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1
John, Lee, und Craig Dempster. Rise of the Platform Marketer: Performance Marketing with Google, Facebook, and Twitter, Plus the Latest High-Growth Digital Advertising Platforms. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2015.
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John, Lee, und Craig Dempster. Rise of the Platform Marketer: Performance Marketing with Google, Facebook, and Twitter, Plus the Latest High-Growth Digital Advertising Platforms. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2015.
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author, Lee John 1974, Hrsg. The rise of the platform marketer: Performance marketing with Google, Facebook, and Twitter, plus the latest high-growth digital advertising platforms. 2015.
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Ntarangwi, Mwenda. Media and Contested Christian Identities. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040061.003.0005.
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This chapter turns to the world of social media and how it shapes Christian identities in Kenya, including Juliani's. It explores how even urban churches are tapping into such media to engage youth on matters of faith and lived sociocultural issues. Many Kenyan youth get access to the internet and such social-media platforms as Twitter and Facebook through their cell phones. Some service providers, such as Safaricom (the largest cell-phone company in Kenya), offer Facebook as part of their already installed applications for subscribers. Through mobile phone-based access to these kinds of platforms, Kenyan youth are able to virtually enter the wider world beyond their immediate environs, see life or constructions of it in other locations, imagine how it relates or contrasts or both with their own lives, and engage with it either by making meaning of their own lives or constructing it as they choose.
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Social Media Marketing: Step by Step Beginners Guide on How to Use Social Media Platforms to Build Your Business Brand and Reach Your Buyers (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube) Kindle Edition. PLB Group, 2020.
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Magdalinski, Tara. Into the Digital Era. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038938.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses the numerous opportunities for incorporating interactive, Internet-based technologies for collaborative learning into sport history pedagogy. These include blogs, wikis, Wikipedia, Twitter, and Facebook, and extend to lesser-known platforms and tools such as Curatr and TED-Ed “Flip this Lesson.” Indeed, as new platforms continue to be developed, and as students—who are already largely digital natives—engage with these, and as pedagogical practice continues to move away from passive receipt of static knowledge toward active engagement in knowledge creation, sport historians themselves need to be “competent and critical users.” The interactive and collaborative potential of many web-based platforms offers possibilities for engagement both within the classroom and with external communities of interest.
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Jarren, Otfried, und Christoph Neuberger, Hrsg. Gesellschaftliche Vermittlung in der Krise. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748909729.
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Digital platforms are becoming increasingly relevant for the constitution of markets. As they can be used in a multifunctional way, platforms are also having a massive impact on the provision and dissemination of both public and private information. Moreover, they are playing a significant role in social exchange. Platforms that facilitate the provision and dissemination of media content and journalistic work are having both economic and cultural effects on the traditional media and communications industry, which is becoming irrelevant and losing income from advertising and users. Social media platforms, such as Facebook, especially are becoming important means for certain social groups to acquire up-to-date information. Platforms and their growth and development are influencing both the traditional media and journalism, which is becoming clear from the growing financial crisis these two sectors are experiencing. The unfolding transformation process is having diverse effects on both the public sphere and on information and communication processes, which in turn is affecting liberal democracy. These changes require specific attention in both interdisciplinary research and politics (the design of a media and communications landscape, regulation, etc.). With contributions by Klaus Beck, Patrick Donges, Otfried Jarren, Katharina von Kleinen-Königslow, Frank Löbigs, Christoph Neuberger, Manuel Puppis
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van, José. The Platform Society as a Contested Concept. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190889760.003.0002.
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The first chapter lays out the “platform society” as a contested concept, embroidering on Airbnb as an example. The term refers to an emerging society in which social, economic, and interpersonal traffic is largely channeled by a global online platform ecosystem that is fueled by data and organized through algorithms. Platforms are defined and approached at three levels: the micro-level of individual platforms, the meso-level of the platform ecosystem, and the macro-level of platform geopolitics. The American-based ecosystem is mostly governed by five big tech companies (Alphabet-Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, and Microsoft) whose platform services are central to its overall design and the distribution of data flows. Besides the dominant tech companies, there are also state and civil society actors active in governing the platform society. The question is: who is or should be responsible for anchoring public values in societies that are increasingly organized through online systems?
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Thomason, Krista K. Ajax Reviled. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843274.003.0006.
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Shaming punishments have increased in popularity, and social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook have become mediums for public shaming of bad behavior. Can these practices be justified? This chapter distinguishes between three practices all labeled “shaming:” invitations to shame, shaming, and stigmatizing. It then argues that invitations to shame can be justified in certain circumstances, but shaming and stigmatizing cannot be justified. The primary argument in favor of shaming and stigmatizing is that both practices are powerful tools to change behavior. Shaming is the practice of holding up the flaws of others for public scorn, and this practice is unjustified even when it is done for noble reasons.
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Mendes, Kaitlynn, Jessica Ringrose und Jessalynn Keller. Digital Feminist Activism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697846.001.0001.
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In recent years, feminists have turned to digital technologies and social media platforms to dialogue, network, and organize against contemporary sexism, misogyny, and rape culture. The emergence of feminist campaigns such as #MeToo, #BeenRapedNeverReported, and Everyday Sexism are part of a growing trend of digital resistances and challenges to sexism, patriarchy, and other forms of oppression. Although recent scholarship has documented the ways digital spaces are often highly creative sites where the public can learn about and intervene in rape culture, little research has explored girls’ and women’s experiences of using digital platforms to challenge misogynistic practices. This is therefore the first book-length study to interrogate how girls and women negotiate rape culture through digital platforms, including blogs, Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, and mobile apps. Through an analysis of high-profile campaigns such as Hollaback!, Everyday Sexism, and the everyday activism of Twitter feminists, this book presents findings of over 800 pieces of digital content, and semi-structured interviews with 82 girls, women, and some men around the world, including organizers of various feminist campaigns and those who have contributed to them. As our study shows, digital feminist activism is far more complex and nuanced than one might initially expect, and a variety of digital platforms are used in a multitude of ways, for many purposes. Furthermore, although it may be technologically easy for many groups to engage in digital feminist activism, there remain emotional, mental, or practical barriers that create different experiences, and legitimate some feminist voices, perspectives, and experiences over others.
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Frosio, Giancarlo, Hrsg. Oxford Handbook of Online Intermediary Liability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198837138.001.0001.
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The theoretical—and market—background against which the intermediary liability debate developed has changed considerably since the first appearance of online intermediaries almost two decades ago. These changes have been reflected—or will soon most likely be reflected—in changing policy approaches. The role of Online Service Providers (OSPs) is unprecedented for their capacity to influence the informational environment and users’ interactions within it. The ethical implications of OSPs’ role in contemporary information societies are raising unprecedented social challenges. The decisions made by these platforms increasingly shape contemporary life. Therefore, whether and when access providers and communications platforms such as Google, Twitter, and Facebook are liable for their users’ online activities is a key factor that affects innovation and fundamental rights. There are emerging legal, policy, and ethical issues facing online intermediaries that have so far received various inconsistent answers even within the same jurisdiction. To better understand the heterogeneity of the international online intermediary liability regime, The Oxford Handbook of Online Intermediary Liability is designed to provide a comprehensive, authoritative, and ‘state-of-the-art’ discussion of this topic. This book will review fundamental legal issues in online intermediary liability, while also describing advances in intermediary liability theory and identifying recent policy trends.
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Rahat, Gideon, und Ofer Kenig. Parties versus Politicians Online. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808008.003.0008.
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The chapter starts with a brief overview of the study of political personalization online, then focuses on its claims concerning the influence of online platforms on political personalization. It then analyses online personalization by comparing the online presence and activity of parties, party leaders, and prominent politicians from twenty-five democracies, and also the consumption rate of their Facebook pages. High variance at the national levels of personalization online demonstrates that personalization is not a necessary development of politics in the age of online social networks. Levels of online controlled media personalization do not seem to be generally high. Parties are present online more than individual politicians, and in most cases the amount of their output is higher. Online personalization in voters’ behavior—the consumption side—is, however, prevalent. Such personalization is evident in the amounts of the consumption of the outputs of party leaders, but not of other prominent politicians.
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Woolley, Samuel C., und Philip N. Howard. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0011.
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Political communication around the world has evolved significantly through social media. Changes are apparent both in terms of social practices and core technological tools: these include the infrastructure upon which political communication occurs, the salience of its effects, and the habits of its practitioners. Several of these advancements have benefited global democracy. Platforms such as Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook have been at the heart of communication and organization during pivotal moments of popular activism since 2010: the Arab Spring, the Occupy Movement, and the Umbrella Protests in Hong Kong among them (Howard, 2010; Bennett & Segerberg, 2013; Woolley, 2016). These same sites have been, increasingly over the last five years, normalized for political control by the powerful. Each of the chapters in this collection highlight the ways that digital media have been co-opted in efforts to manipulate public opinion for various means from the usage of bot armies.
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Fleury, James, Bryan Hikari Hartzheim und Stephen Mamber, Hrsg. The Franchise Era. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474419222.001.0001.
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As Hollywood shifts towards the digital era, the role of the media franchise has become more prominent. Over a series of essays by a range of international scholars, this edited collection argues that the franchise is now an integral element of American media culture. As such, the collection explores the production, distribution, and marketing of franchises as a historical form of media-making. In particular, the essays analyze the complex industrial practice of managing franchises across interconnected online platforms with a global scope, presenting a network of scholarly texts that critically look at the collision of new and old industrial logics against an ever more fragmented and consolidated mediascape. The authors address how traditional incumbents like film studios and television networks have responded to the rise of big data, Silicon Valley companies like Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, and Google; the ways in which legacy franchises are adapting to new media platforms and technologies; the significant historical continuities and deviations in franchise-making and how they shape the representation of on-screen texts across digital displays; and, finally, how emerging media formats are expanding the possibility for transmedia experiences. In this regard, The Franchise Era: Managing Media in the Digital Economy offers an in-depth analysis of the tectonic shifts that have disrupted entertainment companies in the twenty-first century, demonstrating that the media franchise stands front and center in this high-stakes environment.
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Ohlin, Jens David, und Duncan B. Hollis, Hrsg. Defending Democracies. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197556979.001.0001.
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Evidence of election interference by foreign states or their proxies has become a regular feature of national elections and is likely to get worse in the near future. Information and communication technologies afford those who would interfere with new tools that can operate in ways previously unimaginable: Twitter bots, Facebook advertisements, closed social media platforms, algorithms that prioritize extreme views, disinformation, misinformation, and malware that steals secret campaign communications. Defending Democracies: Combating Foreign Election Interference in a Digital Age tackles the problem through an interdisciplinary lens and focuses on: (1) defining the problem of foreign election interference; (2) exploring the solutions that international law might bring to bear; and (3) considering alternative regulatory frameworks for understanding and addressing the problem. The result is a deeply urgent examination of an old problem on social media steroids, one that implicates the most central institution of liberal democracy: elections. This volume seeks to bring domestic and international perspectives on elections and election law into conversation with other disciplinary frameworks, escaping the typical biases of lawyers by preferring international legal solutions for issues of international relations. Taken together, the chapters in this volume represent a more faithful representation of the broad array of solutions that might be deployed, including international and domestic, legal and extralegal, ambitious and cautious.
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Sunstein, Cass R. Liars. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197545119.001.0001.
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Liars are causing devastating problems. They are endangering public health. They are threatening self-government. They are destroying the reputation of good people—and inflating the reputation of people who are not so good. Nonetheless, most falsehoods ought not to be censored or regulated, even if they are lies. In general, free societies allow them. Public officials should not be allowed to act as the truth police. A key reason is that we cannot trust officials to separate truth from falsehood; their own judgments are unreliable, and their own biases get in the way. If officials are licensed to punish falsehoods, they will end up punishing dissent. The best response to falsehoods is usually to correct them, rather than to punish or censor them. But there is an exception to this proposition: governments should have the power to regulate the most harmful lies and falsehoods. False statements are not constitutionally protected if the government can show that they threaten to cause serious harm. Public officials should be able to restrict and punish lies and falsehoods that pose serious threats to public health and safety. To protect the democratic process, public officials should be able to restrict certain lies and falsehoods. They should be able to safeguard people’s reputations. Private institutions, including television networks, magazines, and newspapers, and social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, should be doing much more to slow or stop the spread of lies and falsehoods.
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Timcke, Scott. Algorithms and the End of Politics. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529215311.001.0001.
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As the United States contends with issues of populism and de-democratization, this book considers the impacts of digital technologies on the country's politics and society. The book provides a Marxist analysis of the rise of digital media, social networks and technology giants like Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Microsoft. It looks at the impact of these new platforms and technologies on their users who have made them among the most valuable firms in the world. The book is concerned with unfreedom and class rule in contemporary American capitalism as seen in the digital realm. Class struggle is the first and last force shaping developments in communication. The book looks at the response of the ruling class to an organic crisis in the United States, and it traces how digital media instruments are used by different factions within the capitalist ruling class to capture and maintain the commanding heights of the American social structure. The book moves on to examine the role of data and whiteness in American social life. It traces the evolving intersection of capital, security and technology to examine the broad trajectory of unfreedom. The book concludes that digital society requires significant restructuring if it is to facilitate greater democratization. Offering bold, new thinking across data politics and digital and economic sociology, this is a powerful demonstration of how algorithms have come to shape everyday life and political legitimacy in the United States and beyond.
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Stirr, Anna Marie. Love, Solidarity, and Sociopolitical Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631970.003.0007.
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Discussion of political topics in dohori lyrics was strictly forbidden in competitions and the state-run media up until 1990. This chapter looks at the slow movement toward including party politics and specific social issues in dohori performance and recordings. It examines relationships between party politics, identity politics, and the intimate politics of dohori singing. Three interrelated aspects include the inclusion of romantic love in songs sung for party political platforms, and politics in romantic love songs; arguments for caste equality through a musical meritocracy; and attempts to create social change through the words, music, videos, and live performance of dohori songs.
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Elkins, Evan. Locked Out. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479830572.001.0001.
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“This content is not available in your country.” Media consumers around the world regularly run into this reminder of geography’s imprint on digital culture. Despite utopian hopes of a borderless digital society in an era of globalization, DVDs, video games, and streaming platforms include digital rights management mechanisms like region codes and IP address detection systems that block media access within certain territories. Although propped up by national and transnational intellectual property regulation, these technologies of “regional lockout” are designed primarily to keep the entertainment industries’ global markets distinct. Beyond this, they frustrate consumers around the world and place certain territories on a hierarchy of global media access. Drawing on extensive research of media-industry strategies, consumer and retailer practices, and media regulation, Locked Out explores regional lockout in DVDs, console video games, and streaming video and music platforms. The book argues that regional lockout has shaped global media culture over the past few decades in three interrelated ways: as technological regulation, media distribution, and geocultural discrimination. As a form of digital rights management, regional lockout builds in limitations on the affordances of digital software and hardware. As distribution, it seeks to ensure that digital technologies accommodate media industries’ traditional segmentation of markets. Finally, as a cultural system, regional lockout shapes and reflects long-standing global hierarchies of power and discrimination.
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Perry, Elisabeth Israels. After the Vote. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199341849.001.0001.
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Soon after his first inauguration in 1934, New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia began appointing women into his administration. By the end of his three terms he had installed almost a hundred women as lawyers, board and commission members and secretaries, deputy commissioners, and judges. No previous mayor had done anything comparable. These “Women of the La Guardia Administration” met frequently for mutual support and political strategizing. This book tells their stories. It begins with the city’s suffrage movement, which prepared them for political action. After they won the vote in 1917, they joined political party clubs and began to run for office. Their plan was to use political platforms to enact feminist and progressive public policies. Circumstances unique to mid-twentieth-century New York City advanced their progress. In 1930, Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized an inquiry into alleged corruption in the city’s government, long dominated by the Democratic Party’s machine, Tammany Hall. The inquiry turned first to charges of Vice Squad entrapment of women for sex crimes and their treatment in the city’s Women’s Court. Outraged by the inquiry’s disclosures and impressed by La Guardia’s pledge to rein in Tammany, many New York City women activists supported him for mayor. As appointees in his administration, they then helped him fulfill his plans for modernizing city government. This book argues that La Guardia’s women appointees contributed to his administration’s success and left a rich legacy of experience and political wisdom to oncoming generations of women in politics.
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Sewlal, Robin, Hrsg. REFLECTIONS of the SOUTH AFRICAN MEDIA 1994 - 2019. Radiocracy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/dut.3.
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Prior to 1994, the media operated in an environment that can best be described as ‘suppressed’. Diversity of thoughts, views and opinions on media platforms were non-existent as the regime, at the time, ruled with an iron-fist. A variety of print media outlets sought to reflect reality, but it was a steady struggle especially for those with meagre resources, and exacerbated by the constant clampdowns. The state-run broadcaster, if anything, entrenched discriminatory principles and practices. Given our precarious past, the birth of democracy proved to be the perfect panacea for a promising pathway for the media fraternity. Transformation, in more ways than one, permeated the sector. Reflections of the South African Media: 1994-2019 is a compilation by authors who have peculiar insight of and excelled in the different areas of the fast-developing industry in the first 25 years of South Africa’s democracy. And they are no ordinary authors. Every chapter contributed came from women and men who had, through the years, a direct link with ML Sultan Technikon, Technikon Natal, Durban Institute of Technology (DIT) or Durban University of Technology (DUT) * either as a student, lecturer, visiting professor, speaker or associate. Compiling and editing this book has been an incredibly invigorating experience. It was never in doubt whose image will adorn the cover of the book, so it was beautifully uplifting that many authors, not knowing my choice, gave Nelson Mandela due recognition. My brief to the authors was simple: let me have your personal lookback in your own style on the topic that you are most comfortable with. All of them stepped up to the plate, and the vast array of content in the book bares strong testimony. A section titled Journeys in Journalism encapsulates input from alumni of DUT Journalism – they were afforded free reign to trace the territory they traversed. I’m indebted to each and every contributor for generously volunteering their precious time and talent to the book. They were simply magnificent. It has to be said that this publication far exceeded my expectations as it, initially, was a humble idea to celebrate 25 years of the media industry with a handful of contributions. Little did I realise that my desk will be flooded with 40 pieces of excellence and a Foreword penned by the brilliant Jeremy Thompson. My eternal gratitude must also be extended to the small team of assistants for understanding my vision upfront and rallying remarkably throughout. Once you’ve enjoyed the read, I invite you to share Reflections of the South African Media: 1994-2019 with whoever you believe can benefit from its rich and diverse content!