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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Plants, Effect of nitrogen on“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Plants, Effect of nitrogen on"
1
Ciecko, Z., S. Kalesa, M. Wyszkowski und E. Rolka. „The effect of elevated cadmium content in soil on the uptake of nitrogen by plants“. Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 7 (10.12.2011): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4034-pse.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cadmium (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg Cd/kg of soil) contamination in soil with the application of different substances (compost, brown coal, lime and bentonite) on the intake of nitrogen by some plants. The correlations between the nitrogen content in the plants and the cadmium concentration in the soil, as well as the plant yield and the content of micro- and macroelements in the plants were determined. Plant species and cadmium dose determined the effects of soil contamination with cadmium on the content of nitrogen. Large doses of cadmium caused an increase in nitrogen content in the Avena sativa straw and roots and in the Zea mays roots. Soil contamination with cadmium resulted in a decrease of nitrogen content in the Avena sativa grain, in above-ground parts and roots of the Lupinus luteus, in the above-ground parts of the Zea mays and in the above-ground parts and roots of Phacelia tanacaetifolia. Among the experimental different substances, the application of bentonite had the strongest and a usually negative effect on the nitrogen content in plants. The greatest effect of bentonite was on Avena sativa grain, above-ground parts Zea mays and Lupinus luteus and Phacelia tanacaetifolia. The content of nitrogen in the plants was generally positively correlated with the content of the macroelements and some of the microelements, regardless of the substances added to the soil.
2
Neuberg, M., D. Pavlíková, M. Pavlík und J. Balík. „The effect of different nitrogen nutrition on proline and asparagine content in plant“. Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 7 (14.07.2010): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2010-pse.
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Mixture of plants (Festulolium: Trifolium pretense L.) was grown in the pot experiment with different forms of nitrogen nutrition. The fertilizers (ammonium sulphate or calcium nitrate or ammonium nitrate) were applied conventionally or according to the CULTAN method (Controlled Uptake Long Term Ammonium Nutrition). The absolute growth rate (AGR) and contents of free asparagine and proline in the aboveground biomass were determined. Additional nitrogen increased the dry weight of biomass and AGR of the plants treated with sidedress application in comparison with plants treated with the CULTAN method. The results suggest increased levels of free proline in CULTAN-treated plants while those of asparagine did not increase. The significance of these observations to the loss of potential yield and the relationship between methods of application is considered.
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Šrámek, F., und M. Dubský. „Effect of slow release fertilizers on container-grown woody plants“. Horticultural Science 34, No. 1 (07.01.2008): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1844-hortsci.
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Slow-Release Fertilizers (SRF) Silvamix Forte and Silvagen were tested in two-year experiments with container-grown woody plants (<i>Pyracantha coccinea</i>, <i>Thuja occidentalis</i>). Several fertilizing systems were compared: preplant application of SRF into substrate as the sole nutrient source for a two-year period, preplant application of SRF and soluble fertilizer (PG Mix), and preplant application of SRF and soluble fertilizer together with additional fertilizing by solution of nitrogen fertilizer during both growing periods. A system with controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote 5−6 was chosen as a control variant; it was incorporated into substrate before planting in the first year and top-dressed in the second year. CRF Plantacote 6M (mixed into substrate before planting and top-dressed in the second year) and Osmocote 16−18 applied only before planting were tested, too. The experiments showed that SRF Silvamix Forte and Silvagen give results comparable with CFR provided that they were incorporated together with soluble ferti-lizer dose and plants were fertilized by solution of nitrogen fertilizer during both growing periods.
4
Galambosi, B., und Y. Holm. „The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Herb Yield of Dragonhead“. Agricultural and Food Science 61, Nr. 5 (01.09.1989): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72369.
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The influence of a top-dressing of nitrogen fertilizer (calcium nitrate, CaNO3) on the individual plant height and weight, herb yield and nitrate content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) was studied in 1987 in Puumala, Finland. The nitrogen doses applied ranged from 0 to 270 kg/ha. Nitrogen fertilization increased both the individual plant height and weight, the fresh and dry herb yield and the nitrate content of the plants. However, no optimum nitrogen dose could be found since the maximum was not reached in most of the cases. An exception was the herb yield (d.w.) of transplanted plants, harvested at the flowering stage, where a nitrogen dose of 70—80 kg/ha gave the highest yield. If the plants were allowed to grow a few weeks more the yield was four fold compared to the earlier harvesting. Sown plants gave a yield two times higher than the transplanted plants, but this was partly due to the greater plant density on the sown plots.
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Krček, M., P. Slamka, K. Olšovská, M. Brestič und M. Benčíková. „Reduction of drought stress effect in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by nitrogen fertilization“. Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 1 (14.01.2008): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2781-pse.
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An effect of nitrogen rates (0.0 g, 1.0 g, 2.0 g N per pot) on NRA (nitrate reductase activity) in leaves of spring barley (cultivar Kompakt) was investigated in a pot experiment. Plants were grown under optimum moisture regime and drought stress was induced during the growth stages of tillering, shooting and earing. Before and after respective stress period plants were grown under optimal water regime. In all the fertilized and unfertilized treatments, NRA was significantly higher under optimal water regime than in drought stress conditions. Nitrogen fertilization alleviated adverse effects of drought stress on the yields of grain; the rate of 1 g N per pot increased the grain yield of plants stressed during tillering 3.73 times compared to unfertilized and stressed treatment. When the stress was induced during shooting or earing grain yields declined by over 50% compared to optimal water regime; when compared with stressed and unfertilized treatment, the rate of 1 g N however increased yield by 29% (stress at shooting) and 55% (stress at earing). NRA values were significantly higher when plants were grown under optimum water regime than under stress conditions as well as when fertilized with nitrogen compared to unfertilized control both under optimum water regime and drought stress.
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GIRARDIN, P., A. DELTOUR und M. TOLLENAAR. „EFFECT OF TEMPORARY N STARVATION IN MAIZE ON LEAF SENESCENCE“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, Nr. 4 (01.10.1985): 819–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-108.
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A prerequisite for an informed strategy regarding nitrogen application in maize (Zea mays L.) is a knowledge of the physiology of plant responses to nitrogen. This study consisted of two experiments on maize plants grown in pails. One experiment was conducted in controlled-environment growth rooms, the other was conducted in the field. N-deficient and control maize plants were evaluated for photosynthetic rate (P), chlorophyll content (CC), nitrogen content, and green leaf area; comparisons between these four parameters were made. During N starvation, rate of senescence (i.e. decrease in green leaf area) of the old leaves was higher in N-deprived plants than in control plants. P and CC of all leaves in the N-deficient treatment decreased during nitrogen withdrawal. After the deprivation period, when the plants were resupplied with N, senescence was delayed relative to control plants. The increase of CC in treatment plants was slower than the recovery of photosynthetic rate; in fact, CC was a poor indicator of photosynthetic activity. The delay in leaf senescence corresponded with regreening in leaves of N-deprived plants following N addition. This delay could be partly explained by an overcompensation in plant N requirement involving both a rapid increase in P, and a slower increase in CC. The effects of resupplying plants with nitrogen following a N-deprivation period lead us to believe that the observed leaf yellowing is actually a premature senescence which is reversible, and that a low N content is not the single causal factor of senescence.Key words: Chlorophyll content, leaf area, photosynthetic rate, Zea mays L.
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Giambalvo, Dario, Gaetano Amato, Davide Borgia, Rosolino Ingraffia, Calogero Librici, Antonella Lo Porto, Guglielmo Puccio, Paolo Ruisi und Alfonso S. Frenda. „Nitrogen Availability Drives Mycorrhizal Effects on Wheat Growth, Nitrogen Uptake and Recovery under Salt Stress“. Agronomy 12, Nr. 11 (11.11.2022): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112823.
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The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is generally considered effective in improving salt tolerance in plants; however, the advantages it offers can vary greatly depending on the context in which it occurs; furthermore, the mechanisms underlying these responses are still unclear. A study was conducted to investigate the role of nitrogen (N) availability on the effectiveness of AM symbiosis in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) plants grown under salt stress. Plants were grown in pots in the absence or in presence of salt stress (soil electrical conductivity of 1.50 and 13.00 dS m−1, respectively), with or without AM fungi inoculation (Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae), varying the N dose supplied (0 or 80 mg N per pot). Results indicate that AM symbiosis can alleviate the detrimental effects of salt stress on the growth of durum wheat only when plants are grown under sufficient N availability in soil; in such conditions mycorrhizal symbiosis determined an improvement of leaf traits (leaf area, SLA, stability of plasma membranes and SPAD), N uptake, N fertilizer recovery and water use efficiency. On the contrary, when wheat plants were grown in conditions of N deficiency, the mycorrhizal symbiosis had no effect (under salt stress) or even depressive effect (under unstressed condition) on plant growth and N uptake, highlighting how, in some cases, competition for nutrients between plants and AM can arise. This study suggests that N availability in the soil can drive the effects of AM symbiosis in assisting the plant with containing saline stress.
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Abou-Zeid, Hanan Mahmoud. „Nitrogen Biofertilizer Alleviates the Inhibitory Effect of Cadmium on Physiology and Nitrogen Assimilation in Maize Plants“. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, Nr. 01 (01.01.2021): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1643.
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The present study investigated the role of inoculation with Nitrobien biofertilizer (N-Bio, Azospirillum and azotobacter spp.) on the response of maize plants to cadmium-toxicity (applied as 2 and 10 mM CdSO4). Cd-stress caused a significant reduction in the fresh and dry biomass of leaves and roots as well as a marked disturbance in the anatomical features of roots and stomatal structure and behavior. Cd-stress significantly depressed the total photosynthetic pigments, photochemical efficiency of PS II, total carbohydrates, and proteins content. Furthermore, increasing Cd level prompted oxidative stress measured in terms of malondialdehyde and H2O2 contents in maize plants. Application of N-Bio improved these attributes in Cd-stressed maize plants. Moreover, NO3- uptake and its assimilating enzymes (nitrate reductase, NR; glutamine synthase, GS; and, glutamate dehydrogenase GDH) were significantly increased in N-Bio-pretreated Cd-stressed plants than Cd- stressed ones and that was associated with a decrease of NH4+ content. N-Bio pretreatment also stimulated the accumulation of amino acids and markedly increased endogenous phytohormone content (IAA, GA3) of Cd-stressed maize plants. These results revealed the potentiating effect of N-Bio pretreatment in regulating Cd-induced damages in maize plants. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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GIRARDIN, P., M. TOLLENAAR und J. F. MULDOON. „EFFECT OF TEMPORARY N STARVATION ON LEAF PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT OF MAIZE“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, Nr. 3 (01.07.1985): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-071.
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The photosynthetic rate (P) of maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown under growth room conditions was studied during and after a 10-day period of N starvation. The relationships between P and chlorophyll content, and P and nitrogen content were examined. Nitrogen deprivation, from the 18th to the 28th day, induced a decline of maximum photosynthetic rate, respiration and chlorophyll content; this effect was reversible. Recovery of photosynthetic capability occurred within 10 days of the resumption of nitrogen supply. Only partial recovery of chlorophyll content was recorded in the same time period. A low chlorophyll content and a relatively high photosynthetic rate were observed in N-deprived plants 4 days after the return to normal nutrient conditions. Chlorophyll efficiency was significantly greater in N-deficient than in control plants for approximately 1 wk, under light conditions close to saturation. Neither chlorophyll nor nitrogen content was correlated with maximum photosynthetic rate in N-starved plants. Under nitrogen deprivation, chlorphyll activity and leaf senescence (as measured by photosynthetic decline) appeared to be regulated independently.Key words: Nitrogen content, nitrogen deficiency, nitrogen stress, respiration, Zea mays L.
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Archbold, Douglas D., und Charles T. MacKown. „Nitrogen Availability and Fruiting Influence Nitrogen Cycling in Strawberry“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, Nr. 1 (Januar 1997): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.1.134.
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As the primary nutrient applied to and used by strawberry, N allocation and cycling within the plant may play an important role in determining plant vigor and productivity. Our objectives were to determine 1) how N availability and fruit production affect N and fertilizer N (FN) partitioning among and within the vegetative tissues of `Tribute' strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) and 2) if the root N pool is temporary storage N. Plants were fed 15N-depleted NH4NO3 (0.001 atom percent 15N) for the initial 8 weeks, then were grown for 12 weeks with or without NH4NO3 with a natural 15N abundance (0.366 atom percent 15N), and were maintained vegetative or allowed to fruit. The vegetative tissues were sampled at 6 and 12 weeks. Neither N availability or fruiting had consistent effects on dry mass (DM) across all tissues at 6 or 12 weeks. At 6 weeks, the total N content of all tissues except the roots were higher with continuous N than with no N. Nitrogen availability was the dominant treatment effect on all plants at 12 weeks; continuous N increased leaflet, petiole, and total vegetative DM and total N of all tissues. Insoluble reduced N (IRN) was the major N pool within all tissues at 6 and 12 weeks regardless of treatment. Fruiting inhibited root growth and N accumulation at 6 weeks but had little effect at 12 weeks. The roots were a strong dry matter and N sink from 6 to 12 weeks. The FN pools, from the 15N-depleted FN supplied during the initial 8 weeks, exhibited changes similar to those of total N in plants not receiving N, in contrast to plants receiving continuous N where total leaflet and petiole N content increased while FN content declined. Total FN per plant declined nearly 26% over 12 weeks; the decline was greater in plants receiving N continuously than in those not receiving N, but the magnitude of the decline was not affected by fruiting. Increasing atom percent 15N values, primarily in plants receiving continuous N after the initial 8 weeks of receiving 15N-depleted FN, indicated that N cycling occurred through all tissues and N pools, proportionally more in the soluble reduced N pool but quantitatively more in the IRN pool. The root N pool was not a “temporary” N storage site available for re-allocation to other tissues, although N cycling through it was evident. Rather, leaflet N was primarily remobilized to other tissues.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Plants, Effect of nitrogen on"
1
Zhou, Maoqian 1961. „Nitrogen fixation by alfalfa as affected by salt stress and nitrogen levels“. Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277231.
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The growth and Nitrogen fixation by one low salt tolerant alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and two germination salt tolerant selections inoculated with were investigated at two salt levels (0, -0.6 Mpa) and two N rates (1, 5ppm) using a system which automatically recirculates a nutrient solution. The high level of salinity (-0.6 Mpa osmotic potential of culture solution) resulted in substantial reduction in the N fixation percentage and total fixed N. The effect of salinity was more pronounced for later cuttings than for the earlier cutting. The N fixation percentages were substantially decreased by increasing N level and the reduction was enhanced by time. The N treatment levels did not exhibit a significant effect on total fixed N. Cultivars did not differ in either growth or N fixation. However, the interaction of N and salinity significantly decreased the percentage and amount of N fixation.
2
Abraham, Trevor Ian. „Photosynthetic and growth response of C₃ and C₄ subspecies of Alloteropsis semialata to nitrogen-supply“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003750.
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The greater photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) of C4 compared with C3 plants may explain the relative success of C4 grasses in nutrient poor environments. This study compared the responses in photosynthetic parameters, leaf nitrogen and biomass allocation between the C3 and C4 subspecies of Alloteropsis semialata supplied soil nitrogen at three levels. Photosynthesis was assessed by means of CO2 response curves and the leaf nitrogen content assayed. Plants were destructively harvested, leaf areas determined and the dry biomass of functional plant components was measured. Results confirmed that the higher PNUE of C4 plants allowed them to accumulate more biomass than C3 plants at the high nitrogen level, despite smaller leaf areas. The greater productivity of C4 plants enabled them to invest more in storage and sexual reproduction than in leaves when compared to the C3 plants. In contrast the C3 plants invested biomass in less efficient and more nitrogen demanding leaves and bigger root systems. PNUE and photosynthetic rates were not significantly affected by nitrogen-limitation in either subspecies and the major response was a decrease in biomass accumulation and an increase in biomass allocation to roots. This altered root to shoot ratio was accompanied by a lowered allocation to sexual reproduction in the C4 subspecies, but an unaltered allocation to leaves, while in the C3 subspecies there was a decrease in leaf allocation. In a further experiment, the C4 subspecies was supplied three levels of nitrogen provided as nitrate, or alternatively as ammonium plus nitrate, and leaves were excised to within 5 cm of the ground at the start of treatment. Prior to flowering, photosynthesis was assessed by means of CO2 response curves and the plants were destructively harvested. Leaf areas and the dry biomass of functional plant components were determined, and at levels of nitrogen supply higher than those found in savanna soils the rate of photosynthesis was increased. Leaf re-growth was reduced by severe nitrogen limitation and co-provision of nitrate and ammonium had no significant effect other than increased tillering. Both subspecies of Alloteropsis semialata are adapted to nutrient poor environments and maintain photosynthetic rates by reducing leaf area. The C4 subspecies is likely to show greater resilience in disturbance-prone environments by exploiting its higher PNUE to allocate greater resources to storage and sexual reproduction, while the C3 subspecies is usually found in environments with closed canopies which favour vegetative growth, and allocate greater resources to leaves and roots.
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Cepeda, Jose de los Angeles 1955. „Nitrogen fixation by alfalfa as affected by osmotic potentials and measured by nitrogen-15 techniques“. Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276591.
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One low salt tolerant alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivar and two germination salt tolerant alfalfa selections were compared for growth and N fixation at four salinity levels (0, -0.3, -0.6 and -1.2 Mpa). In the first experiment a Hoagland's solution at 5 ppm-N was used; in the second experiment the solution had a 1 ppm-N concentration and supplemental light was used. No significant differences were found among the cultivars. This provides additional support that germination salt tolerance is not necessarily related to salt tolerance for growth. Nitrogen fixed to the first harvest was 61, 48, 49, and 27% of the total shoot N for plants in the control, -0.3, -0.6, and -1.2 Mpa solutions, respectively. At the second harvest, N fixation percentages were 94, 89, 80, and 57% for the corresponding salinity levels which showed significant reduction in N fixation at -0.3 Mpa. The evaluation of N fixation was by 15N techniques.
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Papadopoulos, Anastasios K. „Nitrogen and moisture distributions under subirrigated soybeans“. Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55520.
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A field lysimeter experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil during the 1990 and 1991 growing seasons. The experiment tested the effects of different watertables on soybean yields, and on moisture distribution and nitrogen concentration of the soil profile. The watertable depths were 40, 60, 80, and 100 centimeters (cm).Yields were measured in terms of number of beans per plant, number of pods per plant, number of beans per pod, and seed protein content at harvest.
Soil samples collected at depths of 30 and 70 cm from the soil surface were analyzed for moisture content and NO$ sb3 sp-$-N and NH$ sb4 sp+$-N concentrations.
The experimental results showed that controlled watertable management increased the yield and decreased soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N levels. The best results from the watertables tested were found to be at 60 and 80 cm. This is suggested as the range of watertable depths that should be maintained for optimum soybean production.
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Campos, Felipe Girotto [UNESP]. „Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer 'araticum-de-terra-fria' cultivada com variação de nitrogênio: produtividade e perfil químico dos voláteis foliares“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/127598.
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000846843.pdf: 2165230 bytes, checksum: ab9198f9a55c917b25a89ffa7ed83969 (MD5)A espécie Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer 'araticum-de-terra-fria' possui grande potencial como porta-enxerto para o híbrido atemoia (Annona cherimola Mill. x Annona squamosa L.), conferindo resistência contra a broca do tronco, característica dependente de seus metabolismos primário e secundário. O nitrogênio é um elemento essencial na síntese de aminoácidos, proteínas, entre elas, a Ribulose 1,5 - difosfato (Rubisco), ácidos nucleicos, clorofila e metabolitos secundários, entre outros importantes constituintes celulares. Além dessas funções, deve ser considerada sua relação de competição com o CO2 e síntese de terpenos, por agentes redutores e esqueletos carbônicos. Deste modo, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da variação do nível de nitrogênio na solução nutritiva, na produtividade e composição de voláteis foliares durante o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de A. emarginata. Para o estudo da produtividade foram avaliadas as trocas gasosas, a atividade das enzimas nitrato redutase, catalase, peroxidade, superóxido dismutase, a peroxidação lipídica, a produção de massa seca de raiz, caule e folhas, área foliar, diâmetro de caule, razão de área foliar, taxa de assimilação líquida, taxa de crescimento relativo, peso específico de folhas, distribuição de massa seca para os diferentes órgãos do vegetal, razão de massa foliar e a composição de voláteis extraídos das folhas. As plantas cultivadas com níveis intermediários de nitrogênio apresentaram maior eficiência de carboxilação e taxa de assimilação de CO2. A atividade da nitrato redutase variou com os diferentes níveis de nitrogênio a que as plantas foram submetidas. No maior nível de nitrogênio utilizado, as plantas com menor produtividade, demostraram competição entre a fixação de nitrogênio, assimilação de CO2 e síntese de terpenos. A atividade das ...
The species Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer 'araticum-de-terra-fria' has great potential as a rootstock for this hybrid atemoya (Annona cherimola Mill. X Annona squamosa L.) conferring resistance to stem borer. This resistance may be related to primary and secondary metabolisms. Nitrogen is an essential element on the synthesis of amino acids, proteins such as Ribulose 1,5 - diphosphate (Rubisco), nucleic acids, chlorophyll, secondary metabolites, and other important cellular constituents. Besides these functions, it should be considered competing relation to CO2 by reducing agents and carbon skeleton. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of variation in the level of nitrogen in the nutrient solution on yield and composition of the leaf volatile during the early development of seedlings of A. emarginata. To study the productivity gas exchange were evaluated, the activities of nitrate reductase, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, the dry weight of roots, stems and leaves, leaf area, stem diameter ratio leaf area, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf specific weight, dry weight distribution to different organs of the plant, leaf mass ratio and the composition of volatiles extracted from the leaves. Plants grown with intermediate levels of nitrogen had higher carboxylation efficiency and CO2 assimilation rate. Nitrate reductase activity varied with different levels of nitrogen that the plants were submitted. In the largest amount of nitrogen, plants with lower productivity, demonstrated competition between nitrogen fixation, CO2 assimilation and synthesis of terpenes. The activity of antioxidant enzymes prevented lipid peroxidation in plants subjected to different levels of nitrogen. Gas exchange, the activity of nitrate reductase and antioxidant enzymes in plants grown with 78.75 and 118.12 mg L-1 N contributed their best ...
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Campos, Felipe Girotto 1989. „Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer 'araticum-de-terra-fria' cultivada com variação de nitrogênio: produtividade e perfil químico dos voláteis foliares /“. Botucatu, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/127598.
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Orientador: Carmen Sílvia Fernandes BoaroBanca: Gisela Ferreira
Banca: Ivan de La Cruz Chacón
Resumo: A espécie Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer 'araticum-de-terra-fria' possui grande potencial como porta-enxerto para o híbrido atemoia (Annona cherimola Mill. x Annona squamosa L.), conferindo resistência contra a broca do tronco, característica dependente de seus metabolismos primário e secundário. O nitrogênio é um elemento essencial na síntese de aminoácidos, proteínas, entre elas, a Ribulose 1,5 - difosfato (Rubisco), ácidos nucleicos, clorofila e metabolitos secundários, entre outros importantes constituintes celulares. Além dessas funções, deve ser considerada sua relação de competição com o CO2 e síntese de terpenos, por agentes redutores e esqueletos carbônicos. Deste modo, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da variação do nível de nitrogênio na solução nutritiva, na produtividade e composição de voláteis foliares durante o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de A. emarginata. Para o estudo da produtividade foram avaliadas as trocas gasosas, a atividade das enzimas nitrato redutase, catalase, peroxidade, superóxido dismutase, a peroxidação lipídica, a produção de massa seca de raiz, caule e folhas, área foliar, diâmetro de caule, razão de área foliar, taxa de assimilação líquida, taxa de crescimento relativo, peso específico de folhas, distribuição de massa seca para os diferentes órgãos do vegetal, razão de massa foliar e a composição de voláteis extraídos das folhas. As plantas cultivadas com níveis intermediários de nitrogênio apresentaram maior eficiência de carboxilação e taxa de assimilação de CO2. A atividade da nitrato redutase variou com os diferentes níveis de nitrogênio a que as plantas foram submetidas. No maior nível de nitrogênio utilizado, as plantas com menor produtividade, demostraram competição entre a fixação de nitrogênio, assimilação de CO2 e síntese de terpenos. A atividade das ...
Abstract: The species Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer 'araticum-de-terra-fria' has great potential as a rootstock for this hybrid atemoya (Annona cherimola Mill. X Annona squamosa L.) conferring resistance to stem borer. This resistance may be related to primary and secondary metabolisms. Nitrogen is an essential element on the synthesis of amino acids, proteins such as Ribulose 1,5 - diphosphate (Rubisco), nucleic acids, chlorophyll, secondary metabolites, and other important cellular constituents. Besides these functions, it should be considered competing relation to CO2 by reducing agents and carbon skeleton. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of variation in the level of nitrogen in the nutrient solution on yield and composition of the leaf volatile during the early development of seedlings of A. emarginata. To study the productivity gas exchange were evaluated, the activities of nitrate reductase, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, the dry weight of roots, stems and leaves, leaf area, stem diameter ratio leaf area, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf specific weight, dry weight distribution to different organs of the plant, leaf mass ratio and the composition of volatiles extracted from the leaves. Plants grown with intermediate levels of nitrogen had higher carboxylation efficiency and CO2 assimilation rate. Nitrate reductase activity varied with different levels of nitrogen that the plants were submitted. In the largest amount of nitrogen, plants with lower productivity, demonstrated competition between nitrogen fixation, CO2 assimilation and synthesis of terpenes. The activity of antioxidant enzymes prevented lipid peroxidation in plants subjected to different levels of nitrogen. Gas exchange, the activity of nitrate reductase and antioxidant enzymes in plants grown with 78.75 and 118.12 mg L-1 N contributed their best ...
Mestre
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Anderson, Annette. „The effects of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides on the growth, yield, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of selected legumes“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha545.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 251-268. The main aim of this thesis is to determine the effects of sulfonylurea residues and in-crop usage of selected ALS-inhibiting herbicides on the growth, yield, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of legumes under alkaline conditions. Reviews literature concerning ALS-inhibiting herbicides, nitrogen fixation and the effects of herbicides on legumes, rhizobia, nodulation and nitrogen fixation; Glasshouse trial investigating the effects of flumetsulam on biomass and nodulation of chickpea; Field trail investigating the effects of sulfonylurea residues and 'in crop' usage of flumetsulam on medic shoot biomass and seed yield and the effects of chlorsulfuron residues and 'in crop' usage of flumetsulam and imazethapyr on chickpea shoot biomass, grain yield and nitrogen fixation; develops methodologies for experiments investigating the effects of ALS-inhibiting herbicides on nodulation of chickpea.
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Al-Rawahy, Salim Ali. „Nitrogen uptake, growth rate and yield of tomatoes under saline conditions“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184894.
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Results of two studies are reported here, a greenhouse study and a field study. In the greenhouse study, dry matter yield and nitrogen (total and 15N) uptake of leaves, stems and roots of tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., cv. Columbia) subjected to saline stress by NaCl were studied. The integrated effects of responses of these tissues to salinity on the whole plant basis and levels of Na⁺, Cl⁻ and K⁺ accumulation in these tissues were also studied. The treatments consisted of low (control, 0.3 bar), medium (4.3 bars), and high (8.3 bars) salinity. The saline treatments were prepared by adding NaCl to nutrient solution in sand culture. The plants were 80 days old at the start of the treatments and each was in a pot containing 1.8 kg of quartz sand. The ¹⁵N was provided to plants by adding K¹⁵NO₃ to the pots and the 15N treatment continued with the saline treatments up to 30 days. The plants were harvested at each 5-day interval during the treatment period. Dry matter production and nitrogen (total and ¹⁵N) uptake were significantly lower for saline treatments as compared with the control. Differences in dry matter production and ¹⁵N uptake on whole plant basis appeared in the latter part of the treatment period between the two saline treatments. For most of the parameters studied, the leaves were found to be affected most by salinity, the roots were intermediate in their response and the stems were the least affected by salinity. The effect of salinity on the studied parameters were attributed to osmotic effects and specific ion effects of Na⁺ and/or Cl⁻. A field study with two cultivars--Columbia and Pearson was conducted at the Safford Agricultural Center. Three N treatments were used: 0 kg N/ha, 84 kg N/ha and 168 kg N/ha and two treatments consisting of two water sources--river water with an EC of 1.15 dS/m and more saline well water of EC of 2.21 dS/m. Columbia had a significantly higher yield of tomatoes than Pearson for both water types. The N treatments had no effect on tomato yield apparently due to high residual N remaining in the field from the previous crop. Commercially acceptable fresh market yields were approached with both varieties and waters in spite of moderate salinity and sodium under heavy textural soil conditions, high temperatures and the presence of certain diseases in the area.
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Ayub, Najma. „The effect of VAM inoculation on interplant ¹⁵N transfer“. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1991. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU546184.
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This thesis reports a study carried out to investigate the involvement of VA mycorrhizas in interplant 15N transfer in a model pasture system and in a model agroforestry system. Two pot experiments were designed to investigate the effect of VAM inoculation on 15N transfer from clover to rye grass in sterile (in the first experiment the sterilisation was by autoclaving and in the second, by gamma-irradiation) and fresh soil. A third pot experiment was designed to investigate the effect of VAM inoculation on 15N transfer from grass and clover to wild cherry seedlings in fresh soil. For these pot experiments donor plant seedlings were labelled with 15N by growing in Hoaglands solution containing K 15NO3 (5 atom % 15N). To study 15 N transfer and its possible mechanisms, plants and soil samples were analysed for 15N, total N (14N + 15N) and P concentrations. Rates of soil nitrogen mineralisation and nitrification, as well as 15N enrichment of available N were also determined to investigate N transfer through soil. There was transfer of 15N from donor to receiver in the simulated pasture system as well as in simulated agroforestry system. The transfer of 15N was increased by VAM inoculation. The transfer of 15N was small in relation to plant nutrition and was not associated with an increase in total N in the receiver plants although P concentrations were generally increased. There was no increase in the soil N fluxes of mineralisation and nitrification associated with enhanced 15N transfer from donor to receiver in the VAM inoculated system. In addition, there was often no increase in the 15N concentration in the soil available N pool of VAM inoculated systems. There was no evidence, therefore, of increased transfer of 15N through the soil in VAM inoculated systems with enhanced 15N interplant transfer, suggesting the likely involvement of VAM fungal hyphae. There was no marked effect on plant growth due to VAM inoculation. The growth of cherry, however, was reduced when grown with grass and this may have been due to N competition between the root systems. The growth of cherry seedlings was reduced to a lesser extent when grown with clover compared to when grown with grass. The findings of this study suggest that VA mycorrhizal hyphae play a part in interplant transfer of nitrogen. Although the study did not demonstrate high rates of 15N transfer in VAM inoculated system, circumstances are discussed where VAM interplant transfer of nutrients may become significant at the single plant, community and ecosystem level. The benefits to man of VAM mediated N transfer may be best realised in land use systems such as pastures having legumes and non-legumes, in mixed cropping of legumes and non-legumes and in an agroforestry system with a legume component, particularly when the soil is deficient in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
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Antunes, Cristiane Leite [UNESP]. „Fertirrigação nitrogenada por gotejamento e época de aplicação foliar de ácido giberélico 'GA IND.3' em alface americana (Lactuca sativa L.)“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93828.
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antunes_cl_me_botfca.pdf: 3224894 bytes, checksum: ebe83c98cf65dede1137b2f26b044f56 (MD5)Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do nitrogênio aplicado ao solo, via fertirrigação por gotejamento, e a aplicação foliar do ácido giberélico (GA3), na nutrição e nos componentes de produção da alface tipo americana, cv. 'Lucy Brown', em cultivo protegido, foi efetuado o presente trabalho. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas: quatro doses de nitrogênio (60, 120, 180 e 240 kg de N.ha-1), na parcela, e quatro épocas de aplicação de GA3 (0, 40, 55 e 70 DAS - dias após a semeadura), na subparcela. O ácido giberélico foi aplicado com pulverizador costal de CO2, numa concentração única de 20 mg do ingrediente ativo.L-1 de solução, nas subparcelas nas épocas determinadas. Foram realizadas quatro coletas para avaliação dos parâmetros vegetativos e análise de nutrientes, com intervalos de 15 dias, iniciando-se aos 51 DAS (23 DAT- dias após o transplantio) até 96 DAS (64 DAT). Os trabalhos foram conduzidos na área experimental da Fazenda São Manuel, no município de São Manuel - SP. Não foi observada interação entre a aplicação de nitrogênio e o ácido giberélico nos parâmetros vegetativos avaliados, bem como no teor e acúmulo dos macronutrientes. Contudo, houve influência dos fatores de variação de forma independente nos parâmetros ao longo do ciclo. O nitrogênio é extremamente importante no crescimento e acúmulo de matéria fresca na planta de alface tipo americana e pode ser usado em doses maiores quando há disponibilidade de cálcio e potássio. Tendo sido os melhores resultados alcançados com a dose de 180 kg de N. ha-1. O uso do ácido giberélico (GA3), aos 70 DAS (dias após a semeadura) proporcionou os melhores resultados nos parâmetros relativos ao crescimento. Enquanto a época de aplicação aos 40 DAS, promoveu o desenvolvimento intenso do caule, levando a efeitos... .
With the goal of estimating the nitrogen effects applied on the soil, through fertigation by dripping, and the foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA3), in the nourishment and in the components of Crisphead Lettuce production, cv. 'Lucy Brown', in protected cultivation, this paper was done. The used experimental drawing was made of casual blocks in subdivided portions: four doses de nitrogen (60, 120 180 and 240 kg de N.ha-1), in the portion, and four application times of GA3 (0, 40, 55 e 70 DAS - days after sowing) in the subportion. The gibberellic acid was applied with a costal pulverize machine of CO2, in a unique dose of 20 mg.L-1 of the active ingredient, in the subportions in the specific times. Four collects were done for the evaluation of the vegetative parameters and nutrient analysis, with a 15-days recess, beninning on 51 DAS (23DAT) to 96 DAS (64 DAT). The works were managed in the experimental area of São Manuel Farm, in São Manuel County - SP. It wasn't observed interaction between nitrogen application and the gibberellic acid in the evaluated vegetative characteristics, as well as in the tenor and accumulation of macro-nutrients. However, there was na influence of changing factors in na independent way in the parameters along the cycle. The nitrogen is extremely important in the growth and accumulation of fresh material in the Crisphead lettuce vegetable and it can be used in bigger doses when there is availability of calcium and potassium. These have been the best results got with the dose 180 kg of N.ha-1. The usage of gibberellic acid (GA3), on 70 DAS (days after the sowing) provided the best results in the characteristics related to the growth. As long as the application time on 40 DAS, provided the intense satlk growth, conducing to the depreciatory effects, as the plants arranged in layers, a bigger number of external leaves, and a samller accumulation of fresh... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
Bücher zum Thema "Plants, Effect of nitrogen on"
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1935-, Abrol Y. P., Hrsg. Nitrogen in higher plants. Taunton, Somerset, England: Research Studies Press, 1990.
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Brynie, Faith Hickman. What helps plants grow?: The nitrogen cycle case. [Minneapolis]: Lake Street Publishers, 2003.
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3
Mineral nitrogen inthe plant-soil system. New York: Academic Press, 1986.
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Scarisbrick, David. Crop response to nitrogen fertilizer. Ashford: Wye College Department of Agriculture, 1987.
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5
Haynes, R. J. Mineral nitrogen in the plant-soil system. Orlando: Academic Press, 1986.
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6
Nikolaevich, Pereverzev Vladimir, Hrsg. Biologicheskiĭ azot v ėkosistemakh Kolʹskogo Severa. Apatity: Kolʹskiĭ nauch. t͡s︡entr RAN, 1995.
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International Symposium on Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation (6th 2001 Reims, France). Inorganic nitrogen assimilation: Papers submitted by contributors to the 6th International Symposium on Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation, held in Reims, France, from 8-12 July 2001. Herausgegeben von Lea Peter J, Morot-Gaudry Jean-Francois und Hirel Bertrand. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
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Graham, Russell T. Ten-year results of fertilizing grand fir, western hemlock, western larch, and Douglas-fir with nitrogen in northern Idaho. [Ogden, Utah]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985.
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Graham, Russell T. Ten-year results of fertilizing grand fir, western hemlock, western larch, and Douglas-fir with nitrogen in northern Idaho. [Ogden, Utah]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985.
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Graham, Russell T. Ten-year results of fertilizing grand fir, western hemlock, western larch, and Douglas-fir with nitrogen in northern Idaho. [Ogden, Utah]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Plants, Effect of nitrogen on"
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Bozzini, A. „The Effect of Nitrogen on the Quality of Main Crops“. In Inorganic Nitrogen in Plants and Microorganisms, 28–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75812-6_4.
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Martins-Loução, M. A., und P. Duarte. „Effect of Ammonium and Nitrate Nutrition on the Growth of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Plants“. In Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism, 250–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71890-8_51.
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Döhler, G. „Effect of UV-B (290–320 nm) Radiation on Uptake of 15N-Nitrate by Marine Diatoms“. In Inorganic Nitrogen in Plants and Microorganisms, 349–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75812-6_52.
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Srivastava, S. K., M. S. Kansara und S. M. Mungre. „Effect of polyamines and guanidines on the growth, nitrogen assimilation and reserve mobilization in germinating radish seeds“. In Polyamines in Plants, 137–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5171-6_12.
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Nanda, Subzar Ahmad, Ishfaq Ahmad Sheergojri, Aadil Farooq War, Mohd Asgar Khan und Ishfaq Ul Rehmaan. „Effect of Biotic Stresses on Plant Nitrogen Metabolism“. In Advances in Plant Nitrogen Metabolism, 185–93. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003248361-14.
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Rona, J. P., M. Monestiez, A. M. Pennarun, M. Convert, D. Cornel, U. Bousquet, R. Kiolle und G. Marigo. „Nitrate Uptake in Catharanthus Roseus Cells: Electrophysiological Effects“. In Inorganic Nitrogen in Plants and Microorganisms, 60–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75812-6_9.
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Bhattacharya, Amitav. „Effect of Soil Water Deficit on Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants: A Review“. In Soil Water Deficit and Physiological Issues in Plants, 193–285. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6276-5_3.
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Ladha, J. K., A. Tirol-Padre, G. C. Punzalan, M. Garcia und I. Watanabe. „Effect of inorganic N and organic fertilizers on nitrogen-fixing (acetylene-reducing) activity associated with wetland rice plants“. In Nitrogen Fixation with Non-Legumes, 263–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0889-5_31.
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Nakaji, Tatsuro, und Takeshi Izuta. „Effects of Nitrogen Load on Asian Trees“. In Air Pollution Impacts on Plants in East Asia, 271–80. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56438-6_18.
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Conejero, G., J. L. Tirado und P. Robin. „Effect of nodulation on the nitrate assimilation in vegetative soybean plants“. In Fundamental, Ecological and Agricultural Aspects of Nitrogen Metabolism in Higher Plants, 359–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4356-8_54.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Plants, Effect of nitrogen on"
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Memetshaeva, O. A. „The effect of nitrogen limitation on the morphophysiological features of Dunaliella viridisTeod. in funded culture“. In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-286.
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Tabalenkova, G. N., und T. K. Golovko. „Positive effect of application of "Rizoagrin" on the barley production process in the North“. In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.243.
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Martynenko, V. V., A. B. Rysbek, A. A. Kurmanbayev und Zh A. Baigonusova. „Research of the effect of a biological preparation based on the association of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on a legume culture“. In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.164.
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A field experiment with a biological preparation based on the association of nitrogen-fixing bacteria was carried out. As a result, the biological preparation had a positive effect on germination, length and vegetative mass of peas.
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Breica Borozan, Aurica, Despina-Maria Bordean, Gabriel Bujanca, Delia Dumbrava und Sorina Popescu. „CONTROL OF PLANTS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. ON AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC FREE NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA“. In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/07.
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The free nitrogen fixing bacteria are able to mobilize important soil nutrients, transforming through biological processes the unusable molecular nitrogen into an active form and to improve soil fertility, influence many aspects of plant health and ensure their growth, showing interest for the scientific world and farmers. But, on the other hand, this bacterial segment may be influenced by the edaphic factors and the interconnection with the plants, the growth phase, the physiological state and the root system of the plant, by the root exudates, which demonstrates the importance of the bacterial community monitoring from the area of plants influence throughout the growing periods The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the age of the plants used as biofertilizer and soil moisture on the free nitrogen fixing bacterial communities (the genera Azotobacter and Clostridium) associated with the roots of the perennial plants of Lotus corniculatus L. There were two zones of interest, namely the area of influence of the roots of the plants (rhizosphere) but also the more distant area (edaphosphere). For the study of aerobic and anaerobic free nitrogen fixing bacteria soil samples were taken together with adjacent plants of Lotus corniculatus L. The experimental variants were located in the western part of Romania, the plants being cultivated on the same soil type, but on different plots, that were in the I-IV years of culture. The influence of Lotus corniculatus L. plants on the free nitrogen fixing bacteria has been reported in control experimental variants. Isolation and study of this bacterial group from the 8 experimental variants was performed on a specific mineral medium, favorable for the growth of the two bacterial genera. The results were evaluated after 5 and 10 days of incubation. Between the two assesments there were no noticeable differences in the nitrogen fixing bacterial community, except for the stimulatory effect observed in the control vatiant and rhizosphere of the first year culture. The plants influence on aerobic and anaerobic free nitrogen fixing bacteria was obvious in the II and IV years of the Lotus corniculatus L. culture, compared to the 76 control variants and varies substantially depending on the age of the plant. In most analyzed soil samples, both bacterial genera, Azotobacter and Clostridium were present, confirming the known ecological relation of unilateral advantage or passive stimulation of the aerobic bacteria compared to the anaerobic clostridia. Exceptions were the samples from the cultures of the first year (rhizosphere and control), but also the rhizosphere from the culture of the year II, where only anaerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria were detected. Our results suggested that plant-soil interactions exert control over the bacteria being studied.
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Zhukov, V. A., A. M. Afonin, G. A. Akhtemova, A. D. Bovin, A. V. Dolgikh, A. P. Gorshkov, E. S. Gribchenko et al. „Study of the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) symbioses in post-genomic era“. In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.289.
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Mutualistic symbioses formed by garden pea have been studied with use of ‘omic’ technologies in order to gain a new understanding of molecular mechanisms of beneficial effect that microsymbionts have on seed yield and quality.
Keywords: garden pea, transcriptomics, nitrogen fixation, arbuscular mycorrhiza, PGPB
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Haberle, Jan. „The Effect of Simulated Distribution of Soil Mineral Nitrogen and Root Traits on Wheat Yield and Grain Nitrogen Concentration“. In 2006 International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2006.50.
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Belimov, A. A., A. I. Shaposhnikov, D. S. Syrova, P. V. Guro, O. S. Yuzikhin, T. S. Azarova, A. L. Sazanova, G. V. Gladkov, E. A. Sekste und V. I. Safronova. „Response of plants and nitrogen-fixing symbiosis to the toxicity of cadmium and mercury using the pea mutant SGECdt“. In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.039.
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The combined effect of Hg and Cd on the growth, elemental composition, root exudation and interactions with rhizobia of pea SGE and its mutant SGECdt was studied in hydroponics and sand. The tolerance mechanisms of legume-rhizobia symbiosis to heavy metals are discussed.
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Zuluaga, H., A. Oviedo, Efrain Solarte und E. J. Pena. „Light stress effect and by nitrogen deficiency in plants of Petiveria alliacea measured with two-chlorophyll-fluorescence technique“. In SPIE Proceedings, herausgegeben von Aristides Marcano O. und Jose Luis Paz. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.589468.
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Golchert, Brian, Paul Ridenour, William Walker, Naresh K. Selvarasu, Mingyan Gu und Chenn Q. Zhou. „Effect of Nitrogen and Oxygen Concentration on NOx Emissions in an Aluminum Furnace“. In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15693.
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For many aluminum melting furnaces, natural gas is mixed with air. The ensuing heat from combustion is then used to melt the solid aluminum and heat the liquid metal. Of increasing concern to the industry are the more stringent regulations in regard to NOx emissions from these plants. The formation of NOx mainly depends on the concentration of nitrogen and the temperature of the gas. One problem that affects this formation that has not been adequately addressed is the variability of the local natural gas supply. Natural gas has molecular nitrogen as a portion of its composition. This percentage ranges from approximately one to seven percent of the total mass fraction. In addition, the aluminum industry is investigating methods to reduce NOx emissions. One method is to replace some of the combustion air with pure oxygen. This reduces the amount of nitrogen coming into the furnace, but also raises the combustion temperature which could promote NOx production. This paper details a systematic computational fluid dynamics study on how the variability of the nitrogen concentration coupled with the partial replacement of air with pure oxygen affects heat transfer and pollutant formation in an aluminum furnace. Trends will be discussed as will the ideal oxygen concentration for a given nitrogen mass fraction.
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ПИГАРЕВА, Светлана, Svetlana PIGAREVA, Наталья Зайцева, Natalya Zaitseva, Татьяна ЯГОВЕНКО und Tat'yana YaGOVENKO. „EFFECT OF THE FUNGICIDE AMISTAR EXTRA ON A NUMBER OF BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF YELLOW LUPIN PLANTS“. In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2019-21-69-40-44.
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The positive impact of fungicide Amistar extra on a number of physiological parameters is shown. Assimilation surface describes a level of photosynthetic potential and netto prod-uctivity of photosynthesis which increased in 1.07 and 1.09 times. Fungicide impact on nitrogen accumulation and dry matter in a plant was set. Decreasing of the total amount of plant pods was recorded. The treatment increased protein content in seeds of var. Prestizh. Tendency for increasing of alkaloid level in yellow lupin seeds and green mass was noticed.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Plants, Effect of nitrogen on"
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Alchanatis, Victor, Stephen W. Searcy, Moshe Meron, W. Lee, G. Y. Li und A. Ben Porath. Prediction of Nitrogen Stress Using Reflectance Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580664.bard.
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Commercial agriculture has come under increasing pressure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer inputs in order to minimize potential nonpoint source pollution of ground and surface waters. This has resulted in increased interest in site specific fertilizer management. One way to solve pollution problems would be to determine crop nutrient needs in real time, using remote detection, and regulating fertilizer dispensed by an applicator. By detecting actual plant needs, only the additional nitrogen necessary to optimize production would be supplied. This research aimed to develop techniques for real time assessment of nitrogen status of corn using a mobile sensor with the potential to regulate nitrogen application based on data from that sensor. Specifically, the research first attempted to determine the system parameters necessary to optimize reflectance spectra of corn plants as a function of growth stage, chlorophyll and nitrogen status. In addition to that, an adaptable, multispectral sensor and the signal processing algorithm to provide real time, in-field assessment of corn nitrogen status was developed. Spectral characteristics of corn leaves reflectance were investigated in order to estimate the nitrogen status of the plants, using a commercial laboratory spectrometer. Statistical models relating leaf N and reflectance spectra were developed for both greenhouse and field plots. A basis was established for assessing nitrogen status using spectral reflectance from plant canopies. The combined effect of variety and N treatment was studied by measuring the reflectance of three varieties of different leaf characteristic color and five different N treatments. The variety effect on the reflectance at 552 nm was not significant (a = 0.01), while canonical discriminant analysis showed promising results for distinguishing different variety and N treatment, using spectral reflectance. Ambient illumination was found inappropriate for reliable, one-beam spectral reflectance measurement of the plants canopy due to the strong spectral lines of sunlight. Therefore, artificial light was consequently used. For in-field N status measurement, a dark chamber was constructed, to include the sensor, along with artificial illumination. Two different approaches were tested (i) use of spatially scattered artificial light, and (ii) use of collimated artificial light beam. It was found that the collimated beam along with a proper design of the sensor-beam geometry yielded the best results in terms of reducing the noise due to variable background, and maintaining the same distance from the sensor to the sample point of the canopy. A multispectral sensor assembly, based on a linear variable filter was designed, constructed and tested. The sensor assembly combined two sensors to cover the range of 400 to 1100 nm, a mounting frame, and a field data acquisition system. Using the mobile dark chamber and the developed sensor, as well as an off-the-shelf sensor, in- field nitrogen status of the plants canopy was measured. Statistical analysis of the acquired in-field data showed that the nitrogen status of the com leaves can be predicted with a SEP (Standard Error of Prediction) of 0.27%. The stage of maturity of the crop affected the relationship between the reflectance spectrum and the nitrogen status of the leaves. Specifically, the best prediction results were obtained when a separate model was used for each maturity stage. In-field assessment of the nitrogen status of corn leaves was successfully carried out by non contact measurement of the reflectance spectrum. This technology is now mature to be incorporated in field implements for on-line control of fertilizer application.
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Kirova, Elisaveta. Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition Source on Antioxidant Defense System of Soybean Plants Subjected to Salt Stress. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Februar 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.02.09.
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Wolf, Shmuel, und William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, Oktober 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.
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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.
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Palmborg, Cecilia. Fertilization with digestate and digestate products – availability and demonstration experiments within the project Botnia nutrient recycling. Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.25rctaeopn.
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To increase our food security in Västerbotten we will need to become more self-sufficient of both energy, feed and nutrients that are now imported to the region. Biogas production from different waste streams is one solution to this. Biogas is produced using biowaste or sewage sludge as substrate in the major cities Umeå and Skellefteå. Biogas systems offer a range of benefits to society. Biogas production is currently prized for its climate benefits when replacing fossil fuels for the production of heat, electricity and vehicle gas, but at Bothnia Nutrient Recycling we have studied how to use the digestate, i.e. the residual product of production, as fertilizer in agriculture. We have been working to improve profitability for biogas producers and develop sustainable products from recycled nutrients, like phosphorus and nitrogen. Improving the uses for digestate increases self-sufficiency in agriculture and contributes to a circular economy. We conducted three agricultural demonstration experiments in collaboration with agricultural high schools in Finland and Sweden to introduce digestate and digestate products to the future farmers in the regions. We found that it may be possible to replace cattle slurry with compost when growing maize despite the low levels of nitrogen, N, available to plants in the compost. In barley, NPK fertilizers gave the highest yield. Digestate from HEMAB and sludge biochar supplemented with recycled ammonium sulphate gave a smaller yield but higher than unfertilized crop. Digestate from a dry digestion biogas plant in Härnösand was better suited to barley than to grass because in an experiment on grass ley the viscous fertilizer did not penetrate the grass and did not increase the growth of the grass. Fertilizer effects on crop quality were small. There was no increased uptake of heavy metals in barley after fertilization with digestate or digestate products compared to NPK fertilization. These demonstration experiments show that more thorough scientific experimentation is needed as a foundation for recommendations to farmers. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous in digestate from Västerbotten that could become used as fertilizer were modelled. It showed that if sewage sludge digestate is used to make sludge biochar and ammonium sulphate and the other available digestates are used directly in agriculture, the entire phosphorous demand but only a small part of the nitrogen demand in the county, could be covered. Thus, to achieve a true circular food production, development and increase of both the waste handling sector and agriculture is needed.
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Bar-Tal, Asher, Paul R. Bloom, Pinchas Fine, C. Edward Clapp, Aviva Hadas, Rodney T. Venterea, Dan Zohar, Dong Chen und Jean-Alex Molina. Effects of soil properties and organic residues management on C sequestration and N losses. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587729.bard.
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Objectives - The overall objective of this proposal was to explore the effects of soil properties and management practices on C sequestration in soils and off-site losses of N.The specific objectives were: 1. to investigate and to quantify the effects of soil properties on C transformations that follow OW decomposition, C losses by gaseous emission, and its sequestration by organic and mineral components of the soil; 2. to investigate and to quantify the effects of soil properties on organic N mineralization and transformations in soil, its losses by leaching and gaseous emission; 3. to investigate and to quantify the effects of management practices and plants root activity and decomposition on C and N transformations; and 4. to upgrade the models NCSOIL and NCSWAP to include inorganic C and root exudation dynamics. The last objective has not been fulfilled due to difficulties in experimentally quantification of the effects of soil inorganic component on root exudation dynamics. Objective 4 was modified to explore the ability of NCSOIL to simulate organic matter decomposition and N transformations in non- and calcareous soils. Background - Rates of decomposition of organic plant residues or organic manures in soil determine the amount of carbon (C), which is mineralized and released as CO₂ versus the amount of C that is retained in soil organic matter (SOM). Decomposition rates also greatly influence the amount of nitrogen (N) which becomes available for plant uptake, is leached from the soil or lost as gaseous emission, versus that which is retained in SOM. Microbial decomposition of residues in soil is strongly influenced by soil management as well as soil chemical and physical properties and also by plant roots via the processes of mineral N uptake, respiration, exudation and decay.
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Banin, Amos, Joseph Stucki und Joel Kostka. Redox Processes in Soils Irrigated with Reclaimed Sewage Effluents: Field Cycles and Basic Mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, Juli 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695870.bard.
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The overall objectives of the project were: (a) To measure and study in situ the effect of irrigation with reclaimed sewage effluents on redox processes and related chemical dynamics in soil profiles of agricultural fields. (b) To study under controlled conditions the kinetics and equilibrium states of selected processes that affect redox conditions in field soils or that are effected by them. Specifically, these include the effects on heavy metals sorption and desorption, and the effect on pesticide degradation. On the basis of the initial results from the field study, increased effort was devoted to clarifying and quantifying the effects of plants and water regime on the soil's redox potential while the study of heavy metals sorption was limited. The use of reclaimed sewage effluents as agricultural irrigation water is increasing at a significant rate. The relatively high levels of suspended and, especially, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in effluents may affect the redox regime in field soils irrigated with them. In turn, the changes in redox regime may affect, among other parameters, the organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of the root zone and trace organic decomposition processes. Detailed data of the redox potential regime in field plots is lacking, and the detailed mechanisms of its control are obscure and not quantified. The study established the feasibility of long-term, non-disturbing monitoring of redox potential regime in field soils. This may enable to manage soil redox under conditions of continued inputs of wastewater. The importance of controlling the degree of wastewater treatment, particularly of adding ultrafiltration steps and/or tertiary treatment, may be assessed based on these and similar results. Low redox potential was measured in a field site (Site A, KibutzGivat Brenner), that has been irrigated with effluents for 30 years and was used for 15 years for continuous commercial sod production. A permanently reduced horizon (Time weighted averaged pe= 0.33±3.0) was found in this site at the 15 cm depth throughout the measurement period of 10 months. A drastic cultivation intervention, involving prolonged drying and deep plowing operations may be required to reclaim such soils. Site B, characterized by a loamy texture, irrigated with tap water for about 20 years was oxidized (Time weighted average pe=8.1±1.0) throughout the measurement period. Iron in the solid phases of the Givat Brenner soils is chemically-reduced by irrigation. Reduced Fe in these soils causes a change in reactivity toward the pesticide oxamyl, which has been determined to be both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. Reaction of oxamyl with reduced-Fe clay minerals dramatically decreases its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells. Some other pesticides are affected in the same manner, whereas others are affected in the opposite direction (become more cyto- and genotoxic). Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) are abundant in the Givat Brenner soils. FeRB are capable of coupling the oxidation of small molecular weight carbon compounds (fermentation products) to the respiration of iron under anoxic conditions, such as those that occur under flooded soil conditions. FeRB from these soils utilize a variety of Fe forms, including Fe-containing clay minerals, as the sole electron acceptor. Daily cycles of the soil redox potential were discovered and documented in controlled-conditions lysimeter experiments. In the oxic range (pe=12-8) soil redox potential cycling is attributed to the effect of the daily temperature cycle on the equilibrium constant of the oxygenation reaction of H⁺ to form H₂O, and is observed under both effluent and freshwater irrigation. The presence of plants affects considerably the redox potential regime of soils. Redox potential cycling coupled to the irrigation cycles is observed when the soil becomes anoxic and the redox potential is controlled by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This is particularly seen when plants are grown. Re-oxidation of the soil after soil drying at the end of an irrigation cycle is affected to some degree by the water quality. Surprisingly, the results suggest that under certain conditions recovery is less pronounced in the freshwater irrigated soils.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson und Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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Nathan, Harms, und Cronin James. Variability in weed biological control : effects of foliar nitrogen on larval development and dispersal of the alligatorweed flea beetle, Agasicles hygrophila. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41886.
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Host quality can have dramatic effects on performance of biological control agents but its importance is understudied. We used a combination of field measurements and laboratory experiments to determine the range of foliar nitrogen (FN) that larvae of the alligatorweed flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila) are exposed to in the field and its importance to larval development and dispersal. Seasonal variability in FN was assessed at field sites spanning southern to northern Louisiana every 2–3 weeks during the growing season for four years. In a series of laboratory experiments, alligatorweed FN was manipulated to examine its influence on larval development and survival (under different temperature regimes), adult biomass, and dispersal of the biological control agent, A. hygrophila. Foliar nitrogen and rearing temperature had strong independent effects on larval development rate. We demonstrated that increasing nitrogen in leaf tissues shortens larval A. hygrophila developmental time and increases survival to adulthood, regardless of exposure temperature during development. It also suggests that foliar nitrogen may have important effects on biological control of alligatorweed, particularly as a result of seasonal variation in temperature and plant nutrition at field sites and could contribute to observed variation in A. hygrophila efficacy in the field.
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Chapman, J. N. Nitrogen oxide emissions from coal fired MHD plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), März 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/249219.
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Ya, T. Nature's Bounty Nitrogen-Fixing Plants for Mountain Farmers. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.419.
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