Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Polydextrose“

PURPOSE: To investigate whether polydextrose stimulates iron absorption in rats submitted to partial gastrectomy and sham operated. METHODS: The rats were submitted to partial gastrectomy (Billroth II) or laparotomy (sham-operated control), in groups of 20 and 20 each respectively. The animals were fed with a control diet (AIN-93M) without polydextrose or a diet containing polydextrose (50g/Kg of diet) for eight weeks. They were divided into four subgroups: sham-operated and Billroth II gastrectomy and with or without polydextrose. Two animals died during the experiment. All rats submitted to gastrectomy received B-12 vitamin (intramuscular) each two weeks. The hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were measured at the start and on day 30 and 56 after the beginning of the experimental period. At the end of the study, the blood was collected for determination of serum iron concentration. RESULTS: The diet with polydextrose reduced the excretion of iron. Apparent iron absorption was higher in the polydextrose fed groups than in the control group. The haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration were lower after Billroth II gastrectomy rats fed the control diet as compared to the polydextrose diet groups. CONCLUSION: Polydextrose increase iron absorption and prevents postgastrectomy anemia.

Polydextrose is a potential prebiotic, but has not been well tested in dogs. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of polydextrose on faecal characteristics, microbial populations and fermentative end products in healthy adult dogs. A total of eight adult hound dogs (3·5 (sem0·5) years; 20 (sem0·5) kg) were randomly allotted to one of four test diets containing the following concentrations of polydextrose: (1) 0 % (control); (2) 0·5 %; (3) 1·0 %; or (4) 1·5 %. A Latin square design was used, with each treatment period lasting 14 d (days 0–10 adaptation; days 11–14 fresh and total faecal collection). All dogs were fed to maintain body weight. Data were evaluated for linear and quadratic effects using SAS software. Although apparent total tract DM digestibility was unaffected, total tract crude protein digestibility tended to decrease (P < 0·10) linearly with increasing dietary polydextrose concentrations. Fresh faecal DM percentage tended to decrease (P < 0·10) linearly, while faecal scores increased (P < 0·05; looser stools) with increasing dietary concentrations of polydextrose. Faecal acetate, propionate and total SCFA concentrations increased (P < 0·05) linearly with increased dietary polydextrose. Faecal pH decreased (P < 0·05) linearly with increasing polydextrose. Faecal indole tended to decrease (P < 0·10) linearly with increasing polydextrose, but other faecal protein catabolites were not changed. FaecalClostridium perfringenslinearly decreased (P < 0·05) with increasing dietary polydextrose concentrations, butEscherichia coli,Lactobacillusspp. andBifidobacteriumspp. were not affected. Based on the present results, polydextrose appears to act as a highly fermentable fibre, but requires further research to test its potential as a prebiotic in dogs.

Polydextrose is used in several countries as a low caloric sugar and fat substitute (bulking agent). It is prepared by condensation of glucose, D-glucitol, and citric acid (89:10:1). The resulting condensation product has no chemically defined structure but it represents a mixture of polymerisation products. The determination of polydextrose in butter is complicated owing to a large excess of fats and to the presence of other compounds, mainly proteins. FT-IR spectroscopy seems to be a satisfying method for the detection of polydextrose in samples derived from food products. The presence of polydextrose in butter was verified after the removal of fats by extraction with petroleum ether and deproteinisation with Sevag reagent, CHCl3/<i>n</i>-butanol (v/v = 4:1) mixture, or trichlorocetic acid. The solid fraction of butter and butter containing a known amount of polydextrose were prepared and analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy. IR marker bands of polydextrose centred at 1150, 1076 and 1040 cm^&minus;1 were found only in the case of the sample of butter with polydextrose.

AbstractThe short-term effect of soya protein, polydextrose and their combination on energy intake (EI) was investigated in Chinese. In total, twenty-seven healthy, normotensive and lean Chinese men aged 21–40 years were given four different soyabean curd preloads with or without polydextrose. The study was a repeated-measure, randomised, cross-over design. The consumption of high-protein soyabean curd alone or in addition with polydextrose as a preload led to greater reduction in EI at a subsequent meal. A similar observation was also found after intake of low-protein soyabean curd with polydextrose. The gut hormone responses mirrored the reduction in food intake. It appears that incorporation of polydextrose either with low- or high-protein soyabean curd could be a potential strategy to reduce EI and assist with weight management. The popular consumption of soyabean curd in Chinese makes it an ideal vehicle for incorporation of polydextrose. This evidence-based dietary approach can serve as a guideline for developing functional foods for weight reduction and weight maintenance.

In this study, the hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of high-polydextrose snack food on Swiss albino mice were investigated. The mice were randomly divided into three groups: control diet, high-fat diet, and high-fat and fiber diet groups. Addition of high-polydextrose snack to the high-fat diet resulted in significant reduction in the liver weight, the accumulation of lipid droplets in liver, and the liver damage of hyperlipidemic mice in comparison with the high-fat diet. The high-polydextrose snack also decreased the content of total triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in the mice serum. In addition, the high-polydextrose snack significantly increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol content of the hyperlipidemic mice. Consequently, use of high-polydextrose snack generated hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects on hyperlipidemic mice.

Two thermal analysis techniques &ndash; Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Differential thermal analysis (DTA), &ndash; were used to study the cryoprotective effects of polydextrose on chicken surimi. The samples of chicken surimi were mixed with: (a) different mass fractions of polydextrose (w = 2&ndash;10%), (b) &kappa;-carrageenan (w = 0.5%) and different mass fractions of polydextrose (w = 2&ndash;10%), and (c) NaCl (w = 2%) and different mass fractions of polydextrose (w = 2&ndash;10%). Chicken surimi was produced following a modified procedure of Dawson et al. (1988) on a broiler (Sasso, 12 weeks, and 1.73 kg live wt.), that was quickly frozen and stored for 3 months at &ndash;25&deg;C. Initial freezing point (_^Ti), thermal transition temperature (T_p), and denaturation enthalpy (&Delta;H) were evaluated. The greatest effects of the cryoscopic depression of the initial freezing point T_i were exhibited by the samples of chicken surimi with added 2% NaCl and 10% polydextrose. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed a shift in the thermal transition temperature of myosin and actin to a higher temperature as the mass fraction of polydextrose increased. Since the denaturation enthalpy is directly related to the amount of native proteins, higher values of &Delta;H indicate higher cryoprotective effects of polydextrose. &nbsp;

Polydextrose is a randomly bonded glucose polymer with a highly branched and complex structure. It resists digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and is partially fermented in the large intestine by the colonic microbes. Due to its complex structure, a plethora of microbes is required for the catabolism of polydextrose and this process occurs slowly. This gradual fermentation of polydextrose gives rise to moderate amounts of fermentation products, such as short chain fatty acids and gas. The production of these metabolites continues in the distal part of the colon, which is usually considered to be depleted of saccharolytic fermentation substrates. The fermentation of polydextrose modifies the composition of the microbiota in the colon, and has been shown to impact appetite and satiety in humans and improve the gastrointestinal function. The purpose of this short review is to summarise the in vitro, in vivo and human studies investigating the fermentation properties of polydextrose in the large intestine.

This study deals with development of a "dulce de leche" (DL) with coffee, with low caloric content and functional properties. Through rotational central composite design, eleven DLs were formulated with different polydextrose and sucralose levels. The results were analyzed by means of response surface and ANOVA. The addition of polydextrose led to the increase in moisture and water activity and reduction in the ash and soluble solids contents. In the formulations with greater levels of sucralose and polydextrose, there was an increase in the ash, acid and fiber content. Greater yield was achieved with greater concentrations of polydextrose and less substitution of sucrose by sucralose, allowing development of a new functional product with low caloric content.

Notre travail a consiste en la caracterisation d'un polyglucose issu de la polymerisation de glucose en presence d'acide sulfurique fabrique par la societe roquette et d'un polydextrose obtenu par polymerisation de glucose et de sorbitol en presence d'acide citrique commercialise par la societe pfizer. Le developpement d'une approche semi-quantitative par electrospray (es) et par matrix assisted laser desorption (mald) ayant pour but de determiner les parametres de distribution, a necessite l'optimisation des conditions experimentales. La comparaison avec la technique de chromatographie de filtration sur gel, nous a aide a mieux comprendre les phenomenes de desorption-ionisation des oligosaccharides constituants des polymeres plus ou moins disperses. Parallelement, nous avons realise une approche structurale des polymeres qui se presentent a chaque degre de polymerisation en familles d'oligosaccharides de nature chimique differente. Le polyglucose roquette est constitue d'homoglucoses et d'oligosaccharides a anhydroglucose alors que le polydextrose pfizer est compose des oligosaccharides precedents, d'oligosaccharides a alditol et d'oligosaccharides a anhydrosorbitol
Nous avons mis en evidence la condensation du 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (hmf) et de l'acide levulinique sur les monomeres. Les produits obtenus, precurseurs des substances humiques et colorees, sont en tres faibles quantites. La gc/ms (ci) a fourni des informations relatives aux liaisons et aux taux de substitution des residus de glucose et nous a permis de realiser l'etude structurale fine de la totalite des dp2. La rmn a mis en evidence la predominance des liaisons en (1-6) dans les deux polymeres. La derniere partie de notre travail a consiste en un fractionnement des polymeres par amination reductive et a leur caracterisation par mald. L'extreme heterogeneite de structure des polymeres a contribue a mieux comprendre la relation structure / fonction des polydextroses et notamment leur appellation de substituts basse-calorie de sucre et de matieres grasses

Full and partial substitution of sucrose with polydextrose, and its effects on properties of batters and structure development of cakes were studied. Although substitution levels around 25% did not alter the properties of the system, higher levels of replacement resulted in significant changes in batter and cake properties. The effects of sucrose replacement by polydextrose on starch gelatinization and egg protein denaturation temperatures were studied by differential scanning calorimetry in model systems. Experiments showed that polydextrose raises gelatinization temperature more than sucrose. No significant difference was found between the two solutes with respect to their effect on egg protein denaturation. Dynamic oscillatory experiments showed that the viscoelastic profile of cake batters is altered when polydextrose is used to replace sucrose. A clear tendency towards permanent deformation and fluid-like behaviour was observed with increasing levels of replacement by polydextrose. Changes in rheological properties of batters with increasing polydextrose concentration were related to bubble size and distribution of cake batters. Microscopical techniques were developed to assess the foam characteristics of batters, before and during heating. Increasing level of replacement increased the mean size of bubbles and introduced large variation in bubble size distribution. The lack of uniformity in bubble distribution of polydextrose batters increased the rate of gas diffusion from the small bubbles to larger ones. During heating, bubble population of conventional batters expanded more than that of polydextrose substituted batters. Changes in bubble expansion rates resulted in cakes of lower volume with increasing levels of replacement. Assessment of textural properties of cakes indicated that sucrose replacement at levels around 50% or greater contributes to weakening the mechanical strength of crumb structure. Scanning electron microscopy of crumb samples demonstrated changes on the degree of starch granules swelling, cell wall structure and matrix development, as a result of sucrose replacement by polydextrose

The market drive to develop lite foods in Australia. Extensive research has been conducted in the area of dairy products and processed meats. Some research has been carried out on cookies, crackers and cakes, whilst little has been done on plain sweet biscuits. As plain sweet biscuits have a considerable share of the Australian biscuit market, the potential for reducing sugar and fat in this variety was investigated. The functional properties of polydextrose as a sugar and a fat replacer were also determined. Replacements of up to 100% sugar and 50% fat were separately achieved using polydextrose without significantly affecting sensory acceptability. Up to 20% fat was successfully removed from the formulation containing 100% polydextrose in replacement for sugar. The total energy was reduced, with the energy contribution from fat being below, whilst sugar was slightly above the NH and MRC dietary targets
Master of Science (Hons)

Master of Science
Department of Food Science
J. Scott Smith
The prevalence of diabetes along with the perceived impact of sugar on health in general has increased the demand for reduced-sugar and sugar-free baked products. Cakes typically contain large quantities of sucrose which affects not only flavor but also color, volume, and texture. This study evaluated the effect of replacing sucrose in white layer cakes with polydextrose and two artificial sweeteners: sucralose and stevia extract. White layer cakes were made using AACCI Method 10-90.01. Batter properties were evaluated by measuring specific gravity. Volume index was measured using a cake template (AACCI Method 10-91.01). Slice area, number of cells, number of holes, and wall thickness of the crumb were calculated and recorded using C-Cell Cake Imaging system. Control batter made with 135% water had a specific gravity of 0.90 g/cc and a cake volume index of 112. The cakes had a nicely golden brown, shiny surface. The crumb grain was fine with an even cell distribution. Optimum water level and baking time were obtained for each cake variation. Although replacing sucrose with polydextrose had no significant effect on specific gravity (p>0.05), a 25% replacement resulted in a cake with a volume index of 110, 50% with an index of 105, 75% with an index of 103, and 100% with an index of 97. The crumb grain was similar to the control cake. Adding sucralose and stevia yielded similar results, where lower volumes were recorded as polydextrose and sucralose/stevia were increased in the cake formula. Complete replacement of sucrose with polydextrose and sucralose or polydextrose and stevia produced an acceptable volume of cake. The number of holes and wall thickness of the crumb was not significantly different in any cake variation. Therefore, polydextrose and both sucralose and stevia are suitable as sucrose replacers in cakes. Key indexing terms: cakes, polydextrose, stevia, sucralose.

The object of this research was to determine if an acceptable angel food cake alternative could be produced that had reduced calories and sucrose content. This was accomplished through replacing sucrose in meringue, angel food cake batter, and baked angel food cakes with polydextrose and either sucralose, acesulfame-K, or Rebaudioside A at different replacement levels (25, 50, 75, 100%). Meringue and cake batter properties were measured using rheological techniques. Baked angel food cakes were analyzed based on height, weight loss, moisture content, color, and TPA analysis. With meringue batter, 100% sucrose replacement was unacceptable since undissolved polydextrose made analyzing and end products impractical. While 75% sucralose and acesulfame-K sucrose replacement exhibited comparable air incorporation to the sucrose control in cake batter, baked angel food cakes showed a decrease in functional properties. Polydextrose was likely the cause. 25% sucralose and acesulfame-K sucrose replacement were no different from sucrose cakes in regards to height, overall textural appearance, crumb pore size, and hardness. These cakes resulted in an overall calorie reduction of 18.7%. In every experiment, Rebaudioside A replacement treatments exhibited trends opposite of sucralose and acesulfame-K treatments. Rebaudioside A treatments performed the worst for rheological properties and TPA analysis.

The market drive to develop lite foods in Australia. Extensive research has been conducted in the area of dairy products and processed meats. Some research has been carried out on cookies, crackers and cakes, whilst little has been done on plain sweet biscuits. As plain sweet biscuits have a considerable share of the Australian biscuit market, the potential for reducing sugar and fat in this variety was investigated. The functional properties of polydextrose as a sugar and a fat replacer were also determined. Replacements of up to 100% sugar and 50% fat were separately achieved using polydextrose without significantly affecting sensory acceptability. Up to 20% fat was successfully removed from the formulation containing 100% polydextrose in replacement for sugar. The total energy was reduced, with the energy contribution from fat being below, whilst sugar was slightly above the NH and MRC dietary targets

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar diferentes formulações de sorbets probióticos e simbióticos a base de polpa de juçara (Euterpe edulis), de modo a combinar os efeitos benéficos à saúde dos compostos fenólicos deste fruto com os benefícios dos probióticos e prebióticos. Para isso, foram utilizados os microrganismos L. acidophilus e L. paracasei e a fibra polidextrose, além da elaboração de uma amostra controle sem tais elementos para efeito de comparação. Primeiramente, a polpa de juçara pasteurizada utilizada na produção dos sorbets foi avaliada de acordo com suas características físico-químicas e seus compostos bioativos, tendo apresentado resultados adequados para o emprego na matriz alimentícia em questão. Em seguida, os sorbets foram caracterizados através de diversos parâmetros. Assim, a análise centesimal mostrou sorbets com alto índice de carboidratos e baixo valor calórico, enquanto os teores de sólidos solúveis apresentaram-se coerentes em todas as formulações analisadas. Os valores de overrun e densidade aparente relevaram que a incorporação de ar dos sorbets não foi tão elevada quanto de um sorvete lácteo, embora as amostras adicionadas de polidextrose - capaz de mimetizar as propriedades de corpo e espessamento da gordura - tenham obtido resultados mais próximos aos gelados tradicionais. Foram ainda mensurados os efeitos do armazenamento dos produtos a -18 °C durante 120 dias, através de avaliações de pH, coloração instrumental, estabilidade dos compostos fenólicos e antocianinas e viabilidade dos probióticos. O pH das amostras manteve-se constante durante todo o experimento, com valores entre 4,4 e 4,8, enquanto os parâmetros de coloração caracterizaram as amostras como vermelhas e apontaram tendência à perda de luminosidade. Já os polifenóis e antocianinas apresentaram teores elevados, decorrentes da adição da polpa de juçara, sem a ocorrência de degradação destes compostos ao longo da estocagem das amostras sob congelamento. As populações de ambos os microrganismos adicionados apresentaram-se estáveis em cerca de 8 log UFC/ g durante todo o período de armazenamento, o que corresponde a um resultado bastante satisfatório e superior ao recomendado pela legislação brasileira. Por outro lado, a sobrevivência in vitro de tais probióticos quando submetidos aos fluidos gastrointestinais não apresentou resultados adequados para a garantia da funcionalidade destes produtos, com queda de viabilidade superior a 4 ciclos logarítmicos. A aceitabilidade sensorial e intenção de compra apresentaram resultados positivos para todas as formulações, com maior aceitação das amostras probióticas em relação ao controle e menor interesse pelas amostras com adição de prebiótico. Tal resultado demonstra que a incorporação destas bactérias em sorbets de juçara é capaz de melhorar a qualidade do produto, enquanto a adição de polidextrose pode diminuir sua aceitabilidade nas condições empregadas. Em síntese, os sorbets elaborados apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, demonstrando a viabilidade na produção deste tipo de alimento funcional adicionado de probióticos, prebiótico e rico em polifenóis, sendo a combinação de tais elementos capaz de potencializar os efeitos benéficos destes compostos e trazer vantagens fundamentais à microbiota intestinal e à saúde de quem os consome.
This work aimed to develop and evaluate different formulations of probiotic and synbiotic jussara (Euterpe edulis) sorbets in order to combine the beneficial effects of the fenolic compounds of this fruit with the benefits of probiotics and prebiotics. For this, the microorganisms L. acidophilus and L. paracasei and the fiber polydextrose were used and a control sample without such elements was developed for comparison. First, the pasteurized jussara pulp used in the production of sorbets was evaluated according to its physicochemical characteristics and its bioactive compounds and the results obtained showed that it was appropriate for employment in the food matrix. Then, sorbets were characterized by various parameters. The centesimal composition showed high levels of carbohydrates and low caloric value, while the soluble solids content were consistent in all analyzed formulations. The overrun and apparent density values showed that the air incorporated into sorbets was not as high as a dairy ice cream, although the samples with polydextrose - able to mimic the body and thickening properties of fat - have obtained results closer to traditional ice cream. The effects of storage of the products at -18 ° C for 120 days were also measured by pH assessments, instrumental color, stability of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins and viability of probiotics. The pH of the samples remained constant throughout the experiment, with values between 4.4 and 4.8, while the color parameters characterized the samples as red and showed a tendency to lose brightness. The levels of polyphenols and anthocyanins were elevated as a result of the addition of jussara pulp, without degradation of these compounds during storage of samples under freezing. The populations of both added microorganisms were stable at about 8 log CFU/ g throughout the storage period, which is a very satisfactory result and better than the recommended by Brazilian legislation. On the other hand, in vitro survival of the probiotics through simulated gastrointestinal fluids did not present appropriate results to guarantee the functionality of these products, with decrease of viability higher than 4 log cycles. The sensory acceptability and purchase intent showed positive results for all formulations, with greater acceptance of probiotic samples compared to control and less interest in the samples with prebiotic. This result demonstrates that the incorporation of these bacteria in jussara sorbets is able to improve the quality of the product while the addition of polydextrose may decrease the acceptability in conditions employed. In short, sorbets showed satisfactory results, demonstrating the viability of production of functional food with addition of probiotics, prebiotics and rich in polyphenols. The combination of these elements can enhance the beneficial effects and bring fundamental benefits to intestinal microbiota and to health of those who consume them.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Research has demonstrated that ice cream may be an appropriate vehicle for probiotic microorganisms and some prebiotic substances. Also, the widespread acceptance of ice cream, both by infantile, juvenile and adult public as well as by the elderly, and the increase of its consumption encourage the continuation of applied studies for developing functional ice cream. However, current researches refer mostly to the viability of probiotic micro-organisms during the product s storage period, while references of the survival of these micro-organisms under gastrointestinal conditions, essential to confirm the product efficacy, occur less frequently. The aim of this study was to develop symbiotic ice creams and to investigate the survival of Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc-37 under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Four ice cream samples were developed, one probiotic and three symbiotic (these, including Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc-37 and inulin, oligofructose or polydextrose). The ice cream samples were analyzed for physical (overrun), chemical and nutritional (pH, lactic acid, total solids, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates and calorie level) and sensory characteristics (acceptability, preference, consumption frequency and taste and flavor intensity). Microbiological analysis comprised counts of viable probiotic micro-organisms in ice cream and its survival under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, carried out monthly during the period of 90 days. L. paracasei LPC-37 showed resistance to technological processes for in the obtention of ice cream, stability during the storage of product and resistence in vitro to the stress in the gastrointestinal tract. Inulin and polydextrose played a protective activity for probiotic micro-organism, elevating their final survival rates under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The soluble fibers added into the ice cream contributed to a proportional fat reduction and consequently decreasing calorie levels. Effects on sensory attributes, when occurred, ensured the prominence of ice cream with inulin added, followed by those with polydextrose added. Therefore, the inclusion of L. paracasei Lpc-37 in ice cream shows technological viability and ability to do its functional role in the colon, estimated in vitro. Additionally, inulin and polydextrose improve functional, nutritional and sensory properties in symbiotic ice cream. Results extend the possibilities of development of functional foods, as the developed ice cream meets the consumer s expectations for attractive and healthy products
Pesquisas vêm demonstrando que o sorvete pode ser um veículo adequado para microorganismos probióticos e para algumas substâncias prebióticas. Aliados a este aspecto, a ampla aceitação dos sorvetes, tanto por parte do público infantil, infanto-juvenil e adulto quanto do público da terceira idade, e o crescimento do seu consumo interno, estimulam a continuidade de estudos visando ao desenvolvimento de sorvetes funcionais. Estudos direcionados ao desenvolvimento se sorvetes probióticos, prebióticos e simbióticos buscam prioritariamente o estudo da viabilidade de micro-organismos probióticos e seus efeitos durante o período de armazenamento do produto. Entretanto, referências à sobrevivência destes micro-organismos sob as condições gastrointestinais quando incorporados nesta matriz láctea, essenciais para a comprovação da eficácia do produto, ocorrem em menor frequência. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver sorvetes simbióticos e investigar a sobrevivência de Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc-37 às condições gastrointestinais simuladas. Foram desenvolvidos quatro sorvetes, sendo um probiótico e três simbióticos (estes, incluindo Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc-37 e inulina, oligofrutose ou polidextrose). Os sorvetes foram analisados quanto às suas características físicas (overrun), químicas e nutricionais (pH, ácido láctico, sólidos totais, cinzas, proteínas, gorduras, carboidratos e valor energético) e sensoriais (aceitabilidade, preferência, intenção de consumo e intensidade de gosto e sabor). A análise microbiológica compreendeu as contagens de micro-organismos probióticos viáveis em sorvete e sobreviventes às condições gastrointestinais simuladas, realizadas mensalmente durante o período de 90 dias. L. paracasei Lpc-37 apresentou resistência aos processos tecnológicos para obtenção de sorvete, estabilidade durante o período de armazenamento do produto e habilidade de resistência in vitro ao estresse gastrointestinal. Inulina e polidextrose desempenharam atividade protetora ao micro-organismo probiótico, elevando seus índices finais de sobrevivência in vitro às condições gastrointestinais simuladas. As fibras solúveis estudadas contribuíram para uma redução proporcional de gorduras nos sorvetes delas adicionados e consequente redução calórica. Efeitos aos atributos sensoriais, quando ocorreram, garantiram o destaque dos sorvetes adicionados de inulina, seguido daqueles adicionados de polidextrose. Portanto, a inclusão de L. paracasei Lpc-37 em sorvete apresentou viabilidade tecnológica e condições para cumprir seu papel funcional no colón, estimada em ensaio in vitro. Adicionalmente, inulina e polidextrose conferiram melhorias sob os aspectos funcionais, nutricionais e sensoriais de sorvete simbiótico. Os resultados obtidos ampliam as possibilidades de desenvolvimento de alimentos funcionais, uma vez que os sorvetes desenvolvidos contemplam com as expectativas dos consumidores por produtos simultaneamente atrativos e saudáveis.

Orientador: Fernanda Paula Collares
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O pão de queijo, um produto tipicamente brasileiro, é considerado um produto de panificação que não contém glúten, pois em sua formulação não é utilizada farinha de trigo e sim fécula nativa de mandioca ou fécula de mandioca fermentada naturalmente e/ou modificada. Devido ao seu alto teor de carboidratos, possui grande aceitabilidade e pode ser utilizado por pessoas portadoras de doença celíaca. O alto consumo deste produto no Brasil e a procura crescente dos consumidores por produtos alimentícios não somente nutritivos e saborosos, mas que também tragam benefício à saúde, estimula o estudo da incorporação de ingredientes nutricionais e funcionais à massa de pão de queijo que não afetem suas propriedades reológicas, físicas e sensoriais. O objetivo deste trabalho, portanto, foi avaliar o efeito da incorporação de componentes nutricionais e funcionais, como o isolado protéico de soja e a polidextrose, na qualidade da massa e do pão de queijo assado, com e sem adição de fécula de mandioca pré-gelatinizada, visando determinar quais dos teores adicionados de cada um destes ingredientes conferem as melhores características físicas e sensoriais ao pão de queijo. Para atingir este objetivo, o trabalho foi dividido em três etapas: (i) avaliação do teor adequado de fécula de mandioca e polvilho azedo adicionado à formulação de pão de queijo, através da determinação de suas propriedades físicas, reológicas e sensoriais; (ii) análise do efeito combinado dos ingredientes nutricionais e funcionais incorporados à massa de pão de queijo com diferentes teores de fécula de mandioca e polvilho azedo, com e sem a etapa de escaldamento, nas suas propriedades reológicas, físicas e sensoriais, utilizando a metodologia de superfície de resposta; (iii) caracterização física, química, reológica e sensorial das formulações de pão de queijo, com e sem a adição de fécula de mandioca pré-gelatinizada, escolhidas no item anterior. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, massas elaboradas com teores de 70% e 100% de fécula de mandioca apresentaram maiores consistências em U.F. em relação às massas elaboradas com altos teores de polvilho azedo, durante o processo de mistura similado no farinógrafo Brabender. Os pães de queijo elaborados com altos teores de polvilho azedo apresentam coeficientes de expansão de até 80,00%, sendo que os pães elaborados com fécula de mandioca apresentaram valor máximo de expansão de 66,67%. Devido a este poder de expansão apresentado pelos pães de queijo elaborados com polvilho azedo, a força de compressão (textura dos pães) obtida foi de 7,85% a 28,40% menor à reportada para pães de queijo elaborados com fécula de mandioca. Sensorialmente, os pães de queijo elaborados com altos teores de fécula de mandioca apresentaram as maiores médias em relação aos atributos de aceitação geral, textura, cor e sabor em comparação com os pães de queijo com altos teores de polvilho azedo, que segundo os provadores lembra o biscoito de polvilho. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, foi possível a determinação de um modelo matemático para o volume específico dos pães de queijo elaborados com adição de fécula de mandioca pré-gelatinizada, e para o ângulo de tonalidade do miolo (h) de pães de queijo elaborados sem adição de fécula de mandioca prégelatinizada, explicando a interação que existe entre as variáveis (fécula de mandioca, polvilho azedo, isolado protéico de soja e polidextrose). O modelo matemático do volume mostra que a utilização de teores entre 79,76% e 100% de polvilho azedo, 5,50% de isolado protéico de soja e teores abaixo de 1,03% de polidextrose confere grandes volumes ao pão de queijo, assim como teores de 0,00% de polvilho azedo, 5,50% de isolado protéico de soja e teores de polidextrose acima de 5,07%. Para o ângulo de tonalidade (h), o modelo matemático determinou que a utilização dos valores extremos, teores mínimo e máximo, de polvilho azedo (0,00% e 100,00%) com teores de 0,00% a 9,00% de isolado protéico de soja e teores médios de polidextrose (2,21%) na formulação de pão de queijo, conferiu altos ângulos de tonalidade do miolo. Os parâmetros de textura, luminosidade e saturação da cor da crosta e do miolo dos pães de queijo, com e sem a adição de fécula de mandioca prégelatinizada, não apresentaram diferença significativa (p=0,05), sendo que a elaboração de pães de queijo utilizando concentrações na faixa estudada não produz alterações na qualidade do produto. Na última etapa do trabalho, duas formulações de pão de queijo, selecionadas na 2a etapa considerando os escores sensoriais de aparência geral, textura, aroma e sabor, foram caracterizadas física, química, reológica e sensorialmente, sendo que as duas formulações apresentaram diferença significativa (p=0,05) no perfil reológico da massa, no volume, textura e cor dos pães de queijo assados, mas sensorialmente foram igualmente aceitas pelos consumidores, quanto à aparência geral, cor do miolo, textura, aroma e sabor
Abstract: ¿Pao de queijo¿ (cheese bread), a typically Brazilian product, is considered a gluten-free bakery product, as its formulation does not contain wheat flour but native cassava starch, naturally fermented and/or modified. Due to its high content of carbohydrates, it has great acceptance and can be consumed by individuals who suffer from celiac disease. The high consumption of this product in Brazil and the growing demand, by consumers, of food products that are not only nutritious and tasty, but also bring health benefits, stimulates the study of the incorporation of nutritional and functional ingredients to cheese bread doughs, which do not affect its rheological, physical and sensorial properties. The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of the nutritional and functional components, such as soy protein isolate and the polydextrose, on the quality of cheese bread dough and of baked cheese bread, with or without the addition of pre-gelatinized cassava starch, with the objective of determining the contents of each of these ingredients that confer the best physical and sensorial characteristics to cheese bread. In order to achieve this objective, the study was divided in three phases: (i) evaluation of the appropriate content of cassava starch and sour cassava starch added to the formulation, by determining physical, rheological and sensorial properties; (ii) analysis of the combined effect of functional and nutritional ingredients incorporated to the cheese bread dough with different contents of cassava starch and sour cassava starch, with and without the scalding process, on rheological, physical and sensorial properties, using the response surface methodology; (iii) physical, chemical and rheological characterization of the cheese bread formulations, with or without the addition of pre-gelatinized cassava starch, chosen in the previous stage/step. In the first phase of the study, doughs elaborated with 70% and 100% of cassava starch presented greater consistency profiles when compared to high contents of sour cassava starch, during the mixing process simulated in the Brabender farinograph. The cheese breads elaborated with high contents of sour cassava starch presented expansion coefficients of up to 80.00%, while the cheese breads elaborated with cassava starch presented a maximum value of expansion of 66.67%. Due to this power of expansion presented by the cheese breads elaborated with sour cassava starch, the force of compression (texture of breads) obtained was 7.85% to 28.40% lower than that of those reported for cheese breads elaborated with cassava starch. Sensorially, the cheese breads produced with high contents of cassava starch presented the highest scores with respect to the attributes general acceptance, texture, color and flavor, in comparison to the cheese breads with high contents of sour cassava starch, which according to the panelists resembled the sour cassava starch biscuits (¿biscoito de polvilho¿). In the second phase of the study, it was possible to determine a mathematical model for the specific volume of cheese breads elaborated with the addition of pre-gelatinized cassava starch, and for the shade angle (h) of cheese breads elaborated without the addition of pre-gelatinized cassava starch, explaining the interaction between the variables (cassava starch, sour cassava starch, soy protein isolate and polydextrose). The mathematical model showed that the use of contents between 79.76% and 100% of sour cassava starch, 5.50 % of soy protein isolate and contents below 1.03% of polydextrose confers great volumes to cheese bread, as well as contents of 0.00% of sour cassava starch, 5.50% of soy protein isolate and contents of polydextrose above 5.07%. For the shade angle (h), the mathematical model determined that the use of extreme values, minimum and maximum contents, of sour cassava starch (0.00% and 100.0%) with contents of 0.00% to 9.00% of soy protein isolate and intermediate contents of polydextrose (2.21%) in the formulation of cheese bread conferred high shade angles to the crumb. The parameters of texture, luminescence (L*) and color saturation (C*) of the crust and crumb of the cheese breads, with and without the addition of pregelatinized cassava starch, did not present significant difference (p=0.05), indicating that the elaboration of cheese breads using the concentrations in the range studied for the different variables does not produce alterations in the quality of the product. In the last phase of the study, two formulations of cheese bread, selected in the second phase considering the sensorial scores of general appearance, aroma and flavor, were characterized physically, sensorially, rheologically and chemically. These two formulations presented significant differences (p=0.05) in the rheological profile of the dough, specific volume, texture and color of the baked cheese breads, but were equally accepted by consumers, as to general appearance, color of the cr8umb, texture, aroma and flavor
Mestrado
Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos