Dissertationen zum Thema „Point could“

The skin is the largest organ in the body. Its function is to protect the body from potential harm and to maintain homeostasis. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. Stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of corneocytes and surrounding lipids. The lipids are produced by different enzymes that all play a role in the formation and function of the skin permeability barrier. Mutations in genes coding for these enzymes can lead to barrier dysfunction and could cause autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI). Nine genes have been identified as ARCI-causative and two of them are CYP4F22 and CERS3.   The purpose of this project was to study co-localization of CYP4F22 with CERS3 and also mutated CYP4F22 enzymes, by transfecting plasmids into HeLa and HaCaT cells and performing PLA on HEKn cells. Co-localization could indicate potential interactions and by studying these more in the future, novel treatment strategies can be developed for ARCI patients.   Transfection attempts showed a low transfection grade of wild type genes in both HeLa and HaCaT cells. Tendencies towards co-localization was seen in both cell types and some HeLa cells showed strong correlation after image analysis. Transfection of mutated genes failed, unfortunately. PLA showed co-localization in normal keratinocytes. The obtained results indicated a co-localization, but results need to be confirmed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting in the future.

Fler och fler industrier vänder blickarna mot A.I. (artificiell intelligens) för att undersöka om och hur det kan användas för att effektivisera olika processer. Men för att träna upp en A.I. krävs oftast stora mängder data där man kan behöva förbereda väldigt mycket manuellt innan man ens kan påbörja träningsprocessen. SCA Skog AB ser dock många fördelar med att göra A.I. till en naturlig del av sin digitaliseringsprocess, där man bland annat är intresserad utav visuella bedömningar av träd. Dataset för visuella bedömningar kan se ut på olika sätt, men i detta fall var det relevant att skapa dataset i form av konturer för trädstammar. Med hjälp av en A.I. som skulle kunna visuellt segmentera och klassificera träd så skulle man öppna upp för många nya möjligheter inom skogsindustrin. Under detta projekt har jag undersökt hur man skulle kunna automatisera processen för skapandet av dataset i  skogsmiljöer för just visuella bedömningar. Som ett resultat av att försöka uppnå detta, så fick jag experimentera med bildbaserade punktmoln som på olika sätt tillät projektet att avancera framåt. Ur dessa punktmoln kunde jag sedan segmentera träden för att i nästa process skapa konturer längs alla träd med hjälp av utvunnen data ur segmenteringen. Jag tittade först och främst på hur man automatiskt skulle kunna skapa konturer för alla träd i bildsekvensen, för att sedan låta en användare gå in och finjustera konturerna. I resultatet kan man sedan tydligt se skillnaden i tidsåtgång för att använda programmet och inte. Programmet kan skapa och uppdatera pixel-masker snabbare än vad jag manuellt kunde utföra samma arbete, där jag dock hade önskat på en mer markant skillnad i tidsåtgång jämfört med den rent manuella insatsen. Under projektets gång så kunde jag identifiera några större problem som förhindrade detta, där man med lämplig utrustning skulle kunna uppnå ett mycket bättre resultat än vad som gjordes under detta projekt. Resultaten talar ändå för att det kan vara lönt att undersöka metoden mer ingående.
More and more industries are turning their eyes towards A.I. (artificial intelligence) and its rapid development, in hope of utilizing it to remove labor intense operations. But large amounts of manually processed data is often required before starting the learning process, which can be a huge problem to deal with. SCA Skog AB is still very curious in how they could use A.I. in forestry, where visual inspection of trees is of particular interest. There are many visual problems that modern A.I. can solve, where in this case it’s a matter of finding contours of trees and classify them. If this would be possible, a lot of interesting opportunities would open up to be experimented with. During this project I’ve examined the possibility of reducing the time it takes to manually create datasets of forest environments for this particular visual problem. As a result of trying to achieve this, I had to examine image-based point clouds and their properties to find out how they could be used in this process. From the SfM-point cloud I was able to segment all visible trees with an segmentation algorithm and isolate these points to extract the 2D→3Dconnection. I could then use that connection to create pixel masks and apply it to the image sequence to paint out all the contours of the segmented trees. A method to automatically update these pixel masks in terms of adding and removal was also implemented, where any update would propagate through the image sequence and reduce the time for manual adjustment. From testing the program, it’s clear that time could be saved doing various kinds of contour updating-operations. The program could by itself create pixel masks that then could be updated in a way that a lot of need for manual updating was reduced, though the result in terms of time saved was not as substantial as one would have hoped for. Issues with the point cloud caused some major  problems due to it’s low precision. Using better equipment for image gathering would most likely be the best way to improve the results of this project. The result still tells us that this method is worth researching further.

Fler och fler industrier vänder blickarna mot A.I. (artificiell intelligens) för att undersöka om och hur det kan användas för att effektivisera olika processer. Men för att träna upp en A.I. krävs oftast stora mängder data där man kan behöva förbereda väldigt mycket manuellt innan man ens kan påbörja träningsprocessen. SCA Skog AB ser dock många fördelar med att göra A.I. till en naturlig del av sin digitaliseringsprocess, där man bland annat är intresserad utav visuella bedömningar av träd. Dataset för visuella bedömningar kan se ut på olika sätt, men i detta fall var det relevant att skapa dataset i form av konturer för trädstammar. Med hjälp av en A.I. som skulle kunna visuellt segmentera och klassificera träd så skulle man öppna upp för många nya möjligheter inom skogsindustrin. Under detta projekt har jag undersökt hur man skulle kunna automatisera processen för skapandet av dataset i  skogsmiljöer för just visuella bedömningar. Som ett resultat av att försöka uppnå detta, så fick jag experimentera med bildbaserade punktmoln som på olika sätt tillät projektet att avancera framåt. Ur dessa punktmoln kunde jag sedan segmentera träden för att i nästa process skapa konturer längs alla träd med hjälp av utvunnen data ur segmenteringen. Jag tittade först och främst på hur man automatiskt skulle kunna skapa konturer för alla träd i bildsekvensen, för att sedan låta en användare gå in och finjustera konturerna. I resultatet kan man sedan tydligt se skillnaden i tidsåtgång för att använda programmet och inte. Programmet kan skapa och uppdatera pixel-masker snabbare än vad jag manuellt kunde utföra samma arbete, där jag dock hade önskat på en mer markant skillnad i tidsåtgång jämfört med den rent manuella insatsen. Under projektets gång så kunde jag identifiera några större problem som förhindrade detta, där man med lämplig utrustning skulle kunna uppnå ett mycket bättre resultat än vad som gjordes under detta projekt. Resultaten talar ändå för att det kan vara lönt att undersöka metoden mer ingående.
More and more industries are turning their eyes towards A.I. (artificial intelligence) and its rapid development, in hope of utilizing it to remove labor intense operations. But large amounts of manually processed data is often required before starting the learning process, which can be a huge problem to deal with. SCA Skog AB is still very curious in how they could use A.I. in forestry, where visual inspection of trees is of particular interest. There are many visual problems that modern A.I. can solve, where in this case it’s a matter of finding contours of trees and classify them. If this would be possible, a lot of interesting opportunities would open up to be experimented with. During this project I’ve examined the possibility of reducing the time it takes to manually create datasets of forest environments for this particular visual problem. As a result of trying to achieve this, I had to examine image-based point clouds and their properties to find out how they could be used in this process. From the SfM-point cloud I was able to segment all visible trees with an segmentation algorithm and isolate these points to extract the 2D→3Dconnection. I could then use that connection to create pixel masks and apply it to the image sequence to paint out all the contours of the segmented trees. A method to automatically update these pixel masks in terms of adding and removal was also implemented, where any update would propagate through the image sequence and reduce the time for manual adjustment. From testing the program, it’s clear that time could be saved doing various kinds of contour updating-operations. The program could by itself create pixel masks that then could be updated in a way that a lot of need for manual updating was reduced, though the result in terms of time saved was not as substantial as one would have hoped for. Issues with the point cloud caused some major  problems due to it’s low precision. Using better equipment for image gathering would most likely be the best way to improve the results of this project. The result still tells us that this method is worth researching further.

This thesis examines characteristics of the tropical cold-point tropopause (CPT)and associated dynamic mechanisms using observations, idealized model, and generalcirculation model simulations. Fine-scale structure of the CPT is investigated usingnewly available high-resolution temperature data. Then, the dynamic mechanism ofthe CPT formation is rigorously tested and examined using a dry primitive equationmodel under the framework of transformed Eulerian-mean. Finally, the characteristicsof the CPT are examined in the state-of-art climate models that participated inthe Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The current climatemodels' capability to reproduce the CPT features is evaluated and discussed.In the observational study, climatology, seasonal cycle, and intraseasonal variabilityof three CPT properties (temperature, pressure, and sharpness) are examinedusing high-resolution temperature profiles derived from COSMIC global positioningsystem (GPS) radio occultation (RO) measurements. The climatology obtained fromthe GPS RO data captures the characteristic structure of the CPT successfully. Thethree CPT properties show coherent seasonal cycle in the tropics that the CPT iscolder, higher (lower in pressure) and sharper in boreal winter compared to that inboreal summer. This seasonality is consistent with that of the large-scale tropopauseupwelling, which is largely driven by near-tropopause processes. The variability onintraseasonal timescales is more likely controlled by the tropical deep convectionand associated tropical waves. Particularly, intraseasonal variability of the CPTproperties shows clear signature of Kelvin waves, with a secondary contribution byMadden-Julian Oscillation in the deep tropics.The formation mechanism of the CPT is further investigated using a dry primitiveequation general circulation model with a simplified thermal forcing. The simpledynamic system reproduces a distinct cold level at the top of the tropical troposphere,which is analogous to the CPT in the real atmosphere. The modeled CPT is primarilymaintained by adiabatic cooling due to upwelling at the tropical tropopause,and synoptic-scale wave forcing in the subtropical lower stratosphere is found as theprimary driver of the upwelling. Further investigation on the evolution mechanismsuggests that the formation of the CPT is a part of balancing process between waveforcings and mean flow response in the tropics, and this is likely an important processthat decides the vertical extent of the subtropical jet in the lower stratosphere.The thermal characteristics of the CPT examined in CMIP5 models exhibitreasonable agreements with observations. Historical simulations successfully capturethe spatio-temporal structure of the CPT on annual and seasonal timescales. The interannualvariability associated with El Ni˜no Southern Oscillation and intraseasonalvariability associated with equatorial waves are also roughly reproduced. However,many of the models still have overall warm bias near the CPT and non-negligiblebiases in the amplitude of variability in intraseasonal to interannual timescales. Inthe future projections based on the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)8.5 scenario, the models predict robust warming both at the 100-hPa and zero-lapseratelevels (estimated CPT), but cooling at the 70-hPa level. A weakened seasonalcycle in the temperature is also found in most models at both the 100- and 70-hPalevels, which could have an important implication for the stratosphere-troposphereexchange and related climate variability.
Cette thèse examine les caractéristiques du point froid de la tropopause tropicale, "tropical cold-point tropopause" (CPT) et les mécanismes dynamiques associés en utilisant des observations, un modèle idéalisé ainsi qu'on model de circulation globale. La fine structure du CPT est évaluée en utilisant de nouvelles mesures de températures à haute résolution. Ensuite, les mécanismes dynamiques de la formation du CPT sont testées de manière rigoureuse et examinées en utilisant un model sec basé sur les équations primitives dans le cadre du "Transformed Eulerian Mean". Finalement, les caractéristiques du CPT sont examinées avec les modèles climatiques de pointe du "Coupled Model Intercomparions Project Phase 5" (CMIP5). La capacité actuelle de ces modèles de reproduire les caractéristiques du CPT sont par la suite évaluées.Dans l'étude observationnelle, la climatologie, le cycle saisonnier et la variabilité intra-saisonnière de trois propriétés du CPT (température, pression et finesse) sont examinées en utilisant des profils de température haute-résolution dérivés du system de mesure par radio occultation gps COSMIC. La climatologie obtenue par COSMIC capture la structure caractéristique du CPT avec succès. Les trois propriétés du CPT montrent une évolution saisonnière cohérente dans les tropiques : le CPT est plus haut, plus froid, et plus fin lors de l'hiver boréal compare à l'été boréal. Cette saisonnalité est consistante avec les mouvements verticaux de large échelle qui sont principalement générées par des procédés locaux à la tropopause. La variabilité intra saisonnière est plus vraisemblablement contrôlée par la convection tropicale profonde et les ondes tropicales associées. Particulièrement, la variabilité saisonnière du CPT montre clairement une signature d'onde Kelvin, avec une contribution secondaire de la Madden-Julian Oscillation dans les tropiques. Les mécanismes de formation du CPT sont par la suite évalués en utilisant un model basé sur les équations primitives avec un forçage thermal simplifie. Le système dynamique simple reproduit un niveau froid distinct au sommet de la troposphère tropicale, qui est analogue au CPT de l'atmosphère terrestre. Le CPT modelé est principalement maintenu par de refroidissement adiabatique par ascension à la tropopause tropicale. Le forçage par onde synoptiques dans la basse stratosphère subtropicale est le mécanisme dominant régissant ce refroidissement par ascension. Une évaluation plus poussée suggère que la formation du CPT fait partie d'un processus de stabilisation entre le forçage d'onde et la réponse de la circulation moyenne dans les tropiques et que ce processus est vraisemblablement important pour décider de l'étendue verticale du courant jet subtropical dans la basse stratosphère.Les caractéristiques thermales du CPT observées dans les modèles CMIP5 démontrent une correspondance raisonnable avec les observations. Les simulations historiques capturent avec succès la structure spatio-temporelle du CPT sur des bases annuelles et saisonnières. La variabilité interannuelle associée avec le « El Nino-Southern Oscillation» et la variabilité intra saisonnière associée avec les ondes équatoriales sont reproduites avec succès. Cependant, plusieurs des modèles présentent une erreur chaude près du CPT et des erreurs non-négligeables dans l'amplitude de la variabilité intra saisonnière et interannuelle. Dans la projection future basée dur le scenario « Representative Concentration Pathway » (RCP) 8.5, les modèles prédisent un réchauffement au niveau du CPT, mais un refroidissement à 70 hPa. Un cycle saisonnier de températures plus faible est aussi observé dans la plupart des modèles au niveau de 100 et 70 hPa, ce qui pourrait avoir des implications importantes pour les échanges stratosphère troposphère et la variabilité climatique associée.

Orientador: Matthieu Tubino
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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Resumo: O presente trabalho foi realizado usando biodieseis preparados a partir de óleos de soja, canola, milho, girassol e, também, de gordura suína, através de reações transesterificação. Para todos esses biodieseis foram determinados o ponto de entupimento a frio, o ponto de fulgor e o perfil cromatográfico. Estes biodieseis foram misturados com diesel de petróleo para se produzir misturas contendo 5% do biocombustível (B5), 10% (B10) e 20% (B20), e os ensaios citados foram realizados nestas amostras. Visando a diminuição do ponto de entupimento a frio, alguns aditivos naturais foram testados e se mostraram eficientes. Por exemplo, o limoneno reduziu o ponto de entupimento do biodiesel de óleo soja em mais de 7°C. No biodiesel de gordura suína a redução foi de 10°C, o que significa o ponto de entupimento a frio em temperatura inferior a 13°C. Os aditivos utilizados são solúveis nos biodieseis estudados e, também, nas misturas diesel-biodiesel, pelo menos nas concentrações testadas. Como importante exemplo de abaixamento do ponto de entupimento a frio das misturas diesel-biodiesel de gordura suína com 10% de biodiesel (B10), podese citar o caso da terebentina que provocou uma redução de aproximadamente 8°C (de 12,7ºC para 5,0°C). Este mesmo aditivo caus ou uma redução de 13,6 ºC (de 20,3ºC para 6,7ºC), na mistura diesel-biodiesel de gordura suína com 20% de biodiesel (B20). Este resultado é muito significativo por implicar na possibilidade de usar este tipo de combustível mesmo em regiões mais ao sul do país durante o inverno
Abstract: The present studies were performed preparing biodiesel from soya, canola, corn, sunflower oils and the fat swine, through transesterification reaction. The biodiesel produced from these oils were studied for: cold filter plugging point, flash point and for chromatographic analysis. The biodiesels were mixed with diesel to produce blends containing 5% of the biofuel (B5), 10% (B10) and 20% (B20), and these samples were also analyzed by the same techniques as discussed earlier. In order to decrease the cold filter plugging point, some natural additives have been tested and were proved effectively. For example, limonene caused more than 7°C reduction in the cold filter plugging point of soybean biodiesel. In the biodiesel obtained from the swine fats, the reduction was found around 10°C and less than 13°C for the cold filter plugging point. The additives are soluble in studied biodiesels and also in the dieselbiodiesel blends, at least, in the concentrations tested. One of the important example of the reduction in the cold filter plugging point of diesel-biodiesel blends of swine fats with 10% biodiesel (B10), using turpentine as additive which caused reduction of approximately 8°C (from 12,7ºC up to 5,0°C). The same additive caused a reduction of 13,6 ºC (from 20.3 ºC up to 6.7 °C) in the cold filter plugging point of diesel -biodiesel blends of swine fats with 20% biodiesel (B20). This result is very significant because it is possible to use this type of fuel in south regions of the country during the winter
Doutorado
Quimica Analitica
Doutor em Ciências

This Thesis is focused on the study of the problem of condensation on the inner surface of Fullrigaren building’s large single pane window. This has serious consequences as water on the floor, corrosion or mould growth. As the climate in Nordic countries is cold for several months a year, windows are a crucial part in building envelopes. Condensation on a window may be suitably discussed only with respect to the climate considered as cold, moderate and warm climates pose different requirements on the windows, and this is why a characterization of Gävle by its climate is necessary. This Thesis will include the energy analysis of the staircase considered which is required to understand the source of the actual problem. Both heat and moisture transfer will be studied. In this purpose, an IDA model will be built to simulate the conditions throughout the year and hand-made calculations will be done for the average and most critical situations. The results show that condensation will already occur for the monthlyaverage conditions having as an additional problem that if temperature drops below zero it will freeze. Results will also be compared to an initial installation of a 2 pane window reaching as a conclusion that its original installation would had avoided the problems for most of the time. The Thesis will end with several proposals posed to solve the problem by either increasing the temperature or reducing the moisture content of the ambient air, and the selection of the best one. The final aim of the Thesis is to achieve an energy efficient window which should provide good lighting during the day and good thermal comfort both during day and night at minimum demand of paid energy. And for this, the selection of the electrically heated window is proposed.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o estádio de maturação, tipos de embalagens, uso de aditivos naturais e temperaturas de armazenamento de pêssegos „Aurora-1‟ minimamente processados visando sua qualidade e manutenção da vida de prateleira. Os frutos foram adquiridos em pomar comercial localizado no município de Taiúva-SP nos meses de outubro e novembro de 2007 e 2008. O trabalho foi dividido em cinco experimentos: no primeiro foram estudados estádios de maturação “de vez” e “maduro”. No segundo testou-se o efeito da aplicação de ácido ascórbico ou cloreto de cálcio. No terceiro verificou-se o efeito de embalagens como atmosfera modificada passiva. No quarto, foi verificado o efeito de temperaturas de refrigeração e tipos de cortes. No quinto testou-se o efeito da aplicação de ácido ascórbico, l-cisteína, ácido ascórbico e cloreto de cálcio, ácido cítrico e isoascorbato de sódio na prevenção do escurecimento enzimático. As análises de aparência, massa fresca, firmeza, coloração, composição gasosa, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, razão sólidos/acidez, pH, açúcares solúveis e redutores, pectina total e solúvel, solubilização, ácido ascórbico, atividade das enzimas peroxidase e polifenoloxidase foram efetuadas a cada três dias para os experimentos 1, 2, 3 e 5 e, a cada quatro dias para o quarto experimento. Frutos no estádio de maturação “de vez” levaram a produtos com melhor aparência e maiores teores de açúcares e de ácido ascórbico. Produtos tratados com ácido ascórbico a 2% apresentaram melhor aparência, maior conteúdo de açúcares e de ácido ascórbico, manutenção da cor e menor atividade enzimática. O filme de PVC 14 μm proporcionou boa conservação da aparência e prevenção do escurecimento dos produtos. A interação do armazenamento a 3 ºC e corte do fruto em oito fatias proporcionaram...
This study aimed to evaluate the maturation stage, packaging types, natural additives use and storage temperatures of minimally processed „Aurora-1‟ peaches in order to maintain their quality and shelf life. The fruits were purchased from a commercial orchard in the area of Taiúva-SP in October and November, 2007 and 2008. The work was divided in five experiments: in the first one, maturated green and maturated stages were studied. In the second one, it was tested the effect of ascorbic acid or calcium chloride application. In the third one, it was observed the packaging effect as passive modified atmosphere. In the fourth one, it was showed the effect of cooling temperatures and cutting types. In the fifth one, it was tested the effect of ascorbic acid, l-cysteine, ascorbic acid and calcium chloride, citric acid and sodium isoascorbate to prevent enzymatic browning. Analyses of appearance, fresh weight, firmness, color, gas composition, soluble solids, acidity, ratio, pH, soluble and reducing sugars, total and soluble pectin, solubilization, ascorbic acid, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activity were done each three days for the first, second, third and fifth experiments, and each four days for the fourth one. Matured green fruits led to products with better appearance and higher levels of sugars and ascorbic acid. Products treated with 2% ascorbic acid showed a better appearance, higher content of sugars and ascorbic acid, color maintenance, and lower enzymatic activity. 14μm PVC film use showed good appearance preservation and browning prevention of the products. Interaction between storage at 3°C and fruit cutting into eight slices provided the best product appearance, with a higher content of soluble solids. 1% Cysteine gave non-characteristic product odor, which limited its use. Minimally processed 'Aurora-1' peaches can be sold for up to nine days, when matured... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o estádio de maturação, tipos de embalagens, uso de aditivos naturais e temperaturas de armazenamento de pêssegos „Aurora-1‟ minimamente processados visando sua qualidade e manutenção da vida de prateleira. Os frutos foram adquiridos em pomar comercial localizado no município de Taiúva-SP nos meses de outubro e novembro de 2007 e 2008. O trabalho foi dividido em cinco experimentos: no primeiro foram estudados estádios de maturação "de vez" e "maduro". No segundo testou-se o efeito da aplicação de ácido ascórbico ou cloreto de cálcio. No terceiro verificou-se o efeito de embalagens como atmosfera modificada passiva. No quarto, foi verificado o efeito de temperaturas de refrigeração e tipos de cortes. No quinto testou-se o efeito da aplicação de ácido ascórbico, l-cisteína, ácido ascórbico e cloreto de cálcio, ácido cítrico e isoascorbato de sódio na prevenção do escurecimento enzimático. As análises de aparência, massa fresca, firmeza, coloração, composição gasosa, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, razão sólidos/acidez, pH, açúcares solúveis e redutores, pectina total e solúvel, solubilização, ácido ascórbico, atividade das enzimas peroxidase e polifenoloxidase foram efetuadas a cada três dias para os experimentos 1, 2, 3 e 5 e, a cada quatro dias para o quarto experimento. Frutos no estádio de maturação "de vez" levaram a produtos com melhor aparência e maiores teores de açúcares e de ácido ascórbico. Produtos tratados com ácido ascórbico a 2% apresentaram melhor aparência, maior conteúdo de açúcares e de ácido ascórbico, manutenção da cor e menor atividade enzimática. O filme de PVC 14 μm proporcionou boa conservação da aparência e prevenção do escurecimento dos produtos. A interação do armazenamento a 3 ºC e corte do fruto em oito fatias proporcionaram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the maturation stage, packaging types, natural additives use and storage temperatures of minimally processed „Aurora-1‟ peaches in order to maintain their quality and shelf life. The fruits were purchased from a commercial orchard in the area of Taiúva-SP in October and November, 2007 and 2008. The work was divided in five experiments: in the first one, maturated green and maturated stages were studied. In the second one, it was tested the effect of ascorbic acid or calcium chloride application. In the third one, it was observed the packaging effect as passive modified atmosphere. In the fourth one, it was showed the effect of cooling temperatures and cutting types. In the fifth one, it was tested the effect of ascorbic acid, l-cysteine, ascorbic acid and calcium chloride, citric acid and sodium isoascorbate to prevent enzymatic browning. Analyses of appearance, fresh weight, firmness, color, gas composition, soluble solids, acidity, ratio, pH, soluble and reducing sugars, total and soluble pectin, solubilization, ascorbic acid, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activity were done each three days for the first, second, third and fifth experiments, and each four days for the fourth one. Matured green fruits led to products with better appearance and higher levels of sugars and ascorbic acid. Products treated with 2% ascorbic acid showed a better appearance, higher content of sugars and ascorbic acid, color maintenance, and lower enzymatic activity. 14μm PVC film use showed good appearance preservation and browning prevention of the products. Interaction between storage at 3°C and fruit cutting into eight slices provided the best product appearance, with a higher content of soluble solids. 1% Cysteine gave non-characteristic product odor, which limited its use. Minimally processed 'Aurora-1' peaches can be sold for up to nine days, when matured... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Ben-Hur Mattiuz
Coorientadora: Claudia Fabrino Machado Mattiuz
Banca: José Fernando Durigan
Banca: Maria Luzenira de Souza
Banca: José Maria Monteiro Sigrist
Banca: Rogério Lopes Vieites
Doutor

Cold spray is a novel coating method. Due to its low-temperature character, it has a potential to replace the high-temperature thermal spray processes in some applications. The presented work analyzes the microstructure and the phase composition of pure metal coatings deposited by cold spraying and evaluates selected mechanical properties. Specimens prepared by readily used HVOF industrial technology were used for comparison purposes.

Les gazoles, carburant automobile préféré des français, sont « additivés » afin de permettre leur utilisation en hiver. Les n-paraffines présentes dans ces gazoles cristallisent en effet à basse température. Ces cristaux peuvent alors entraîner le colmatage des filtres protecteurs situés en amont du moteur. Des polymères à base d'éthylène, notamment les copolymères éthylène-acétate de vinyle (EVA), sont utilisés pour abaisser la température à laquelle les problématiques de filtration adviennent. Un nouveau procédé de copolymérisation radicalaire d'éthylène et d'acétate de vinyle, à plus basse pression et à plus basse température, que le procédé industriel actuel, a été développé au cours de cette thèse. Une grande variété d'EVA a ainsi été obtenue. Ils présentent des caractéristiques structurelles et une efficacité, pour le traitement des gazoles, similaires aux EVA commerciaux. Ce procédé a, par ailleurs, permis la synthèse d'autres co- et terpolymères de l'éthylène variant par la nature des comonomères polaires utilisés ou par l'architecture. Des modèles de copolymères EVA ont été également synthétisés par métathèse. La grande diversité d'additifs polymères à disposition combinée à des techniques d'analyse thermique et de diffusion des rayons X mises en oeuvre au plus proche de l'application (en particulier dans le gazole), ont permis de mieux appréhender leur mode d'action sur la cristallisation des n-paraffines. Les spécificités structurelles, des polymères, conditionnant leur efficacité pour le traitement de la tenue à froid des gazoles ont également pu être établies
The additivation of diesel fuels allows operating engines at low temperatures without filter blocking and thus fulfilling legal requirements. Ethylene based copolymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, made by free radical polymerization at high pressure (above 2000 bars) and high temperature (above 200 °C) are frequently used as middle distillate cold flow improvers (MDFI). A new free radical copolymerization process of ethylene and vinyl acetate in organic solvent media has been developed. This process gives access to polymers close to commercial MDFI additives under tremendous less drastic conditions (under 250 bars of ethylene and 70 °C). Thanks to this process, a wide diversity (variation of the nature of the polar unit, of polymer architecture…) of ethylene based polymers was obtained. Moreover, EVA model copolymers have been synthesized by metathesis. Thanks to these numerous and diverse ethylene based polymers combined with thermal analysis and X-ray scattering studies a better understanding of the operating mode of these additives in a diesel fuel has been achieved. The structural characteristics of the polymers enabling their effectiveness as diesel fuel cold flow improvers have also been established

Bulk magnesium materials produced nowadays via powder metallurgy are based on a vastly extensive technological spectrum, which makes it possible to create a wide range of materials. This work focuses on the preparation of bulk materials from magnesium powder by cold pressing and hot pressing, sintering and field assisted sintering. The bulk materials were prepared in a series of compacting pressures from 100 MPa to 500 MPa and the sintering temperatures were selected in the range of 300 ° C to 600 ° C in order to characterize the influence of the manufacturing conditions and technology on the final properties of bulk materials. Prepared materials were evaluated in terms of microstructure, hardness, microhardness, three-point bend test, and fractography. From the hot pressed materials, the samples prepared at 400 and 500 MPa and 400 °C had the highest strength and hardness. The classic sintering of magnesium in the furnace with argon atmosphere proved to be ineffective due to the oxide layer on the surface and the presence of oxygen in technical argon. The SPS sintering (Spark Plasma Sintering) was the more effective with the lower applying pressure used to make the preforms and with the higher applied pressure during the SPS process itself. Highest strength and hardness were achieved in this case of materials sintered at 600 ° C prepared from free powder and the most porous preform (100 MPa). The bulk materials were prepared using all methods used, but the properties of these materials varied considerably depending on the technology used.

O biodiesel tem sido amplamente utilizado como uma fonte de energia renovável, que contribui para a diminuição de demanda por diesel mineral. Portanto, existem várias propriedades que devem ser monitoradas, a fim de produzir e distribuir biodiesel com a qualidade exigida. Neste trabalho, as propriedades físicas do biodiesel, tais como massa específica, índice de refração e ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio foram medidas e associadas a espectrometria no infravermelho próximo (NIR) e espectrometria no infravermelho médio (Mid-IR) utilizando ferramentas quimiométricas. Os métodos de regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS), regressão de mínimos quadrados parciais por intervalos (iPLS), e regressão por máquinas de vetor de suporte (SVM) com seleção de variáveis por Algoritmo Genético (GA) foram utilizadas para modelar as propriedades mencionadas. As amostras de biodiesel foram sintetizadas a partir de diferentes fontes, tais como canola, girassol, milho e soja. Amostras adicionais de biodiesel foram adquiridas de um fornecedor da região sul do Brasil. Em primeiro lugar, o pré-processamento de correção de linha de base foi usado para normalizar os dados espectrais de NIR, seguidos de outros tipos de pré-processamentos que foram aplicados, tais como centralização dos dados na média, 1 derivada e variação de padrão normal. O melhor resultado para a previsão do ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio foi utilizando os espectros de Mid-IR e o método de regressão GA-SVM, com alto coeficiente de determinação da previsão, R2Pred=0,96 e baixo valor da Raiz Quadrada do Erro Médio Quadrático da previsão, RMSEP (C)= 0,6. Para o modelo de previsão da massa específica, o melhor resultado foi obtido utilizando os espectros de Mid-IR e regressão por PLS, com R2Pred=0,98 e RMSEP (g/cm3)= 0,0002. Quanto ao modelo de previsão para o índice de refração, o melhor resultado foi obtido utilizando os espectros de Mid-IR e regressão por PLS, com excelente R2Pred=0,98 e RMSEP= 0,0001. Para esses conjuntos de dados, o PLS e o SVM demonstraram sua robustez, apresentando-se como ferramentas úteis para a previsão das propriedades do biodiesel estudadas
Biodiesel has been widely used as a renewable energy source which contributes to the mineral diesel decrease demand. Therefore, there are several properties that must be monitored in order to produce and distribute biodiesel with the required quality. In this work, the biodiesel physical properties such as specific mass, refractive index and cold filter plugging point were measured and associated with near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and mid-Infrared spectroscopy (mid-IR) spectra using chemometric tools. The Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS), Interval Partial Least Squares Regression (iPLS), and Support Vector Machines Regression (SVM) with variable selection by Genetic Algorithm (GA) methods were used to model the aforementioned properties. The biodiesel samples were synthesized from different sources such as canola, sunflower, corn, and soybean. Additional biodiesel samples were purchased from a Brazil South Region supplier. Firstly, the preprocessing baseline correction was used to normalize the NIR spectral data, following others preprocessing types were applied in such as the mean center, the first derivative and standard normal variate. The best result for predicting the cold filter plugging point was using Mid-IR spectra and GA-SVM regression method, with high coefficient determination of prediction, R2Pred = 0.94 and low value of the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction, RMSEP (C) = 0.7. For the specific mass prediction model, the best result was obtained using the Mid-IR spectrums and PLS regression, with the R2Pred = 0.98 and RMSEP (g/cm3) = 0.0002. As for a prediction model for the refractive index, the best result was obtained using the Mid-IR spectrums and PLS regression, with the R2Pred = 0.98 and RMSEP = 0.0001. For these datasets, the PLS and SVM models demonstrated theirs robustness, presenting themselves as useful tools for the biodiesel properties prediction studied

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l'étude du modèle de croissance stochastique Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) en 1+1 dimensions et en particulier de l'équation qui le régit. Cette thèse est d'une part destinée à effectuer un état de l'art et dresser un portrait moderne de la recherche des solutions exactes de l'équation KPZ, de leurs propriétés en terme de théorie des grandes déviations et également de leurs applications (en théorie des matrices aléatoires ou en calcul stochastique notamment). D'autre part cette thèse a pour but de formuler un certain nombre de questions ouvertes à l'interface avec la théorie de l'intégrabilité, la théorie des matrices aléatoires et la théorie des gaz de Coulomb.Cette thèse est divisée en trois parties distinctes portant (i) sur les solutions exactes de l'équation KPZ, (ii) sur les solutions à temps court sous la forme d'un principe grandes déviations et (iii) sur les solutions à temps long et leurs extensions aux statistiques linéaires au bord de spectre de matrice aléatoire.Nous présenterons les résultats de cette thèse comprenant notamment (a) une nouvelle solution de l'équation KPZ à tout temps dans un demi-espace, (b) une méthodologie générale pour établir à temps court un principe de grandes déviations pour les solutions de KPZ à partir de leur représentation sous forme de déterminant de Fredholm et (c) une unification de quatre méthodes permettant d'obtenir à temps long un principe de grandes déviations pour les solutions de l'équation KPZ et de manière plus générale d'étudier des statistiques linéaires au bord du spectre de matrices aléatoires
Throughout this Ph.D thesis, we will study the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) stochastic growth model in 1+1 dimensions and more particularly the equation which governs it. The goal of this thesis is two-fold. Firstly, it aims to review the state of the art and to provide a detailed picture of the search of exact solutions to the KPZ equation, of their properties in terms of large deviations and also of their applications to random matrix theory or stochastic calculus. Secondly, is it intended to express a certain number of open questions at the interface with integrability theory, random matrix theory and Coulomb gas theory.This thesis is divided in three distinct parts related to (i) the exact solutions to the KPZ equation, (ii) the short time solutions expressed by a Large Deviation Principle and the associated rate functions and (iii) the solutions at large time and their extensions to linear statistics at the edge of random matrices.We will present the new results of this thesis including (a) a new solution to the KPZ equation at all times in a half-space, (b) a general methodology to establish at short time a Large Deviation Principle for the solutions to the KPZ equation from their representation in terms of Fredholm determinant and (c) the unification of four methods allowing to obtain at large time a Large Deviation Principle for the solution to the KPZ equation and more generally to investigate linear statistics at the soft edge of random matrices

Ultra low power wireless sensors and sensor systems are of increasing interest in a variety of applications ranging from structural health monitoring to industrial process control. Electrochemical batteries have thus far remained the primary energy sources for such systems despite the finite associated lifetimes imposed due to limitations associated with energy density. However, certain applications (such as implantable biomedical electronic devices and tire pressure sensors) require the operation of sensors and sensor systems over significant periods of time, where battery usage may be impractical and add cost due to the requirement for periodic re-charging and/or replacement. In order to address this challenge and extend the operational lifetime of wireless sensors, there has been an emerging research interest on harvesting ambient vibration energy. Vibration energy harvesting is a technology that generates electrical energy from ambient kinetic energy. Despite numerous research publications in this field over the past decade, low power density and variable ambient conditions remain as the key limitations of vibration energy harvesting. In terms of the piezoelectric transducers, the open-circuit voltage is usually low, which limits its power while extracted by a full-bridge rectifier. In terms of the interface circuits, most reported circuits are limited by the power efficiency, suitability to real-world vibration conditions and system volume due to large off-chip components required. The research reported in this thesis is focused on increasing power output of piezoelectric transducers and power extraction efficiency of interface circuits. There are five main chapters describing two new design topologies of piezoelectric transducers and three novel active interface circuits implemented with CMOS technology. In order to improve the power output of a piezoelectric transducer, a series connection configuration scheme is proposed, which splits the electrode of a harvester into multiple equal regions connected in series to inherently increase the open-circuit voltage generated by the harvester. This topology passively increases the rectified power while using a full-bridge rectifier. While most of piezoelectric transducers are designed with piezoelectric layers fully covered by electrodes, this thesis proposes a new electrode design topology, which maximizes the raw AC output power of a piezoelectric harvester by finding an optimal electrode coverage. In order to extract power from a piezoelectric harvester, three active interface circuits are proposed in this thesis. The first one improves the conventional SSHI (synchronized switch harvesting on inductor) by employing a startup circuitry to enable the system to start operating under much lower vibration excitation levels. The second one dynamically configures the connection of the two regions of a piezoelectric transducer to increase the operational range and output power under a variety of excitation levels. The third one is a novel SSH architecture which employs capacitors instead of inductors to perform synchronous voltage flip. This new architecture is named as SSHC (synchronized switch harvesting on capacitors) to distinguish from SSHI rectifiers and indicate its inductorless architecture.

The spider mite predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and the thrips predator Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) are both commercially mass-reared for use as biological control agents for greenhouse pests. The ability to stockpile these mites in cold storage would greatly facilitate economical mass-production and distribution. In addition, these two species provide an opportunity for comparative studies of cold hardiness because P. persimilis originated in subtropical Mediterranean type climates and is thought to be incapable of entering diapause whereas A. cucumeris is widespread in temperate zones where adult females enter a reproductive diapause for overwintering. Temperature/mortality curves confirmed that both species are freezing intolerant in the traditional sense that supercooling points (SCPs), at which freezing of body fluids occurs, represent absolute lower lethal temperatures. Both species were capable of moderate supercooling, into the range of-20°C to -30°C, and both showed a trend of increasing SCP temperatures during development from egg to adult that suggested an inverse relationship between supercooling capacity and body size within species. The only exception to this trend was adult female A. cucumeris, which may be significant because this is the only life stage that is capable of diapause or survival of temperate winters. On the other hand, diapause induction and low temperature acclimation had little or no effect on supercooling capacity, and survival of nonacclimated mites at subzero temperatures above their SCPs was limited to very short periods of exposure, suggesting that the SCP represents a physical property of the mites rather than an adaptation for survival of exposure to subzero temperatures. Cold-storage survival of both species was optimum at 7.5°C, was greatly enhanced when a source of moisture was provided, and was enhanced even further when food was provided even though the mites were held at temperatures below their theoretical temperature threshold for development. Under these conditions, survival of P. persimilis was 80% after six weeks whereas that of A. cucumeris was only 35% after the same period of time. Furthermore, longevity and fecundity of P. persimilis after eight weeks of cold storage were comparable to mites taken directly from rearing cultures whereas oviposition by A. cucumeris after six weeks of cold storage was low and irregular compared to previously reported values. Temperature data from areas where P. persimilis survives outdoors indicate that this species is capable of surviving prolonged exposure to temperatures below 10°C and occasional exposure to subzero temperatures, and apparently does so without diapausing. On the other hand, A. cucumeris may be capable of surviving prolonged exposures to subzero temperatures, but only as diapausing adult females. The results of the current studies are consistent with these ideas and further suggest that nondiapausing A. cucumeris are less cold hardy than P. persimilis.
Graduate

碩士
國立政治大學
東亞研究所
104
Although some might consider the end of the Cold War as the end of history, however, leaders of PRC do not think so. They think the end of the Cold War brought us from a bipolarity world to a world with Multi-polarity tendency. When we study public documents of PRC after the Cold War，we can find the keyword “World with Multi-polarity Tendency” everywhere. On one hand, we can find the keyword “World with Multi-polarity Tendency” in many important public documents, whether its audience is PRC’s people or other countries in the world, which makes us have good reasons to believe the significance of the key words “World with Multi-polarity Tendency”. On the other hand, the concept of “World with Multi-polarity Tendency” has great continuity. We can find it from Deng, Siao-Ping to Si, Jin-Ping. Because of the reasons above, to understand the concept of “World with Multi-polarity Tendency” is the motivation of this study. And the concept of “World with Multi-polarity Tendency” itself is the target of this study. We get two main questions in this study：First, what is the nature of “World with Multi-polarity Tendency”？ Second, if PRC really take this concept as its main idea, will PRC become a hegemony power after it become strong？ This study chooses interpretive research as its approach, and taking PRC leaders’ public documents as targets to analyze the concept of “World with Multi-polarity Tendency”. Hoping through these works, we can have a deeper understand about it.

This dissertation explores the nineteenth century paternal relationship between industrialists and their predominantly skilled workers in a small northern community. As an archaeological analysis, artifacts such as houses and ceramics demonstrate the economic and consumption patterns observable throughout the United States during its industrialization. Discussion centers around the West Point Foundry, which operated in the Village of Cold Spring from 1818 to 1911 and originally owned half of the village’s property and employed half of its workers. Privately owned, it manufactured a variety of iron products including heavy ordnance for both the country’s Navy and Army. Methodological analysis paired documentary research, landscape and spatial analysis, and a reanalysis of several related archaeological collections from different social and economic classes of workers and owners. The Foundry and village is placed within a broader context of religious tolerance, paternalistic control, community planning and architecture, market accessibility, and worker turnover. It shows that the industrial paternalism of West Point Foundry owners was evident in Cold Spring’s development and generally decreased over the course of the nineteenth century. Among other signs, paternalism was visible in company housing built in half the area and the provision of land for a majority of local churches. Unlike other industrial communities where ceramic patterns can be explained by paternalism, consumption patterns better explain the ceramics archaeologically recovered from several Foundry related households. West Point Foundry worker ceramic assemblages display an abundance of tea wares and predominantly more bowls than plates, suggesting a diet that favored less expensive cuts of meat and investment in limited types of ceramics. An electronically attached Excel file details the original state of assemblages examined (WPFceramicsOriginal.xls) and a second one details the final analysis of assemblages including vessel lists (WPFceramicsEN.xls). Economic indexes and capital consumption patterns in this industrial community as well as others explored were lower than their urban counterparts. Based on existing research by archaeologists, historians, anthropologists, architects, and urban designers, this research suggests different cultural practices within a single manufacturer industrial community from those in rural or urban contexts.

This dissertation explores the nineteenth century paternal relationship between industrialists and their predominantly skilled workers in a small northern community. As an archaeological analysis, artifacts such as houses and ceramics demonstrate the economic and consumption patterns observable throughout the United States during its industrialization. Discussion centers around the West Point Foundry, which operated in the Village of Cold Spring from 1818 to 1911 and originally owned half of the village’s property and employed half of its workers. Privately owned, it manufactured a variety of iron products including heavy ordnance for both the country’s Navy and Army. Methodological analysis paired documentary research, landscape and spatial analysis, and a reanalysis of several related archaeological collections from different social and economic classes of workers and owners. The Foundry and village is placed within a broader context of religious tolerance, paternalistic control, community planning and architecture, market accessibility, and worker turnover. It shows that the industrial paternalism of West Point Foundry owners was evident in Cold Spring’s development and generally decreased over the course of the nineteenth century. Among other signs, paternalism was visible in company housing built in half the area and the provision of land for a majority of local churches. Unlike other industrial communities where ceramic patterns can be explained by paternalism, consumption patterns better explain the ceramics archaeologically recovered from several Foundry related households. West Point Foundry worker ceramic assemblages display an abundance of tea wares and predominantly more bowls than plates, suggesting a diet that favored less expensive cuts of meat and investment in limited types of ceramics. An electronically attached Excel file details the original state of assemblages examined (WPFceramicsOriginal.xls ) and a second one details the final analysis of assemblages including vessel lists (WPFceramicsEN.xls). Economic indexes and capital consumption patterns in this industrial community as well as others explored were lower than their urban counterparts. Based on existing research by archaeologists, historians, anthropologists, architects, and urban designers, this research suggests different cultural practices within a single manufacturer industrial community from those in rural or urban contexts.

M.Tech.
Myofascial pain has become a major cause of disability and chronic pain in our society today. Left untreated, myofascial pain syndrome can become a chronic pain condition. Chronic pain conditions can not only cause disability due to pain, but can also lead to related conditions such as depression, physical deconditioning due to lack of exercise, disturbance of sleep and other psychological and behavioural disturbances (Rachlin, 1994). The aim of this study was to determine whether cryotherapy or moist heat therapy was a superior therapeutic modality when applied to active Infraspinatus muscle trigger points post-dry needling. Participants were recruited into the study by the use of advertisements put up at various places on the university campus as well as in the University of Johannesburg Chiropractic Day Clinic. Fourty participants that conformed to the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited. The participants were randomly placed into two groups containing twenty participants in each group. Group A received cryotherapy post-dry needling and Group B received moist heat therapy post dry needling. Each participant received four treatments. The subjective and objective measurements were taken on the first, third and fifth visits. The fifth visit was scheduled to take final subjective and objective data only. The subjective data was obtained by measuring the participant‟s perception of their myofascial pain using the Visual Analogue Pain Scale. The objective data was obtained from the readings of the Algometer instrument, measuring the pressure pain threshold of the active myofascial trigger points in the Infraspinatus muscle. The results of this study indicated that both cryotherapy and moist heat therapy significantly benefited the participants in terms of the treatment of the active myofascial trigger points of the Infraspinatus muscle. However, based on the results, final conclusions could not be formulated on whether the dry needling itself would be beneficial without needing the cryotherapy or the moist heat therapy, as neither modality proved superior over the other.

碩士
國立高雄海洋科技大學
水產食品科學研究所
104
This study was cooperated with the company. We carry out hazard analysis critical control points（HACCP）in the case of vegetarian meat sauce and assessment of cold chain business. The company's vegetarian meat sauce frozen products were mainly sold by cold chain logistics under freezing point, the production costs is high. In this study, we investigated the possibility to reduce the production costs through modulated the cold chain logistics under freezing point to upper freezing. At the first, we introduced the HACCP and GHP system into industrial management to improve environment, equipment, and personnel cleanliness, and observed the quality of product through two low temperature storage conditions. The results were demonstrated that it significantly decreased the total viable count and common way for contamination in products via scheduled maintenance the storage tower, operating environment, working instrument, and personnel cleanliness. Refer to sanitation standards for Frozen foods, the limit of total viable count and coliform 105 CFU/g, and less than 10 MPN/g, respectively. Our results shown that storage products were no detected E. coli and Coliform after storage at 4°C for 180 days (or -20°C for 300 days). We also found that the pH value, water activity and color were no significantly change between storage at 4°C and -20°C. In the lipid oxidation of TBA analysis, the malonaldehyde would increase in two temperatures with storage time, but not over 3.5 mg/kg . These results demonstrated that the vegetarian meat sauce under refrigerated conditions to more than 180 days, this result can provide another lengthy sale in a different stratosphere.

Recently, the cold resistance becomes a common topic in scientific articles. If we focus on order Heteroptera, we can find a lot of studies dealing with the cold resistance or with the supercooling point (SCP) and also with the factors that influence them. According to the general rule, the acclimation at low temperatures increases the cold resistance. Therefore, the main goal of this thesis is to find out, whether the acclimation also increases the cold resistance of the water cricket Velia caprai Tamanini, 1947 (Veliidae), with the intention to measure SCP of the water crickets depending on the acclimation temperature and the length of exposure. Due to the high mortality (the 284 individuals remained alive of total 1300) and due to the technical difficulties in measuring of SCP (measured only 36 individuals) it was necessary to modify the original goal of the thesis. The new goal was to test the influence of acclimation (during one month vs. one week) and the influence of different temperatures (0°C, 5°C, 10°C) on SCP of V. caprai. The individuals used for this measurement were collected during the year 2010 and in March 2011. The results of this thesis did not confirm the hypothesis that the acclimation at low temperatures increases the cold resistance. The individuals who were acclimated at a higher temperature have the values of SCP demonstrably lower than the individuals who were acclimated at low temperatures. The individuals who overwinter for the first time have arguably higher cold resistance than the individuals who overwinter for the second time. Probable cause of these results is the fact that the water cricket V. caprai does not start with diapause in the fall but it overwinters in quiescence.

碩士
淡江大學
國際事務與戰略研究所碩士班
94
The influence of the United States has been very deep and far from the end of the Cold War. If we want to understand how the world is running below the so-called“Pax Americana”, we need to understand the United States. If we want to make sense of the United States, we need to figure out what the decision makers of this country are thinking about and why they think like this way, especially about the recognition of the national objectives and national interest, the global role of the United States, the relations between the world and the United States, and the meaning and purpose of the being of this country. If we want to interpret the above-mentioned questions, the strategic papers from the American government provide very clear answers. This thesis tries to find out what the decision makers of this country are considering about by analyzing the content and specialties of the national security strategy of the United States through looking into official strategic papers, reports and addresses.As for analyzing why the Americans think like this way, this thesis takes a different point of view from traditional realistic approach that emphasizes the variables of international structure, national power and national security. This thesis tries to study the subject from the interior characteristics of the country. In other words, we tries to comprehend how the Americans intend to operate the“Pax Americana”by analyzing the relations between the main viewpoint, belief and values from the traditional major religion（Protestantism） in American society and the characteristics of American strategic thinking. Therefore, this thesis takes an approach of strategic culture and tries to supplement the flaws when most scholars take the realistic approach to analyze the national security strategy of the United States but leave the influence of the interior cultural variables of the country out of consideration.