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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Political history of the XVIth century“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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1

Юрій Степанович Фігурний. „COSSACK ARMED ACTIONS IN THE 20-30s OF THE XVIITH CENTURY – LOST CHANCE TO REFORM RZECHPOSPOLITA“. Intermarum history policy culture, Nr. 5 (01.01.2018): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111810.

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The article analyses the Cossack armed actions in the 20-30's of the XVIIth century as the lost chance to reform Rzechpospolita and transform it into a powerful state of the three peoples – Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian. It has been found out that after the establishment of Rzechpospolita in 1569 and due to the intergovernmental union of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Ukrainian Cossacks considerably strengthened over the 50 years and became a powerful factor of influence in socio-political and interstate relations of that time. It has been established that at the beginning the Cossacks, conscious of their strength and combat ability, tried to peacefully negotiate with the authorities of Rzechpospolita. Nonetheless after the authorities abandoned a constructive dialogue they began recalcitrance actions, which subsequently turned into bloodthirsty uprisings. The conclusions of the paper state that the Cossack armed actions in the 20-30's of the XVIIth century played a decisive role in Ukrainian ethnic, ethno-cultural, state-building and nation-building processes, but they did not contribute to the reform of Rzechpospolita. In the first quarter of the XVIIth century due to P. Sagaidachny the evolutionary development dominated in the national state formation. In the second quarter of the same century revolutionary means of the Ukrainians (Rus’ians, Rusyns) state and nation formation prevailed. Those were armed actions, military confrontation between the Cossacks and the Polish authorities, the Rus’s magnates and their accomplices, including part of the registered Cossacks, as the main stratum of the social life in the Dnieper region in the second quarter of the XVIIth century. We firmly believe that the Ukrainian Cossacks were the main facilitators and the driving force of the state and nation-building in Ukraine, which ultimately caused the rebellion led by Khmelnitsky and the formation of the Ukrainian Cossack-Hetman State (Hetmanate), which in turn became the underlying ground for the Ukrainians in their heroic struggle for preservation of ethnic identity, restoration of their statehood and formation of a political nation from the end of the XVIIth and to the beginning of the XXIst century.

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Tikhonova, Oxana. „The problem of the use of the term “Portuguese Aljamía”“. Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, Nr. 4 (2022): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020814-2.

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The portuguese term “Aljamía” means ʻtexts in Portuguese in Arabic scriptʼ since the beginning of the XXth century under the influence of D. Lopes. The word “Aljamía” appears in Portuguese documents of the XVth century to designate the Portuguese language as it was perceived by the Moors. Thus, the word “aljamía” has two meanings: the historical ʻforeign languageʼ (Portuguese) and the modern ʻtext in Portuguese in Arabic scriptʼ. These meanings correspond to the Spanish “Aljamía” and “Aljamiado”. However, not all scientists agree with the terminological use of the word “Aljamía” as an analogue of the Spanish “Aljamiado”. The term “Aljamía” technically means portuguese texts in Arabic script, but it has other cultural and historical references. Spanish texts in “Aljamiado” were created by Spanish Muslims who lost their knowledge of Arabic in the period after the Reconquista (XIII–XVII). The Arabic script was a sign of their cultural and religious identity. The reason for the use of Arabic alphabet in Portuguese documents (XVIth century) is different. The Arab governors of the portuguese colonies in Africa had to address their reports directly to the Portuguese king. They knew Portuguese only in spoken form and used the Arabic alphabet to write down the Portuguese language. These documents are an important source in the history of the Portuguese language, especially in historical phonetics. However, from a cultural and historical point of view, they are not comparable with Spanish and cannot belong to the corpus of manuscripts in “Aljamiado”.

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Pavlova, S. Y. „Memoirs Status in the XVIIth century French Literature“. Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism 11, Nr. 1 (2011): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2011-11-1-31-36.

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In the article the history of the memoirs genre formation is considered; and its peculiarities in the XVIIth century French literature are defined against the background of the political and spiritual situation development, as well as historic thought and the aesthetics of the period.

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Omarov, A. I., und R. M. Magomedov. „The Military-Political Aspect in the History of Derbent in the XVIIth Century: Histori-ography of the Problem.“ Herald of Dagestan State University 36, Nr. 1 (30.03.2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2542-0313-2021-36-1-28-35.

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Buono, Alessandro. „Guerra, élites locali e monarchia nella Lombardia del seicento. Per un'interpretazione in chiave di compromesso d'interessi“. SOCIETÀ E STORIA, Nr. 123 (Juni 2009): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2009-123002.

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- Through the case study of Spanish Lombardy during the Thirty years' war, the Author tries to link the latest results of military history with the politico-institutional framework, with a view to overcome the narrowness of an exclusive military approach. By focussing on the agenda of a commission for the control of the army composed of civil and military authorities from 1638 to 1679 and on the careers of some financiers and military entrepreneurs, the Author suggests the need to abandon the pattern of the militarization of society in order to describe the processes affecting the Milanesado. The military tool appears to be purposefully used to strengthen political and social ties between centre and periphery and also to integrate emerging social, economic and political groups into the Lombard power elite. The interpretation underlying the essay is therefore based on the idea of a «compromise of interests» between centre and periphery of the Spanish imperial system as a way to stabilize the situation of Lombardy.Keywords: Milan, Spanish Monarchy, XVIIth century, power élites, military history, institutional history, Thirty Years' WarParole chiave: Lombardia, Monarchia spagnola, secolo XVII, elites dominanti, storia militare, storia delle istituzioni, Guerra dei Trent'anni

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Lopes, Marcos Antônio. „DE DEUS AO REI: O DIREITO SAGRADO DO MANDO (IMPLICAÇÕES TEOLÓGICO-RELIGIOSAS NA TEORIA POLÍTICA MODERNA)“. Síntese: Revista de Filosofia 37, Nr. 118 (09.09.2010): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.20911/21769389v37n118p215-226/2010.

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Na perspectiva dos cruzamentos e fusões de culturas políticas diversas que se processaram no curso de uma longa história, este artigo analisa aspectos da inovação doutrinal legitimadora do Estado monárquico no século XVII. Tal inovação é representada, fundamentalmente, pela teoria do direito divino dos reis, teoria que deve ser contraposta a um status social da realeza moderna que há muito era reconhecido na prática por seus súditos.Abstract: Based on the crossing and merging of the various political cultures that occurred in the course of a long history, this article analyzes aspects of the doctrinal innovation legitimizing the Monarchic State in the XVIIth Century. Fundamentally, such an innovation is represented by the theory of the divine right of kings, which must be opposed to a social status of modern kingship that, in practice, had long been acknowledged by the kings’ subjects.

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Irwin, Robert. „Factions in medieval Egypt“. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 118, Nr. 2 (April 1986): 228–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00139917.

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“If all you have to tell us is that one barbarian succeeded another barbarian on the banks of the Oxus or Jaxartes, what benefit have you conferred on the public?” Voltaire's question is an awkward one for anyone investigating the transmission and distribution of power in the XVth century Circassian Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria. Even so the question of factionalism and its role in succession crises and other crises in the history of the Islamic lands has to be tackled, for surely the prevalence of factions in the Near East and our lack of understanding of them does add a certain patina of dullness to much of Islamic history. Faction succeeds to faction as “Amurath to Amurath”, and though Macaulay could find the history of England and its latter part, the struggle of Whig and Tory, to be “emphatically the history of progress”, few people have felt similarly confident about the struggle of Ẓāhirī and Manṣūrī factions in medieval Egypt. It is hard to understand past events without imposing a pattern, and at the political level the gyrations of Egyptian factions do not lend themselves easily to the imposition of pattern.

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Wen-Chin, Hsu. „Social and economic factors in the Chinese porcelain industry in Jingdezhen during the late Ming and early Qing period, Ca. 1620–1683“. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 120, Nr. 1 (Januar 1988): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00164196.

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In the study of Chinese ceramics, the XVIIth century is a period of particular interest, when many changes took place which affected porcelain production in Jingdezhen, the porcelain centre in China. These were fluctuations in economic activity, social upheaval, political turmoil and foreign penetration in trade. However, very few records, dated material or archaeological finds of this period exist which can provide us with a better understanding. This problem is particularly acute from the late Wanli period (1573–1620) to the reinstatement of imperial supervision in Jingdezhen around 1683, the so-called Transitional Period. For this reason, there is still controversy about dating the porcelain of this period, one which has been overlooked, except for a couple of sentences in books on Chinese ceramic history. This attitude, popular in China, arises partly from the traditional neglect of folk wares, and also from the lack of material evidence available for study. Fortunately, Chinese porcelain of this period has been highly regarded by westerners from the day it reached their countries, and this long-lasting enthusiasm has resulted in several studies which have increased our knowledge of it.

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Al-Qattan, Najwa. „Amnon Cohen, A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century), 2 vols., a Jewish Quarterly Review Supplement (Philadelphia: The Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 1994). Vol. 1: Pp. 212. Vol. 2: Pp.375.“ International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, Nr. 1 (Februar 1997): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380006431x.

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Kopylov, Sergiy, und Ivan Borovets. „Theoretical and methodological principles of Valerii Stepankov’s scientific work (dedicated to the researcher’s 75th birthday anniversary)“. Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 37 (04.10.2022): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2022-37.9-32.

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The purpose of this article is to analyze the theoretical and methodological principles of Valerii Stepankov’s scientifi c work. He has a Doctorate Degree in Historical Sciences, Professor, head of the Department of World History at Kamianets-Podilskyi Ivan Ohiienko National University. Th e methodological ground of the research is the principles of historicism, comprehensiveness and consistency. Th e author has widely used problem-chronological, comparative and diachronic methods. Th e scientifi c novelty of the article is determined by the number of historiographical sources –individual works of the researcher that were used. Conclusions. Th e family upbringing formed in the future historian the main worldview mat- rix of moral and ethical values based on honesty, decency, diligence, responsible performance of assignments and tasks. Th e initial stage of his formation as a scientist evolved during his student years and the fi rst years of work as an assistant in the General History Department of Kamianets-Podilskyi Volodymyr Zatonskyi Pedagogical Institute (1967-1975) and was determined by the Marxist methodology of author’s research initiatives. Th e next stage (1976-1988) started aft er V. Stepankov’s acquaintance with the books of M. Hrushevsky «History of Ukraine- Rus» and V. Lypynsky «Ukraine at the Turn of 1657-1659» which was the impetus for the pro- cess of rethinking the concept of the liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people in 1648-1654. It was unfortunate period for the author, because he could not publicly present it within the socio-political conditions of that time. During the «turning decade» (1989-1998), the removal of ideological restrictions and the actualization of the problem in connection with the forma- tion of independent Ukraine created favorable conditions for the professional self-realization of Mr. V. Stepankov who became a successful scientist-innovator. Based on the statehood approach, he has formulated the concept of the National Liberation Revolution of 1648-1676. From the end of the XXth century and to the present days, he continues to deepen and expand the analytical arguments of his vision of the events of Ukrainian / national history of the middle and second half of the XVIIth century. Nowadays, V. Stepankov uses the principles of positivism and neo- positivism as the methodological basis of his research, but does not limit himself to this. He also extensively uses the tools of the «Annals» school, the «new» social history, modal biography, and psychohistory.

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Rodríguez Solís, José Javier. „La Monarquía de España desde Castilla. Identidad y reinos en la obra de Pedro Salazar de Mendoza = The Monarchy of Spain from Castile. Identity and Kingdoms in Pedro Salazar de Mendoza’s Work“. Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna, Nr. 30 (13.12.2017): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfiv.30.2017.19229.

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El artículo siguiente atiende el estudio de la obra Monarquía de España, compuesta por el jurista y canónigo de la catedral de Toledo, Pedro Salazar de Mendoza, fechada entre 1597 y 1599, aunque publicada finalmente en 1770. En sus páginas, se ofrece una historia de España desde la llegada de Túbal hasta el reinado de Felipe II, en la que se perciben respuestas a las principales cuestiones identitarias que afectaban a la monarquía en el paso al siglo XVII: desde la consolidación de un pasado mítico unido al relato veterotestamentario hasta la importancia de los godos en la conformación política de Hispania. Sin embargo, el aspecto más relevante de la obra es un planteamiento de la monarquía partiendo de los reinos jurídicamente vinculados al rey Felipe II, entre los que destaca Castilla, como un reino con una iurisdictio propia bien distinguible. La apelación al pasado castellano es el mejor ejemplo del tipo de monarquía que buscaba describir en un momento de cambio y reforma de la misma. Algo que engarza con el objetivo de nuestro trabajo respecto a la identificación de diferentes identidades en la Monarquía hispánica. AbstractThe article studies the work Monarquía de España, written in 1597-1599 by Pedro Salazar de Mendoza, a jurist and canon of the Cathedral of Toledo, which was not published until 1770. The book tells the history of Spain from the arrival of Tubal during the Philip II’s reign, developing the most historiographical problems which affected to the Monarchy in the step into XVIIth century. In this project, his consideration of the mythical past, Chaldean origins, will be analysed, together with references to his reflexion about Goths in the historical constitution of Hispania. But, it is mostly interesting to study a history of the Monarchy from the kingdoms’ perspective. In this point, he emphasizes the role of Castile as a kingdom with its own laws and an independent past, exalting a political culture from Castile that has been usually ignored by historiography.

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Plocinski, George. „Book review: Bibliographical calendarium of accounting in Poland (XVIth– XIXth Century)“. Accounting History 2, Nr. 2 (November 1997): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103237329700200212.

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Feenstra, Robert. „Juridical works in the oldest catalogue of Leiden University Library (1595)“. Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 75, Nr. 3 (2007): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181907783054914.

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AbstractThe first printed catalogue of Leiden University Library (1595, reprint 1995) was omitted in the author's study on Roman law works in XIIIth – XVIth century (manuscript) catalogues in the Northern Netherlands (Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis, 28 (1960), p. 439–507). This gap is now filled by a description of the circa 35 juridical works (of a total of circa 350) listed in this catalogue. Bibliographical references are added for the copies still available (itemized by shelfmarks) as well as for those now missing. Purchase prices and names of donors are given (if known). Some biographical information is supplied for the authors of the works.

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Kosznicki, Michał. „Epidemie i pandemie w wybranych polskich podręcznikach szkolnych historii dla szkół średnich po 1989 r.“ Studia Historica Gedanensia 12, Nr. 2 (2021): 416–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.21.022.15004.

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Epidemics and pandemics in selected Polish school history textbooks for secondary schools after 1989 The paper presents an analysis of the presentation of major epidemics (pandemics) in the history of mankind in Polish history textbooks for secondary schools published between 1989 and 2020. A qualitative study was carried out on a sample of forty-four textbooks and concerned issues such as: epidemics in antiquity, the so-called “Black Death’ from 1346 to 1353, epidemics in the New World during the period known as the Age of Discovery, and the Spanish flu (the Great Influenza Epidemic) of 1918–1920. This analysis made it possible to formulate conclusions: 1) the medieval “Black Death” epidemic of the XIVth century was presented most fully, both in terms of content and diversity of coverage. This is understandable because of the scale, significance, geographical proximity, and strong roots of this phenomenon in history-teaching literature. “The Black Death” was shown with a broad consideration of the genesis of the phenomenon and its multidirectional demographic, social and economic consequences; 2) the epidemics that took place in the period of antiquity were only to a small extent reflected in the textbooks analyzed. The exception are textbooks by Marek Ziółkowski (editions 1999 and 2002), in which epidemics from the times of the Roman Empire are described in greater detail; 3) in the case of the XVIth-century epidemics from the New World, as well as the Spanish flu, the school reader received what was definitely elementary information, which was not always accurate and precise, without references to the latest scholarly findings; 4) elements of teaching support (maps, tables, illustrations) appeared mainly in the contents dedicated to the “Black Death” and, to a lesser extent, to the XVIth-century epidemics on the American continent; 5) in the textbooks analyzed, there was no clear variation in the way the above-mentioned phenomena were presented in the course of the period discussed.

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Аванесян, Лилия. „«Одзакарпеты» из Гадрута“. Bulletin of Armenian Studies, Nr. 10.1 (31.01.2024): 110–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.58226/2579-275x-2023.10.(1)-110.

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В фондах Музея истории Армении хранятся безворсовые ковры-карпеты XIX века со стилизованными изображениями Змея – так называемые «Одзакарпеты». Эти шерстяные карпеты вытканы в сложной технике «косой обкрутки нити». В XVII веке подобные безворсовые карпеты начали изготовлять в городах Малой Азии – Себастии и Зиле. Mестом создания экспонатов представленных в Музее истории Армении являются Арцах–Сюник, Нахиджеван, Васпуракан. The History Museum of Armenia keeps lint-free carpets with large stylized images of the Dragon Snake from Artsakh, Syunik, Sebastia. Woolen carpets are woven by master carpet weavers using the complex technique of oblique wrapping. In the XVIIth century, such lint-free carpets began to be made in the cities of Asia Minor Sebastia and Zile. However, the places of origin of these valuable products are Artsakh-Syunik, Nakhijevan, Vaspurakan. The Armenian historian Arshak Alpoyachyan, based on the study of historical documents, testifies that in the middle of the XVIth century, during military campaigns in the Asia Minor, a large number of Armenians were driven away from the eastern provinces of Armenia – from Nakhijevan, Artsakh, Vaspurakan and Yerevan. Among the people driven to the cities of Sebastia, Tokat, Zile and others, there were many artisans and carpet weavers. And the Hungarian art historian Károly Gombos writes that the carpets with images of dragons (vishaps) began to be made in the XIIth–XVIth centuries, and Artsakh was the place of the their origin of “Vishapagorgs” (dragon-carpets).

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Gritsenko, Svitlana. „Statics and Dynamics of the Language: the Issue of Balance“. Studia Linguistica, Nr. 13 (2018): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2018.13.47-70.

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The vocabulary of the Ukrainian language of the XVIth–XVIIth centurу as a systemic dynamic phenomenon was studied in the thesis basing on Ukrainian-language written sources of various styles and genres, a set of techniques was selected and applied, a number of new approaches to the analysis of the time dynamics of vocabulary was proposed. It is stressed that the most noticeable are changes of vocabulary and semantics due to the verbalization of the dynamics of the culture of society – the transformations in the material-subject and production spheres, intercessions of some social and cultural dominants. It is accentuated that an important factor in the dynamics of the Ukrainian language is its interaction with the other languages, that leads to the changes in the structure of language elements, their interconnections and their functions. The correlation between dynamics and statics in the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language of the XIth–XVth century and XVIth–XVIIth century is determined, combinations of various changes of the lexical system of the Ukrainian language are characterised. Changes appear in the formation of new values of specific or borrowed lexemes as a result of metonymic transformations, semantic attraction, entering into constant phrases or cliché expressions, generalization or specialization of meanings, emergence of connotative, estimative elements of semantics. Functional reduction of the word, its absence in the written sources of the next period in comparison with the previous stage of the existence in language testifies deactualization of the notion in the language model of the world, as well as intercession of an older lexeme by a new nomination – specific or borrowed. The regularities of the expansion of the Ukrainian vocabulary due to foreign-language influences are discovered, the factors that influenced the degree of saturation of thematic and lexical-semantic groups are outlined. The architectonics of the lexical system and its conceptual organization as a reproduction of the contemporary language model of the world of Ukrainian people are revealed. The formal and semantic derivation of nominative units, adaptation of borrowings to the structure of the recipient language are analized. Dynamics of the formal structure of the vocabulary is connected with a change in the meaning of the primary lexeme. Formal derivation establishes motivational and word-formation models, outlines productive ones for the appropriate period of language development. According to the sources of the XVIth–XVIIth century both non-hybrid (monolingual) and hybrid derivatives are present there. Analysis of derivatives of foreign genesis, the history of their appearance in the Ukrainian language of the XVIth–XVIIth century, as well as the study of the functioning of borrowings in the language allowed to estimate hypothetically the place of derivation (in the source language, intermediate language, recipient language); complexity of genesis estimation of derivatives associated with the presence of common affixes and word-formation models for interacting languages. For many lexemes the time of their appearance in the Ukrainian language is specified, assumptions about time and conditions of borrowings are verified. For the study of the history of borrowings it is important to find out the history of functioning of the corresponding lexemes in the source language and intermediate languages, and their timing appearance (moment of entry), distribution and adaptation in the recipient language. Determination of the moment, the time of „birth” – appearance and rooting – of the borrowings foresees the proof of the absence of written fixation of an appropriate lexeme in older written sources. The conditional identification of the time of the first fixation and the time of borrowing allowed to find out lexemes for which the time of borrowing can be set: for such date a year / relative chronological sign, which is indicated in the written source, or exactly the year of writing a memorial are accepted. For a series of lexemes relative chronological characteristics (indication of time period from the interval of one year to another or the corresponding century) are proposed. Application of methods of determining the time of the appearance of lexeme based on the history of the designated reality contributed to the definition of borrowings that nominate the notion of material culture, the history of which is clearly established, or the time before which these borrowings could not appear in the recipient language. It was clarified that the chronology of foreign language nominatives contributes to clarification of the sources of borrowing, in particular, for alternative explanations available in science. An important role in determining the chronological characteristics of the lexemes has the information about the peculiarities of the analyzed lexemes’ functionning in the potential intermediary languages.

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Nestola, Paola. „Liturgic emphasis, dramaturgy, identity of power and episcopal jurisdiction (XVIth-XVIIIth centuries)“. Revista de História das Ideias 36 (09.05.2018): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-8925_36_5.

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Based on two biographical records of the archbishop of Braga, Fr. Augustin of Jesus, the study aims to consider an intense moment of manifestation and recognition of the identity of episcopal power and jurisdiction in Portugal. Centered on the inedited solemn ceremony of the imposition of the pallium, the distinctive band attributed to archbishops and primates, this paper is articulated in five paragraphs. The first one deals with the recent historiography of political ceremonies within the framework of the Portuguese Church and its hierarchies, namely episcopal entries. The second contextualizes the different sources written between the XVIth -XVIIth centuries, and their authors. The third part outlines a brief profile of the archbishop, promoted in the early years of Hapsburg dynasty to the main Portuguese Church. The fourth considers the unusual stop at the Convent of Christ, in Tomar, to attend the distinctive vestment awarding ceremony. The latter part aims to indicate the physiological/psychological reactions of the protagonist of powerful liturgy.

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Civici, Nikolla, Magdalini Anastasiou, Triantafillia Zorba, Konstantinos M. Paraskevopoulos, Teuta Dilo, Frederik Stamati und Mustafa Arapi. „Studying wall paintings in Berati Castle (Albania): Comparative examination of materials and techniques in XIVth and XVIth century churches“. Journal of Cultural Heritage 9, Nr. 2 (April 2008): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2007.08.004.

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Bessudnova, Marina. „IDEA OF CRUSADES IN THE POLITICAL STRATEGY OF THE GERMAN ORDER IN THE XV/XVIth CENTURIES“. Odysseus. Man in History 30, Nr. 1 (12.07.2023): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/1607-6184-2023-30-1-247-263.

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The crisis condition of the Order states in Prussia as a result of the German Order defeat in wars against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the 15th century, as well as the escalation of the Livonian-Russian confrontation, made actual the issue of external assistance to them from the Catholic powers of Europe. The order documentation of this period lay stress on the contributions of the Order during the conquest of Prussia and Livonia, as well as its role in the proselyting of local pagans and the creation of “crusader” states. The keynote for this was the pope’s decision to issue “crusader” indulgences (cruciate) to the good of the Catholic faith devotees, whose title was claimed by the supreme masters of the German Order and the masters of its Livonian branch. Positioning itself as defenders of the faith from enemies, the Turk and Russian “schismatics”, the government of the Order counted not only upon financial supplement, but also on preserving the status of the territorial lord of Prussia, which was disputed by Polish-Lithuanian sovereign rulers, for what it was necessary to prove the preservation of its original, “crusader” essentials in the changed conditions. By virtue of their dependence on Poland, the supreme masters were forced to give the pas in the fight against the Turks to Polish-Lithuanian sovereign rulers, and therefore, as a motivation for their “crusading” projects, they used the increased tensions of Livonian-Russian contacts and the fake idea of some “Russian threat” to the whole Catholic world. The main points of “crusading” appeals from the German Order was to provide it with assistance, first of all financial, with the full absence of a call for total military actions of Catholics against the Russians and for the indulgence attainment in its classic sense.

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20

Gręźlikowski, Janusz. „Czym był dla Kościoła Sobór Trydencki (1545-1563)? : (refleksje w 440-tą rocznicę od zakończenia obrad)“. Prawo Kanoniczne 46, Nr. 3-4 (20.12.2003): 171–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.2003.46.3-4.07.

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In the history of canon law, as well as like in history of many other forms and aspects of ecclesiastical life, Trident Council (1545-1563) was of a great importance. Renovation work initiated by Council, thought as remedy for crisis situation intensified by reformation outbreak, was without any doubts a turning point not only in history of church legislation, but also in the history of Church itself. For hundred and forty years from ending of the conference of Trident Council is an occasion for discerning reflection over the role and importance of votes of that significant and grave event in the history of the Church, which was a great gift of the Spirit presented to the Church in hard times of XVIth century and turning point that started big, needed and salutary reform and renovation of the Church. Trident formed and changed the visage of Catholic Church more than any other ordinary Council except of The Und Vatican Council. The other Councils, despite their significance, influenced only specific areas of Church life, impressing their impact on them. It set a new direction and shape to the whole historical epoch. It was this Council that formed „catholic confession Church”, it gave him an order and shape in doctrinal and disciplinary area. Legal resolutions of the Council had first of all reformative character. Besides passing the resolutions, which had fundamental importance for Church’s work, as residency dictation, ban of benefices accumulation, establishing the clerical seminary, enforcing the obligatory legal form of marriages contracting or reform of religious law, the Council implemented all line of improvements and institutions started by Apostolic Capital. The great gift of the Spirit, reforms and renovation presented to the Church of the half of XVIth century in resolutions of Trident Council was to release comprehensive trend of assimilation by individual countries, nations, church’s provinces and dioceses the basic decrees and resolution, which were taken by Council’s fathers. Before everything else, situation that the Church winded up in required all that, because Church was from one side menaced by developing reformation, from the other side it was afflicted by crisis of its structures and institutions, collapse of discipline of priesthood and declining religious life. This situation forced to take on changes and reforms programmed by the Tridentinum and which concern widely understood religious renovation referring to priesthood and secular congregation, as well as Church structures themselves. In the same time, the point was both to correct recognition of totality of Council’s reformatory resolutions and to definitely implement them and enforce into life of mentioned church units. Acceptance of Trident resolutions meant the beginning of reforms on many areas of church and religious life. So no wonder, that efforts of popes from the end of XVIth century and the subsequent centuries were directed to propagate a conviction in Church’s consciousness, that Tridentinum should be recognized as not only the ultimate principle of faith, but also as rule of church discipline. Norms established earlier were integrated, specified and updated by Trident becoming a significant motor of further legislative activity of legislators in the Church. On the Council, foundations for development of modern canon law and its application in the Church were also set. Hereof, taking this all into consideration we can state, that this Council is a beginning of a new epoch for history of canon law. Its resolutions explained and determined dogmatic matters, strengthened organization and discipline in the Church, gave a new impulse to maintain shaken internal cohesion of the Church and created convenient conditions to take up offensive priestly action on wider scale. Thus they had significant impact on four centuries of life, activity and history of the church.

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21

Ryzhenkova, Tamara A. „Mustafa Ali’s “Description of Cairo” as a source on the history of Egypt in the end of the XVIth century“. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 8, Nr. 4 (2016): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu13.2016.406.

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22

Cathala, François. „Emblèmes et devises de la maréchaussée à la Gendarmerie nationale“. Revue Historique des Armées 240, Nr. 3 (2005): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rharm.2005.5736.

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Crests and mottoes from Marchalsea to the state police force ; The evolution of the crests and mottoes attributed to the Marchalsea of the old regime then to its heiress, the state police force from 1791, indicates the great steps of French History. The members of this police with a military status represent “the arms of the law” which is named under the old Regime the “judges with boots”. This force remains subordinate directly to the Power in place or to its representatives all along History. This is through the evolution of crests and mottoes of this authority that its history is gone over. This one is crossed with the process involved by the traditional heraldry from the XVIth century and which finds expression in a growing simplification of signs of recognition of the prominent characters. This trend is followed by two great steps. The French revolution gives birth to the sign of recognition of a Nation whereas the Empire lays the foundations of the regimental crests such as we know them nowadays.

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23

Rexroth, Frank. „From Political History To the History of Political Culture: Fifteenth-Century England“. Journal of Early Modern History 3, Nr. 2 (1999): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006599x00053.

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24

Rexroth, Frank. „From Political History To the History of Political Culture: Fifteenth-Century England“. Journal of Early Modern History 3, Nr. 3 (1999): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006599x00224.

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25

Thornton, Russell. „Nineteenth-Century Cherokee History“. American Sociological Review 50, Nr. 1 (Februar 1985): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2095346.

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26

TEOMAN, Özgür, und Cumali BOZPİNAR. „The Development of the Silk Industry in the Ottoman Bursa: An Analysis of Periodization“. Gazi Akademik Bakış 15, Nr. 30 (15.06.2022): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19060/gav.1131125.

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There are a limited number of studies on the periodization analysis of the historical development of a single sector in Ottoman economic history literature. This study puts forward a periodic analysis of the sector in order to reveal the economic development characteristics of the Ottoman Bursa silk industry. In the study, four turning points where the transformation took place in terms of roduction relations and conditions were determined and the periodic analysis focused on these four periods. The city of Bursa became a silk production and trade center after it came under Ottoman rule. The fluctuations in the demand level of European countries for fabrics between the second half of the XVIth century and the first quarter of the XIXth century caused the silk industry to enter an unstable process, despite maintaining its commercial importance. With the inclusion of the Ottoman country in the center-periphery relationship after 1830, the existing production relations in the sector underwent a process of transformation. The transformation aspect in this century was deindustrialization in silk weaving and increased specialization in raw silk production as a result of technological development and the sector passed to the capitalist stage, provided that it was limited to raw silk production. The last breaking point in silk sector was the transfer of raw silk tax revenues to the Ottoman Public Debt Administration (Düyun-ı Umumiye Administration).

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27

Johnson, Nevil. „Review: Twentieth Century Britain: A Political History“. English Historical Review 120, Nr. 487 (01.06.2005): 865–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei319.

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28

Ferguson, William, und John Stuart Shaw. „The Political History of Eighteenth-Century Scotland“. Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 33, Nr. 1 (2001): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053114.

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29

Knights, Mark. „Marriage in Seventeenth-Century Political Thought“. English Historical Review CXXI, Nr. 490 (01.02.2006): 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cej071.

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30

LOVEMAN, KATE. „POLITICAL INFORMATION IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY“. Historical Journal 48, Nr. 2 (27.05.2005): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004516.

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Reading, society and politics in early modern England. Edited by Kevin Sharpe and Steven N. Zwicker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. ix+363. ISBN 0-521-82434-6. £50.00.The politics of information in early modern Europe. Edited by Brendan Dooley and Sabrina A. Baron. London and New York: Routledge, 2001. Pp. viii+310. ISBN 0-415-20310-4. £75.00.Literature, satire and the early Stuart state. By Andrew McRae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. ix+250. ISBN 0-521-81495-2. £45.00.The writing of royalism, 1628–1660. By Robert Wilcher. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xii+403. ISBN 0-521-66183-8. £45.00.Politicians and pamphleteers: propaganda during the English civil wars and interregnum. By Jason Peacey. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004. Pp. xi+417. ISBN 0-7546-0684-8. £59.95.The ingenious Mr. Henry Care, Restoration publicist. By Lois G. Schwoerer. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. Pp. xxvii+349. ISBN 0-8018-6727-4. £32.00.In 1681 the Italian newswriter Giacomo Torri incurred the wrath of the French ambassador to the Venetian Republic with his anti-French reporting. The ambassador ordered Torri to ‘cease and desist or be thrown into the canal’. Torri, who was in the pay of the Holy Roman Emperor, responded to the ambassador's threat with a report that ‘the king of France had fallen from his horse, and that this was a judgement of God’. Three of the ambassadors' men were then found attacking Torri ‘by someone who commanded them to stop in the name of the Most Excellent Heads of the Council of Ten … but they replied with certain vulgarities, saying they knew neither heads nor councils’. Discussed by Mario Infelise in Brendan Dooley and Sabrina Baron's collection, this was a very minor feud in the seventeenth-century battles over political information, but it exemplifies several of the recurring themes of the books reviewed here. First, the growing recognition by political authorities across Europe that news was a commodity worthy of investment. Secondly, the variety of official and unofficial sanctions applied in an attempt to control the market for news publications. Thirdly, the recalcitrance of writers and publishers in the face of these sanctions: whether motivated by payment or principle, disseminators of political information showed great resourcefulness in frustrating attempts to limit their activities. These six books investigate aspects of seventeenth-century news and politics or, alternatively, seventeenth-century literature and politics – the distinction between ‘news’ and certain literary genres being, as several of these authors show, often difficult to make.

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31

Weickhardt, George G. „Political Thought in Seventeenth-Century Russia“. Russian History 21, Nr. 1-4 (1994): 316–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633194x00198.

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32

POWELL, MARTYN J. „Political Toasting in Eighteenth-Century Ireland“. History 91, Nr. 304 (Oktober 2006): 508–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229x.2006.00376.x.

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33

Khalid, Zubair, und Muneeb Yousuf. „Islamic Multiplicities in Kashmir: Debates about the Food Practices of a XVIth-Century Sufi Saint and the Modern Cult“. Studia Islamica 119, Nr. 1 (03.04.2024): 70–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19585705-12341480.

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Abstract The spread of Islam to the South Asian region of Kashmir and its role in shaping the socio-religious and political contours in the region is a highly charged debate in academic as well as popular circles. This article examines the early modern debates about the vegetarian food practices of a sixteenth-century Sufi saint of Kashmir, Baba Hyder Rishi (b. 1504) and contemporary debates around the modern cult mainly centered around his shrine in the Anantnag (locally known as Islamabad) town of south Kashmir. It is divided into two parts; the first focuses on debates during the saint’s own lifetime and the second analyses modern debates about what has by now emerged as a cult around the saint’s shrine. We begin with a critical re-evaluation of the wide-spread notion that the saint’s practice of vegetarianism was, much like his predecessors in the local Rīshī Sufi order, grounded in local Buddhist-Hindu customs and thus exemplifies the syncretic nature of Islam in Kashmir. Instead, we argue that both the defence and contestation of the saint’s practice as well its modern cult was and continues to be located within the Islamic tradition itself. We use this discussion for a critical reflection on the widely prevalent idea of religious syncretism in Kashmir and the over-simplified and ahistorical view of Islam as a monolith, and then explore the possibility of using Islamic ‘multiplicity’ as an alternate analytical category.

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34

Logan, Dana W. „Republicanism: Religious Studies and Church History meet Political History“. Church History 84, Nr. 3 (September 2015): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640715000554.

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Republicanism, both of these authors teach us, by the mid-nineteenth century became indistinguishable from the aims of religion in the United States. A broad array of protestants agreed that the aims of religion cohered with the political principle of republicanism—or the principle that men could only achieve freedom through self-rule. Noll usefully shows that this concept of republicanism underwent a series of changes from the late eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth. Beginning in the late eighteenth century republicanism referenced liberty from tyranny, man as citizen, and virtue as a kind of constraint on individual interests. Noll, however, argues that two versions of republicanism competed in this earlier period: communitarian republicanism, based in “the reciprocity of personal morality and social-well being,” and liberal republicanism, which valued the independence of the individual. Noll and Modern argue that by the mid-nineteenth century, the liberal version won out. Citizens imagined their freedom to be enabled by a market-based society more than by a community of virtue. For political historians these definitions are not new or controversial, but for historians of American religious history republicanism is an unlikely category of analysis because we see it as “political theory” rather than theology. But as both Noll and Modern argue, republicanism became the very substance of theology in the United States.

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35

Bilous, N. „Trypillia: the Town and Its owners Didovichy-Trypilsky in the XVIth - the first half of the XVIIth century. The Unknown pages of history“. Kraêznavstvo, Nr. 2 (25.02.2019): 8–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/kraieznavstvo2019.02.008.

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36

Fineschi, Sonia Adorni, und Baccio Baccetti. „«Del muoversi degli animali...» an anonymous XVIth century manuscript conserved in a Magliabechian codex, and its value in the history of experimental sciences“. Rendiconti Lincei 5, Nr. 3 (September 1994): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03001629.

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37

Allan, David. „Shaw, The Political History of Eighteenth-Century Scotland“. Scottish Historical Review 80, Nr. 1 (April 2001): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2001.80.1.134.

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38

Bakhash, Shaul, und M. Reza Ghods. „Iran in the Twentieth Century: A Political History.“ American Historical Review 96, Nr. 3 (Juni 1991): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2162566.

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39

Biddiss, Michael. „The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought“. English Historical Review 120, Nr. 489 (01.12.2005): 1466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei466.

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40

Sellen, Robert W. „Power: A Political History of the Twentieth Century“. History: Reviews of New Books 19, Nr. 4 (April 1991): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1991.9949413.

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41

Hambly, Gavin R. G. „Iran in the Twentieth Century: A Political History“. History: Reviews of New Books 20, Nr. 1 (Juli 1991): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1991.9949480.

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42

ALFORD, STEPHEN. „POLITICS AND POLITICAL HISTORY IN THE TUDOR CENTURY“. Historical Journal 42, Nr. 2 (Juni 1999): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x99008547.

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Recent writing on the Tudor century emphasizes the importance to the history of politics of the study of political processes. Tudor historians are, for the most part, less willing than hitherto to describe bureaucracies or institutions of government, and more concerned to present politics as something dynamic rather than static. Although their work remains rooted in the archives, Tudor specialists are increasingly receptive to the significance of (for example) political language, iconography, and literature. This article examines a number of recent contributions, in the context of post-war Tudor historiography. It accepts that the insights of other disciplines can enhance the study of sixteenth-century politics, and welcomes the intellectual and cultural turn in recent writing, but maintains that Tudor culture is not always being reconstructed with the sensitivity it needs.

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43

Readman, Paul. „The State of Twentieth-Century British Political History“. Journal of Policy History 21, Nr. 03 (Juli 2009): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030609090101.

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44

de L. Landon, Michael. „Seventeenth Century Political and Financial Papers.“ Sixteenth Century Journal 30, Nr. 2 (1999): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2544737.

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45

Chojnacki, Stanley. „Political Adulthood in Fifteenth-Century Venice“. American Historical Review 91, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1986): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1873322.

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46

Crawford, Jon G., und Jane Ohlmeyer. „Political Thought in Seventeenth-Century Ireland“. Sixteenth Century Journal 32, Nr. 3 (2001): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2671535.

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47

Legvold, Robert, und Robert Service. „A History of Twentieth-Century Russia“. Foreign Affairs 77, Nr. 3 (1998): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20048933.

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48

Castiglione, Caroline. „Political Culture in Seventeenth-Century Italian Villages“. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31, Nr. 4 (April 2001): 523–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/00221950151115070.

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49

KERSHAW, IAN. „War and Political Violence in Twentieth-Century Europe“. Contemporary European History 14, Nr. 1 (Februar 2005): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777304002164.

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This article takes the obvious link between war and political violence in twentieth-century Europe to ask three questions. Did the cause of such a massive upsurge in violence have roots extending beyond the technologies of modern warfare? What shapes the relative propensity of states and societies towards violence? And what is specifically ‘modern’ (other than the technology of destruction) about mass killing in the twentieth century? It finds answers in the use of popular sovereignty to justify unprecedented ethnic conflict, in a mix of ingredients linked to political culture and contested state legitimacy, and in the role of bureaucracy and technology in the orchestration of large-scale and state-sponsored violence.

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50

Luebke, David M. „Signatures and Political Culture in Eighteenth‐Century Germany“. Journal of Modern History 76, Nr. 3 (September 2004): 497–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/425439.

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