Dissertationen: „Political empowerment of women“

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Dawoud, Aliaa Abdel Aziz. „Utilizing mass media in the political empowerment of Egyptian women“. Thesis, University of Westminster, 2010. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9056y/utilizing-mass-media-in-the-political-empowerment-of-egyptian-women.

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Egyptian women’s activists are widely regarded as pioneers in calling for women’s rights in the Arab world. However, the struggle for women’s rights in Egypt is a complex one that has led to many achievements, but has also involved numerous setbacks. The media has been central throughout this struggle and all of this has always taken place in a highly politicized environment, which involved changes in the state’s approach to women’s rights. Thus, this study investigates the interplay between women, media and politics in Egypt. It uses theories of authoritarianism that have been used to describe the nature of the incumbent Egyptian regime, as well as notions pertaining to the corporatist tactics it resorts to in order to analyze the manner in which the state deals with women’s activists and their access to the media. This involves a particular emphasis on the privately owned media which has flourished in Egypt in recent years. Also, because the Egyptian government is directly and actively involved in ‘women’s issues’, the study uses the notion of state feminism to analyze its efforts in this regard and how they relate to media treatment of women and their rights. In addition, the study draws on theories of post and neo colonialism to analyze how efforts in the area of women’s rights by both the government and activists relate to the international framework, which promotes a specific version of women’s rights. This is done by interviewing female members of political parties, NGOs and a governmental women’s organization, as well as using archival research to analyze the information available in the publications of these organizations. Other methods employed in this study are critical discourse analysis to analyze media treatment of women’s political empowerment, in addition to focus groups to investigate Egyptian female audiences’ reception of political drama. As a result, the study breaks new ground in theorizing the relationship between the state and women’s activists and thus explains the activists’ media access. It also develops the notion of state feminism and relates it to the media. Finally, the study reveals and theorizes how the privately owned media in Egypt is subtly controlled by the state.

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Duque-Salazar, Juan Diego. „When armed politics empower women : Gender ideologies in armed groups and women’s political empowerment: Evidence from Colombia“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385097.

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This study aims to account for variation on women’s political empowerment in localities during wartime. I draw upon political ideologies and civilian-armed group interaction literature to argue that gender ideologies could explain why some conflict-affected areas have more women’s political empowerment than others. I argue that gender egalitarian ideologies in armed groups leads to specific organizational structure and political discourse where women are allowed to take leadership and political-related roles within the armed groups. More specifically, I argue that gender egalitarian armed groups not only encourage women to take public roles within their group but also to engage in politics in communities under their territorial control through four strategies: ideological meetings, penetration of social and political organization, establishment of social behaviors and infiltration in electoral politics. I test this argument using quantitative sub-national data looking at territorial control of non-state armed groups and number female mayor candidates in Colombia from 1997 to 2007. I expect that guerrilla areas, are more likely to have more female candidates compared with paramilitary areas. Surprisingly, I found an opposite direction, where paramilitary areas have more female candidates compared with guerrilla areas. I offer an alternative explanation based on the qualitative sources in order to account for the unexpected findings.

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Barcellos, Olinda. „Cuidados, acolhimento e flores : empoderamento político de mulheres e desenvolvimento local no Rio Grande do Sul“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/132940.

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Nesta tese objetivou-se identificar e analisar trajetórias de empoderamento político de mulheres que exercem funções de representatividade e suas compreensões sobre desenvolvimento local. O recorte analítico é qualitativo e fundamentou-se nos conceitos de empoderamento, chances de vida, capacitações e estado de confiança. O universo de pesquisa foram mulheres que assumiram cargos de prefeitas, vice-prefeitas e vereadoras no Rio Grande do Sul, nas eleições de 2012. Também, buscou-se conhecimentos sobre o assunto com informantes qualificados, totalizando trinta e quatro pessoas entrevistadas por meio de um roteiro que abrangeu os seguintes aspectos: a trajetória familiar, educacional e profissional; a trajetória política, a participação em organizações de grupo; atuação na política, o estilo de fazer política; os significados e os compromissos com o desenvolvimento local; a participação política da mulher; e o estado de confiança e as expectativas do futuro na política. Os resultados demonstraram que a mulher ingressa na política por três vias: pela qualificação profissional, pela participação em movimentos sociais e para ajudar amigos e família; atua na política com especificidades da esfera privada, e sua compreensão de desenvolvimento local não distancia de seu entendimento de bem-estar em casa; não separa sua vivência em família com a atuação na política, dobrando sua carga de compromissos e atividades; suas expectativas quanto ao futuro político não são de continuidade, apesar de afirmar que está atuando muito bem na política. Com isso, concluiu-se que, além de traçar trajetórias diferentes, as mulheres atuam na política de forma diferente dos homens, por não conseguirem separar a vida privada da pública. Ou seja, jogam as regras que foram elaboradas por homens, mas de forma que a esfera privada não se distancie da pública. Não somam um número que representa uma massa crítica capaz de alterar relação de poder, mas quando estão no poder compreendem o desenvolvimento local como processo de construção de bem estar às pessoas, o qual inclui os cuidados com a cidade, o acolhimento às pessoas e ruas com muitas flores.
The present study aims to identify and analyze trajectories of womens’s political empowerment, that have representative roles, and their understanding about the local development. The analysis is qualitative and it is based in empowerment's concepts, life's chances, abilities and self confidence. The investigation took into account women that were mayors, vice-mayors and councilwomen in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 2012 elections. Also, the information about the subject came from qualified people, thirty four people was interviewed with a script that included the following aspects: familiar, educational, professional and political ones, participation in goups organizations, performance in politics, the way of working in politics, the meanings and the commitment in relation to local development, women's participation in politic, conditions to gender equality, their self confidence and their expectations in politics. The results demonstrated that women joined to politics due to three vias: their professional competence, participation in social activities and to assist their friends and family. They work in politic with specificities from their private lives, and their understanding about local development is similar to their understanding about welfare at home, they do not separate their family living from their political performance, they duplicate their activities and commitments, they do not have expectations to continue in politics, in spite of their good work in this area, according to their opinion. Therefore, the conclusion is that woman work in a different way in relation to man, because they can not separate their private lives from their public ones. In other words, they work according to the rules created by men in this area, but in a way that their private lives do not stay away from their public one. These women are the rate that represent a critical mass that can not change the power relation, but when they are in the power position they understand the local development as a process of construction of welfare to people, which includes the care of the city, welcoming people and streets with lots of flowers.

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Boateng, Janet Serwah. „Women in District Assemblies in Ghana: Gender construction, resistance and empowerment“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2017. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2048.

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Calls for more female participation in politics have featured strongly in developed and developing countries since 1975 when the UN made women’s issues a priority. Ghanaian society’s underlying patriarchal structure has made some progress towards gender equity in politics. Whilst there has been a significant improvement in levels of female participation and representation rates, targets have not been reached and the least amount of progress has taken place in local government. The thesis draws upon theories of gender and development (GAD) that emphasises on gender relations in development and proposed the empowerment of women as central to gender equality. Also, social capital underpins this study in arguing that although social capital tends to be accessed differently by men and women, and that culturally men have more established ways of networking widely, there is potential for women to strategically garner social capital in ways that are beneficial to contesting for political seats. Interviews undertaken individually with 40 women in district assembly (DA) positions, and focus groups of 40 men and 10 women campaigners from 4 zones in the country were transcribed, categorised and coded using Nvivo version 10 software. From this qualitative data, the enabling and precluding factors of participation in local government by women in Ghana were analysed and ranked according to the prevalence in the data. The results identified that enabling factors’ themes were Individual Motivational Strategy, Community Support, Civil Society Support, Family Support and Campaign Strategy. Precluding factors’ themes were Barriers, Challenging Factors, and Discouraging Factors. The issues surrounding gender equity in Ghanaian politics and governance have been comprehensively described against this backdrop of explanations from people with experience of campaigning, taking up official positions, and in some cases withdrawing from politics or competing against women. v Whilst patriarchal beliefs still abound for aspiring and serving female politicians, some candidates have been able to achieve high levels of male support, and many feel voters’ support has come from constituents’ belief that representation by a woman is their best hope of having development addressing women’s issues. The findings are potentially useful to future aspiring female politicians in Ghana, and other stakeholders committed to encouraging and supporting women with the overall aim of achieving gender equity.

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Peldán, Carlsson Moa. „The Political Effect of Female Terrorists: Do women become empowered when entering male dominated spheres?“ Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352367.

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This quantitative study aims to investigate mechanisms for female empowerment in the context of conflict by examining whether a female entry into armed rebel, insurgent and terrorist movements can lead to an increase of women represented in politics. Three different hypotheses for the relationship are set: that the effect is positive, that the effect is negative and that there is no effect at all. The study argues that one possible mechanism for the relationship is that female rebels become role models for other women when entering the male dominated domain of a rebel movement. These women disrupt and question existing gender hierarchies and ideas of what it means to be a woman. By expanding the idea of what women are capable of doing, these women could inspire other women to enter other male dominated spheres, such as decision-making domains in politics, and hence gain political power. The method for examining this possible mechanism is OLS linear regression between the dependent variable women in parliament and the independent variable women in rebel movements. The result found is that there is a significant positive effect, meaning that the prevalence of women in rebel movements do actually affect the prevalence of women in politics in post- or present- conflict countries around the world. The conclusion is therefore that, at least in militarized societies, women as a group can become empowered when some women enter male dominated spheres as this believably unties the traditional idea of the capabilities of women.

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Zhang, Huiyi. „Economic Development and Women Empowerment in China: Is There a Regional Pattern?“ Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-38458.

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The rapid economic development in China has successfully drawn a worldwide attention and benefit its population, with a average 8 percentage GDP growth rate every year and 500 million people out of poverty. While a large number of people are seeking for the reason why economic achievement in China has been so dramatic and unprecedented, less people show solicitude for Chinese women`s condition and empowerment. Women as a worldwide vulnerable group, their well-being need to be taken into consideration during the process of developing economy. In China, female population accounts for 48.47 percentage (633.2 million) of entire population. Under the big picture of economic prosperity, the author found that Chinese people`s living condition has advanced largely, the popularization of basic education and medical service has benefit the vast majority people, meanwhile, people can be more involved in political process to express their opinions. However, women are benefited disproportionately but still less empowered than men are. Moreover, since China is a geographically large country, the economic development has shown some regional characteristic, that means, in southeastern China, due to the convenient traffic condition, such as harbors, economic development process is faster than in northwestern China, where traffic and natural conditions are both weak. Would that cause a unequal empowered situation between women from different economic developed regions? Women has been paid less attention through the history of China, let alone different conditions of women in different regions. In this thesis, the author will describe women`s different empowered situation in rural and urban regions of China, via a capability approach viewpoint, and discussion of whether there is a regional pattern will be based on (Dis) Empowerment model.

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Zaaroura, Mayssam. „Forgotten Revolutionaries: Reflections on Political Emancipation for Palestinian Refugee Women in Lebanon“. Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23106.

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This research explores Palestinian refugee women’s political rights through a broader examination of the gender dynamics in one refugee camp in Lebanon. Using two focus groups and individual interviews with 20 women, the research highlights the patriarchal and colonial structures that dominate the women’s lives, preventing them not only from engaging in political activities, but also hindering their opportunities for work and socialization outside their immediate familial spheres. The political disillusionment within the researched and broader Palestinian community, as a result of the encroaching project of Empire as defined by Hardt and Negri, has created a divided Palestinian cause, a failed youth, and a society attempting to hold on to its identity. However, along with that comes the oppression of a sub-section of that society – the women; the remaining possession that the men have. Women who previously engaged in armed resistance have not advanced politically, socially, or economically – and in fact the history of their struggles are being erased as surely as their land is. Nonetheless, pockets of resistance – a Multitude – of women, agents in their own fates, are fighting the current towards a more emancipatory future for themselves and future Palestinian men and women.

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Webb, Chequita Y. „Political empowerment of black women in the rural south: a case study of three black women mayor in rural Georgia“. DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1997. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/111.

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The three mayors and the respective cities studied in this paper were Mayor Emma Gresham Keysville, GA; Mayor Justine Brown Oliver, GA and Mayor Carrie Kent Walthourville, GA. The intent of this paper was to show that the three black women mayors chose to run for mayor because they felt that through their political position they could improve the lives of the citizens of their respective cities, especially the socioeconomic status of blacks in their cities and improve the cities in the important areas of: education, employment, housing and health care. The further intent of this paper was to address the apparent neglect of scholarship regarding black female mayors in rural Southern cities by performing a case study of the black women mayors in rural Georgia. None of the black women mayors studied in this paper were successful in improving the education or housing in their cities nor the socioeconomic status of blacks and somewhat successful in improving health care. This study addresses the neglect by scholars regarding black female rural Southern municipal politics. Further study is warranted to understand the impact of black women mayors in the rural South.

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Deshpande, Chitra. „Empowerment through Hindu nationalism? : examining gender relations in the Shiv Sena“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ab20698f-d74f-441e-be60-dbfd625b0114.

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This dissertation explores whether women and men can be empowered through cultural nationalism based on religious/ethnic identities. Religious fundamentalism is typically not associated with women's empowerment. As a patriarchal, Hindu nationalist party that advocates violence, the Shiv Sena is also an unlikely agent of women's empowerment. Yet, the Sena has been attracting numerous women who claim to have gained confidence through the party. Using the Shiv Sena as my case study, I interviewed four male and seven female Shiv Sena members using the biographic narrative method. By examining their biographic narratives and interviews of their families and colleagues, I was able to delineate the different empowerment cycles for men and women in Shiv Sena and determine each participant's level of empowerment. The empowerment framework defined by Jo Rowlands (1997), which distinguishes between personal, collective, and relational empowerment, serves as the basis of my assessment of women's and men's empowerment. As violence is generally disregarded as a means of empowerment, I discuss it in relation to the construction of empowering cultural identities. While establishing theoretical frameworks regarding empowerment, cultural identity and gender, I also examine the disempowerment of Maharashtrians (whom Shiv Sena originally represented) by the socio-economic and historical conditions of Bombay, India. I then demonstrate how Shiv Sena, led by its Chief, Bal Thackeray, has constructed a new hegemonic masculine identity for Maharasthrian men as a means of empowerment. In the final chapters, I examine Shiv Sena's impact on the lives of individual women and men. This analysis revealed that despite the patriarchal constraints imposed by the Sena, women were becoming personally empowered in both the private and public spheres. In contrast, while Shiv Sena men were achieving collective empowerment in the public sphere, they had more difficulty becoming personally empowered in both the home and workplace.

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Pleno, Manuel Jose L. „Ecotourism Projects and Women's Empowerment:A Case Study in the Province of Bohol,Philippines“. Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7309.

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Tanghöj, Erike. „Social empowerment for and by Aymara women : A study of social empowerment processes in relation to local development programmes“. Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Political Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1218.

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The vulnerable social situation of the indigenous women in Bolivia is often on the agenda

of many organisations (CSOs and NGOs). Especially, the deep rooted socio-political

discrimination of this group has been addressed in several researches and during various

international development forums. However, few of these investigations have tried to

understand in what ways the Aymara women themselves want to be supported by

organisations in order to become socially empowered. In regard to this, the contemplation

of this Master Thesis has been to, in an inductive manner, increase the understanding of

the concept of social empowerment from the perspectives of Aymara women and

NGOs/CSOs. To do so a qualitative field based study, aimed at letting Aymara women

themselves explain the social situation, was conducted in Bolivia during the spring 2007.

The outcome of this research has also served as a foundation to a discussion, with special

references to the Swedish aid-agency Svalorna Latinamerika, concerning what NGOs and

CSOs ought to consider when working with social empowerment of Aymara women.

The overarching methodological approach of the study has been that of a bottom-up

implementation analysis. In order to retrieve information from the field techniques such as

socio-anthropological studies, observations, interactions and interviews have been applied.

Several interesting insights and conclusions have been retrieved from the investigation. The

primarily conclusion drawn is that empowerment can neither be received nor given as it has

the features of a learning process. Accordingly, in regard to this organisations must adopt

the role of 'supporters' rather than 'suppliers'. Secondly, it has been reasoned that any

undertaking aimed at supporting social empowerment for and of Aymara women must be

synchronised with the progression of the women's learning processes. This specifically

suggests that organisations must adopt long-run as well as holistic programmes rather than

ad hoc activities. The overall conclusion drawn is that if the social empowerment for and of

Aymara women is to benefit from the undertakings of organisations the planning,

implementation and evaluation of the activities must primarily be based on terms given by

the women.

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Chuki, Sonam. „Women in politics in democratic transition: The case of Bhutan“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/85085/1/Sonam_Chuki_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis is a study about women's participation in Bhutan's new democracy and exposes the patriarchy embedded in Bhutanese society which is reinforced through cultural practices and the legal framework. It reveals the public/private dichotomy, the low educational attainment of girls and the gendered division of labour which derails women's public life. It discloses a masculine driven party politics and the challenges of being a woman in the world of men. Nonetheless, the first trailblazing women parliamentarians demonstrated a principled, feminine, political leadership in a masculine environment. Semi-structured interviews, document review and participant observation methods were used to collect data.

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Bird, Jessica. „Micro-Enterprise Development for Dalit Women in Rural India: An Analysis of the Implications of “Women's Empowerment”“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1286.

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The overall purpose of this study is to assess various market-based versus aid based approaches to financial autonomy for Dalit women in rural India and the goals and assumptions of the multiple stakeholders involved in each method (mainly, national and international NGOs, the state, and micro-finance organizations). I argue that approaches to income generation such as entrepreneurship, capital investment, and skill building, are based on similar objectives of economic agency, but ultimately lend to different results because of their varying assumptions about “women’s empowerment.” By separating these approaches into three methods of income generation based on their objective to promote either wages, labor, or capital, the political incentives of each stakeholder becomes more clear. The research presented in my literature review ultimately led me to predict that for Dalit women in India to experience financial autonomy, wage labor that produces immediate outcomes is a more viable route to overall empowerment than entrepreneurship due to its cultural constraints women fact. However, after analyzing my comparative case studies which focused on three different methods of handicraft and textile production facilitated through state, institutional, private stakeholders, I began to see how a a multiple-income generating approach, such as combining the resources of NGOs, micro-finance, and the state, reduces caste and gender barriers to entrepreneurship. Through a feminist and Marxist analysis, I assess the problems that occur when actors determine a blanket approach to empowering all women without considering their diverse contexts, and more specifically, how different identities and standpoints work to inform and oppress notions of empowerment. My interviews with experts in the field have led me to recommend that methods of income generation facilitated through grassroots Self Help Groups is the best way for rural, Dalit women to women to achieve economic agency.

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Jonsson, Linda. „Improving the Political Prospects of Women in Malawi by Promoting Gender Equality : A minor field study in Mpasa Village in Malawi 2013“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-39627.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gender equality in Mpasa Community in Malawi by measuring the access to work, education, health, and political empowerment as measurements. An investigation of how the pre-colonial social structure, based on matriarchy, will determine to what extent the cultural factors affects gender equality. This thesis is based on observations made possible through a minor field study scholarship financed by SIDA in 2013. Previous research and theories are used as framework for the thesis. The Malawian Parliament, consisting of mainly men, passing a gender equality bill hoping to empower women and increase female political representation is evidence of willingness to improve the current living situation of women and girls. It turns out the degree of gender equality is high for such an underdeveloped country as Malawi and the cultural factors do have a big impact on the political development. Inequality does occur in the field of political participation investigated at chief level in the district and matriarchy seems to be the underlying social structure that sets the norms and rules.

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Tegnell, Frida. „To Empower Ethiopian Women : A Minor Field Study of how the Gender Reforms of the Ethiopian Government impact on Non-Governmental Organisations work with Women Empowerment“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91011.

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Ethiopia is a country that for centuries has been dominated by men. However, since 2018, the Prime Minister Abiye Ahmed has introduced gender reforms, including a gender balanced cabinet. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how the gender reforms affect three non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in their work to empower women. The paper focuses on the following research questions: 1) How do non-governmental organisations work with women empowerment in Ethiopia? 2) To what extent and how have non-governmental organisations been affected by the gender reforms of the Ethiopian government that took office in 2018? 3) How have Ethiopian women been affected by the gender reforms of the Ethiopian government that took office in 2018 according to non-governmental organisations? The paper follows the theoretical framework by Dibie and Dibie, and Bratton as analytical framework. The methodological framework that has been used is a qualitative method, conducting semi- structured interviews. The NGOs main approach in relation to women empowerment is Self Help Groups (SHGs) and Women Watch Groups. The NGOs are unanimous that the gender reforms have improved NGOs relationship with the government due to a new law that was implemented in relation to the reforms. Finally, the NGOs have a positive image of Ethiopian women’s future and argues that the gender reforms empower women.

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Eriksson, Sara. „A credit-plus approach : the way to increase women´s empowerment in microcredit? - Evidence from Colombia“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-320181.

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Does participation in microcredit programs lead to the empowerment of women? The answer is not clear-cut, and earlier studies report ambivalent results. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals number 5 argues for the importance of finding paths to empowerment. In order to facilitate women’s empowerment in microcredit scholars suggest the use of a credit-plus approach. The purpose of this paper is to reassess the impact of microcredit by making use of the credit-plus approach of Fundación WWB. The study is based on new primary data collected in a Minor Field Study conducted in Colombia. Through developing and testing three hypotheses I assess the impact on three dimensions of women’s empowerment: economic, social and cultural, and psychological. A mixed method approach of both OLS regressions and semi-structured interviews are applied. The results indicate that a credit-plus approach does increase the positive impact of credit on women’s financial control within the household. Yet, no significant result could be found in the case of decision-making power or self-efficiency. The paper also concludes that non-financial services per se may constitute a way to increase women empowerment.

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Cortobius, Fredriksson Moa. „Involvement without Influence? : Theoretical and Organisational Premises for Women´s Empowerment in Development Programmes“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-14486.

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The objective of the thesis is to discuss how the theoretical and organisational premises of the gender approaches of development programmes affect their possibilities to empower women and to enhance gender equality. This will be done through a study of the gender approaches of six development programmes for democratic and economic governance in the water and sanitation sector located in Angola, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and Philippines respectively. The programmes strive towards the achievement of the UN Millennium Development Goals and are financed by the Spanish Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund. The programmes‟ gender approaches are defined as: the way the programmes interpret the concepts of women‟s empowerment and gender equality; the way they incorporate the concepts into their programme design and organisational structure, and; the activities and strategies implemented to enhance women‟s empowerment and gender equality in the programme areas. The analysis of the gender approaches of the programmes will be centred on the five theoretical assumptions which together state that a) a gender approach based on a collective postulation, with; b) adequate mechanisms for women‟s influence and; c) a purposeful involvement of men, backed-up by; d) adequate resource and responsibility allocation, and; e) a gender integrated design enabling evaluation and monitoring, is more probable to empower women. The main findings of the thesis are that: 1) all of the six gender approaches of the programmes are fundamentally individualistic and driven by efficiency rationales; 2) women‟s possible influence is generally limited and partial because of inadequate scope of participatory spaces; 3) men are not considered in any of the gender approaches; 4) the responsibility allocation for gender issues is the most important organisational feature for the implementation of the approaches, but it is weak in the majority of the programmes; 5) the integration of gender in the programme design and the funding mechanisms appear to not affect the implementation directly. Based on the results of the thesis it is concluded that both the theoretical and organisational premises of the gender approaches create small possibilities for the programmes to empower women and to enhance gender equality. The results also point to what appears to be fundamental structural weaknesses in the present gender interpretation, integration and implementation of international development agencies.

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KUNKA, AGATA. „“How can we understand the role of education?” A qualitative content analysis of resources, agency, and achievements of the situation of migrant women in Sweden and their political and social empowerment“. Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23145.

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Migration has been an extensive topic in Sweden as it has been debated and discussed through various perspectives such as through the political and social participation. Within this scope of research education is one of many important factors that enhance political and social participation within migrant women (Atger, 2009). This research aims to analyze the role of educating migrant women in empowering them to acknowledge their political and social development through the tool of empowerment theory of Naila Kabeer; resources, agency, and achievements (1999). Resources have been examined as economic, human and social ones by the tool of content analysis. Agency refers to the ability of individuals to recognize and act upon choices available to them; decision-making process (Ibid). Achievements include women participation in different organizations, political parties and in the labor market. This paper analyses education that empowers migrant women through resources, agency and achievements to become a socially and politically active agent in Sweden.

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Hjelmström, Julia. „Feminist perspectives on women empowerment in Tanzania : A case study of why economic development is not enough“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-34026.

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Tanzania has in the recent years kept a steady economic growth and the poverty rate has fallen significantly. At the same time, informal financial services have increased in popularity as a tool for poverty reduction. Previous research claims that gender equality will progress when economic development is taking place. But despite the economic development, the situation for Tanzanian women is still tough and the man is considered to be the head of the household. This paper aims to show why Tanzania is a deviant case regarding economic development and gender equality, and investigate how informal financial services impact women empowerment, by looking at membership in Village Community Banks. Feminist theories are used to explain why economic development and gender equality does not always have a linear relationship. It is concluded that membership in Village Community Banks have impacted the women on a personal level, enhancing self-confidence and belief. However, the gender equality within the household is not progressing due to a patriarchal social ordering, where the male is superior and the female inferior. It is not enough to focus on financial services, such as access to savings and credit, for a woman to be empowered enough to become equal to her husband.

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Chaney, Kathryn Elise. „Work and Women's Empowerment: An Examination of South Asia“. Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1514051407055113.

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Mkhize, Gabisile Promise. „African Women: An Examination of Collective Organizing Among Grassroots Women in Post Apartheid South Africa“. The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1357308299.

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Atkinson, Kelly E. „The Effect of Gender-Based Development Policies on Child Recruitment into Conflict“. The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1502720301036327.

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23

Dahlberg, Åsa, und Sofie Ahlin. „Migration, remittances and the women left behind : A study on how women in Mali are affected by migration and remittances from their migrated husbands“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-10254.

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The purpose of this study is to find out in which way international migration and remittances influence the role and lives of women in Mali. We look more specifically on whether migration and remittances change existing gender roles and empower women. Our research questions focus on changes in women's decision-making power in the households as well as on their activity outside the households. To understand the importance of remittances, we compare two regions with heavy migration - the one receiving most remittances and one of the regions receiving least. The method used is semi-structured interviews with women in the two regions, both migrant‟s wives and women having their husband at home. The study is also based on interviews with several organizations in Mali. Our results show that remittances and migration have little impact on women's empowerment and ability to make choices. However remittances can influence their material well being and lessen their work burden, which can serve as a prerequisite for empowerment, but only if it is combined with other variables such as changes in traditional gender values.
MFS

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Gwangndi, Maryam Ishaku. „Women empowerment : The law and the politics of family planning in Nigeria and England and Wales- A comparative analysis“. Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514465.

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Lind, Anna-Maria. „Struggle and Development : Approaching gender bias in practical international development work“. Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Social and Political Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-1444.

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Since the Beijing Conference on women in 1995 ‘gender-mainstreaming’ has been the new buzz word within the international development regime. Gender equality is increasingly believed to be a major determinant for socioeconomic development in the Global South. However, the development agenda and the gender strategies for the Global South are still outlined and determined by development professionals at head quarters of the development business in the in the Global North. Heavy critique has been launched against the prevailing international development paradigm, not only for being increasingly centralised and categorised as business, which distances global policy from the lived realities in the Global South, but also for obscuring unequal power relations between men and women behind the political correctness of gender.

This study explores how gender and gender power relations are perceived and approached in practical development work in India. Through the example of the Self-Employed Women’s Association, SEWA, my ambition is to give an example of how gender bias and social inequality can be targeted through practical socioeconomic development work in a way that is both context sensitive and sprung from the Global South. SEWA is a women’s organisation, as well as a trade union and a cooperative movement. Aiming at improving employment and social and economic security for the female workers in the informal sectors, SEWA has organised its 800 000 members and social security services into cooperatives to bring about a process of social transformation with women at the centre.

My empirical findings show that SEWA approaches gender bias in concrete and particular forms. As gender discrimination and poverty are interconnected, dealing with low-income households’ basic socioeconomic needs will also restructure gender power relations. With a large member-base and with ties to NGOs, corporations and governmental bodies, regionally, nationally and internationally, SEWA has become a powerful actor for social development, even at times when they face heavy resistance due to their feminist principles and commitment to the poor and socially marginalised.

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Lovasz, Michelle Anne. „French Caribbean Women and the Problem of Empowerment: A look at Moi, Tituba, sorcière...Noire de Salem and Pluie et vent sur Télumée Miracle“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32208.

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This thesis explores the problem of self-empowerment for the French Caribbean Black woman as presented in the novels Moi, Tituba, sorcière...Noire de Salem and Pluie et vent sur Télumée Miracle. The respective authors, Maryse Condé and Simone Schwarz- Bart, use fiction to convey the plight of women in the French Caribbean. They successfully create characters who refuse marginalization imposed by their patriarchal and oppressive societies. Condé’s novel, set in the 17th century first in Barbados, and then in Puritan New England depicts the challenges Tituba overcomes in reaching liberation. Schwarz-Bart presents the story of Télumée, set in Guadeloupe at the beginning of the 20th century. My study focuses specifically on the characters of Tituba and Télumée to show ways that they thwart the dominant social structures and norms that seek to disempower them. It reveals ways that Condé and Schwarz-Bart make use of literature to reverse European perceptions of gender and race. Consequently, the literary fictions they create suggest possible ways of escaping marginalization and refusing racial and gendered subjugation.
Master of Arts

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Munoz, Cabrera Patricia. „Journeying: narratives of female empowerment in Gayl Jones's and Toni Morrison's ficton“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210259.

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This dissertation discusses Gayl Jones’s and Toni Morrison’s characterisation of black women’s journeying towards empowered subjectivity and agency.

Through comparative analysis of eight fictional works, I explore the writers’ idea of female freedom and emancipation, the structures of power affecting the transition from oppressed towards liberated subject positions, and the literary techniques through which the authors facilitate these seminal trajectories.

My research addresses a corpus comprised of three novels and one book-long poem by Gayl Jones, as well as four novels by Toni Morrison. These two writers emerge in the US literary scene during the 1970s, one of the decades of the second black women’s renaissance (1970s, 1980s). This period witnessed unprecedented developments in US black literature and feminist theorising. In the domain of African American letters, it witnessed the emergence of a host of black women writers such as Gayl Jones and Toni Morrison. This period also marks a turning point in the reconfiguration of African American literature, as several unknown or misplaced literary works by pioneering black women writers were discovered, shifting the chronology of African American literature.

Moreover, the second black women's renaissance marks a paradigmatic development in black feminist theorising on womanhood and subjectivity. Many black feminist scholars and activists challenged what they perceived to be the homogenising female subject conceptualised by US white middle-class feminism and the androcentricity of the subject proclaimed by the Black Aesthetic Movement. They claimed that, in focusing solely on gender and patriarchal oppression, white feminism had overlooked the salience of the race/class nexus, while focus by the Black Aesthetic Movement on racism had overlooked the salience of gender and heterosexual discrimination.

In this dissertation, I discuss the works of Gayl Jones and Toni Morrison in the context of seminal debates on the nature of the female subject and the racial and gender politics affecting the construction of empowered subjectivities in black women's fiction.

Through the metaphor of journeying towards female empowerment, I show how Gayl Jones and Toni Morrison engage in imaginative returns to the past in an attempt to relocate black women as literary subjects of primary importance. I also show how, in the works selected for discussion, a complex idea of modern female subjectivities emerges from the writers' re-examination of the oppressive material and psychological circumstances under which pioneering black women lived, the common practice of sexual exploitation with which they had to contend, and the struggle to assert the dignity of their womanhood beyond the parameters of the white-defined “ideological discourse of true womanhood” (Carby, 1987: 25).

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation langue et littérature
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Nkolo, Asse Sosso Ginette Patience. „Les femmes entrepreneures dans la société politique camerounaise“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0067/document.

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Avec le retour du multipartisme au Cameroun dans les années mil neufcent quatre-vingt-dix, l’État camerounais voit émerger des nouveaux acteursparmi lesquelles les femmes entrepreneures. L’objectif de cette thèse est dedéterminer quels enseignements structurels, les dynamiques sociopolitiquesdes femmes entrepreneures dans la sphère sociopolitique nous livrent sur lefonctionnement du système politique camerounais à l’aune du genre. A traversce questionnement, l’objectif est de voir dans quelle mesure l’entrée desfemmes en général et l’intégration des femmes entrepreneures en particulierdans le système politique entraînent un changement d’ethos de la vie politiquecamerounaise fortement imprégnée de l’ethos de la notabilité-séniorité et de lamasculinité et fortement caractérisée par la gouvernance de la manducation etla politique de l’autoreproduction
With the return to multi party system in Cameroon in the 1990s,Cameroon’s state witnessed the rise of new players, including womenentrepreneurs. This thesis aims at determining the structural lessons learnedfrom the sociopolitical dynamics of women entrepreneurs in social and politicalsphere about the functioning of Cameroon’s political system with regard togender. Through this inquiry, our goal is to see how the entry of women ingeneral and mainstreaming of women entrepreneurs in particular in the politicalsystem results in a change of ethos on cameroon’s political life which is stronglymarked by the ethos of notability-seniority and manhood and mainlycharacterized by the governance of manducation and policy of self-replication

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Ozden, Asli. „Can Reproductive Health Program Empower Women? A Feminist Post-development Critique Of European Union Funded Reproductrive Health Program In Turkey“. Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12612107/index.pdf.

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Whithin the recent human centered development approach, the mission of development'
s declared aims are alleviating poverty, increasing choices by reducing '
risks'
and empowering women. In line with the human development framework, Reproductive Health program aims at improving women'
s health, enlarging women'
s chices and engendering reproductive rights. The scope of '
empowerment'
is conceptualized as strenthening their capabilities to prevent sexual reproductive health risks, thereby enlarging their reproductive choices whithout reflecting on the role of general political economic structures. this thesis argues that while general health indicators and life choices and rights of poor women are decreasing due to neoliberal shrinkage of social policy and flexible working regimes, the sole focus on reproductive health and rights by development agents is irrelevant. In line with this argument, this study draws upon post-development theory in order to argue that development is a historically specific representation of social reality which permits particular modes of knowing while disqualifying others for perpetuating gobal hegemonic regimes.

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Leeson, Kate. „Women, development and empowerment /“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arl4868.pdf.

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Faber, Jacob William. „Technology-enabled political empowerment“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34410.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-101).
Political participation and community involvement in the United States have declined steadily and significantly over the past four decades, and some attribute the fall to new media, such as television and the Internet. This thesis is a study of new technologies and their impact on political and community involvement. I-Neighbors.org is a technology allowing individuals register a free website and email list for their neighborhood. Through a particular feature of I-Neighbors called GovLink users can contact their elected officials for free. This thesis is based on a study of the behavior of I-Neighbors and GovLink users, looking for evidence that these technologies affect community involvement and political participation. Data gathered through surveys, the United States Census, and a short case study shows that new media can have a profound impact on community dialogue and political involvement.
by Jacob William Faber.
S.M.

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Shearer, Nelma Beth Crawford. „Facilitators of health empowerment in women“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289115.

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The purpose of this study was to test a theoretical model of the process of health empowerment in women. The proposed model examined empowerment from a theoretical perspective based upon a Rogerian framework and Parse's simultaneity paradigm. The model examined interpersonal factors (social support and professional support) and contextual factors (age, income, years of education, number of children, and number of years currently married). Women's health empowerment was indexed using Power as Knowing Participation in Change Tool and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile Instrument. A convenience sample of 133 women between the ages of 21 and 45 years with children were obtained from the Arizona State University College of Nursing sponsored Community Health Services Clinic to test the theory. Hierarchical multiple regression technique was used to explain women's health empowerment. Results indicated a 38% of the variance in health empowerment measured as knowing participation in change was explained by a significant beta weight for social support. In addition, a significant 43% of the variance in health empowerment, measured as lifestyle behaviors, was explained by significant beta weights for education and social support.

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Barreto, Ana Carina Neves Vilares. „Adela Cortina e os percursos de uma cidadania inclusiva: Dos direitos humanos ao princípio ético de co-responsabilidade“. Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18322.

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O presente trabalho de investigação procura, numa abordagem global da obra e do pensamento filosófico de Adela Cortina, entroncar duas problemáticas cuja actualidade ética julgo ser crucial. Por um lado, pretende-se revisitar em que contexto a ética cívica de Adela Cortina pode ajudar a reestruturar um novo percurso de cidadania, de uma cidadania política a uma cidadania civil e cosmopolita que proponha a cada ser humano a actualização e revitalização do seu protagonismo na vida pública. Por outro e no horizonte da resinificação ética do exercício efectivo da cidadania, procurar caminhos para que essa busca efectiva possa incluir as mulheres como protagonistas nas sociedades civis e políticas de hoje. Por conseguinte, é ao colocar a cidadania moderna em questão, a que surgiu com o romper da Revolução Francesa e que secularmente sujeitou as mulheres a um imaginário igual, no entanto, de real exclusão, que a partir dessa desconstrução proponho um olhar lavado acerca do empowerment das mulheres na vida pública e, desde logo, em que medida essa reactualização é herdeira de uma ética cívica da co-responsabilidade em Adela Cortina. /ABSTRACT; The present investigation work searches, in a global approach to the work and the philosophical thought of Adela Cortina, to thicken two topical issues witch ethics actuality I believe is crucial. First, it is intended to revisit context in which the ethics of civic Adela Cortina can help to restructure a new pathway to citizenship, a political citizenship to a civic citizenship and cosmopolitan that propose to every human being the update and revitalization of its role in public life. For another, and in the horizon of re-meaning ethics of the effective exercise of citizenship, to seek ways so that this effective search can include women as protagonists in civil society and policies today. Therefore, it is when placing the modem citizenship in question, the one that appeared with breaching of the French Revolution and that secularly it subjected the women to imaginary an equal one, however, of real exclusion, which from that deconstruction propose a look washed about empowerment of women in public life and, therefore, to what extent this updating is heir to an ethic of civic responsibility in Adela Cortina.

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Rishi, Pooja. „Teaching women empowerment governmentality in postcolonial India /“. Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 333 p, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1993336281&sid=10&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2009.
Principal faculty advisors: Daniel M. Green and Claire Rasmussen, Dept. of Political Science and International Relations. Includes bibliographical references.

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Singh, Swati. „Microcredit, Women, and Empowerment: Evidence From India“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699847/.

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Microfinance programs, by providing financial services to economically disadvantaged individuals, generally women, are intended to help poor self-employ and become financially independent. Earlier research in India has documented both positive and negative consequences of microfinance programs on women, from financial independence to domestic abuse. However, most of the research has been geographically limited to the southern states of the country, with a matured microfinance industry, and has given little attention to how variations in cultural practices across different regions of the country may influence the impact of microfinance programs on its members. To fill the gap in the existing literature, three related studies of Indian women were conducted. The first study was a qualitative study of 35 women engaged in microfinance programs in the northern region of India. The study found that women engaged in microfinance programs reported having increased social networks, higher confidence and increased social awareness. The second and third studies used nationally representative data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) 2005-2006. Controlling for a variety of other individual-level and community-level characteristics, the second study examined if getting a microloan affected women’s access to public spaces, and the third examined if getting such a loan influenced married women’s participation in household decision-making. Both studies further investigated if the microloan effect on these dimensions of women’s empowerment varied by the normative context of woman’s respective communities. The results indicated that, all else equal, women who had ever taken a microloan were more likely to go alone to places outside their home such as market, health clinics and places outside the community compared to women who had never taken such a loan. Getting a microloan also had a positive effect on women’s participation in decisions about large household purchases and husband’s earnings. The hypothesized moderating effect of the normative context of women’s respective communities was found only for women’s participation in decisions about large household purchases. Getting a microloan had a stronger positive effect on women’s participation in these decisions if they lived in communities with restrictive gender norms.

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Adubra, Ayélé Léa. „Non-traditional occupations, empowerment and women : a case of Togolese women /“. New York : Routledge, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb413337023.

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Basdereff, Donatella Françoise Nathalie. „Social cause marketing & women empowerment: explanatory case study of a women empowerment cause-related marketing initiative in Brazil“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17758.

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Cause-related marketing may offer opportunities that can contribute to women’s empowerment while having a positive impact on companies leading such programs. This paper seeks to broaden the existing understanding of women empowerment and entrepreneurship by focusing on the less-studied contemporary phenomenon of women empowerment cause-related marketing. A case study analysis was used to assess two main areas of interest: (1) elements of empowerment social-cause marketing embedded in the program, and (2) individual perceptions of empowerment by participants. The paper revealed that in the case studied (1) this recent corporate practice is a win-win situation using traditional elements of both women empowerment and cause-related marketing practices and, (2) empowers participants mainly in psychological, economic, sociocultural and familial and interpersonal dimensions of their lives.
Marketing para causas sociais pode oferecer oportunidades de contribuir ao empoderamento das mulheres ao mesmo tempo que tem um impacto positivo para empresas liderando aqueles programas. Este trabalho procura ampliar o conhecimento atual sobre o empoderamento e empreendedorismo feminino apoiando-se no recém fenômeno menos estudado de marketing para causas sociais de empoderamento feminino. Uma analise de estudo de caso procurou determinar duas áreas de interesse: (1) elementos de empoderamento e marketing para causas sociais incorporados ao programa, e (2) percepções individuais de empoderamento pelas próprias participantes. O estudou demostrou que no caso estudado (1) essa recém tendência corporativa é uma estratégia 'win-win' que usa elementos tradicionais de ambos empoderamento feminino e marketing para causas sociais; (2) empodera as participantes nas áreas psicológica, econômica, sociocultural e familiar e interpessoal das suas vidas.

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Christianson, Stace Hucks. „Mormon Women's Sense of Empowerment“. Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 1997. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTAF,24557.

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Darnell, Melissa Liberty. „Rethinking empowerment: Collective action as intervention with women“. CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3401.

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This study explores women's feelings of empowerment that result from participating in collective action events. The study contributes to the growing body of social work scholarship on empowerment practice by identifying and describing the specific variables that may contribute to or enhance empowerment feelings in women as a result of collective action participation.

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Wheatley, Samantha Sujin. „The Climb to Empowerment: Microcredit's Effect on Women“. Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1963.

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Thesis advisor: Hiroshi Nakazato
Microcredit has been praised and criticized for its reputation as the solution to global poverty—helping the poor help themselves. The economists have focused on the impossibility of a sustainable microfinance system, whereas other scholars have commended the social advancements that MFIs have supported, especially in relation to gender inequality. This conceptual thesis specifically studies the effects of microfinance institutions on women’s empowerment—first defining ‘empowerment’ and then observing it in various case studies. My research supports the conclusion that microfinance is a useful economic aid and more importantly it spearheads the fight for women’s rights
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: International Studies Honors Program
Discipline: International Studies

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Petrakis, Lauren M. „Breaking Boundaries: The Empowerment of Women Through Architecture“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427898873.

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Pang, Sila. „Gender equity: women’s political empowerment in South Korea“. Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45236.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
South Korea has undergone many drastic transformations from the time the state formally emerged in 1948 until now, becoming a thriving democracy and the world’s 12th-largest economy. Women in South Korea have enjoyed many aspects of this recovery and rise. According to the 2013 World Economic Forum’s Annual Gender Gap Index, South Korea’s women today have the highest literacy and healthy life expectancy rates in the world. Yet according to the same index, South Korea placed 111th out of 136 countries in gender equality. While this index highlights the need for further improvement, the ranking does not illustrate the whole story of how far Korean women have progressed in their political empowerment. Conventional measurements describe Korean women’s political empowerment status as unfavorable, but closer examination paints a different picture. Increasing economic status, higher education, and strengthening social capital have allowed Korean women to be more involved in civic life, and as a result, to make greater demands for equal representation in politics. All of these factors suggest a trend of continuous progress toward increased political empowerment.

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Love, Kaleen E. „The politics of gender in a time of change : gender discourses, institutions, and identities in contemporary Indonesia“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e7aea965-c1aa-43b0-bc76-3bc743e90879.

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This dissertation fundamentally explores the nature of change, and the development interventions that aim to bring this change into a particular society. What emerges is the notion of a ‘spiral’: imagining the dynamic relationship between paradigms and discourses, the institutions and programmes operating in a place, and the way individual identities are constructed in intricate and contradictory ways. Within this spiral, discourse has power – ‘words matter’ – but equally significant is how these words interact dialogically with concrete social structures and institutions – ‘it takes more than changing words to change the world’. Furthermore, these changes are reacted to, and expressed in, the physical, sexed body. In essence, change is ideational, institutional, and embodied. To investigate the politics of change, this dissertation analyses the spiral relationships between gender discourses, institutions, and identities in contemporary Indonesia, focusing on their transmission across Java. It does so by exploring the Indonesian state’s gender policies in the context of globalisation, democratisation, and decentralisation. In this way, the lens of gender allows us to analyse the dynamic interactions between state and society, between ideas and institutions, which impact on everything from cultural structures to physical bodies. Research focuses on the gender policies of the Indonesian Ministry of Women’s Empowerment, substantiated with case study material from United Nations Population Fund reproductive health programmes in West Java. Employing a multi-level, multi-vocal theoretical framework, the thesis analyses gender discourses and relational structures (how discourses circulate to construct the Indonesian woman), gender institutions and social structures (how discourses are translated into programmes), and gender identities and embodied structures (how discourses enter the home and the body). Critically, studying gender requires analysing the human body as the site of both structural and symbolic power. This dissertation thus argues for renewed emphasis on a ‘politics of the body’, recognising that bodies are the material foundations from which gender discourses derive their naturalising power and hence ability to structure social relations. The danger of forgetting this politics of the body is that it allows for slippage between ‘gender’ and ‘women’; policy objectives cannot be disentangled from the reality of physical bodies and their social construction. This thesis therefore argues that there are distinct and even inverse impacts of gender policies in Indonesia. As the ‘liberal’ and ‘modern’ assumptions of gender equality are overlaid onto the patriarchal culture of a society undergoing transformation, women’s bodies and women’s sexuality are always and ever the focus of the social gaze. The gender policies and interventions affecting change on discursive and institutional levels may thus provoke reaction at the level of individual identities that are contrary to explicit intentions. In effect, projects that purport to work on ‘gender’ are often so deeply rooted in underlying gender normativity that their net effect is to reinscribe these gender hierarchies. By exposing the contradictions in these underlying paradigms we gain insight into the politics of a transforming society. Furthermore, engaging with the politics of the body allows us to analyse the spiral processes between discourse and practice, the question of power, and the way men and women embody social structures and experience social transformation.

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Wong, Chau Ying. „Participation and empowerment : an ethnography of Miao women in rural China /“. View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202003%20WONG.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-134). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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Dunn, Susan F. „Toward Empowerment: Women and Community-Based Tourism in Thailand“. Thesis, Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/6122.

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Hill, Donna Michele. „Aboriginal women living with HIV/AIDS : an empowerment perspective“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2786.

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This qualitative research study focuses explicitly on understanding the experiences and perceptions of urban Aboriginal women living with HIV/AIDS. Stigmatizing attitudes and language have serious impacts upon the lives of HIV-positive Aboriginal women. The ways our society presently addresses the women needs to change. With the insights and assistance of four Aboriginal women living with HIV, this project adds to the presently sparse qualitative literature in this research area. Current research indicates that there are many factors associated with urban Aboriginal women being at higher risk for infection and lower physical and mental health, such as race, socio-economic conditions, isolation, oppression and violence, family history, substance abuse, discrimination, and often the responsibilities of childrearing. However, current research analysis and presentation is insufficient, and more in-depth questions arise. Material was collected using semi-structured, open-ended questioning conversations with the participants. Two guiding research questions were asked: 1) What is it like for you, living with HIV right now? and 2) What would you want other people to learn from your experiences? The women’s stories provide an avenue for participants to voice some of their triumphs and challenges about being an Aboriginal woman living with HIV/AIDS. For the community at large, this is also an opportunity to hear first hand, important information such as this. In this work, I have tried to adhere to the tenets of Indigenous methodologies by allowing the life-stories to resonate as holistic representations. Rather than deconstructing the women’s stories through naturalistic analysis (which continues to categorize and to objectify participants), the stories are viewed through a Health Narrative Topography whereby thematic genres such as Restitution, Chaos, and Quest are illuminated, while also being critically aware of some of the limitations to this framework. Three overarching themes are revealed through the women’s stories: 1) the empowerment and resiliency demonstrated by the participants; 2) the need for cultural competency in a society that continues to stigmatize Aboriginal and HIV-positive women; and, 3) the need for a more holistic approach within society when it comes to education, learning, and healing.

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Podges, Joan Winnifred. „The current state of Black female empowerment in the construction industry measured against broad-based Black economic empowerment scorecard“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1161.

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The Government of South Africa has placed a lot of emphasis on economic growth and the involvement of Black people in the mainstream of the economy. The implementation of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) created opportunities for direct empowerment of Black females in ownership and management. The Construction Industry is being challenged to increase the number of Black females in management and ownership levels. Due to the nature of the Industry, only a small population of females considers Construction as a career option. The Industry has also lost a significant number of skilled Engineers and is experiencing a shortage of skilled managers in Middle and Senior Management Levels. The research problem questioned the current state of empowerment for Black women in the Construction Industry as measured against the B-BBEE Scorecard. The literature review focused on the requirements of the B-BBEE scorecard and Construction Charter. The second phase focused on gender equality and the achievements of women in Construction. The research design was done by using questionnaires to the South African Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors (Safcec) members in the Eastern Cape. The research design and survey aimed to determine the status of empowerment in the Construction Industry. With reference to both the literature review and the empirical findings the state of female empowerment can be determined. Therefore iv recommendations and opportunities for further research in this regard can be identified.

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Muganda, Leocretia L. „The role of women in the Church of East Africa focus on women empowerment /“. Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2004. http://www.tren.com.

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Kasat, Pilar Amparo. „Singing the Women Back Up: Art for Social Change and the Empowerment of Women“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/82686.

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This thesis examines art for social change as a decolonising methodology. Four case studies set in colonial-settler societies discuss how women of colour and Indigenous women use art for social change not only to tell their own stories and reclaim their individual power but also to exert power in their collective fight for social justice. The thesis suggest that their creative practices are building a language of resistance that is resonating across the world.

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Grenley, Devin. „Women’s Empowerment Through The Erotic“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/292.

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First Semester: My thesis project is about showing women’s empowerment through their sexuality and comfort within their bodies own bodies. In our society women’s eroticism is seen as taboo and women are taught to turn away from the exploration of the erotic as a source of power within themselves. The erotic is often confused and misunderstood, it is an emotion and sense of empowerment that has been named by men and used against women. It’s now difficult to recognize that the erotic can even have a sense of empowerment for women, because strong women have been taught through our society to be viewed as dangerous. As Audre Lorde, a feminist writer states, “The erotic is a resource within each of us that lies in a deeply female and spiritual plane, firmly rooted in the power of our unexpressed or unrecognized feeling. In order to perpetuate itself, every oppression must corrupt or distort those various sources of power within the culture of the oppressed that can provide energy for change. For women, this has meant a suppression of the erotic as a considered source of power and information within our lives” (Lorde). A woman’s strength comes from her sexuality. Once women begin to believe in this concept, they will begin to require this deep powerful sensation from all aspects of their lives and will not settle for anything less. Women should embrace their sexuality and use it as a sense of strength, instead of falsely believing that they can only be strong by suppressing this eroticism. My project is based on a collaborative experience with the models about what their sexuality means to them, and how they can show this through a camera. These photographs are meant to be raw and real; they are representations of real women who have chosen to show the viewers their own sexuality in the way in which they see best fits their sexual personality and comfort with their own bodies. The writings from the models on the back of the photographs show their own struggles with their sexuality. It may make the viewers feel uncomfortable, but this is the point. We are working towards being able to live in a society where women can be sexual if they choose to be. This is still a working progress, and having to view photographs that make one uncomfortable, may be the first step in change. Second Semester: Visual Poetic Abstractions: A Close Photographic Rendering of The Female Body: My personal thesis project shifted after first semester ended. Second semester I decided to continue the question of the body, but step away from the cultural views and instead start to dissect the body in it’s natural form. The project is a close examination of the formalist aspects of the body, including a self-evaluation of what the body means to me. This project resulted in a series of close-up photographs that will help the viewer in seeing portions of the body in ways they have not before. Some photographs will even be unrecognizable as to what part of the body the photograph is representing. This is important because it leads the viewer to examine each photograph for what the beauty of the photo entails, and not for their previous cultural understandings of body parts prior to viewing. The idea behind the black and white photographs is so the viewer again dissects the photograph without the context of color – for example skin no longer can be recognized as skin when the color context is taken away from these photographs. Within this project, I have paid specific detail to the poetic formalist view of the body, dissecting different body parts to create awe and wonderment. The photographs are an anatomical view of the body in its most raw and poetic form.

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