of population ageing, the findings are that there will be an increased demand for services for older persons which might place a strain on the social assistance and health care programmes. The issue of ageing was viewed positively as an opportunity by government officials and pessimistically as a challenge by NGO’s. The most common problems in old age is a reliance on the younger generation and or the state for their care and support, abuse, high levels of illiteracy and the burden of care for their children and grandchildren. The future older person is likely to be in better health and better educated than the older person of today if the necessary public investments are made now in these areas. The study makes recommendations for the adoption of a South African plan of action on ageing, inter-sectoral budgeting, development of specialised programmes, review of current policies and legislation for older persons, strengthening the partnership with the NGO sector and facilitating ageing mainstreaming within government programmes.
Sociology
M.A. (Social Development)

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Huei-ChunLo und 羅慧君. „Population Aging, Capital Formation and Economic Growth“. Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54229329238775339068.

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博士
國立成功大學
政治經濟研究所
102
This dissertation aims to explore the impacts of population aging on Japan’s economic performance. A demographic–economic growth model is applied to study the relationship among labor force age structure, human capital, saving and physical capital formation, and economic growth. The impacts of population aging on economic growth are decomposed into two separate effects: The effects on labor productivity and human capital formation, and the effects on saving and physical capital accumulation. A new dimension of human capital accumulation to GDP growth is introduced by including the demographic factor in the context of human capital estimation and a significant role of prime labor cohort those aged 25 to 49 in the accumulation of human capital is found. Based on life-cycle hypothesis (LCH), saving rate varies with age and the profile of age structure as population aging evolves. Japanese empirical data indicates that Japanese saving rate declines with its aged population and the declining saving resulting from population aging leads to slow economic growth in Japan. The empirical results in this study show the population aging would lead to decline in Japanese GDP growth for the next half century to come. Population aging also causes a decline in the rate of change in aggregate saving in Japan. Policy measures that prompt continuous increase in total factor productivity, encourage saving to increase capital formation should be considered to mitigate the declining growth rate trend.

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Chia-ChiHe und 何家琪. „Population Aging, Human Capital and Economic Growth: The case of Taiwan“. Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93928464671910922905.

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碩士
國立成功大學
經濟學系碩博士班
98
This paper investigates the relationship between population aging and economic growth in Taiwan. A time-series model was built to explore the economic consequences of population aging. Given the ongoing population aging trend in Taiwan, this paper explores the impacts of population aging on human capital accumulation and economic growth. A scheme of human capital formation which takes into account of population aging, education attainment, and working experience was developed to obtain a proxy measure of levels of human capital. Then, a Cobb-Douglas production function was used to estimate the construction of human capital and physical capital to gross domestic production. Combining the estimates of production function with the medium variant population projections of 2008-2056, this thesis conducts simulations on various hypothetical demographic and scenarios and counterfactual policy prescriptions. Given the projected population trend, the simulation results show that increase in government education expenditure or increased injection of prime labor force can mitigate the falling trend of per capita output resulting from population aging.

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Hsieh, Chung-Ying, und 謝純瑩. „Spatial Differential and Transitional Aspects of Population Aging in Central Taiwan“. Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48301902817957322869.

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Rodionov, Viktor. „Population Development of Kazakhstan: Geographic, Economic and Geopolitical aspects“. Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-276326.

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Geopolitical role and population development of the Republic of Kazakhstan: recent developments and prospects V. Rodionov Abstract Present research is an attempt to define the influence of the demographic factor on geopolitical development of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is of a specific interest herein due to its strategically important geographical location and presence of natural resources. Taking into account these factors, Kazakhstan has certain claims on leadership in the region. At the moment, Kazakhstani geopolitical leadership is based on economic achievements of the country and its political stability. At the same time demographic factor is quite sensitive from the strategic point of view. Kazakhstani population is relatively inconsiderable in number for its region. Moreover, some negative tendencies of distribution of population and its structural changes are causing concern. The government is aware of the gravity of these problems and is making certain efforts to change the situation. Nevertheless, it is very important to acknowledge the demographic factor as strategically important.

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Rodionov, Viktor. „Population development of Kazakhstan: Geographic, economic and geopolitical aspects“. Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-311628.

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Population development of Kazakhstan: geographic, economic and geopolitical aspects Abstract Present research based on analysis of the main trends in demographic development of Kazakhstan at the national and regional level. Demographic changes are quite important factor affecting the problems of territorial, economic and geopolitical development of the country. Relatively small population quite clearly reflects the changes of economic and geopolitical conditions. The result of it is the changes in population size, structure, and geographical pattern. Over the past decade in Kazakhstan observed population growth and change of ethnic structure. Against this background, distribution of the population within the country becomes one of the key problems in Kazakhstan. The main reason is growing disproportions in economic development of regions. Quite significant role here plays the ethnic heterogeneity of the regions, which also determines the nature of population development. Under such conditions, the demographic development acquires strategic importance.

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„The relationship between population growth and economic growth in China“. 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891762.

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Chun Kit Yin.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-56).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.p.1
Chapter 2 --- Institutions andolicies --- p.p.5
Chapter 3 --- Empirical Strategy --- p.p.9
Chapter 4 --- Data --- p.p.16
Chapter 5 --- Estimation Results: Fromopulation Growth to Economic Growth --- p.p.19
Chapter 5.1 --- OLS: Simple Regressions --- p.p.19
Chapter 5.2 --- OLS: Multiple Regressions --- p.p.22
Chapter 5.3 --- Fixed-Effects Regressions --- p.p.25
Chapter 5.4 --- 2SLS Regressions --- p.p.27
Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.p.31
Tables --- p.p.32
References --- p.p.51

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HEERINK, Nico. „Population growth, income distribution and economic development : theory, methodology and empirical results“. Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4948.

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„The Galor-Weil Model revisited: population control and the long-run development of China“. 2011. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5894860.

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Si-Tou, Wai Kit.
"September 2011."
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-71).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract: --- p.2
摘要 --- p.3
Acknowledgements --- p.4
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.6
Chapter Chapter 2: --- The Galor-Weil Model --- p.11
Chapter 2.1 --- Basic Structure Model --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- Preferences and Budget Constraints --- p.12
Chapter 2.3 --- Optimization --- p.13
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Parameterization and Simulation Results by Lagerlof --- p.16
Chapter 3.1 --- Parameterization and Full Dynamical System --- p.16
Chapter 3.2 --- Parameter Values and Simulation Results --- p.18
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Theoretical Analysis of the Effects of Exogenous Population Control Policy on the Dynamic System --- p.22
Chapter Chapter 5: --- Simulation Results using China's Data --- p.29
Chapter 5.1 --- Simulation Results with Exogenous Population Control --- p.31
Chapter 5.2 --- Simulation Results with Exogenous Population Control and Technological Shocks.. --- p.35
Chapter 5.3 --- Further Implications --- p.36
Chapter Chapter 6: --- Concluding Remarks --- p.38
Chapter Appendix A: --- Figures and Tables --- p.42
Chapter Appendix B: --- Sensitivity Test --- p.67
References: --- p.69

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„How does ageing affect saving and growth?“ 2000. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890297.

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written by Cheung Man-Chun Doris.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-125).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii
LIST OF TABLES --- p.iv
LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.v
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- BACKGROUND OF AGEING IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
Chapter A. --- "Demographic Facts: World, More Developed and Less Developed Regions" --- p.6
Chapter B. --- "Demographic Facts: Germany, US, Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong" --- p.9
Chapter C. --- Demographic Changes of Hong Kong --- p.12
Chapter D. --- Fertility-dominated or Mortality-dominated ageing? --- p.14
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter A. --- Ageing measurements --- p.16
Chapter B. --- Relationship between Savings and Investment --- p.17
Chapter C. --- Relationship between Ageing and Savings --- p.19
Chapter D. --- Relationship between Ageing and Growth --- p.23
Chapter E. --- Relationship between Savings and Growth --- p.24
Chapter F. --- Summary --- p.26
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- EMPIRICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND DATA
Chapter A. --- Expectations of variables in Savings equation andin Growth equation --- p.30
Chapter B. --- Specifications for Panel Data Analysis
Chapter (i) --- The Data --- p.36
Chapter (ii) --- Methodology --- p.36
Chapter (iii) --- Specifications --- p.38
Chapter C. --- Specifications for Cross-sectional Analysis --- p.39
Chapter D. --- Pros and Cons of Using Panel and Cross-sectional Data --- p.40
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- ESTIMATATION RESULTS
Chapter A. --- Cross-sectional Data Analysis
Chapter (i) --- How does Ageing Affect Savings? --- p.45
Chapter (ii) --- How does Ageing Affect Economic Growth? --- p.47
Chapter B. --- Panel Data Analysis
Chapter (i) --- How does Ageing Affect Savings? --- p.48
Chapter (ii) --- How does Ageing Affect Economic Growth? --- p.54
Chapter C. --- Comparison between the Results from the Analyses of the Cross-sectional Data and the Panel Data --- p.56
Chapter D. --- Reconciliation between the Conflicts --- p.57
Chapter (i) --- Difference in the Length of Estimation Periods --- p.59
Chapter (ii) --- Cross-sectional Effect vs. Time Series Effect --- p.60
Chapter (iii) --- Sampling Problems --- p.66
Chapter a) --- Results from Cutting Outliers (Full Samples) --- p.67
Chapter b) --- Results from Cutting Outliers (Non-poor Country Samples) --- p.69
Chapter c) --- Results from Entering both Ageing Variables Together (Full Samples) --- p.72
Chapter d) --- Results from Entering both Ageing Variables Together (Non-poor Countries Samples) --- p.73
Chapter E. --- Further Examination on the Impact of Ageing on the Economic Growth --- p.74
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.78
TABLES --- p.82
APPENDIX --- p.113
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.121

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