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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Plantes – Spéciation – Populations“
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Plantes – Spéciation – Populations"
Martin, Hélène. „Processus de spéciation et impact des systèmes de reproduction dans le genre Silene : spéciation rapide chez l’espèce gynodioïque Silene nutans et labilité des chromosomes sexuels dans la section Otites“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10191/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSpeciation reflects the origins and further development of reproductive barriers. The study of speciation thus requires answering three main questions: which processes lead to reproductive barriers; how effective these barriers are to maintain the genetic integrity of populations; and what are their genetic basis. The goal of my thesis is to attempt to answer these questions in the context of the Silene genus, and to evaluate the potential impact of breeding systems in the speciation process. In the first part, I focused on S. nutans, a gynodioecious species which exhibits two genetic lineages that differentiate in allopatry. Nowadays in secondary contact, the reproductive isolation between these lineages is almost complete. The heterogeneity of selection along the genome has shaped the heterogeneity of genetic differentiation. Therefore, I was not able to propose candidate regions of the genetic basis of the reproductive barriers. In a second part, I focused on the impact of dioecy on population divergence and species adaptation. The discovery of distinct sex determination in close species allowed me to propose to associate the genetic basis of the reproductive isolation to sex chromosome lability. My work furthers the understanding how reproductive barriers developed between two taxas and shows that taking into account the breeding system of taxa and associate genetic conflicts (sex chromosome, cyto-nuclear conflicts) can be important in the study of speciation
Thomas, Yan. „Spéciation sympatrique et écologique dans les populations de la pyrale du mai͏̈s, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner“. Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work belongs to the general field of speciation. The model used, the european corn borer, is a polyphagous insect and the main pest of maize throughout the world. In France, it's currently undergoing a process of speciation via an host shift. Indeed, this species is composed of two entities (thereafter noted race, for clarity) genetically differentiated. The first one grows on maize and the other on mugwort and hop. This thesis contains the first arguments toward such a process of speciation. It is shown that the two races have different emergence timings, use different sex pheromone, prefer to lay eggs on the corresponding host and that the larvae survived better on it. These elements are factors of prezygotique isolation between the two races, and of the host adaptation of each race. Finally additional works in Italy and Greece allows to place the French situation in the european context
Monnet, François. „Speciation dynamics : contrasts between plants and animals“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR080.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSpeciation, the process leading to the emergence of reproductively isolated species through the accumulation of genetic reproductive barriers, has been a subject of study since textit{the origin of species} and remains an active topic of research. One primary goal of these studies is to elucidate which microevolutionary processes shape the dynamics of speciation. In this thesis, we introduced a novel comparative approach aimed at disentangling the effect of several speciation-related factors. This approach is illustrated by an investigation tackling an historical assumption: the supposed faster speciation of animals in contrast to plants. When comparing the dynamics of speciation between plants and animals, we observed that complete reproductive isolation occurred, on average, at a lower level of divergence for plants. We further analysed the dynamics of speciation in plants using linear modelling but did not find any significant effects for the two factors tested: selfing rate and life form. Overall, these results highlight the potential of our novel comparative approach to conduct easy, rapid and flexible comparisons of speciation dynamics in future research
Piffaretti, Joséphine. „Différenciation génétique et écologique au sein des populations du puceron Brachycaudus helichrysi (Hemiptera Aphididae) : mise en évidence de deux espèces soeurs au cycles de vie contrastés“. Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0023/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrachycaudus helichrysi is a worldwide polyphagous aphid pest that seriously damages its primary hosts (Prunus spp.) and the various cultivated plants among its secondary hosts (e.g. sunflower, chrysanthemums).In a phylogeographic study based on a worldwide sampling, I have shown that this species is actually an amalgamation of two sibling taxa called B. helichrysi H1 and B. helichrysi H2. This study based on mitochondrial, nuclear and Buchnera aphidicola (the primary symbiont of aphids) DNA markers revealed that these two taxa display levels of genetic divergence as great as those generally found between sister species in the Brachycaudus genus, suggesting that they actually correspond to two distinct sibling species. As these two species are morphologically indistinguishable, we developed a PCR-RFLP test to genetically discriminate them.Further investigations, based on microsatellites data combined with ecological information suggest that these two species have two very different evolutionary histories. Brachycaudus helichrysi H1 exhibits a typical signature of cyclical parthenogenesis, using plum trees during the sexual phase, and we demonstrate the existence of distinct geographic genetic clusters within this species. By contrast B. helichrysi H2 comprises two types of lineages. First, it gathers several persistent obligate clonal lineages distributed worldwide (i.e. superclones) and highly polyphagous, and second, we reveal the existence of a cyclical parthenogenetic H2 lineage that uses peach trees as primary hosts and has so far only been found in India. All B. helichrysi lineages of H1 and H2 co-occurred in mixed colonies on herbaceous hosts all around the world.This study will shed light on how life cycle evolution, especially the loss of sexual reproduction, could explain the ongoing speciation process in the B. helichrysi species complex
Walker, Anne-sophie. „Diversité et adaptation aux fongicides des populations de Botrytis cinerea, agent de la pourriture grise“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112067/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNatural selection is the most powerful force driving population adaptation to their environment, favoring the variants with the best fitness. Fungi generally exhibit biological traits (diversity of reproduction modes, large population sizes, and intense dispersion) that favor their adaptation to changing environments. Therefore, disentangling the mechanisms that explain their evolution under natural and anthropic constraints constitute a major challenge for plant protection, especially in the actual context of agriculture sustainability. In this thesis, we described Botrytis cinerea population structure and diversity, using neutral and selected markers and a hierarchical sampling, and proposed mechanisms that may explain these observations. We then analyzed the adaptive answer of this species towards fungicide applications. First, we showed that grey mold populations were caused by a complex of two cryptic species, living sympatrically on the same hosts. Second, B. cinerea populations are divided into five demes, according to the cropping system (directional selection), the host-plant (ecological adaptation), and to a lesser extent, by geography. On grapevine, we identified a specific populations exhibiting temporal isolation, as an evidence of extreme exploration of the viticultural conditions. Moreover, fungicide applications select resistance towards all unisite modes of action, with few exceptions, but at varying proportions according to vineyards and fungicide use. More specifically, resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) is caused by at least seven mutations altering the target genes of these fungicides, and determines a large variety of phenotypes in the field. At last, we showed that fungicides did not shape population structure but that they could decrease allele richness in treated areas and lead to migration-selection equilibrium, detectable in some situation and for loci under contemporary selective pressures as clines. Modeling the evolution of resistance during winter allowed estimating fitness cost of four loci involved in contemporary fungicide resistance, such as multidrug resistance. As a conclusion, this thesis helped to understand how B. cinerea populations evolve and to detect and quantify selective mechanisms at work in natura. This information will be useful to deign sustainable and locally-adapted anti-resistance strategies
Félix, Anne-Emmanuelle. „Écologie chimique et approche phylogénétique chez trois espèces de Lépidoptères africains du genre Busseola (Noctuidae)“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00338448.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThéry, Thomas. „Systématique du genre Essigella (Hemiptera : Sternorrhyncha) au moyen de données moléculaires“. Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20780.
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