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1
Čumová, Martina. „Využití separačních metod s hmotnostní detekcí pro studium degradačních produktů nových polymerních materiálů“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216540.
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Synthetic polymer materials have been a part of human life since the 20th century. A variety of their use had resulted in a growing demand for their mass production, which then led to their increasing accumulation at waste dumps. After their deposition, these materials are exposed to many environmental factors causing their decomposition and subsequent release of the degradation products into the environment. This thesis is focused on the analysis of the photodegradation products from synthetic polymer materials and particularly polyurethane foams modified with the biodegradable fillers. One dimensional GC/MS and two dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS ) were used for the measurements. The most of photodegradation products of polyurethane foams are injurious to health and environment.
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Bača, Ondřej. „Analýza organických látek přítomných v biouhlu“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444546.
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This master's thesis deals with the analysis of organic substances, which are present in biochar. Biochar contains a number of organic compounds, that can be toxic and also carcinogenic to living organisms. In order for biochar to be used to improve soil quality or to be used for other applications, its safety must be declared by European or international certifications. Relevant European and international standards have been created for the determination of organic substances, that could be present in biochar. The theoretical part of the thesis was focused on selected organic substances, the process of pyrolysis and thermochemolysis, biochar characterisation and the used analytical methods. The experimental part of the thesis consisted of extraction with toluene and after that the determination of concentration of the 38 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was performed. Qualitative analysis was performed by two-dimensional gas chromatography. Biochar samples were also subjected to thermochemolysis method and then they were analysed on GC-MS again. In both analytical methods, a large number of substances from groups such as PAHs, carboxylic acids, amines, substituted naphthalenes etc. was found, as well as smaller number of eg. polychlorinated biphenyls.
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Tobiášová, Tereza. „Studium průniku vybraných degradačních produktů syntetických polymerů do životního prostředí“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216452.
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The subject of this thesis is the study of the degradation of polyurethanes in the weather conditions on the waste dumps and observation of the penetration of the potential degradation products into the environment.
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Töröková, Lucie. „Studium chemických procesů v atmosféře Titanu iniciovaných výbojem v elektrodové konfiguraci klouzavého obloukového výboje“. Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234529.
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The aim of this work is the study of plasma processes and the synthesis of organic compounds due to electric discharge generated in gas mixture corresponding to the composition of the atmosphere of Saturn's largest moon Titan. This study focuses on the mimic of Titan's atmosphere at atmospheric pressure and ambient laboratory temperature. The chemical composition of Titan's atmosphere is very similar to atmosphere of prehistoric Earth. Many articles have been published with theoretical model-research, and laboratory experiments are the pursuit of their interconnection. The main aim of thesis is the identification of synthesized gaseous organic, amino, imino and cyano compounds by use to various analytical methods such as the PTR-MS, FTIR and GC-MS. The OES and electric measurements were applied to the determination of selected electric discharge parameters. The gaseous products and radicals formed in an atmospheric discharge fed by different mixtures of N2:CH4 (0,5 up to 5 % of CH4) operated in a flowing regime at the total gas mixture flows from 50 to 200 sccm at different discharge currents from 15 up to 40 mA were determined. A part of experiments was carried out with admixtures of CO2 and hydrogen. This first part of results has been obtained using OES in dependence on the gas mixture composition and supplied power. The bands of the nitrogen second positive and the first negative systems, CN violet system and Swan system of C2 were recorded. Besides them, atomic lines H, H, and C (in the second order) were also observed. These spectra allowed calculation of rotational and vibrational temperatures. FTIR in situ analysis of the gaseous products showed presence of various nitrile compounds and hydrocarbons in all experiments. The HCN, C2H2, NH3 were the main products generated in our system. The dependences of their concentrations on various experimental parameters were measured. The other part of this work was devoted to estimate the influence of CO2 traces addition on the reactivity in the gaseous mixtures mentioned above. Besides the main products mentioned above, CO2 and CO were detected and also some more complicated oxygen molecules has been confirmed but not estimated because of FTIR spectra complexity. In the case of hydrogen traces addition into the reaction gas mixture, no other compounds were determined. Impurities of CO2 as well as hydrogen have a great positive influence on the production efficiency of the major generated compounds at all conditions. The more detailed gaseous products analyses were carried out using the in situ PTR-MS. A huge number of different molecular structures containing nitrile groups (–CN), amino groups (–NH2, –NH–, –N CH3CN > C2H5CN. Besides them, many other hydrocarbons and nitriles were detected. Presence of all compounds was studi
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Tobková, Lenka. „Kontaminace životního prostředí musk sloučeninami“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217163.
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Synthetic musk compounds are artificial organic substances commonly used as fragrant constituents of personal care products as parfums, cosmetics, detergents, in-house cleaning and washing agents. Given their large area of applications and their ability to be persistent, they leaked into all parts of ecosystem, especially aquatic one. There have been a big focus on studiyng these compounds, their properties and fate in the different parts of ecosystems in the last years. The aim of master's thesis was carry out the determination of five representatives (habanolide, exaltolide, ambrettolide, musk MC4 and ethylene brassylate) of macrocyclic musk compounds in waste water samples from influent and effluent of three water treatment plants (WWTP Brno-Modřice, WWTP Lednice and WWTP Mikulov). One of the main tasks was to perform a method optimisation for the determination of selected musk compounds in waste water and evaluation and interpretation of the results. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique was used for the extraction of analytes, consequently gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for analysis of selected analytes. Following evaluation the removal efficiency of musk compounds in the waste water treatment plant was assessed.
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Guryčová, Hana. „Syntetické vonné látky ve vodním ekosystému“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216539.
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Synthetic fragrances or MUSK compounds are artificialy synthetised organic substances, used as fragrant constituents in various homecare products, such as cosmetics, detergents, air fresheners etc. The aim of diploma thesis was the quantification of some selected MUSK compounds in the influent and efluent of the water treatment plants.The method of quantification of MUSK compounds in organic matrix was also optimised during the research. Two modifications of solid phase microextraction were tested and evaluated. The analytes were identified and quantified by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results were used to evaluate the amount of MUSK compounds in sewage waters and the ability of various water treatment plants to eliminate this kind of pollution from the water during the treatment process.
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Nohelová, Gabriela. „Bisfenol A ve vodním ekosystému“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217085.
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This diploma thesis deals with Bisphenol A, especially with its impact on the aquatic ecosystem. Information about its properties, production and current use are summarized here. Its harmful impact on the environment, especially on the aquatic ecosystem and the human body is characterized. Also the methods of its degradation within the aquatic environment have been described. A summary of the options of a determination of Bisphenol A in water samples is incorporated and the method of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/TOF MS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS) is compared in the experimental part. Analytical determination precedes the isolation of the analyte from the water samples by solid phase extraction (SPE) using SupelcleanTM ENVITM - 18 and derivatization using the silylation reagent, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The result of this work is the analysis of a series of real samples from wastewater treatment plants Brno Modřice and Luhačovice by a two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS).
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Magdechová, Andrea. „Stanovení organických sloučenin v dehtu“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216728.
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The diploma thesis deals with determination of organic compounds in the tar. It is focussed on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, BTEX and n-alkanes. The tar samples were collected by Faculty of Mechanical Engineering BUT Brno during two days and under diferent conditions of biomass gasification. The samples were filtrated and refined using column chromatography on silicagel sorbent. Gas chromatography with mass detection was chosen to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection was chosen to determine BTEX and n-alkanes.
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Soukupová, Alena. „Stanovení musk sloučenin v biotických matricích“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216690.
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This diploma thesis deals with actual issues of the contamination in the environment with synthetic fragrances. Musk compounds are infiltrated to many environmental components (especially an aquatic ecosystem) because of their biological persistence and the ability of accumulation. This diploma thesis is focused on the selection and the optimization of method for the determination of musk compounds in real biotic matrices (fish). The isolation of analytes was realized by PSE method and the purification of extract was realized by the method of the adsorption column chromatography. Identification and quantification of individual musk compounds was carried out by GC-MS. In conclusion were results and the contamination of fish from the river Svratka disscissed and evaluated. These fish were caught at the inflow and at the outflow of the wastewater treatment plant.
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Kuchler, Ondřej. „Využití komprehensivní dvoudimenzionální plynové chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí pro metabolomickou analýzu houby Gloeophyllum trabeum“. Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-404154.
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Fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum (Agaricomytes: Gloeophyllates) is a brown rot wood-decay fungus which produces a vast spectrum of volatile secondary metabolites. Scientific publications state, that one of the metabolites produced by G. trabeum, can be the substance (3Z,6Z,8E)-dodecatrien-1-ol. This chemical substance is also the main component of trail-following pheromone of Rhinotermitidae termite family. In this diploma thesis, I was trying to verify whether various species of G. trabeum are in fact capable of producing the substance (3Z,6Z,8E)-dodecatrien-1-ol. I was also focusing on the effects of saccharides, present in nutrient solutions, on quantitative and qualitative change in composition of volatile secondary metabolites produced by G. trabeum. The saccharides I used for my research were - maltose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, and mannose. The analysis was made by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography separation technique with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection (GC×GC-TOFMS). During my research I discovered that one of obtained species of G. trabeum can produce substance (3Z,6Z,8E)-dodecatrien-1-ol, but only under specific conditions. It is produced when cultivating on Petri dishes on agar - cellulose growth media. The measurement was further validated by...
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Vavrouš, Adam. „Rychlé metody analýzy migrantů z materiálů ve styku s potravinami“. Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-415366.
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(AJ) Food contact materials pose a risk to human health due to a variety of contaminants which they can release into food. These compounds, migrants, include aromatic hydrocarbons, dialkyl phthalates, bisphenols, printing ink photoinitiators, and perfluoroalkyl compounds. The determination of all these substances can be expensive and time-consuming since universally applicable analytical approaches are not available nowadays. This work attempted to develop methods for the simultaneous determination of migrants from all of the mentioned groups in paper-based food contact materials and fatty food. A total of 68 contaminants were studied in paper products using liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection. All analytes were isolated simultaneously using the modified "QuEChERS" method. This method demonstrated acceptable recovery and repeatability for most analytes in the validation study; LOQs ranged from 1.3 to 220 µg/kg. Analysis of 132 real paper products confirmed the occurrence of almost all studied analytes, which were often present in complex mixtures and at concentrations up to 628 mg/kg. A total of 41 potential contaminants were monitored in fatty foods by liquid chromatography with tandem mass detection. Contamination of the mobile phase by...
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Mikulecká, Jana. „Vývoj analytických metod pro stanovení fosforylovaných složek bakteriálních buněčných membrán“. Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-324659.
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Phospholipids are dominant components of bacterial cell membranes, where they create double layers. Bacteria differ in their phospholipid composition determination of which can help in identification of important groups of microorganisms. Phospholipid composition of bacteria is influenced by many environmental factors, therefore its variation can be observed within one bacterial stem also. Because of its simplicity, thin layer chromatography is usually applied to identification and determination of bacterial phospholipids. Disadvantage of this method are the high demands of time, carefulness and skills of the analytical personnel. The increasing interest in the phospholipid double-layer promotes the detailed investigation of their fatty acid composition because the more detailed analyses allows for more information yield about bacteria. Gas chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry seems to be the best choice for these purposes. Fatty acid identity and total fatty acid content in phospholipid molecules could be determined by this method. Additionally, number, position and isomerism of double bonds and presence of other functional groups on hydrocarbon chain could be determined. Whereas a suitable and...
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Linhartová, Lucie. „Biodegradace polychlorovaných bifenylů pomocí ligninolytických hub a jejich enzymů“. Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-297757.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) represent relevant persistent organopollutants of the environment and the estimated amount of PCB released into the environment is 750000 metric tons. White-rot fungi have been studied for long time due to their degradative potential toward various aromatic pollutants and it is known that these fungi are able to decompose PCB in vivo. Biodegradation of PCB by the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was studied in the frame of this work. A high degradative efficiency of P. ostreatus was observed in the first set of experiments, even in the presence of relative high amount of added PCB. Fungus was able to transform 780±50 µg out of the intial amount 1000 µg in 20 ml of a cultivation media within 42 days. A decrease in toxicity was recorded during the degradation that suggests the suitability of this organism for a practical use in decontamination. In vitro experiments with purified laccase induced with Cu2+ from this fungus did not prove any participation of the enzyme in the first step of PCB transformation. The enzyme did not show an ability to degrade PCB even after purification from cultivation media containing PCB. It was found that the first step of PCB transformation can be performed by an intracellular process with microsomal fraction. A degradation of 44-67% was observed for...
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Faťarová, Mária. „Analýza sexuálního feromonu ovocných mušek rodu Ceratitis fasciventris, Ceratitis anonae a Ceratitis rosa“. Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322938.
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Ceratitis fasciventris, Ceratitis anonae and Ceratitis rosa are polyphagous agricultural pests originating from African continent. Their behaviour is heavily altered by pheromones. Insect chemical communication channels are species-specific, represents taxonomic and reproduction barriers. Taxonomy of this group (so-called Ceratitis FAR complex) is unclear. Therefore new chemical approaches along with genetic tests for identification of entities within the cryptic species FAR complex are being developed. To study multi-component mixtures of male volatiles originating from the three mentioned fruit fly species, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time- of-flight mass spectrometer (GC×GC-TOFMS) was used. A number of compounds were identified, out of which 23 were found to be distributed and shared among the studied species, 11 out of these were present in all three species. Analyses of male pheromone volatiles, using gas chromatography combined with electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD) revealed 4 common compounds with antennal activity shared among three studied species: methyl (E)-hex-3-enoate, 6-methylhept-5-en-2- one, linalool, and methyl (2E,6E)-farnesoate. The species-specific EAD active compounds in C. fasciventris were esters of isomers of hexenoic acid, whereas isomers of...
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Ježková, Zuzana. „Analýza složení samčího sexuálního feromonu různých populací tropické ovocné mušky Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae)“. Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-304439.
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The Ceratitis capitata is a very important agricultural pest, whose reproduction behaviour is controled by chemical signals. Males initiate mating by creating leks, where they release sexual pheromones to attract females. The main goal of this diploma thesis was to determine the influence of host plants on the composition of male sex-pheromones C. capitata and to compare emanations of wild males with those originating from laboratory population. We studied the chemical composition of volatiles, released by calling males C. capitata from laboratory and two wild populations, using two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection (GC×GC-TOFMS), gas chromatography with electroantennographic and flame ionization detection (GC-EAD-FID). All data were statistically analyzed by multivariate data analyses. Significant differences were observed in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the chemical emanations among males from the three populations. The GC-EAD-FID analyses revealed fourteen antenally active compounds with a possible behavioral function. Isomenthone, geraniol, bornyl acetate, geranyl acetone and ethyl octanoate were newly identified antenally active compounds of C. capitata male sex pheromone. Statistical analyses indicated that males and females of...
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Šubová, Martina. „Využití vysokoúčinných separačních metod pro chirální i achirální separace“. Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-404928.
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In the first part of the doctoral thesis, the capillary electrophoresis was used to test the potential chiral separation properties of monosubstituted cyclodextrin derivatives, namely PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-cyclodextrins for the group of selected analytes. Both selectors exhibited excellent enantioseparation properties for N-boc-D,L-tryptophan, where the enantiomers were completely separated even at 0.5 mmol·l-1 concentration of the cyclodextrin derivative in the background electrolyte. However, the differences between the enantiodiscrimination properties of individual derivatives were minimal. The second test group consisted of two cyclodextrin derivatives, namely 2-O- and 3-O- cinnamyl-α-cyclodextrins. These derivatives are able to form supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions that disintegrate at elevated temperature. The formation of these polymers was tested by NMR and DLS experiments. None of the tested cyclodextrin derivatives showed enantiodiscrimination properties towards a group of selected analytes. In the frame of antipredatory study, HPLC-MS/MS method working in HILIC mode was used for separation of ten pterin derivatives and riboflavin, which can be present as pigments in insects, reptiles or amphibians as a part of their warning coloration. The developed methodology was applied for...