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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Polyamide 11 (PA11)“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Polyamide 11 (PA11)"
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Bahrami, Mohsen, Juana Abenojar und Miguel Angel Martínez. „Comparative Characterization of Hot-Pressed Polyamide 11 and 12: Mechanical, Thermal and Durability Properties“. Polymers 13, Nr. 20 (15.10.2021): 3553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203553.
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Chemically speaking, polyamide 11 (PA11) and polyamide 12 (PA12) have a similar backbone, differing only in one carbon. From an origin point of view, PA11 is considered a bioplastic polyamide composed from renewable resources, compared to oil-based PA12. Each of them has a number of advantages over the other, which makes their selection a challenging issue. Depending on the target application, diverse assessments and comparisons are needed to fulfill this mission. The current study addresses this research gap to characterize and compare PA11 and PA12 manufactured by the hot press technique in terms of their mechanical, thermal and durability properties for the first time, demonstrating their potential for future works as matrices in composite materials. In this regard, different characterization techniques are applied to the hot-pressed polymer sheets, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical performance of the PA11 and PA12 sheets is compared based on tensile tests and shore hardness measurement. The durability behavior of these two polyamides is evaluated in water and relative humidity conditions at different aging times. The experimental results show the ductile behavior of PA12 with respect to the quasi-brittle PA11. Both have a relatively small water and moisture gain: 1.5 wt% and 0.8 wt%, respectively. The higher crystallinity of PA12 (2.1 times more than PA11) with γ-phase is one of the leading parameters to achieve better mechanical and durability properties. The FTIR spectra displayed slight acid hydrolysis. Accordingly, absorbed water or moisture does not cause plasticization; thus, neither hardness nor dimension changes.
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Lao, S. C., J. H. Koo, T. J. Moon, M. Londa, C. C. Ibeh, G. E. Wissler und L. A. Pilato. „Flame-retardant polyamide 11 nanocomposites: further thermal and flammability studies“. Journal of Fire Sciences 29, Nr. 6 (22.06.2011): 479–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904111404658.
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Polyamide (nylon) 11 (PA11) were melt-blended by dispersing low concentrations of nanoparticles (NPs), namely nanoclays (NCs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) via twin-screw extrusion. To enhance their thermal and flame retardant (FR) properties, an intumescent FR additive was added to the mechanically superior NC and CNF PA11 formulations. For neat and NP-reinforced PA11 as well as for PA11 reinforced by both intumescent FR and select NPs (NC or CNF), decomposition temperatures by TGA, flammability properties by UL 94, and cone calorimetry values were measured. All PA11 polymer systems infused with both NPs and FR additive had higher decomposition temperatures than those infused with solely FR additive. For the PA11/FR/NC polymer blends, Exolit® OP 1312 (FR2) is the preferred FR additive to pass the UL 94 V-0 requirement with 20 wt%. For the PA11/FR/CNF formulations, all Exolit® OP 1311 (FR1), OP 1312 (FR2), and OP 1230 (FR3) FR additives passed the UL 94 V-0 requirement with 20 wt%.
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Khan, Zahid Iqbal, Zurina Binti Mohamad, Abdul Razak Bin Rahmat, Unsia Habib und Nur Amira Sahirah Binti Abdullah. „A novel recycled polyethylene terephthalate/polyamide 11 (rPET/PA11) thermoplastic blend“. Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 37, Nr. 3 (15.03.2021): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14777606211001074.
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This work explores a novel blend of recycled polyethylene terephthalate/polyamide 11 (rPET/PA11). The blend of rPET/PA11 was introduced to enhance the mechanical properties of rPET at various ratios. The work’s main advantage was to utilize rPET in thermoplastic form for various applications. Three different ratios, i.e. 10, 20 and 30 wt.% of PA11 blend samples, were prepared using a twin-screw extruder and injection moulding machine. The mechanical properties were examined in terms of tensile, flexural and impact strength. The tensile strength of rPET was improved more than 50%, while the increase in tensile strain was observed 42.5% with the addition of 20 wt.% of PA11. The improved properties of the blend were also confirmed by the flexural strength of the blends. The flexural strength was increased from 27.9 MPa to 48 MPa with the addition of 30 wt.% PA11. The flexural strain of rPET was found to be 1.1%. However, with the addition of 10, 20 and 30 wt.% of PA11, the flexural strain was noticed as 1.7, 2.1, and 3.9% respectively. The impact strength of rPET/PA11 at 20 wt.% PA11 was upsurged from 110.53 to 147.12 J/m. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a dispersed PA11 domain in a continuous rPET matrix morphology of the blends. This work practical implication would lead to utilization of rPET in automobile, packaging, and various industries.
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Wang, Sheng Qin, Mohit Sharma und Yew Wei Leong. „Polyamide 11/Clay Nanocomposite Using Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Surfactants“. Advanced Materials Research 1110 (Juni 2015): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1110.65.
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This paper reports polyamide 11 (PA11)/layered silicate (clay) nanocomposite using polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) surfactants. POSS functionalized with amino, ammonium and guanidinium groups were synthesized and used to facilitate the intercalation of polymer chains between silicate layers thereby to improve the dispersion of clay in polymer matrix. Nanocomposites from the blends of POSS-modified clay and PA11 were thus formulated via melting compounding and their mechanical and physical properties were characterized.
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Lods, Louise, Tutea Richmond, Jany Dandurand, Eric Dantras, Colette Lacabanne, Jean-Michel Durand, Edouard Sherwood, Gilles Hochstetter und Philippe Ponteins. „Continuous Bamboo Fibers/Fire-Retardant Polyamide 11: Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of the Biobased Composite“. Polymers 14, Nr. 2 (12.01.2022): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14020299.
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A biobased composite was generated from bamboo fibers (BF) and a polyamide 11 (PA11) matrix. In order to fulfill security requirements, a PA11 already containing a flame retardant (FR) was chosen: This matrix is referred as PA11-FR. In this work, the effects of flame retardant (melamine cyanurate) on the composite properties were considered. In the calorimetric study, the glass transition and melting temperatures of PA11-FR were the same as those of PA11. The melamine cyanurate (MC) had no influence on these parameters. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that PA11-FR was less stable than PA11. The presence of MC facilitated thermal decomposition regardless of the analysis atmosphere used. It is important to note that the presence of FR did not influence processing conditions (especially the viscosity parameter) for the biosourced composite. Continuous BF-reinforced PA 11-FR composites, single ply, with 60% of fibers were processed and analyzed using dynamic mechanical analysis. In shear mode, comparative data recorded for BF/PA11-FR composite and the PA11-FR matrix demonstrated that the shear glassy modulus was significantly improved: multiplied by a factor of 1.6 due to the presence of fibers. This result reflected hydrogen bonding between reinforcing fibers and the matrix, resulting in a significant transfer of stress. In tensile mode, the conservative modulus of BF/PA11-FR reached E’ = 8.91 GPa. Upon BF introduction, the matrix tensile modulus was multiplied by 5.7. It can be compared with values of a single bamboo fiber recorded under the same experimental conditions: 31.58 GPa. The difference is partly explained by the elementary fibers’ lack of alignment in the composite.
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Gunputh, Urvashi F., Gavin Williams, Marzena Pawlik, Yiling Lu und Paul Wood. „Effect of Powder Bed Fusion Laser Sintering on Dimensional Accuracy and Tensile Properties of Reused Polyamide 11“. Polymers 15, Nr. 23 (02.12.2023): 4602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15234602.
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Polyamide 11 (PA11) is a plant-based nylon made from castor beans. Powder bed fusion laser sintering (PBF-LS) is an additive manufacturing process used for PA11 which allows for the reuse of the unsintered powder. The unsintered powder is mixed with virgin powders at different refresh rates, a process which has been studied extensively for most semi-crystalline polyamides. However, there is lack of information on the effect of using 100% reused PA11 powder and the effect of the number of times it is reused on its own, during powder bed fusion laser sintering. This paper investigates the effect of reusing PA11 powder in PBF-LS and the effect of the number of times it is reused on the dimensional accuracy, density and thermal and tensile properties. From the 100% virgin powder to the third reuse of the powder, there is a decrease in powder wastage, crystallinity and tensile strength. These are associated with the polymerisation and cross-linking process of polymer chains, upon exposure to high temperatures. This results in a higher molecular weight and, hence, a higher density. From the fourth reuse to the tenth reuse, the opposite is observed, which is associated with an increase in high-viscosity unmolten particles, resulting in defects in the PBF-LS parts.
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Oulmou, F., A. Benhamida, A. Dorigato, A. Sola, M. Messori und A. Pegoretti. „Effect of expandable and expanded graphites on the thermo-mechanical properties of polyamide 11“. Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 51, Nr. 2 (18.06.2018): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244318781956.
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The preparation and thermo-mechanical characterization of composites based on polyamide 11 (PA11) filled with various amounts of both expandable and expanded graphites are presented. Investigation conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and surface area analyses indicated how graphite expanded under the selected processing conditions. The XRD analysis on PA11/graphite composites revealed no change in the crystal form of the PA11, while the presence of diffraction peaks associated to the graphite-stacked lamellae can be still detected. All the investigated composites showed an improvement of the thermal stability and mechanical properties (elastic and storage moduli).
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Li, Yongjin, Yuko Iwakura und Hiroshi Shimizu. „Crystal Form and Phase Structure of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Polyamide 11/Clay Nanocomposites by High-Shear Processing“. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, Nr. 4 (01.04.2008): 1714–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18235.
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Polyamide 11 (PA11)/clay, Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/clay and PVDF/PA11/clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt processing using a high shear extruder. Two types of organoclay with different modified alkyl tails and different polarities were used for PA11 and PVDF nanocomposites. PA11 nanocomposites derived from an organoclay having one alkyl tail show a well-exfoliated morphology but no crystal form transformation, whereas those derived from an organoclay having two alkyl tails give a little worse clay dispersion with the clear α to γ crystal form transition with the addition of the clay. In contrast, the PVDF composites derived from the two organoclays result in a poor dispersion. In addition, PVDF/PA11 blend nanocomposites with a novel morphology have been fabricated using the high-shear extruder. It was found that the clay platelets were selectively dispersed in the PA11 phase with the size of larger than 200 nm, while no clay platelets were located in the PVDF phase and in the PA11 nanodomains with the size of smaller than 200 nm. Moreover, the addition of organoclay shows significant effects on the phase structure of PVDF/PA11 blends.
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Sahnoune, Mohamed, Mustapha Kaci, Aurélie Taguet, Karl Delbé, Samir Mouffok, Said Abdi, José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta und Walter W. Focke. „Tribological and mechanical properties of polyamide-11/halloysite nanotube nanocomposites“. Journal of Polymer Engineering 39, Nr. 1 (19.12.2018): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2018-0131.
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AbstractThis article reports some morphological, tribological, and mechanical data on polyamide-11(PA11)/halloysite nanotube (HNT) nanocomposites prepared by melt-compounding. HNTs extracted from the Djebel Debbagh deposit in Algeria were incorporated into the polymer at 1, 3, and 5 wt%. For comparison, commercial HNTs were also used under the same processing conditions. Scanning electron microscopy showed that both HNTs were homogeneously dispersed in the PA11 matrix, despite the presence of few aggregates, in particular at higher filler contents. The tribological properties were significantly improved, resulting in a decrease in the friction coefficient and the wear rate characteristics due to the lubricating effect of HNTs. This is consistent with optical profilometry data, which evidenced the impact of both types of HNTs on the surface topography of the nanocomposite samples, in which the main wear process was plastic deformation. Furthermore, Young’s modulus and tensile strength were observed to increase with the filler content, but to the detriment of elongation at break and impact strength. Regarding the whole data, the raw Algerian halloysite led to interesting results in PA11 nanocomposites, thus revealing its potential in polymer engineering nanotechnology.
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Tey, Wei Shian, Chao Cai und Kun Zhou. „A Comprehensive Investigation on 3D Printing of Polyamide 11 and Thermoplastic Polyurethane via Multi Jet Fusion“. Polymers 13, Nr. 13 (29.06.2021): 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132139.
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Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) is a recently developed polymeric powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing technique that has received considerable attention in the industrial and scientific community due to its ability to fabricate functional and complex polymeric parts efficiently. In this work, a systematic characterization of the physicochemical properties of MJF-certified polyamide 11 (PA11) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) powder was conducted. The mechanical performance and print quality of the specimens printed using both powders were then evaluated. Both PA11 and TPU powders showed irregular morphology with sharp features and had broad particle size distribution, but such features did not impair their printability significantly. According to the DSC scans, the PA11 specimen exhibited two endothermic peaks, while the TPU specimen exhibited a broad endothermic peak (116–150 °C). The PA11 specimens possessed the highest tensile strength in the Z orientation, as opposed to the TPU specimens which possessed the lowest tensile strength along the same orientation. The flexural properties of the PA11 and TPU specimens displayed a similar anisotropy where the flexural strength was highest in the Z orientation and lowest in the X orientation. The porosity values of both the PA11 and the TPU specimens were observed to be the lowest in the Z orientation and highest in the X orientation, which was the opposite of the trend observed for the flexural strength of the specimens. The PA11 specimen possessed a low coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.13 and wear rate of 8.68 × 10−5 mm3/Nm as compared to the TPU specimen, which had a COF of 0.55 and wear rate of 0.012 mm3/Nm. The PA11 specimens generally had lower roughness values on their surfaces (Ra < 25 μm), while the TPU specimens had much rougher surfaces (Ra > 40 μm). This investigation aims to uncover and explain phenomena that are unique to the MJF process of PA11 and TPU while also serving as a benchmark against similar polymeric parts printed using other PBF processes.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Polyamide 11 (PA11)"
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Landreau, Emmanuel. „Matériaux issus de ressources renouvelables. Mélanges amidon plastifié/PA11 compatibilisés“. Reims, 2008. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000801.pdf.
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Pour développer un matériau issu de ressources renouvelables, l'amidon plastifié a donc été mélangé au polyamide 11, issu de l'huile de ricin, dans le but d'améliorer ses propriétés mécaniques et sa résistance à l'eau. Malgré la forte polarité des liaisons amide, le mélange a besoin d'être compatibilisé. Les différents compatibisants étudiés sont des polysaccharides anioniques susceptibles de développer des interactions avec le polyamide et l'amidon: alginate de sodium, carraghenane et carboxymethylcellulose. Des tests en mélangeur interne montrent que seule la carboxyméthylcellulose (CMC) permet une amélioration effective des propriétés mécaniques des mélanges. L'optimisation de la quantité de plastifiant, de compatibilisant et du procédé de mélange permet d'obtenir un matériau contenant majoritairement de l'amidon plastifié (70%) qui conserve un allongement et une contrainte à la rupture élevée (130%, 15MPa) avec seulement 1% de CMC. Ces matériaux ont été réalisés en extrudeuse bivis afin d'être étudié en détail. La morphologie étudiée par: MEB, extraction sélective, rhéologie et résistance électrique; montre que le PA 11 forme une phase continue jusqu'à plus de 80% d'amidon plastifié. L'amidon forme des nodules sphériques qui percolent à partir de 30% d'amidon plastifié pour former une phase partiellement co-continue. Il subsiste cependant une fraction dispersée jusqu'à 80% d'amidon. La CMC diminue la tension interfaciale et ainsi diminuer la taille des nodules et de prévenir leur coalescence. Des tests de compostage sur les mélanges ont montré que la minéralisation de l'amidon est importante quelque soit sa proportion, mais que le PA reste inchangéTo develop renewable resources based material, plasticized starch were blend with polyamide 11, a bio-based polymer from castor oil, to improve its mechanical properties and water resistance. Through the high polarity of the amide group, the blends need a compatibilizer to be efficient. The different molecules tested are polysaccharides with anionic groups known to interact with polyamide: sodium alginate, carraghenan and sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Tests runs in blender show that only sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) can improve blend tensile properties. Optimization of the plasticizer, the compatibilizer level and the blend process lead to a mainly starch based material (70%) with a high tensile strength (15 MPa) and elongation at break (130%) with only 1% of CMC. These materials were blends in a twin screw extruder to be studied. SEM, solvent extraction, rheology and electrical resistance mesurment show a continuous PA phase up to 80% of starch. The polysaccharide has a mainly nodular morphology with a partial percolation around 30% starch. Isolated nodules co-exist with a co-continous structure up very high starch content. CMC reduce interfacial tension and nodule size preventing their coalescence. Compostability test on blends, show that starch mineralization is complete whatever its concentration is, but PA remain resistant to biodegradation
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Le, Cras Guillaume. „Ιmpact sur les prοpriétés barrière de matériaux biοsοurcés multicοuches. Relatiοns mise en οeuvre-mοrphοlοgie-prοpriétés“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR094.
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L'objectif du projet de thèse est de développer des films multicouches à base de polymères biosourcés par coextrusion multicouche dans le but d'améliorer simultanément les propriétés barrières aux petites molécules et les propriétés mécaniques. Le polyamide 11 (PA11) et l'acide polylactique (PLA) ont des propriétés complémentaires. Le PA11, par ses températures de fusion et de cristallisation plus élevées, est le polymère confineur du PLA, ce qui induit un effet de confinement aux films multicouches. L’étude se concentre ainsi sur l'élaboration de films multicouches à partir de plusieurs grades de PLA afin de mieux comprendre l'effet de la structure cristalline du PLA sur les performances des films. Un post-traitement par recuit et étirage est appliqué pour augmenter le degré de cristallinité et modifier l'orientation cristalline du PLA. Le projet de thèse explore également la faisabilité d’un système multicouche PLA/PLA afin de déterminer l’effet du confinement dans un système monomatière. Enfin, l'impact de l'incorporation d'additifs naturels dans les films multicouches de PA11/PLA est étudié afin d’améliorer les propriétés fonctionnelles et d’apporter des caractéristiques spécifiques telles que des propriétés antibactériennes ou antioxydantesThe aim of this thesis project is to design multilayer films based on biobased polymers by using multilayer coextrusion, with the aim of both improving barrier properties to small molecules and mechanical properties. The choice of the two polymers, those are polyamide 11 (PA11) and polylactic acid (PLA), is based on their complementary properties. Higher melting and crystallization temperatures of PA11 makes him the polymer confining PLA, which induces a confinement effect into multilayer films. The study therefore focuses on the elaboration of multilayer films from some grades of PLA, in order to better understand the effect of PLA crystalline structure on film performances. Post-treatment by annealing and stretching is applied to films in order to increase the degree of crystallinity and modify the crystalline orientation of PLA to optimize barrier properties. The thesis project also explores the feasibility of a PLA/PLA multilayer film to determine the effect of confinement in a single-component system. Finally, the impact of incorporating natural additives into PA11/PLA multilayer films is being investigated in order to improve functional properties and provide specific characteristics such as antibacterial or antioxidant properties
Buchteile zum Thema "Polyamide 11 (PA11)"
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Bashford, David. „Polyamide 11 (PA11)“. In Thermoplastics, 290–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1531-2_49.
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Sperry, McKay, Annie Busath, Michael Ottesen, Jacob Heslington und Nathan Crane. „Post-Processing and Material Properties of Nylon 12 Prepared by Laser-Powder Bed Fusion“. In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69053.
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Abstract Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is a fabrication process in the Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) family of additive manufacturing. The key advantage to L-PBF over other manufacturing methods is design flexibility. Additional design flexibility, however, has previously come at the cost of reduced material properties. Polyamide 12 (PA12, Nylon 12) is a semicrystalline polymer with thermophysical properties that make it ideal for L-PBF. Although L-PBF PA12 has tensile strength comparable to injection molded PA12, it has substantially reduced ductility. This paper reports on a series of post-processing treatment for L-PBF of PA12 and measures their impact on strength, ductility, and density. These include annealing, cooling, and pressure treatments. The treatments resulted in PA12 parts with a wide range of properties, which could be tailored according to end-use application with up to 11% increase in strength or 19% increase in ductility.