Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Podzemie“

Za potrebe snižavanja nivoa podzemne vode na parceli gradilišta Fudbalske akademije u Bačkoj Topoli analizirano je rešenje sa sistemom drenažnih bunara. Podzemnu vodu potrebno je spustiti na 1m ispod površine terena kako bi se površinski slojevi tla drenirali, čime bi se omogućio pristup i vršenje radova na gradilištu teškim građevinskim mašinama. Stanje podzemne vode i efikasnost drenažnih bunara je modelisano i analizirano primenom numeričkog modela na bazi konačnih razlika upotrebom softverskog paketa GMS (Groundwater Modeling System).

Bužim je općina udaljena petnaestak kilometara sjeverozapadno od Gospića, čije se područje u literaturi spominje od 11. stoljeća. U njezinom središtu sada se nalazi gradina (ostatak utvrde) za koju nema točnih podataka kada je sagrađena, ali je poznato da su njome vladali poznati lički velikaši do dolaska Osmanlija u Liku u 16. stoljeću. Kao i drugdje u Hrvatskoj, narod se od osvajača nastojao spasiti skrivanjem u planinama i špiljama koje je radi obrane dorađivao u prave podzemne utvrde. Na području Bužima speleolozi su istražili špilju Vrbas, Špilju ispod gradine i špilju Kalvariju. Nažalost, špilje još nisu istražili povjesničari i arheolozi pa o njima zasad postoje samo podaci do kojih su došli speleolozi u svojim speleološkim istraživanjima. Posebna zanimljivost tih špilja su građevinski zahvati u njima, odnosno gradnja zidova koji su nepoželjnim ljudima sprječavali prodor u dublji dio špilje.

U ovom radu opisana su osnovna načela i vladajuće jednadžbe za opis strujanja podzemne vode kroz porozni materijal. U svrhu dobivanja mjerodavnih vrijednosti pojedinih karakterističnih fizikalnih veličina kod strujanja podzemne vode u pjeskovitom poroznom materijalu (brzina procjeđivanja, ekvipotencijal u određenoj točki unutar prostora, hidraulički gradijenti, protok i sl.) korišten je fizikalni model GUNT HM169 koji čini sastavni dio hidrotehničkog laboratorija Građevinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci. U radu je opisan princip rada za navedeni fizikalni model te način pripreme samih eksperimentalnih pokusa. U tom pogledu, izrađeno je nekoliko hidrodinamičkih analiza strujanja podzemne vode u odnosu na varijabilnost potencijala gornje i donje vode, analiza strujanja ispod vertikalnog čeličnog žmurja (dijafragme) te analiza opstrujavanja podzemne vode ispod prostorno trapezno izmodelirane prirodne nasute brane. Za potrebe provođenja pokusa, nasuta brana ručno je izrađena od pleksi stakla. Svrha istraživanja kroz fizikalni model HM169 bila je dobivanje jasnije slike strujnog polja ispod pojedinih hidrotehničkih objekata i, posljedično, dobivanje simulacijskih prikaza propagacije toka podzemne vode koja je praćena žutim fluorescin traserom.

U ovom radu o osjetljivosti tla na propuštanje onečišćivača i ranjivosti podzemne vode na onečišćenje s površine tla, korišten je dio rezultata petogodišnjih istraživanja nizinskog područja Međimurske županije, Vidaček i sur. 2008. U donjem dijelu Međimurja ima najviše obradivih površina. S agroekološkog gledišta, to su površine potencijalno visokog stupnja onečišćenja agrokemikalijama. Kvartarne sedimente pokrivaju automorfna i hidromorfna tla različite teksture, strukture i propusnosti za vodu. Vodonosni horizont nizinskog područja županije se sastoji od dobro granuliranog šljunka s različitim postotkom pijeska. Od ukupno 42.893,5 hektara poljoprivrednog zemljišta, nalazimo sljedeće klase osjetljivosti tla na potencijalno propuštanje onečišćivača u podzemnu vodu: tla II. klase slabe osjetljivosti 1.496,5 ha, tla III. klase umjerene osjetljivosti 6.157,6 ha i tla IV. klase jake osjetljivosti 20.311,9 hektara. Vidi kartu u prilogu na kraju teksta. Najplići otvoreni vodonosni horizont je u nizinskom području županije jako ranjiv na onečišćenje s površine tla. Godišnje izmjerene količine procijeđene vode iz lizimetara, sa ili bez onečišćivača u pet godišnjem razdoblju, variraju od 75,8-281,5 mm. Količine ispranog mineralnog dušika su najveće u natapanju nasada jabuka 13,5 do 47,7 kg N/ha. Pri uzgoju ratarskih kultura, dominantno kukuruza, te vrijednosti variraju u vrlo širokom rasponu od 7,2 kg N/ha do 30,5 kg N/ha.

Projektom Biospeleološka istraživanja i inventarizacija faune u speleološkim objektima Nacionalnog parka Sjeverni Velebit u suradnji Javne ustanove "Nacionalni park Sjeverni Velebit" i Hrvatskog biospeleološkog društva, biospeleološki je istraženo 5 speleoloških objekata: Jama pod Budinom kosicom, Jama u kuku, Sniježnica u Medvjeđoj dolini, Špilja u Štirovači i Terca. U svakom je objektu sakupljana fauna, mjereni su mikroklimatski parametri te su fotodokumentirani ulaz, unutrašnjost objekta i fauna. Detaljno su taksonomski obrađene skupine pauka (Araneae), jednakonožnih rakova (Isopoda), striga (Chilopoda), dvojenoga (Diplopoda), skokuna (Collembola) i kornjaša (Coleoptera). Rezultati ovog istraživanja značajno su doprinijeli poznavanju podzemne faune Parka te su naglasili važnost i potrebu sustavne inventarizacije podzemne faune speleoloških objekata.

Groundwater is an important but under-utilized water resource in Croatia. If compared to other European countries Croatia is one of the richest regarding groundwater and total renewable reserves. In spite of that, water management systems have been built only on approximately 0.5 per cent of the total arable land. As Croatia has been affected by more frequent and longer droughts in the last decade, the scarcity of irrigated areas has become one of the vital issues in Croatian agriculture. On the other hand predominance of inefficientirrigationtechniques, lack or no maintenance of irrigation systems coupled with the absence of adequate government involvement can result in groundwater pollution.

After successfully avoiding of the destructive scenario with the demolition of reservoirs and replacing them with parking house, the second question arises. How to stimulate the people's interest in these underground jewels, the interest that would confirm the decision to save reservoirs. One of the possible ways, in which I see a purpose and the one that I decided to chose is to make the reservoirs accessible alongside the pathway and let the natural curiosity of human to do the rest.

The thesis focuses on the design of the underground garage in the centre of Brno under the Petrov hill. The main target of the thesis is to design spatial arrangement of the underground space and its feasibility study. In the following parts the design of the structural solution and its check calculation is carried out.

This diploma thesis deals with the underground compressed air enery storage. Thesis can be divided into several parts. The first part focuses on the theoretical analysis which decribes reason of renewable resources implementation to the electric grid and how renewable resources affect electric grid. Second part describes compression and expansion stage. Last part deals with design of storage facility which is suitable for different energy supplies. Extracted coal mines of Rosicko-Oslavany area is used as suitable underground storage.

The master thesis parametrically compares different methods to determine the required lengths of the safety pillar when building secondary urban collector in Brno. The analytical calculation by Šedivý is compared with mathematical modeling executed in the program Plaxis 2D 2015.02. version and also in the program Plaxis 3D Introductory 2013 version.

Cilj rada je ispitivanje kvaliteta podzemnih voda tri izvorišta na teritoriji opštineLaktaši u naseljima Kriškovci, Maglajani i Laktaši, kao i uticaja prirodnih uslova iantropogenih dešavanja u okolini izvorišta na kvalitet ispitivanih podzemnih voda.Detaljno dizajnirana laboratorijska istraživanja i planiran eksperimentalni deo ovedisertacije predstavlja polaznu osnovu u rešavaju kompleksne problematike iz oblasti upravljanja kvalitetom voda za piće istražnog područja. Poseban doprinos nauci u oblasti zaštite voda predstavlja integrisan pristup u analizi selektovanih organskih, neorganskih i fizičko-hemijskih parametara podzemnih voda i definisanje osnovnih i specifičnih zavisnih varijabli hemometrijskom analizom podataka kao i kreiranje eksperimentalnih i laboratorijskih uslova za demanganizaciju vode kritičnih izvorišta. Ovaj sveobuhvatni pristup u skeniranju opštih i specifičnih varijabli i definisanje veza između elemenata, grupisanje na osnovu njihovih sličnosti ili razlika u specijalne klase prema karakterističnim fizičko-hemijskim svojstvima i sposobnosti ka kompleksiranju, ukazuje na način pojavljivanja promenljivih, njihovo poreklo u vodi i definiše uzroke njihove varijabilnosti (antropogeni - tačkasti ili difuzni, ili nativni, dominantno geološki). Svi analizirani in situ parametri zadovoljavaju kriterijum propisan važećim Pravilnikom o higijenskoj ispravnosti vode za piće (2003). Od 1632 merenja u laboratoriji (72 parametara), 26 merenja (1,59%) nisu zadovoljavala kriterijume propisane ovim Pravilnikom (15 merenja u vodi sa izvorišta Kriškovci (57,6%), 7 sa izvorišta Maglajani (26,9%) i 4 sa izvorišta Laktaši (15,4%)). Parametri koji odstupaju od kriterijuma datih Pravilnikom (2003) su mutnoća, nitriti, mangan, ulja i masti. Sa mikrobiološkog aspekta voda izvorišta u Laktašima je zdravstveno ispravna, dok je voda izvorišta u Kriškovcima u najlošijem stanju, na izvorištu u Maglajanima nisu detektovane bakterije indikatori fekalnog zagađenja, dok je voda reke Vrbas jako lošeg kvaliteta. U okviru ove doktorske disertacije ostvaren je značajan doprinos u otkrivanju i razumevanju međusobnih odnosa pojedinih elemenata i parametara u složenom sistemu kakav je voda posebno imajući u vidu analizu organskog i neorganskog kompleksiranja, što predstavlja značajan doprinos u ovom polju imajući u vidu ograničen broj literaturnih referenci. Iz rada se može doneti zaključak da se rezultatiispitivanih parametara na izvorištima menjaju u toku godine, da je potrebno izvršiti dodatna geološka ispitivanja da bi se sa sigurnošću utvrdila veza između vode reke Vrbas i vode izvorišta, da na izvorište u Kriškovcima ima uticaj biološko pođubravanje zemljišta i otpadne vode okolnog naselja, dok za druga dva izvorišta nije dokazana sumnja da dešavanja na površini iznad izvorišta utiču na samo izvorište i da padavine nemaju značajan uticaj na iste. Data ispitivanja su bazirana na osnovnim zahtevima okvirne direktive o vodamna (EU Water Framework Directive (WFD)) na prvom mestu izboru prioritetnih i ostalih supstanci od interesa u cilju praćenja i definisanja indikatora pritisaka i uticaja na vodna tela. Dobijeni podaci će poslužiti za razvoj strategija i planova kontrole i sprečavanja zagađenja, definisanje programa za praćenje kvaliteta podzemnih voda i vode za piće, upravljanja rečnim slivom, dostupnost informacijama u cilju poboljšanjakvaliteta vode za piće.
The aim of this paper is to examine the quality of groundwater of three springs on theterritory of the municipality of Laktaši in the Kriškovci, Maglajani and Laktaši settlements, as well as the influence of natural conditions and anthropogenic activities in the spring areas on the quality of examined groundwater. Detailed designed laboratory research and the planned experimental part of this dissertation represent the starting point for solving of complex problems in the field of quality management of drinking water in the investigated area. The special contribution to water protection science is an integrated approach to the analysis of selected organic, inorganic and physicochemical parameters of groundwater, as well as the definition of basic and specific dependent variables, by chemometric data analysis, and the creation of experimental and laboratory conditions for the demanganization of water from critical sources. This is a comprehensive approach to scanning general and specific variables and defining links between elements – grouping them on the basis of their similarities or differences in special classes according to the characteristic physicochemical properties and their ability to complex, which indicates the way of change, its origin in water and defines the causes of their variability (anthropogenic -pointic or diffuse, or native, predominantly geological). All analyzed in situ parameters meet the criterion prescribed by the relevant Regulation on Hygienic Quality of Drinking Water (2003). Out of the 1632 measurements in the laboratory, only 72 parameters and 26 measurements (1.59%) did not meet the criteria prescribed by this Regulation: 15 water measurements from sources Kriškovci (57.6%), 7 from Maglajani sources (26.9%) and 4 from the sources of Laktaši (15.4%). Parameters that deviated from the criteria given in the Regulation (2003) were turbidity, nitrite, manganese, oil and fat. From the microbiological aspect,water source in Laktaši is health safety, while the source of water in Kriškovci is in theworst condition. In water from sources in Maglajani did not detect bacterial indicators of fecal pollution, while the water of the river Vrbas is of very poor quality.Within this doctoral dissertation, a significant contribution was made in the discoveryand understanding of the mutual relations of certain elements and parameters in acomplex system such as water, especially in the view of the analysis of organic andinorganic complexation. Keeping in mind the limited number of literary references,these results represent a significant contribution in this field. It can be concluded from the dissertation that the findings of the tested parameters at the sources change during the year. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out additional geological investigations in order to establish with certainty that there is a connection between the water of the river Vrbas and the water sources. From the dissertation can be concluded that the biological fertilization of the soil and the waste water of the surrounding settlement has an impact on the spring in Kriškovci. For the sources of other two settlements there no has proven that surface activities above the sources affect the source itself and that precipitation does not have a significant impact on them. Conducted tests was based on the basic requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and in the first place on the selection of priority and other substances of interest for the purpose of monitoring and defining pressure indicators and impacts on water bodies. The obtained data will: (1) serve to develop strategies and plans for pollution control and prevention, (2) define programs for monitoring the quality of groundwater and drinking water, (3) enable improved river basin management, and (4) provide availability of information for improving the quality of drinking water.

Doktorska disertacija “Model procene kvaliteta podzemne vode sapovećanim sadržajem arsena primenom fazi logike” urađena je kao rezultatpotrebe za istraživanjem mogućnosti primene fazi logike u savremenompristupu procene kvaliteta podzemnih voda. Imajući u vidu da ova tematikanije dovoljno istražena u našem okruženju i da joj nije dat odgovarajućiakcenat i težina, osnovni cilj disertacije je da se razrade optimalni modeli zaprocenu kvaliteta podzemnih voda sa povećanim sadržajem arsena.Disertacija pored teorijske dimenzije prezentuje i primenu evaluiranih fazimodela na primeru eksperimenatlno odabranog lokaliteta grada Zrenjanina.Razvijene modele je moguće transponovati na urbanim i ruralnim područjimauz odgovarajuće iteracije.
PhD Thesis “Model assessment for groundwater quality with elevated arseniccontent with application of fuzzy logic” was elaborated as a result of the needto explore the possibilities of application of fuzzy logic in the modernapproach of assessing the groundwater quality. Because this issue has notbeen sufficiently explored and it was not given proper emphasis and weight,the main aim of the dissertation is to develop optimal models for assessingthe groundwater quality with elevated arsenic content. Dissertation, besidestheoretical dimensions, presente and evaluate the implementation of thecreated models to the experimentaly selected locality of the city of Zrenjanin.The developed models can be transposed to the urban and rural areas withappropriate iteration.

The subject of the thesis is a transformation of the anti-nuclear shelter situated in the city center, which no longer fulfils its original function. The main goal of the project is to integrate the shelter to surrounding public spaces. The proposal uses the potential of the suitable location on the edge of the historical center of Brno by inclusion of public facilities with cultural functions that are able to use the uniqueness of the underground space. The aim of the study is to point out this unused building, initiate discussion. My quest is to bring new impulse to the city, to enhance the site with a new feature, make a pleasant urban space to residents of the city and also bring life to the place.

The thesis deals with the issue of simulation of treated wastewater irrigation by the HYDRUS 2D software. The first part of the thesis is designed as a literary research of academic information and knowledge. It aims at introducing the issue of treated wastewater utilization for the purpose of the irrigation with an emphasis on the Czech Republic. The following is an overview of important hydropedological characteristics of soils, the theoretical basis of numerical modeling of movement and transport of solutes in soil and the use of HYDRUS 2D software. The practical part is based on theoretical knowledge and demonstrates the creating process of mathematical model in program HYDRUS 2D, simulating the transport of input pollution in the soil profile. Wastewater used for irrigation was treated using a system of mechanical pretreatment and horizontal filters planted with macrophytes situated on a CW Drazovce. This work describes the calibration and subsequent application of calibrated models for monitored pollution parameters NH4+-N, P-PO4-3 and COD.

This graduation thesis deals with the design of irrigation of the sport area with the use of local groundwater sources. The main part of the thesis is devoted to evaluating of capacity existing water well, practice the exploratory drilling and the hydrodynamic tests. The integral part of the thesis is technical proposal of irrigation device in the specific sport area.

In the first part, the master’s thesis deals with the history of utility tunnels, methods of construction processes and materials from which they are built. It also mentions methods and materials which protect against the effects of groundwater. The thesis is mainly dedicated to the design and structural design of the secondary utility tunnel lining with an emphasis on protection against ingress of groundwater. The mathematical model was created in Plaxis 2DAE software.