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Narain, Yogendra, S. N. Sahu und L. Lakshmi. „Political Empowerment of Women“. Indian Journal of Public Administration 51, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 34–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120050103.
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Ghafoor, Sidrah Abdul, Mumtaz Ali und Farhana Umer. „Women Political Empowerment in Makran“. Spring 2023 3, Nr. 2 (30.06.2023): 975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.338.
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Women's political participation is crucial for the promotion of gender equality and democratic governance. However, women are often underrepresented in political positions and face numerous barriers to participation. This paper aims to examine women's political empowerment and their participation in Makran division of Balochistan and identify strategies for promoting it. The study uses quantitative survey in which 310 questionnaires were distributed in three districts of Makran. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS software. The results show that the women in Makran are not empowered politically, but there is a good environment of politics and women have political awareness in the region. The findings of the present study have significant implications for civil society organizations, policymakers and women's rights advocates who are seeking to encourage women's political participation and gender equality.
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Reddy, E. Pratapa. „Women Empowerment in Politics“. Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, Nr. 8 (15.06.2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/august2014/195.
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Soni, Amit. „Status and Empowerment ofCentral Indian Tribal Women“. Indian Journal of Research in Anthropology 5, Nr. 1 (15.06.2019): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijra.2454.9118.5119.1.
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Empowerment is an active and multidimensional process. Empowerment involves awareness; enhancement of ability and involvement in decision making; possession of assets and power and a state of proper execution of rights and responsibilities. Thus, empowerment may be in various fields, such as, social, economic, political, religious, etc. State of empowerment reflects the stage of developmental process in a particular field or overall development. In tribal communities, the role of women is substantial and crucial. Tribal women in India amply contribute in livelihood activities along with performing household chores and family responsibilities. Despite several economic, political and social changes, tribal women are still far behind. This paper assess and reviews the status of empowerment of tribal women in central India through her role and status in social, economic, religious and political spheres along with status of her education, liberty, authority and possess rights.
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K, Dr Ravikumar. „Women empowerment: Dynamic and political process“. International Journal of Political Science and Governance 5, Nr. 2 (01.07.2023): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26646021.2023.v5.i2a.254.
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Chandra Sarkar, Mithun. „RURAL WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH LOCAL DEMOCRACY IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF GRAM PANCHAYATS IN UTTAR DINAJPUR DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL“. International Journal of Advanced Research 9, Nr. 01 (31.01.2021): 1065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12391.
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The paper attempts to analyze the praxis of women empowerment and womens political participation of some Gram Panchayats in Uttar Dinajpur rural areas. In present times, the empowerment of women has become one of the most important concerns of the 21st century because of their right to participate in political processes which also impact their family and in turn the society. Many countries are attempting to increase womens political participation and leadership in civil society and now political parties want more women to join in political activities. Women around the world are still largely absent from national and local decision-making procedures. Globally about 20% of women participate in political activities, for women it is very difficult to participate in the civic and political life of their countries due to lack of support and gender discrimination. Strengthening womens rights and addressing obstacles to political participation are critical to achieving gender justice, equality, and women empowerment.
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Al-Qahtani, Maleeha Mohammed Zaaf, Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb, Haider Mahmood, Manal Abdalla Zahed Abdalla und Thikkryat Jebril Obaid Talalah Qaralleh. „The Role of the Academic and Political Empowerment of Women in Economic, Social and Managerial Empowerment: The Case of Saudi Arabia“. Economies 8, Nr. 2 (02.06.2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8020045.
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Women may be considered to have hidden, unutilized potential for the economy and society, if not utilized at their full capacity, i.e., with effective educational, social and political policies. Allowing women to participate fully in an economy may contribute to the sustainable development of the country in question. The empowerment of women may be accelerated if women are educated for this purpose; as a result, the political authorities in Saudi Arabia have proposed a comprehensive framework to empower women. The empowerment of women is essential in the academic sector to develop educational policies for women’s capacity-building. The empowerment of women in the political process is also very important, so they can suggest appropriate policies, rules and laws that favor the empowerment of women in all sectors of the economy and society. The present research aims at testing the effects of academic and political empowerment on the economic, social and managerial empowerment of women, and opens a new horizon of debate in the practical and theoretical domain of female empowerment in Saudi Arabia. To this end, we utilized structural equation modeling due to the endogenous nature of relationships among the hypothesized variables. Perception-based data were collected on the political, academic, economic, social and managerial empowerment of women through a well-structured questionnaire. The data were collected during the period from October 2019 to January 2020 through a simple random sampling method. Then, we tested the direct effect of political empowerment, and its indirect effects through academic empowerment, on the economic, social and managerial empowerment of women. We found that political empowerment has a positive direct effect on economic and managerial empowerment, but an insignificant effect on social empowerment. Further, political empowerment has a positive direct effect on academic empowerment, which, in turn, has positive effects on economic, social and managerial female empowerment. Moreover, these indirect effects are found to be magnitudes larger than the direct effects of political empowerment. This study recommends improving the economic, social and political status of women through political and academic policies, to accelerate sustainable development.
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Assist.Lect. Shahabaa Hikmat Elias. „"Political empowerment of Iraqi women after 2005 (obstacles and solutions)"“. Tikrit Journal For Political Science 4, Nr. 26 (31.12.2021): 264–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v4i26.220.
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political empowerment is one of the important topics in society, which indicates the importance of political empowerment of women in the exercise of their political role, in a way that achieves progress and reform in Arab societies, and this naturally reflects on the impact of political empowerment on Iraqi women, through strengthening their position and participation in the political field and access To political decision-making positions, and if this indicates anything, then it indicates the desire and ability of Iraqi women to assume the full responsibility entrusted to them in this field as well as their enjoyment of political rights.
Based on this, the issue of political empowerment of Iraqi women goes beyond their exercise of political work in light of the constitution, Iraqi law, and the international framework, and includes respect for their presence, expression of their ideas, and their participation in official institutions in the state.
Many political, economic, and social factors have been reflected on the issue of political empowerment of Iraqi women after 2005, which is considered one of the most important challenges that Iraqi women face in their political work, especially after the political transformation in 2005, so it requires more efforts instead of finding solutions and getting rid of those challenges. Afflicting Iraqi women in their political work.
The research shows the conceptual approach to political empowerment as well as the motives for political and legal empowerment and the international framework. In addition to this, the political empowerment of Iraqi women in official institutions was presented, and the focus was on the most important obstacles and solutions to the political empowerment of Iraqi women.
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Prabhakararao., Dr B. „WOMEN EMPOWERMENT OF POLITICAL PARTCIPATION IN INDIA.“ International Journal of Advanced Research 4, Nr. 10 (31.10.2016): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/2048.
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Meena, Ritu Singh. „Women empowerment in Bangladesh: A political scenario“. ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 9, Nr. 8 (2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2019.00094.6.
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Mohapatra, Tanuja. „Political Participation-A Key to Women Empowerment“. International Journal of Sociology, Social Anthropology and Social Policy 1, Nr. 2 (2015): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2454-4833.2015.00015.7.
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Takieldin, Rasha. „Political Empowerment of Egyptian Women (2005-2022)“. American Journal of Youth and Women Empowerment 2, Nr. 2 (03.11.2023): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajywe.v2i2.2183.
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Women’s rights advocates in Egypt are credited with leading the fight for equal rights for women. They played a vital role in the uprising of women’s rights in parliament and judiciary, and the women of Egypt soared through the Arab Spring revolution after 25th and 30th of January. Women in Arab countries have been marginalized and discriminated, leading to the Arab Spring Revolution of 2010 and 2011, which brought about positive changes for women in their traditional, political and decision-making lives. This study demonstrated every aspect and its outcomes of the revolution started by the women of Arab for their rights. The research is focused on discussing an important topic, namely the role of women in the State’s public policy-making process and ensuring they represent one of society’s most effective forces.
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Irshad Ahmad Reshi und Dr T. Sudha. „Women Empowerment: A Literature Review“. International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS) 2, Nr. 6 (30.12.2022): 1353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v2i6.753.
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Abstract
Women empowerment is a critical issue in today's world, as it aims to increase women's economic, social, and political power. This literature review provides an overview of the concept of women's empowerment, its historical evolution, and its importance in achieving sustainable development goals. The review highlights the various factors that hinder women's empowerment and identifies successful strategies for empowering women, such as education, access to resources, and political participation. Finally, the review concludes with recommendations for policymakers, civil society organizations, and researchers to advance the cause of women empowerment.
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A. Dakhiel, Maysoon, und Somaya A. Ahmed. „Empowerment of Saudi Women in Secondary School English Language Books: An Analytical Study“. Arab World English Journal 13, Nr. 4 (15.12.2022): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol13no4.1.
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The current research aimed to investigate the degree to which women’s empowerment dimensions (social, economic, political, and women’s issues) are addressed through English language books in Saudi secondary education. It raised a question on the extent to which women’s empowerment dimensions are addressed in secondary English language books. The authors followed the descriptive analytical research design. The research utilized a checklist of (19) indicators describing women’s empowerment dimensions (social, economic, political, and women’s issues). The checklist was designed to measure women’s empowerment dimensions in the content and activities in English language books by inferring them from the units of analysis considered in the current research – paragraphs and pictures. Results showed that in the first year of secondary school, political empowerment was ranked first, whereas economic empowerment was ranked last. Additionally, in the second year, women’s issues were ranked first, followed by political empowerment, then economic empowerment was ranked last. In the third year, social empowerment came in the first rank meanwhile political empowerment came in the last rank. The study concluded a need to re-evaluate and update the curricula and textbooks regarding women in line with the national goals for women. It is a significant study because it addresses empowering Saudi women in EFL textbooks. It recommends including basic issues, especially woman-related ones, in EFL textbooks.
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Et al., Sitthiporn Khetjoi. „Socio- Political Education and Women Empowerment in Buddhist Perspective“. Psychology and Education Journal 58, Nr. 1 (29.01.2021): 1611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.954.
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The purpose of research was to study the socio-political education and women empowerment in Buddhist perspective. The researchers studied and collected the data from Buddhist scriptures, texts, and related document about socio-political education and women empowerment in Buddhist perspective and analyzed by using content analysis. The results indicated that For decades, women have been parts of the supply of cheap, unskilled or semi-skilled labors for the industrial and service sectors. Gender discrimination continues even in the present times. At the same time, the problems of rural and urban lower-class women cannot be ignored. The empowerment of women is one of the solutions to the problems of inequality, subordination and marginalization that women face in the society. However, this kind of empowerment is only partial for all though they have economic and political power, they are kept out of decision making or they are dependent on their husband, father or brother for crucial decisions. Buddhism accepts that every human being, independent of the consideration of sex, gender, class etc. is composed of five elements (Paṇcakkhandhā): namely rupa skandha, samjṇa skandha, vedanā skandha, saṁskāra skandha and vijṇanā skandha. On this basis, Buddhism has advocated the equality between man and women and thus has transcended the gender difference. It treats man and woman equally. Buddhism reflected in the Buddhist scriptures that there is a biological difference between women and men, but they have similar intellectual, mental as well as spiritual capabilities.
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Sultana, Nazma, Abdul Awal und Mohammad Rezaul Karim. „Women empowerment through political participation – a perception study of Indian rural women“. Revista de Gestão e Secretariado (Management and Administrative Professional Review) 14, Nr. 10 (03.10.2023): 16442–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7769/gesec.v14i10.2788.
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The present study was intended to study the perception of rural women of Dinhata Subdivision on the empowerment of women through political participation. The study was conducted in Dinhata Sub-Division of Coochbehar District, India. The qualitative study is phenomenological in nature. The sample was purposive and qualitative data were collected through semi structured interview of rural women from study area. After deductive coding as per predetermined themes, data were analysed thematically. The study found that the perception of rural women on the empowerment of women through political participation is widely divided. Though most of the rural women (47%) perceive that women should participate in active politics for women empowerment, 29% of them perceive it negatively whereas 24% of them have no ideas of women empowerment through political participation. However, 67 % of rural women are keen to participate in active politics. They also opine that male members of the family will have no objection if they participate in politics actively. Further, they also perceive some challenges in case they are engaged in active politics, like accomplishing the household chores and looking after kids as these are solely women’s jobs by tradition and culture in rural India.
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Goel, Dr Shuchi, und Dr Santosh Mittal. „Women Entrepreneurship in MSME Sector“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, Nr. 8 (31.08.2023): 2112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55536.
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Abstract: Women's empowerment is now a global movement, and along with social and political empowerment, economic empowerment is of utmost importance for women in India. Focus challenges on all these fronts, acting in part as an invisible force and attempting to steer the course of women's empowerment in India in all conceivable milieus, including domestic, professional, financial, and political to combat this unstoppable force known as patriarchal mindset. For the purpose of empowering women and resolving their socioeconomic and employment issues, the Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium companies (MSME) is placing more emphasis on creating substantial work opportunities for them through various industries and companies.This paper focus on various variables that prioritize women's empowerment, numerous government efforts and programs, schemes, information on MSMES and cutting-edge technology, and education for women in business.
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Khatri Basnet, Rati. „Role of Cooperatives in Women Empowerment in the Nepalese Context“. Cognition 5, Nr. 1 (12.06.2023): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cognition.v5i1.55417.
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Cooperatives are important income-generating organizations. They help rural women in many ways. This study aims to identify the contribution of cooperatives to economic, socio-cultural, and political aspects of women empowerment. When women are empowered, they can uplift the economic condition of their families. The objectives of the study is to find out the role of cooperatives in women empowerment. The study is based on descriptive and analytical method. The secondary data are collected from different national and international research articles. This study has found that there is a significant difference in the economic, socio-cultural, and political empowerment of women. Women members are found empowered in their economic activities, maintain social relationships, reduce gender disparity, involve in social programs, conduct cultural programs and participate in political programs. The cooperatives can uplift the socio-economic condition of rural and urban women through access to financial services. They can provide other development services and alleviate poverty through women's empowerment. They have expanded their network of relationships through saving and credit programs. The study shows the need for expansion programs in hard-to-reach areas to empower economically, socially, culturally, and politically disadvantaged groups.
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Duwal, Bal Ram. „Impact of Microfinance Programmes on Information and Political Empowerment of Women in Nepal“. Bagiswori Journal 1, Nr. 1 (01.02.2019): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bagisworij.v1i1.56315.
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The study covers the impact of microfinance programmes on information and political empowerment of participants located in Dhulikkhel Municipality. 60 women members were selected for the study using judgmental sampling method. Descriptive and explanatory research design has been adopted to fulfil the objectives of the study. The present study concludes that the MFIs are focusing more on saving and lending practices but they have failed to give serious attention towards effective training and insurance services. Microfinance members perceived political empowerment through microfinance programme. However, they pointed out the impact of microfinance programme on information empowerment to some extent. Further, microfinance services and women information empowerment has significant relationship but there is no significant relationship between microfinance services and women political empowerment. It is visualized that marital status and source of income of respondents show difference on political empowerment only. For political empowerment, MFIs need to operate various information sharing activities, training based on income generation and social mobilization. As being grassroots level institutions, MFIs need to focus on capacity enhancement of women for political lead too.
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Das, Mamoni. „Empowerment of Women in India: An Overview of Political Participation“. Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences and Humanities 6, Nr. 1 (14.02.2022): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/gijash.20220105.
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Political participation of women in India is a complex phenomenon being influenced by various factors. Empowerment of women means developing them as more aware individuals, who are politically active, economically productive and independent and are able to make intelligent discussion in matters that affect them. Women turnout during India’s 2014 parliamentary general elections was 65.63%, compared to 67.09% turnout for men. India rank 20th from the bottom in terms of representation of women in parliament. Women have held the posts of president and prime minister in India, as well as chief ministers of various states. Indian voters have elected women to numerous state legislative assemblies and national parliament for many decades. Present article intends to describe and evaluate with the political participation of women in India and discusses about various initiatives taken by the Government of India for empowering women by analyzing position of India in Gender Inequality Index. Keywords: Empowerment, Gender Inequality Participation, Reservation, and Women.
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Ajabnoor, Dr Nouran, Ms Naglaa Dawoud und Dr Syed Mohammad Faisal. „Empowerment of Women: A Critical Bibleometric Analysis in International Scenario towards Economic Developmenmt“. Journal of Women Empowerment and Studies, Nr. 34 (06.06.2023): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jwes.34.24.35.
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Gender equality and sustainability require women's empowerment. Government institutions, NGOs, and international organizations have empowered women over time. Despite improvements, women still struggle with education, healthcare, income, and political representation. This Scopus-based report examines women's empowerment research. 476 2004–2023 studies were bibliometrically analyzed using VOSviewer software.The survey found that women's empowerment encompasses economic, political, social, and legal dimensions. Economic empowerment—women's access to resources, jobs, and entrepreneurship—has been the most studied topic. Political empowerment has gotten less emphasis than women's participation in decision-making and political institutions.The data also demonstrated a regional imbalance in women's empowerment studies. North America and Europe dominated the studies, whereas Africa and Asia were underrepresented. Researchers have used feminist, capacity, and social exchange theories to investigate women's empowerment.The study suggests greater research on women's empowerment, notably in political involvement, social empowerment, and legal empowerment. More studies in underrepresented locations are needed to understand how context affects women's empowerment. Policymakers and development practitioners must consider this study's evidence-based recommendations to empower women worldwide.
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Sharma, Laxmi Kanta, und Mohan Bahadur Shahi. „Role of Cooperatives in Women Empowerment: A Case of Surkhet District, Nepal“. Cognition 4, Nr. 1 (31.01.2022): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cognition.v4i1.46442.
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This study aims to identify the contribution of Mangalgadhi Multipurpose Cooperative Limited (MMCL) on economic, socio-cultural and political aspects of women empowerment who were involved in MMCL. The study was conducted in Birendranagar Municipality of Surkhet district among the 120 women beneficiaries of MMCL. Out of 441 women members of MMCL only 120 members with five years of experience on cooperative activities were randomly selected for data collection. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire, focus-group discussions and key informant interviews. Paired samples t-test was applied in three different domains of women empowerment; economic, socio-cultural and political dimensions. The result specifies that all the indicators were found significant impact on women’s empowerment. This study found that there was significant difference in economic, socio-cultural and political empowerment of women after involvement in MMCL programs. Women members were found empowered in their economic activities, maintain social relationship, reduce the gender disparity, involve in social program, conduct the cultural program and participate in political program through MMCL activities. They have expanded their network of relationship through saving and credit program. The study shows the need of expansion of MMCL program in hard-to-reach areas also to empower the economically, socially, culturally and politically disadvantaged groups.
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Sharma, Eliza. „Women and politics: a case study of political empowerment of Indian women“. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, Nr. 7/8 (09.04.2020): 607–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-12-2019-0261.
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PurposeThis paper aims to identify the dimensions of the political empowerment of Indian women and assess the factors responsible for the lacunas that hold women back in their potential.Design/methodology/approachThe research was based on primary data collected through a personal interview method from a sample of 68 women managers working in five different sectors of the Indian economy, namely; IT, education, telecom, banking, and hospitality sector. Further, data on the five factors from a sample of 423 women employees from the above-mentioned sectors have been collected and analyzed using a multiple regression model with control variables (marital status and generation gap).FindingsThe major factors churned out that are needed for the political empowerment of women are namely, information or awareness, family support or family environment, legal environment, political environment, and personal ambitions or internal motivation.Originality/valueThe present study has presented new insight into the field of women and politics by providing a case study into the dimensions of political empowerment among Indian women. The pilot model developed in this study can be initiated and replicated across the land on being successful.
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Panda, Snehalata. „Political Empowerment of Women: Case of Orissa PRIs“. Indian Journal of Public Administration 45, Nr. 1 (Januar 1999): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556119990109.
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Woliver, Laura R. „White political women: Paths from privilege to empowerment“. Women's Studies International Forum 16, Nr. 1 (Januar 1993): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(93)90086-o.
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George, Bobichan, und Jasmine Mathew. „Political participation and empowerment of women in Kerala“. Rajagiri Journal Of Social Development 15, Nr. 1 (2023): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2583-7087.2023.00006.8.
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Koirala, Padma. „Women Empowerment through Cooperative: A Case Study of Ichangu Mahila Jagriti Multipurpose Cooperative Limited“. Ganeshman Darpan 8, Nr. 1 (04.08.2023): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gd.v8i1.57338.
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Women empowerment involves participation of women in political structures and formal decision-making and economic decision-making which is achieved through education, raising awareness, literacy, and training. Co-operatives in general and specifically women-led co-operatives, have played an important role in women empowerment. This study aims to identify the contribution of Ichangu Mahila Jagriti Multipurpose Co-operative Limited (IMJCL) located in Nagarjun municipality Kathmandu on economic, socio-cultural and political aspects of women empowerment who became its member. The study was conducted in Nagarjun municipality Kathmandu among the 124 women inheritors with 10 years of experiences and cooperative activities were randomly selected using lottery method for data collection. Primary data was collected via structured questionnaire, focus group discussion and key informant interviews. For the data analysis paired sample t-test was applied in three different domains of empowerment: economic, socio-cultural and political dimensions. The finding showed there was positive impact on women empowerment with significant difference in socio-cultural, economic and political empowerment of its member. The study shows there were significant changes after involvement in different programmes of IMJCL. Finally, its finding focusses on the crucial role of cooperative in the overall empowerment of women. Extension of cooperative organizations is indispensable for the nation.
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Heena. „Women Empowerment in India“. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 04, Nr. 04 (2022): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2022.v04i04.999.
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Women empowerment is a debatable subject. At earlier time they were getting equal status with men. But they had faced some difficulties during post vedic and epic ages. many a time they were treated as slave. From early twenty century, their statues have been changed slowly and gradually. Women’s empowerment has been an issue of immense discussions and contemplation over the last few decades world wide. This agenda has been on top of the lists of most government plans and programs as well. Efforts have been made on a regular basis across nations to address this issue and enhance the socio-economic status of women. However, it has been observed that most of the policies and programs view empowerment in the economic sense only working in the belief that economic self reliance empowers women ignoring other variables like health, education, literacy etc. Introduction in the history of human development, woman has been as important as a man. In fact, the status, employment and work performed by women in society is the indicator of a nations overall progress. Without the participation of women in national activities, the social, economic or political progress of country will be stagnated. Women constitute half of the humanity, even contributing two-thirds of world’s work hours. She earns only one-third of the total income and owns less than one-tenth of the world’s resources. This shows that the economic status of women is in pathetic condition and this is more so in a country like India. Women constitute nearly 50% of population, perform two-thirds of the work and produce 50% of food commodities consumed by the country. They earn one third of remuneration and own 10% of the property or wealth of the country.
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Goel, Kritika, und . „Breaking the monolith: working through planes of difference“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 3.29 (24.08.2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.29.18793.
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The idea of women empowerment is closely associated with the discourse of development. The neoliberal state not only prophesize empowerment as the inevitable route for the women to become developed but also defines this empowerment in its own specific terms. The state’s version of empowerment that it perpetuates through different institutions is problematic as it essentially push all the women in one direction that is to become a confident, independent, modern subject irrespective of their context, experiences, histories, capabilities. Through my MPhil action research work with the women of a village called Palwadi in Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh, we are trying to break the homogeneity of empowerment and understand what does empowerment means to us? This paper discusses the rigidity of empowerment which takes women as a homogeneous lot and imposes on them a certain kind of becoming. Next it discusses why is it important to introduce the idea of difference in our understanding as well as methods of engaging with women and women groups. After this, it delves into a possibility of shifting the axis from ‘who is a woman’ to ‘what is a woman’ that is from biological woman to woman as embodied, historic, political beings at the same time relating this to the work I have been doing in Palwadi with women Self Help Groups.
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Kabak, Likha Kiran, und Ram Krishna Mandal. „WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN SEVEN DIMENSIONS THROUGH SELF HELP GROUPS IN ARUNACHALPRADESH: A CASE STUDY“. Journal of Global Economy 12, Nr. 1 (22.03.2016): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v12i1.415.
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Women are the nucleus of our civilization. They have different roles to play in the ever changing social set-up. Women’s development is directly related with the nation development. With the dawn of independence our constitution guaranteed gender equality and a large number of schemes and programs have been initiated for women’s development. Women usually falls under the powerless group which necessitates the programmes ensured empowerment of women. Now a days; empowerment especially women empowerment has become a buzz word especially in the context of development of rural poor and women. Empowering the poor for their development is one of the top most prioritized agenda in development paradigm of every developing and underdeveloped country. Empowerment of women may normally mean equal access to & control over important productive resources. Women empowerment, therefore, may normally describe as a process by which women would be able to develop their confidence level & increase their inner strength & self reliance to decide and determine their important choices in life. The socio-economic empowerment of women achieved through SHG may be divided into dimensions of Economic, Social, Political, Personal, Institutional, Organisational, and Familial.
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Dr. Mukesh Kumar. „Women Empowerment: Constitutional Provision“. Legal Research Development: An International Refereed e-Journal 1, Nr. III (30.03.2017): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v1n3.09.
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“Empowering women is a prerequisite for creating a good nation, when women are empowered, society with stability is assured. Empowerment of women is essential as their thoughts and their value systems lead to the development of a good family, good society and ultimately a good nation.” –A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Formal-President Govt. of India. Women are main founder of the world as well as men. So that in India women are called “Ardhangini‟ and in western countries she is called „Better women in society. Empowerment of women is very essential for the development of society because women play an import key role in all the fields of development. Women contribute directly or indirectly for the economic development. Women play a strategic role in the developmentof society in particular and development economy in general. Although from last two centuries, in India, the position of women is so hazardous that year 2001 is announced as the year of “EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN, 2001.” Empowerment of women involves many things-economic opportunity, property rights, political representation, social equality, personal rights and so on. The process of empowerment is taking place at so many levels that it is quite difficult to gauge the actual nature and extent of empowerment in improving status of women.
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Shouket, Saiqa Jabeen, und Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad. „Politics of Islamization and Women Rights in Pakistan“. Global Social Sciences Review IV, Nr. IV (30.12.2019): 546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(iv-iv).66.
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Women empowerment and Islamization have critical relationship with each other in the political history of Pakistan. The domination of a single dogmatic thought process has affected the alternatives and has reduced the political space of almost half of the societal segment in the political sphere. The initiatives of women empowerment have been taken in Pakistan, but that empowerment could not trickle down to the masses. The slogans of empowerment further concentrate the power of the dominant elite in a same class. The process of Islamization started in Pakistan before its inception in 1947. Islamization got significant momentum during the Zia-ul-Haq regime in Pakistan in the 1980s. This paper is an attempt to explore the engagements of women with Islamization and how the process of Islamization influenced women's empowerment. The existing writings on Islamization largely focused on Islamic laws and their political manifestation in the polity of Pakistan. This study primarily focused on gendered dimensions and their linkages with Islamization. A qualitative approach has been used for exploring the core question, and it has been found that ideological state apparatuses are dominating both Islamization and women's political rights.
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S. Faiza Batool, Ujala Sajid und Hira Qaisar. „Empowering Women; basic right for being an Individual.“ International Journal on Women Empowerment 8 (01.12.2022): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29052/2413-4252.v8.i1.2022.23-26.
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Background: Concept Women empowerment emerge from the middle of 20th century and now recognize globally. Empower the women from discrimination, inequality and injustice are the basic aspects of this approach. Gender equality, economic empowerment, social empowerment, political empowerment and education are all the integral of women empowerment which provide the safe space where they have rights for education, equal opportunities in social, economic and political status.
Methodology: To investigate the gaps between the knowledge of empowering women and to found the real struggle of women on daily basis we applied both the quantitative and qualitative data collection procedure, which include the questionnaire with close-ended question and the interviews with selected women from different region.
Results: Women with different background have different approaches and their empowerment vary according to it even though culture and social bounding’s hinder the pathway of empowerment. But it has been noted that the education and training sessions are helpful in bringing change in one’s narrative and behavior. Empowering the women; it’s not only the concept of girls education right, it also about their social, political and economic stability.
Conclusion: Being human beings, women should also be treated as equals. With the growing world and interest of people in women's empowerment, it became the central aspect of each country's policies. We apply a mix-method research approach to address women's empowerment and the gaps in its knowledge, which include a questionnaire and interviews of the selected women. Hence our study suggests that training programs in different areas increase awareness and empowerment of women; however, societal and cultural barriers are the prominent hindrance associated with women's empowerment.
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Rahayu, Aristya Tri. „Gambaran Keberdayaan Perempuan di Desa Wisata Pentingsari berdasarkan Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS)“. Tourisma: Jurnal Pariwisata 1, Nr. 1 (10.06.2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamajts.v1i1.36313.
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The main focus of this research is to measure whether female residents in Desa Wisata Pentingsari perceive themselves as being empowered by tourism. The measurement is carried out using the concept of Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS), formulated by Boley and McGehee (2014). This study will show the mean score on the dimensions of psychological empowerment, social empowerment, and political empowerment. Furthermore, the mean score will be interpreted with a scale of assessment proposed by Umar (1998). A questionnaire was distributed to 100 women in Pentingsari Tourism Village who are at productive age between 15 - 64 years old. The result shows that the women in Pentingsari Tourism Village perceived themselves to be more psychologically empowered than socially or politically. On the psychological empowerment, the mean score shows a very high score of 4.26. Meanwhile, on the dimension of social empowerment, the mean score shows a high category of 4.19 and on the dimension of political empowerment 3.69, still in the category high score.
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Kumar Singh, Prashant, und Kirti Singh. „FINANCIAL INCLUSION- A FRONT WHEEL FOR WOMENS EMPOWERMENT“. International Journal of Advanced Research 11, Nr. 05 (31.05.2023): 1586–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/17027.
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This study examines the impact of financial inclusion on womens empowerment in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan, India, from a social, economic, political, legal, and psychological standpoint. An analysis of descriptive statistics revealed that financial inclusion and empowerment are significantly correlated among diverse women. Based on the regression analysis results, financial inclusion is crucial to womens empowerment in general. Several factors contribute to womens empowerment in these areas, including financial literacy initiatives and access to banking services. Furthermore, the paper stresses the need for a targeted strategy and program to promote financial inclusion for women, gender equality, and inclusive growth in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan.
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Muhammad Bilal, Dr. Akhlaq Ahmad und Dr. Qaisar Khalid Mahmood. „Political Reforms and Women’s Economic Empowerment in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan)“. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review (RJSSER) 1, Nr. 2 (14.07.2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol1-iss2-2020(30-36).
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Women empowerment is an important discourse among the academic circles, especially in the feminist debates. The economic independence of women remains under discussion too because it fuels their overall empowerment. This paper mainly concentrates to examine the impact of political changes on female’s economic empowerment in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Moreover, this also focuses to know women’s knowledge about the political reforms brought for their empowerment. Liberal feminist camp supports the theoretical insights of this study. Empiricist epistemology guides the methodological application of the study. A sample of 400 women political representatives was taken through proportionate random sampling. Data were collected through interview schedule. Content analysis and independent sample t-test techniques helped in data analysis. Findings reveal some minor effects of the political reforms (i.e. increase of women quota in jobs and protection to women from workplace harassment); however, women’s economic independence in the study area still needs serious attention from different public and private stakeholders.
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Uddin, Elias. „ADVANCING WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FIELDS : BANGLADESH CONTEXT“. International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science 06, Nr. 02 (2023): 194–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.54922/ijehss.2023.0512.
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Around 50 percent of the population in Bangladesh comprises women. Women have made direct and indirect contributions to men's successes in life struggles. Despite their significant contributions to society and the nation, most women are not involved in mainstream socioeconomic and political activities. To promote women's development, they need to have a strong position at all levels of society, decision-making power, and freedom to live according to their own choices. This can be achieved through the process of empowerment. Empowerment ensures that women are recognized as human beings rather than just women and are capable of providing opinions and making decisions on all matters affecting their lives. Empowerment results in the sustainable development of women. The discussion paper reviews theoretical aspects of women's empowerment and its position in socio-economic and political contexts, considering indicators such as education, health, participation in decision-making processes, control and influence, constitutional recognition, legal initiatives, international action, ongoing initiatives, and recommendations.
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Butterfield, Alice K. Johnson, Ann Rosegrant Alvarez, Lorraine M. Gutierrez und David P. Moxley. „Women, Organizing, and Empowerment“. Journal of Community Practice 14, Nr. 3 (Juni 2006): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j125v14n03_01.
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Ijaz, Abdullah, Adnan Ahmad Dogar, Ikram Shah, Mohammad Saeed Lodhi und Shakirullah Dawar. „UNDERSTANDING WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN RURAL COMMUNITIES: A CASE STUDY OF SAHIWAL DISTRICT, PUNJAB PAKISTAN“. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, Nr. 3 (27.05.2021): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9360.
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Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to analyze the socio-cultural constraints that affect different dimensions of women empowerment in rural areas of Punjab province. Political participation and self-esteem were taken as dominant characteristics of women empowerment among lots of variables that collectively define women empowerment.
Methodology: A mixed-method approach was used to study different dimensions of women empowerment. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to collect the data from 85 respondents excluding widows and divorced women. Two focus group discussions were conducted, one in each village to further understand the phenomenon or empowerment and constraints faced by women. The data got analyzed by using tables and graphs made in MS Excel.
Main findings: Findings of the study indicate that although cultural constraints hinder the process of women empowerment a great deal, a husband's education along with a woman's education plays a significant role in women empowerment. Results showed that if the husband is more educated, women are more empowered politically and have higher self-esteem.
Application of the study: The significant contribution of a single factor in overall women empowerment is very interesting and needs further in-depth studies on different locations. The results can contribute to policy formulation for women empowerment on a larger scale.
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Selvi, A. Tamil. „A Study on Scheduled Tribe Women and Political Empowerment of Panchayat Raj in Andaman & Nicobar Island“. International Journal of Research and Review 10, Nr. 8 (10.08.2023): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230818.
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This paper attempts to analyse the socioeconomic and political background of the Scheduled Tribe women and political empowerment of panchayat raj in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Their knowledge about the roles and responsibilities of the panchayat, support received from various sections of the scheduled tribe women and political empowerment and their level of performance have also been brought out. The participants were elected women panchayat belong to scheduled tribe in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. This study is based on primary evidence collected from scheduled tribe women panchayat. The result shows that middle age group and married women hailing majority in scheduled tribe community. Most of them were school dropouts and their level of education was ranging from primary school to middle school level engaged in agriculture, fishers and non agriculture labourer. This study based on the concluded that there is a strong relationship between the political empowerment of Scheduled Tribe’s Women Elected Representatives and their capability in redressing the grievances of women and minorities in the village. Keywords: Women, Panchayat Raj, Scheduled Tribes and Political empowerment
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Sharma, Dr Ashwani, und Sannia Handa. „Panchayati Raj and Women Empowerment“. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology 06, Nr. 03 (2022): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2022.6305.
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Panchayati Raj was widely accepted because it meant government through mutual consultation, consent, and consensus. It fit right in with India's ancient cultural patterns. The passage of the 73rd amendment by Parliament in 1992 had the potential to usher in genuine democracy at the grassroots village level. This experiment is proving to be a huge success, especially in terms of allowing women to come out of their homes and participate in administrative and political fields. It must be considered that including well-qualified women in village Panchayats at the outset of the Panchayati Raj Institution's interlocution in rural areas would be a vital instrumental measure in planning for improving the social status and empowering women.
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Bukhari, M., G. M. Khushk, K. Khoso und S. Shah. „EMPOWERMENT LEVEL AMONG RURAL WOMEN OF SINDH: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS“. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 39, Nr. 2 (01.01.2024): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47432/2023.39.2.8.
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Women empowerment is an important factor in the growth of any country. It means equal social standing of women to their male counterparts in any society. However, even today, in the 21st century, women’s empowerment is a global issue and is prevalent in most societies, particularly in patriarchal societies. Since Pakistan is a patriarchal society, women in Pakistan are subjected to marginalization and social exclusion, especially in rural areas. This research work studied the complex nature of socio-economic factors and cultural norms that affect the empowerment level of rural women in Sindh, Pakistan, and what interventions can be implemented to improve their social, economic, psychological conditions, and political participation as well as decision-making power with an aim to achieve the following objectives: i) to study the socio-economic background of rural women; ii) to determine the social empowerment levels of rural women; iii) to determine the psychological empowerment; iv) to determine the economic empowerment levels; and v) to determine the political empowerment levels among the rural women of Sindh, province of Pakistan. The present study was conducted using a quantitative survey methodology with a close ended five-point Likert scale questionnaire focusing rural women of Sindh. The research questionnaire consisted of indicators related to socio-economic status, cultural norms, and empowerment level of rural women. The surveyed data was then analyzed using IBM SPSS software. Results drawn under the study inferred that the rural women of Sindh remain highly unempowered socially, psychologically, economically as well as politically with a weak socio-economic background. The study further recommends strong policymaking along with the introduction of various schemes in support of gender security by provincial and federal governments and strict measures taken for the implementation of policies.
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Rahman, Muhammad Mahmudur. „Women Empowerment Through Microcredit:“. Bangladesh Journal of Public Administration 30, Nr. 1 (30.03.2022): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36609/bjpa.v30i1.233.
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For the time being, efforts are continued by the different organizations of Bangladesh to empower rural women who were so vulnerable in their premises that no money-lending organization trusted them. For last few decades, microcredit- a collateral free credit support, has been disbursed for the betterment of women and their empowerment. This study investigates the contribution of microcredit in empowering rural women and how the credit beneficiaries are facilitated by nourishing it. The perceptions of female borrowers are also assessed here. Following the mixed method, 42 female credit borrowers of two root level units equally from Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB) and Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) are selected for the collection of firsthand data while different credible secondary sources are searched for extra information. The study contributes to formulate public and private policy from the updated findings of empowerment and self dependency of women by dint of existing system of microcredit program. The result explores that the female borrowers are capable of increasing their income and savings that entails declining domestic violence. Few of them achieved the ability to participate in different decision making activities of their personal and family affairs. In addition, microcredit helps to improve personal skills, social status, political consciousness and legal awareness of the credit beneficiaries that really strengthen their morale. Finally, the study finds that the women perceive more empowered after the inflow of microcredit in their everyday activities. Therefore, some pragmatic recommendations based on the findings are proposed for better women empowerment of rural area.
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SULEHRI, MUHAMMAD ANWAR, und NIAZ MUHAMMAD SHEIKH. „LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN“. Professional Medical Journal 17, Nr. 04 (10.12.2010): 721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.04.3033.
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Objective: To Investigate the Level of Empowerment of Women in accordance with human rights. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Residence Colony of Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad. Period: August - September 2007. Material & Methods: There were 600 houses and 6 Blocks A, B, C, D, E & F in the Colony. By Simple random sampling 10 houses were taken from each Block by drawing lots. Sixty married women’s between the age of 25 – 45 years (One from each house) were interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 37.2 years. Among the total 60 (100%) Women, 16 (26.6%) were illiterate, while 44 (73.3%) had primary education and above. Only 10(22.2%) out of 44 educated women had graduate and above degree. Thirty-Eight (63.3%) women had the opportunity to use the reproductive health services and family planning, while 22 (36.6%) could not utilize the family planning methods. A total of 40 (66.6%) women had good nutritional status, while 20 (33.3%) had imbalances in nutrition. Nineteen (31.6%) women were doing jobs in different public and private institutions, while 41(68.3%) had not got opportunity for jobs. Thirty-Three (55%) women had monthly income lessthan Rs.10,000/- per month and 27(45%) had Rs.10,000/- and above. Forty (66.6%) women were given importance and active participation in decision making, in children marriages. house-hold and in political process (vote casting) at all levels, while 20(33.3%) were not given importance in decision making of above matters. Forty -Three (71.6%) woman were given their right of inheritance / property. Fourteen (23.3%)women were forced to wear veil while going out of house. Forty (66.6%) woman admitted to have suffered from violence either psychological, physical or sexual in their life. Safe drinking water supply was available to 30 (50%) women, however sewage disposal, toilet facilities with in house were available to majority of the respondents. A total of 40 (66.6%) women were over all empowered. Conclusions: Women do havehuman rights as well. The results obtained from this study are encouraging but not up to the standards of International Human rights Principles, which are universal, inalienable; indivisible; interdependent and interrelated.
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Sharma, Rachna. „MGNREGA and Women Empowerment: Some Emerging Questions“. RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 9, Nr. 1 (12.01.2022): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53573/rhimrj.2022.v09i01.005.
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Empowerment means higher level of development. The word empowerment is becoming common nowadays. Each person interprets the meaning of empowerment differently in their individual context. Empowerment can be defined as an improvement in the economic, political, social, educational, sexual or spiritual power of an individual, community or organization. Empowerment is a multidimensional process as it can be seen in political, psychological, sociological, economic and other dimensions also. Just as empowerment is a multidimensional process, similarly the process of women empowerment is also a multidimensional process.
Abstract in Hindi Language:
सशक्तिकरण से तात्पर्य विकास का उच्च सोपान हैं। सशक्तिकरण शब्द वर्तमान में सामान्य सा होता जा रहा हैं। प्रत्येक व्यक्ति सशक्तिकरण का अर्थ अपने वैयक्तिक संदर्भ में पृथक- पृथक निकालता हैं। किसी व्यक्ति समुदाय या संगठन की आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, शैक्षिक, लैंगिक या आध्यात्मिक शक्ति में सुधार को सशक्तिकरण के रूप में परिभाषित किया जा सकता हैं। सशक्तिकरण एक बहुआयामी प्रक्रिया है क्योंकि इसे राजनीतिशास्त्रीय, मनोविज्ञानशास्त्रीय, समाजशास्त्रीय, आर्थिक एवं अन्य आयामों में भी देखा जा सकता हैं। जिस प्रकार सशक्तिकरण एक बहुआयामी प्रक्रिया है उसी प्रकार महिला सशक्तिकरण की प्रक्रिया भी एक बहुआयामी प्रक्रिया है।
Keywords: सशक्तिकरण, नरेगा, मनरेगा, पितृसत्तात्मक, आत्मसम्मान, आत्मनिर्भरता ।
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Basnet, Surendra. „Impact of Microfinance on Women Empowerment“. KMC Journal 5, Nr. 2 (01.09.2023): 194–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kmcj.v5i2.58238.
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In recent years, most microfinance programmes have focused on gender issues with significant support given to poor female clients to facilitate their access to capital. The study examines the impact of economic development, improvement in family matters, decision to use public amenities and political empowerment on women empowerment of participants in Surkhet district. The study followed the positivist research philosophy. The deductive approach, quantitative research method, and the descriptive and causal-comparative research design were applied to draw the study’s conclusion. 390 women participants were selected for the study using the convenience sampling method. The study is based on self-made questionnaires to the women taking microfinance services. The primary data were collected from household surveys and interview methods. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos graphics software. This study used descriptive and inferential statistics for data presentation and analysis. The hypotheses were tested through the SEM technique. The study’s findings show that economic development, improvement in family matters, decision to use public amenities, and political empowerment significantly impact women’s empowerment. Further, microfinance services and women empowerment have a significant relationship. The results of this study provide substantial implications for government and microfinance organizations to shape their plans for women’s empowerment.
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Gul, Sumaira, Hina Bahadur und Shandana. „Women Empowerment through Legislative Reforms in Pakistan: A Historical Analysis“. Global Legal Studies Review VII, Nr. II (30.06.2022): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2022(vii-ii).17.
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The constitutional standings of Pakistani females and the importance and efficiency of existing laws on women’s legal and political empowerment in Pakistan will be the core focus of this study. In this paper, the effect of government determinations for the empowerment of women were examined. The concept of women's empowerment has gained popularity globally but in Pakistan it is facing many challenges due to various social taboos. There are a number of contexts in which the question of empowerment of a Pakistani woman can be considered, but the most critical one is the law: How laws relating to women’s authorized constitutional rights are framed is essential to determine. This research will try to analyze the obstacles to the actual implementation of legislative acts introduced for women empowerment. Furthermore, this paper will also suggest some policy recommendations to ensure women leadership skills and vertical empowerment in the country.
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Raditloaneng, Wapula N. „Political Literacy for Women’s Empowerment in Botswana: A Feminist Perspective“. World Journal of Educational Research 3, Nr. 1 (25.03.2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjer.v3n1p127.
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<p><em>This article serves to illuminate that Botswana’s political landscape in the last 49 years has been very dramatic in the trend of women’s visibility in cabinet and parliament. Post independence trends indicate non-existence of women in the first Botswana parliament, a gradual increase in the number of women in parliament during the 1990s, ranging from 5 to 8, and a sharp collapse in the last decade to only 6 in 2</em><em>014 (Botswana Gazette, 2014)</em><em>.</em><em> </em><em>Women, just like men, need to be groomed to be politically literate and aggressive to make a transition and compete with their male counterparts for parliamentary and cabinet seats. Women’s political illiteracy and history of being invisible in Southern African parliaments, particularly the highest decision-making organ of the Government of Botswana, is evident, based on numbers. Politics has remained a male province, with very few women as cabinet ministers or members of parliament. </em></p><p><em>Based on an analysis of trends in the political landscape in Botswana, political ethnography, historiography and the Critical Third World Feminist Theory, the authors argue that lack of political literacy and patriotism are major sources of women’s failure to make it to parliament. These pose implications for accelerated role of Adult Continuing and lifelong education of women in politics to raise their level of political literacy.</em></p>
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Baral, Balkrishna. „Gender development perspective: A contemporary review in global and Nepalese context“. Geographical Journal of Nepal 10 (31.05.2017): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gjn.v10i0.17395.
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For the empowerment of women several international meetings, conferences and seminars have been taking place globally. Consequently, women are becoming stronger in social, economic, and political sectors. The numbers of women state heads have revealed that internationally women are being empowered politically. Women’s struggle in Nepal has also brought a remarkable change in establishing women rights in social, economic, and political spheres. After democratic restoration, few efforts have been made for their empowerment. Still the Human Development index of women is not so encouraging. However, they have been involved in multi sectoral activities such as household economy, environmental conservation, social functions, and infrastructure development. After 1990, political parties have involved women in their political organizations and have provided opportunities to be elected and nominated in the national legislature, executive and judiciary. Few of them have already got chances to be Minister and Member of Parliament.Similarly, women have been working as District Development or Village Development Committee chairperson. In the inaccessible remote areas still they are not much empowered and their involvement is less. It is necessary to make them empowered.
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ATAKAN, Ayşe GÖNÜLLÜ. „THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND WOMEN’S POLITICAL REPRESENTATION: AN ANALYSIS OF WOMEN’S EXPERIENCE IN FORMAL POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN TURKEY FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE“. “Küresel siyaset: Türkiye’den bakış”, Spring,2021 (30.04.2021): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30546/2616-4418.bitd.2021.118.
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Today, the necessity of addressing development not only with its economic dimension but also with its social and environmental dimensions has been accepted by the international community. Alternative Women and Development approaches that emerged in the 1970s also emphasized that the idea of development without women would not be possible, and that the main development is possible with the empowerment of women as important actors of development. It is a dominant view that is agreed in the literature on women and gender studies that one of the most important tools for achieving empowerment, which is conceptualized as “gaining the ability of women to make strategic life choices”, is their participation in decision-making mechanisms. In this context, it is vital for women to participate in formal politics with their own perspective in order to solve their own problems based on their own gendered experiences. In this study, inadequate political representation of women in Turkey, as a candidate to be among the developed countries, is discussed from a gender perspective in terms of reasons, results and solutions. Keywords: Political participation, gender, women and development, empowerment.