Zeitschriftenartikel: „Pool water“

1

Beechey, Catherine. „Pool Water“. Physiotherapy 75, Nr. 12 (Dezember 1989): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)62423-6.

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2

Karasawa, Sakae. „Disinfection of Pool Water“. Japan journal of water pollution research 11, Nr. 5 (1988): 290–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.11.290.

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3

Stenveld, Harma. „Allergic to Pool Water“. Safety and Health at Work 3, Nr. 2 (Juni 2012): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5491/shaw.2012.3.2.101.

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4

IBANGA, Obot Akpan, Stephanie Emuobonuvie OHWO und Goodluck Mamuro OMONIGHO. „Application of Water Quality Index in Assessment of Swimming Pools Water Quality in Hotels in Emerging Africa Littoral Metropolis of Warri, Delta State, Nigeria“. GEOSPORT FOR SOCIETY 13, Nr. 2 (31.12.2020): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gss.1301-062.

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Swimming pools in guest houses and hotels in many cities in sub-Saharan Africa have been labelled ‘beautiful irritation’ or hazard zones for public health issues due to the unwholesomeness of water. Pollution in swimming pools is therefore, not uncommon and it is a serious public health issue both at the global, regional, national and local levels. This study focused on application of water quality index in assessment of swimming pools water quality in hotels in emerging Africa littoral metropolis of Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. It used stratified random sampling technique to select five hotels with swimming pool in Warri for assessment. Temperature, pH, turbidity, free (residual) chlorine, total heterotrophic bacteria, total heterotrophic fungi, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus tested in the laboratory using scientific method of sampling. Water quality index (WQI) was computed using Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) to evaluate in general, the quality of water in each of the five sampled swimming pools. A five-point scale (excellent, good, poor, very poor and unsuitable) was used to rank each swimming pool quality. Result showed that Wellington Hotel had the value of 2.52 and considered excellent in terms of water quality index value. Also, Brook View and Best Western Plus Hotels were classified as good water based on water quality index values of 36.9 and 39.9 respectively while BB swimming pool was ranked poor due to water quality index of 51.4. In contrast, Oasis Place Hotel swimming pool was declared unsuitable for recreational purpose due to a water quality index of 102.1. The study recommended routine and periodic surveillance of swimming pools and other recreational water sources to guarantee optimum health and wellbeing of users.

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Shevnin, V. A., D. I. Matveychuk und A. S. Dernova. „Mapping of Water Resistivity Using Pool Water“. Moscow University Geology Bulletin 74, Nr. 6 (November 2019): 613–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0145875219060085.

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6

Esra Bölükbaşı Ertürk, A., Dursun Zafer Şeker und İzzet Öztürk. „Ottoman period water structures and water-related architecture: examples in Safranbolu, Turkey“. Water Supply 13, Nr. 3 (01.05.2013): 743–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.107.

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Safranbolu is known for the abundance of its water resources. The city is a unique and historic settlement that hosts very beautiful examples of traditional Turkish architecture. The city attracts both national and international tourists. In this paper, firstly the Ottoman period water supply structures of Safranbolu are described. Incekaya Aqueduct and water transmission system, also known as the Pasha Water Supply System or Spring System are discussed. The Incekaya Aqueduct delivers drinking water from the spring at Danaköy Village to Safranbolu enabling the transfer over the Tokatlı Canyon via gravity. This aqueduct, a very historic and aesthetically pleasing water structure, was commissioned as a city asset by Ottoman Grand Vizier Izzet Mehmet Pasha in the period of 1794–98. The paper secondly discusses the pool rooms that serve as an example of the spatial usage of water features in traditional residential architecture of the Ottoman period in Safranbolu. The pool rooms were constructed either within or separate from the traditional Safranbolu mansions. Asmazlar Mansion in Safranbolu and Deligözler House in the Bağlar District have been evaluated as examples of pool rooms within the house, and two garden pools in the Bağlar and central districts are assessed as examples of outside pools, known as pavilion mansions with a garden pool.

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Widiantara, Ida Bagus Gde, und I. Wayan Suastawa. „Warm Water Pool System Simulation: Design and Manufacture“. Logic : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 20, Nr. 3 (30.11.2020): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/logic.v20i3.2136.

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Human development and national competitivenes is one of the flagship programs from The Indonesian Government. Bali as one of the best tourist destination in the world is required to have an international standard tourism infrastructure. A swimming pool in a tourism accomodation is a standard facility in a tourist infrastructure. There are several types of swimming pools i.e. public swimming pools and private pools. During its development and demand, private pools develop into swimming pools with additional facilities such as warm water, which is often called a jacuzzi. Another additional facility is added pressure to the water in completing massage, fragrance and foam. The swimming pool is one of facilitity designed to hold water to allow swimming or other recreational activities. Pools can be built in the ground or on the ground as a free construction or as a part of structure and also with a common feature or a free style design. In-ground pools are the most common pools made and constructed from materials such as concrete, natural stone, metal, plastic, or fiberglass. To support comfort and satisfaction when using the swimming pool, the adequate water level in the swimming pool will be maintained by system with several supporting devices such as pumps, dirt filters and maintained at a certain level. Other things that support water quality include temperature, water turbidity, color, odor, pH, chlorine content etc.

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Krause, Stefan, David M. Hannah und Theresa Blume. „Interstitial pore-water temperature dynamics across a pool-riffle-pool sequence“. Ecohydrology 4, Nr. 4 (16.02.2011): 549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.199.

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9

TAMURA, Takeshi, Kazuo SOGA, Ken-ichiro SUGIYAMA, Tadashi NARABAYASHI, Hiroyuki OHSHIMA und Kazunori SUDA. „ICONE15-10682 ENTRAINMENT OF WATER AROUND A SINGLE ROD IMMERSED IN WATER POOL WITH GAS JET IMPINGEMENT(II)“. Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2007.15 (2007): _ICONE1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2007.15._icone1510_368.

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Yasui, Yusuke, Sara McMains und Thomas Glau. „Pool segmentation for predicting water traps“. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 37 (Oktober 2015): 494–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2014.07.006.

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11

Saito, H., S. Isoda, M. Kato und N. Nagaoka. „Mutagenic activity of swimming-pool water“. Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects 359, Nr. 3 (April 1996): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1161(96)90314-3.

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12

Devlin, Phillip M., Jim C.-S. Hwang, Celia J. Winchell, Susan G. Day, Robert D. Zura und Richard F. Edlich. „Automated Hydrotherapy Pool Water Treatment System“. Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 10, Nr. 1 (Januar 1989): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-198901000-00011.

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13

Ben Salah, Iskandar, Toïdi Adékambi und Michel Drancourt. „Mycobacterium phocaicum in therapy pool water“. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 212, Nr. 4 (Juli 2009): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.10.002.

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14

Dufour, A. P., T. D. Behymer, R. Cantú, M. Magnuson und L. J. Wymer. „Ingestion of swimming pool water by recreational swimmers“. Journal of Water and Health 15, Nr. 3 (13.03.2017): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.255.

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The volume of water ingested by swimmers while swimming is of great interest to individuals who develop risk assessments using quantitative microbial risk assessment or epidemiological approaches. We have used chloroisocyanurate disinfected swimming pool waters to determine the amount of water swallowed by swimmers during swimming activity. The chloroisocyanurate, which is in equilibrium with chlorine and cyanuric acid in the pool water, provides a biomarker, cyanuric acid, that once swallowed passes through the body into the urine unchanged. The concentration of cyanuric acid in a 24 hour urine specimen and the concentration in pool water can be used to calculate the amount of water swallowed. Our study population of 549 participants, which was about evenly divided by gender, and young and adult swimmers, indicated that swimmers ingest about 32 mL per hour (arithmetic mean) and that children swallowed about four times as much water as adults during swimming activities. It was also observed that males had a tendency to swallow more water than females during swimming activity and that children spent about twice as much time in the water than adults.

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Lu, Ping, Tao Yuan, Qiyan Feng, Aiqin Xu und Jiayuan Li. „Review of swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium oocysts removals from swimming pools“. Water Quality Research Journal 48, Nr. 1 (01.02.2013): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2013.036.

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In this paper, outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in swimming pools in the last 20 years are summarized. Cryptosporidium oocysts are very resistant to many disinfectants, including chlorine, one of the most widely-used disinfectants in swimming pools. Ozone or UV is shown to inactivate Cryptosporidium, while not effective to newly introduced Cryptosporidium and bacteria because of no residual ozone or UV in the treated swimming pool water. Additionally, swimming pool sand filters or cartridge filters are not able to effectively remove Cryptosporidium (removal rate <50%). Above 99% Cryptosporidium removals are achieved in drinking water treatment, but swimming pool water treatment is different from drinking water treatment: no coagulation is performed prior to filtration in most US swimming pools, filtration rate is four to five times higher for swimming pool water treatment compared with drinking water treatment, and the input compounds and microorganisms from bathers continuously recirculate in the swimming pool. Moreover, up-to-date Cryptosporidium or Cryptosporidium surrogate removals from swimming pools are discussed, and alternative swimming pool treatment techniques are reviewed.

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Hof, Angela, Enrique Morán-Tejeda, Jorge Lorenzo-Lacruz und Macià Blázquez-Salom. „Swimming Pool Evaporative Water Loss and Water Use in the Balearic Islands (Spain)“. Water 10, Nr. 12 (19.12.2018): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121883.

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The Balearic Islands are a major Mediterranean tourist destination that features one of the greatest swimming pool densities within Europe. In this paper, standard meteorological data were combined with a diachronic swimming pool inventory to estimate water evaporation from swimming pools over the Balearic archipelago. Evaporation was estimated using an empirical equation designed for open-water surfaces. Results revealed a 32% increase in swimming pools’ water use by 2015. Evaporation from swimming pools added 9.6 L of water to touristic consumption per guest night and person, and represented 4.9% of the total urban water consumption. In 2015, almost 5 hm3 (5 billion L) were lost from pools across the Balearic Islands. In several densely urbanized areas, evaporative water loss from pools exceeded four million litres per square kilometre and year. The water needed to refill the total of 62,599 swimming pools and to counteract evaporative water loss is equivalent to 1.2 pools per year. Swimming pools have rapidly proliferated across the islands. We have expounded on this development in view of much-needed responsible water management across the islands.

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Vu, Nam Hoai, und Hien Thi To. „INVESTIGATION ON WATER QUALITY IN PUBLIC POOLS IN HO CHI MINH CITY AND SUGGESTION OF MANAGEMENT MEASURES“. Science and Technology Development Journal 14, Nr. 3 (30.09.2011): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i3.1969.

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The water quality survey was conducted from August 2009 to June 2010 in 84 swimming pools in the HCM city. The purpose of the survey was to investigate the current status of water quality at public pools and propose appropriate management methods. All swimming pool water samples were taken from Monday to Friday, of which 9 pools were more surveyed on the weekends, to analysis carefully for chlorine residual, pH, chloramine, temperature, and total Coliforms. Results showed that 100% pool violated in temperature and residual chlorine, 71-77% pool violated in pH indicators; 29-35% pool had chloramine concentration over 0.2 ppm and 82-100% pool were contaminated by micro-organisms on the weekends. From the above results the authors proposed some management measures to improve water quality in public swimming pools in HCM City.

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Mancic, Marko, Dragoljub Zivkovic, Pedja Milosavljevic und Milena Todorovic. „Mathematical modelling and simulation of the thermal performance of a solar heated indoor swimming pool“. Thermal Science 18, Nr. 3 (2014): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1403999m.

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Buildings with indoor swimming pools have a large energy footprint. The source of major energy loss is the swimming pool hall where air humidity is increased by evaporation from the pool water surface. This increases energy consumption for heating and ventilation of the pool hall, fresh water supply loss and heat demand for pool water heating. In this paper, a mathematical model of the swimming pool was made to assess energy demands of an indoor swimming pool building. The mathematical model of the swimming pool is used with the created multi-zone building model in TRNSYS software to determine pool hall energy demand and pool losses. Energy loss for pool water and pool hall heating and ventilation are analyzed for different target pool water and air temperatures. The simulation showed that pool water heating accounts for around 22%, whereas heating and ventilation of the pool hall for around 60% of the total pool hall heat demand. With a change of preset controller air and water temperatures in simulations, evaporation loss was in the range 46-54% of the total pool losses. A solar thermal sanitary hot water system was modelled and simulated to analyze it's potential for energy savings of the presented demand side model. The simulation showed that up to 87% of water heating demands could be met by the solar thermal system, while avoiding stagnation.

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Stańskowska, Emilia, Agnieszka Włodyka-Bergier und Tomasz Bergier. „Influence of Pool Detergents on Formation of Chloramines in Swimming Pool Water“. Geomatics and Environmental Engineering 13, Nr. 3 (2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geom.2019.13.3.93.

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20

Joce, R. E., J. Bruce, D. Kiely, N. D. Noah, W. B. Dempster, R. Stalker, P. Gumsley et al. „An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a swimming pool“. Epidemiology and Infection 107, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1991): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800049190.

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SUMMARYIn August 1988 an increase was noted in the number of cases of cryptosporidiosis identified by the microbiology laboratory at Doncaster Royal Infirmary. By 31 October, 67 cases had been reported. Preliminary investigations implicated the use of one of two swimming pools at a local sports centre and oocysts were identified in the pool water. Inspection of the pool revealed significant plumbing defects which had allowed ingress of sewage from the main sewer into the circulating pool water. Epidemiological investigation confirmed an association between head immersion and illness. The pools were closed when oocysts were identified in the water and extensive cleaning and repair work was undertaken. The pool water was retested for cryptosporidial oocysts and found to be negative before the pool re-opened.

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Schiemann, Donald A. „Experiences With Bacteriological Monitoring of Pool Water“. Infection Control 6, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1985): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700063505.

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AbstractA bacteriological study was completed on pools and whirlpools operated by hotels and private health clubs in the metropolitan area of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and fecal streptococci were found only when other indices showed a drastic deterioration in water quality. Aerobic plate counts were higher, and staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurred more often in whirlpools than in swimming pools. There was a correlation between aerobic plate counts and the presence of staphylococci and P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa was rare in swimming pools in the absence of staphylococci; however, in whirlpools the organism was often found in the absence of staphylococci, and when aerobic plate counts were low. P. aeruginosa and plate counts in excess of 3,000 per ml occurred more frequently in whirlpools when the free chlorine residual was less than one part per million. The surface film showed concentrations of staphylococci far greater than the pool water. Whirlpools appear to present a different ecosystem that favors the establishment of P. aeruginosa. Staphylococci, but not Staphylococcus aureus, are useful in indicators of pool water quality but better laboratory methodology is required. Additional attention should be directed to the bacteriology of the water surface film, which presents a more direct hazard to bathers.

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TAKAMASA, Tomoji, Koichi KONDO und Izuo AYA. „Flashing of High-Pressure Saturated Water into the Pool Water.“ Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan / Atomic Energy Society of Japan 39, Nr. 1 (1997): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesj.39.78.

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23

Suppes, Laura M., Ching-Hua Huang, Wan-Ning Lee und Kyle J. Brockman. „Sources of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in swimming pools“. Journal of Water and Health 15, Nr. 5 (26.07.2017): 829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.004.

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Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in swimming pool water are hypothesized to originate from fill water and anthropogenic sources like urine, sweat, swimwear and body surfaces. However, research exploring PPCP origins in pools is lacking. This research investigates PPCP sources at 31 swimming pools. Pool water was analyzed for 24 representative PPCPs using advanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. Fill water was analyzed as a contamination source and to determine if swimmers introduce PPCPs to pools. Results show every PPCP in fill water was present in pools except one, suggesting fill water is a PPCP source at pools. The presence of the antidepressant fluoxetine in 26% of pools and 0% of fill water indicates swimmers introduce pharmaceuticals. The flame retardant (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP)) was present 48% more frequently in pool than fill water, suggesting TCEP is introduced by body surfaces or swimwear. Enforcing showering and bathroom breaks is recommended to reduce PPCP contamination from swimmers.

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Davis, Tracynda L., Jon H. Standridge und Alan J. Degnan. „Bacteriological analysis of indoor and outdoor water parks in Wisconsin“. Journal of Water and Health 7, Nr. 3 (01.05.2009): 452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.028.

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Water parks are a rapidly growing element of the United States tourist industry. To reduce incidence of abrasion and impact injuries in such parks, designers are searching for padding materials that can withstand the harsh oxidative environments of chlorinated water. Although padded features help reduce physical injuries, they may also compromise the microbiological safety of water attractions. This study describes bacteriological testing performed on 31 different pad materials, play features and pools from 10 Wisconsin water parks. Materials and surrounding pool waters were sampled and tested quantitatively for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, E. coli 0157:H7, enterococci, staphylococci, heterotrophic bacteria, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using standard methods. Each location was sampled during three visits, and results were averaged. Pool waters were within acceptable levels of target organisms and disinfectant residuals, but target organisms were found on water features, even those submerged in chlorinated water. Bacteria were detected more frequently in pools using pad materials compared with pools without. These findings provide data that will help the public health community understand the relations between designs, materials and maintenance of water features. Additionally, the information will help state regulators and owner/operators develop guidelines to improve public health and safety at water parks.

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Pathak, Renu. „Studies on Algal Flora of Pool Water of Supataal and Devtaal of Jabalpur City“. Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, Nr. 8 (01.10.2011): 608–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/aug2013/194.

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Bernard, A. G. „Factors Influencing the Bacteriological Quality of Spa-Pool Waters in New South Wales (Australia)“. Water Science and Technology 21, Nr. 2 (01.02.1989): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0041.

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The increasing popularity in the use of spa pools during the 1970's and 1980's and the accompanying incidents of folliculitis and ear infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with spa-pool use has necessitated the development of bacteriological and chemical guidelines for spa-pool water quality. The New South Wales (N.S.W.) Department of Health introduced a bacteriological standard for swimming pools and spa-pools in 1981 based on the findings of a series of surveys aimed at identifying the principal factors influencing the bacteriological quality of spa waters. Four surveys are summarised in this paper. The major findings described are the tenfold higher recovery of P. aeruginosa from spa-pools than from outdoor pools; the need for at least 2.0 milligrams per litre (mg/L) free chlorine residual in order to achieve reliable satisfactory water quality in spas compared with a requirement of 1.0mg/L to achieve the same quality in outdoor pools; the need to maintain pH below 8.0 in order to ensure efficient chlorine disinfection; the apparent inability of bromochlorodimethylhydantoin to adequately disinfect spas during heavy bather load periods; and the success of the Health Department's spa-pool operator education program which resulted in a 30% reduction in the incidence of bacteriologically unsatisfactory spa-pool waters in N.S.W. between 1980 and 1986.

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Maglionico, Marco, und Irena Stojkov. „Water consumption in a public swimming pool“. Water Supply 15, Nr. 6 (02.07.2015): 1304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.095.

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Swimming pools are heavy consumers of potable water and energy in cities. Despite this, the lack of monitoring requirements produces a lack of references for their water consumption. This paper aims to fill this gap by presenting a case-study water consumption analysis of a public swimming pool in the city of Bologna (Italy). After upgrading the water fixtures and filters in summer 2012, consumption and attendance at the Cá Selvatica swimming pool were monitored. With an average daily attendance of 88.6 people/day, taking into account both personal and technical consumption, an overall per capita consumption of about 96.1 l/person/day was determined. The water demand for personal uses only (showers, toilets, etc.) was found to be about 44.6 l/person/day. These values can be used to assess retrofitting benefits and water consumption benchmarks.

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Arita, M. „Agents for disinfection of swimming pool water“. Zeolites 11, Nr. 3 (März 1991): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-2449(05)80267-2.

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Sasseville, D. „BROMINATED SWIMMING POOL WATER: CHLORINE-SENSITIVE BEWAREI“. Dermatitis 11, Nr. 2 (Juni 2000): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01206501-200006000-00055.

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Sasseville, D. „BROMINATED SWIMMING POOL WATER: CHLORINE-SENSITIVE BEWAREI“. American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 11, Nr. 2 (Juni 2000): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01634989-200006000-00055.

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Phillips, Charles R., und Bart Moulton. „Lung Water—The Pool of Evidence Deepens*“. Critical Care Medicine 41, Nr. 2 (Februar 2013): 673–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e318278b39f.

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Bøe, Runar. „Pool boiling of hydrocarbon mixtures on water“. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 41, Nr. 8-9 (April 1998): 1003–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(97)00221-4.

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Righetti, G., M. Calati, L. Doretti, K. Hooman und S. Mancin. „Water Pool boiling on Aluminum Metal Foams“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1599 (August 2020): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1599/1/012012.

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Betteridge, Steven. „Modelling large LNG pool fires on water“. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 56 (November 2018): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2018.08.008.

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Gariglio, Frank P., Daniele Tonina und Charles H. Luce. „Spatiotemporal variability of hyporheic exchange through a pool-riffle-pool sequence“. Water Resources Research 49, Nr. 11 (November 2013): 7185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20419.

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Nomura, Daiki, Daisuke Simizu, Suchana Chavanich, Hideo Shinagawa und Mitsuo Fukuchi. „An artificial pool experiment in Antarctic sea ice: effects of sea ice melting on physical and biogeochemical components of pool water“. Antarctic Science 24, Nr. 5 (16.05.2012): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102012000284.

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AbstractWe performed an artificial pool experiment in the Antarctic multi-year land-fast ice to examine and simulate the effect of sea ice melting on physical and biogeochemical components of the sea ice field. The input of snow and ice meltwater resulted in warmer, low salinity water at the surface of the pool and probably stratification of the less dense water. Current speed measurements also pointed to water stratification within the pool. Rapid phytoplankton growth in the pool resulted in drastic decreases in concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon and nutrients (NO3- and Si(OH)4) in the surface waters of the pool, particularly depleted for NO3-. There was high correlation between variations of dissolved inorganic carbon and nutrient concentrations, but the apparent uptake ratios of these components deviated from that generally applied to marine phytoplankton. The sequence of changes in the physical and biogeochemical components of the pool water suggests that the onset of rapid phytoplankton growth was closely related to the water stratification, which provided stable conditions for phytoplankton bloom even though the supply of nutrients from under-ice water would have declined.

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Liebersbach, Joanna, Alina Żabnieńska-Góra, Iwona Polarczyk und Marderos Ara Sayegh. „Feasibility of Grey Water Heat Recovery in Indoor Swimming Pools“. Energies 14, Nr. 14 (13.07.2021): 4221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144221.

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Swimming pools are used around the world for recreational, rehabilitation and physical activity. From an energy and environmental standpoint, grey water as a waste thermal potential of swimming pools is a valuable heat source produced continuously in extensive, measurable and large quantities. The main objective of this article is to analyse the feasibility of proposed grey water heat recovery (GWHR) system from the showers and backwater from swimming pool filters for an indoor pool located in recreation centre in Poland. Analysis, calculations and results were obtained and discussions of water and energy consumption were carried out for the mentioned indoor swimming pool on the basis of real measurements case study for water flow rate, water temperature in swimming pools and showers. The results ensure a significant potential of energy savings by using the proposed GWHR system, which allows to reduce the energy demand by 34% up to 67% for pool water preheating and domestic hot water (DHW). The environmental impact of proposed GWHR system was analysed and calculated by using Common Air Quality Index. Environmental results are illustrated and discussed specially for the reduction of CO2, NOX, SOX emissions and dust and ensure a significant reduction of these pollutants in range of 34% to 48%.

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Niziński, Przemysław, Patrycja Wiśniewska, Joanna Kończyk und Rajmund Michalski. „Perchlorate Levels in Polish Water Samples of Various Origin“. Separations 8, Nr. 4 (25.03.2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8040037.

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Perchlorate ion (ClO4−) is known as a potent endocrine disruptor and exposure to this compound can result in serious health issues. It has been found in drinking water, swimming pools, and surface water in many countries, however, its occurrence in the environment is still poorly understood. The information on perchlorate contamination of Polish waters is very limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess ClO4− content in bottled, tap, river, and swimming pool water samples from different regions of Poland and provide some data on the presence of perchlorate. We have examined samples of bottled, river, municipal, and swimming pool water using the IC–CD (ion chromatography–conductivity detection) method. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.43 µg/L and 1.42 µg/L, respectively, and they were both above the current health advisory levels in drinking water. The concentration of perchlorate were found to be 3.12 µg/L in one river water sample and from 6.38 to 8.14 µg/L in swimming pool water samples. Importantly, the level of perchlorate was below the limit of detection (LOD) in all bottled water samples. The results have shown that the determined perchlorate contamination in Polish drinking waters seems to be small, nevertheless, further studies are required on surface and river samples. The inexpensive, fast, and sensitive IC–CD method used in this study allowed for a reliable determination of perchlorate in the analyzed samples. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other studies seeking to assess the perchlorate content in Polish waters.

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R. Fulton, Graham. „Desert Water“. Pacific Conservation Biology 15, Nr. 4 (2009): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090234.

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About water. The photo in my mind is of a pool of permanent water in the desert fringe (Mileura Station). It was (and still is) called; Poonthoon Pool (see backcover for a picture of Poonthoon Pool. The water is salty more so than some bores. The why doesn?t matter. But it made a nice salty cup of tea, which some of the students in my company didn?t finish drinking even though they agreed with me that had they made soup with it the salt would have been advantageous. I only asked, ?Did the water boil?? Thus, it was safe to drink ? even better with soup. In some cities in Australia they are banning bottled water, because it is the most wasteful use of money and energy since the disposable razor. There are lessons to be learnt here. But, they are for you to evaluate.

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Myers, Thomas J., und Sherman Swanson. „Stochastic modeling of pool-to-pool structure in small Nevada rangeland streams“. Water Resources Research 33, Nr. 4 (April 1997): 877–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96wr03975.

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Powick, D. E. J. „Swimming Pools – Brief Outline of Water Treatment and Management“. Water Science and Technology 21, Nr. 2 (01.02.1989): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0043.

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A brief history of the development of swimming pool water treatment and management has been discussed, applicable to both large and small pools. An outline of typical bathing loads and current methods of water treatment has been presented with particular emphasis being given to disinfection. Chlorine has been the traditional sole disinfectant used since the 1920's but alternatives are continually being sought. Chief amongst the alternatives to date has been ozone, used in conjunction with chlorine. Ozone acts as a powerful oxidiser and disinfectant but has little residual effect. Chlorine is therefore used to provide a residual in the pool. Current British trends in pool design and treatment have been noted.

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Yalcuk, A., und S. Postalcioglu. „Evaluation of pool water quality of trout farms by fuzzy logic: monitoring of pool water quality for trout farms“. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 12, Nr. 5 (19.03.2014): 1503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0536-9.

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Zhang, Hang, Shu-Hai Liu und Hua-Ping Xiao. „Water Pool Behaviors of Water Lubricating for Glass/Steel Point Contact“. Lubricants 5, Nr. 3 (03.09.2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants5030036.

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Lim, Su Jin, Bopil Gim, Kamel Fezzaa und Byung Mook Weon. „Short time dynamics of water coalescence on a flat water pool“. Current Applied Physics 16, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2016): 1554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2016.08.013.

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Song, Jinxi, Dandong Cheng, Junlong Zhang, Yongqiang Zhang, Yongqing Long, Yan Zhang und Weibo Shen. „Estimating spatial pattern of hyporheic water exchange in slack water pool“. Journal of Geographical Sciences 29, Nr. 3 (08.02.2019): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1604-3.

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Tan, Sheng-guang, Xue-xin Liu, Guo-ping Zou, Xin-zhu Xiong und Shuang-cheng Tao. „Discussion on runoff purification technology of highway bridge deck based on water quality safety“. E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 03043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183803043.

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Aiming at the actual problems existing, including a poor purification effect of highway bridge runoff collection and treatment system across sensitive water and necessary manual emergency operation, three kinds of technology, three pools system of bridge runoff purification, the integral pool of bridge runoff purification and ecological planting tank, are put forward by optimizing the structure of purification unit and system setting. At the same time, we come up with an emergency strategy for hazardous material leakage basing on automatic identification and remote control of traffic accidents. On the basis of combining these with the optimized pool structure, sensitive water safety can be guaranteed and water pollution, from directly discharging of bridge runoff, can be decreased. For making up for the shortages of green highway construction technology, the technique has important reference value.

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Dewar, W. K., R. M. Samelson und G. K. Vallis. „The Ventilated Pool: A Model of Subtropical Mode Water“. Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, Nr. 2 (01.02.2005): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-2681.1.

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Abstract An analytical model of subtropical mode water is presented, based on ventilated thermocline theory and on numerical solutions of a planetary geostrophic basin model. In ventilated thermocline theory, the western pool is a region bounded on the east by subsurface streamlines that outcrop at the western edge of the interior, and in which additional dynamical assumptions are necessary to complete the solution. Solutions for the western pool were originally obtained under the assumption that the potential vorticity of the subsurface layer was homogenized. In the present theory, it is instead assumed that all of the water in the pool region is ventilated and, therefore, that all the Sverdrup transport is carried in the uppermost, outcropping layer. The result is the formation of a deep, vertically homogeneous, fluid layer in the northwest corner of the subtropical gyre that extends from the surface to the base of the ventilated thermocline. This ventilated pool is an analog of the observed subtropical mode waters. The pool also has the interesting properties that it determines its own boundaries and affects the global potential vorticity–pressure relationship. When there are multiple outcropping layers, ventilated pool fluid is subducted to form a set of nested annuli in ventilated, subsurface layers, which are the deepest subducted layers in the ventilated thermocline.

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Mustapha, Saheed, Jimoh Oladejo Tijani, Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso, Saka Ambali Abdulkareem, Shuaib Damola Taye, Abdul Kabir Mohammed und Azeezah Taiwo Amigun. „The Occurrence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Swimming Pools: An Overview“. Environmental Health Insights 15 (Januar 2021): 117863022110365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302211036520.

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The occurrence of several disinfectant byproducts has been investigated in swimming pools. Until now, there are only a few studies on nitrosamine, particularly N-nitrosodimethylamine in swimming pool water. This could be due to the lack of a suitable method that is sensitive enough for the measurement of N-nitrosodimethylamine in pool waters. Other disinfectant byproducts formed in pool water widely documented are trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, halonitromethanes, and chloramines but inadequate information on N-nitrosodimethylamine. This paper provides a review of the nitrogenous disinfectant byproduct in swimming pools and its health implications. Anthropogenic substances introduced by swimmers such as sweat, lotions, and urine contribute to the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine. The reaction of secondary amines such as dimethylamine with mono/dichloroamines produced dimethyl hydrazine and further undergo oxidation to form N-nitrosodimethylamine. The reaction of chlorine and other disinfectants with these anthropogenic sources in swimming pools cause cancer and asthma in human tissues. Thus, the assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in the swimming pool is less well documented. Therefore, the health consequences, mutagenic, and genotoxic potentials of N-nitrosodimethylamine should be the focus of more research studies.

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Lam, Steven, Bhairavi Sivaramalingam und Harshani Gangodawilage. „Cryptosporidium outbreaks associated with swimming pools“. Environmental Health Review 57, Nr. 01 (01.03.2014): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5864/d2014-011.

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Acute gastrointestinal illness is a common and preventable public health issue. Exposure to recreational water, such as in swimming pools, is a risk factor for acute gastrointestinal illness. Serious outbreaks of water-borne diseases in Canada are rare but can pose a significant threat to human health. Cryptosporidium is one of the most common infectious agents causing pool-related outbreaks. Pool fouling, lack of education and training, inadequate pool structures, and lack of disinfection equipment have been linked to outbreaks of Cryptosporidium. To minimize the burden of swimming pool related outbreaks, interventions should include pool structure alterations, increased surveillance and reporting of swimming pool associated diseases, and public education regarding the risk of swimming pool infections.

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Petrescu, Cristina, und Calin Muntean. „POOL WATER OVERCHLORINATION IN TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA: CASE-STUDY“. Proceedings of CBU in Medicine and Pharmacy 1 (16.11.2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/pmp.v1.101.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study conducted was to investigate residual chlorine concentrations in pool water from Timis County, Romania over two years (2016-2017). MATERIAL OF STUDY consisted of a sample of 50 pools from Timis County from which were collected and analyzed 154 water tests. THE METHOD was an observational inquiry (case-study) of the residual chlorine concentrations considering spatial and temporal distribution and comparing with actual standards (4 groups of residual chlorine concentrations were considered). RESULTS: Average concentrations of residual chlorine exceeded 0,5mg/l in 30 investigated pools. Monthly mean concentrations of residual chlorine exceeded 0.5mg/l 20 of the 24 months of the investigation period. The maximum value of residual chlorine monthly mean concentration was recorded in July, 2017 and the highest average concentration at the pool I3. An Anova Oneway analysis indicated a statistically significant difference (F=30.312, Sig.0.000) between the 4 groups of residual chlorine concentrations: over 1.5 mg/l / (0-0.5mg/l, Sig.000; 0.5-1mg/l, Sig.0.001, 1-1.5mg/l, Sig.0.009). CONCLUSION: There is an over-chlorination of pool water of Timis County, Romania, with spatial and temporal variation and statistically significant differences between groups of residual chlorine concentrations.

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