Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Plantes – Maladies cryptogamiques – Épidémiologie“
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Plantes – Maladies cryptogamiques – Épidémiologie"
Raymondaud, Hubert. „La tavelure du mirabellier : étude biologique et épidémiologique de Cladosporium carpophilum et mise au point d'une méthode de lutte raisonnée“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10413.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrosdidier, Marie. „Épidémiologie de la chalarose du frêne, une maladie causée par l’agent pathogène Hymenoscyphus fraxineus“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0151/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIntroduction of invasive pathogen fungi is a major cause of forest diseases emergence. For 30 years, a dieback has severely affected ashes and in particular Fraxinus excelsior. The pathogenic fungus causing the disease is an ascomycete originating from Eastern Asia, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. It was observed for the first time in 90’s in Poland, then rapidly spread over Europe and was reported in France in 2008. The disease is mainly spread by airborne ascospores. The aim of this thesis is to study the epidemiology of H. fraxineus dispersal by determining environmental factors which impact pathogen development, and by proposing a dispersal model of the disease. The first objective of this thesis was to improve the trapping method of airborne inoculum and then, to use it to study the dispersal pattern of H. fraxineus. An experiment was set up to confirm the reliability of the molecular biology test for low levels of target such as these observed at the disease front. This trapping method of airborne spores was then compared to maps of disease presence deriving from symptoms reports on ashes. The study was realized at different scales, landscape (village) and regional, with sampling area of about 100 km at the disease front. This work enabled us to determine a radius around inoculum source that would have to be manage for effectively limit the disease development. The second objective of the thesis aimed at determining environmental factors which influence disease development, which is an important issue for forest management and future of ashes in the next decade. We have shown that high host density and high humidity both positively impact disease development. This work confirmed the pathogen susceptibility to high summer temperatures in natural settings and suggests that the climate of Southeastern France should limit disease development. At a larger scale, climate change may work in favor of ashes. Moreover, an Allee effect presence in the population dynamic of H. fraxineus was suggest by our experimental results. The last objective of this thesis was to model the disease spread in France. Our works estimated the spread speed to 60 km per year. A reaction-diffusion model was developed to link dispersal disease according to H. fraxineus population dynamic and environmental factors which impact its development. This dispersal model which can use standard data of French forest health surveillance system will provide new knowledge useful to implement management strategies. This thesis offers perspectives on the future of ashes in a context of climate change and more broadly about the management of biological invasions
Laubray, Simon. „Facteurs déterminants de la production d’inoculum chez Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, agent de la chalarose du frêne“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0381.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePopulations of common European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) are currently suffering from the chalarosis epidemic. The first ash dieback was reported in the early 1990s in Poland following the introduction of the pathogenic fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which originated in north-east Asia. In 2022, the epidemic had spread over most of the range of F. excelsior, causing significant mortality. The impact of the pathogen is all the greater when the infection is massive. This thesis therefore focuses on the pathogen's source of inoculum in leaf litter debris. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the demographic and environmental factors that determine inoculum production. The first axis focuses on the population dynamics of H. fraxineus in relation to the density of its host and the density dependent on inoculum production. This fungus multiplies exclusively by sexual reproduction, with conidia playing the role of spermatia. As they are dispersed over a distance of just a few dozen centimetres, reproductive success is highly dependent on the probability of sexual partners meeting, which in turn depends on the pathogen's population density. Fruiting body production (from sexual reproduction) was monitored as a function of H. fraxineus population density in a network of stands following an ash density gradient. This section highlighted, on the one hand, a population density of H. fraxineus closely linked to host density and, on the other hand, a limited production of inoculum at low population density. This density dependency at low numbers is known as the Allee effect. The second axis estimates the persistence of the pathogen in contaminated stands and changes in its capacity to produce inoculum over time. This persistence is an essential factor to take into account in eradication, but also in understanding the population establishment mechanism. The system installed in ash stands was used to monitor the degradation kinetics of ash litter as a function of its rate of colonisation by H. fraxineus, as well as the fungus' fruiting potential depending on the age of the litter during degradation. The persistence of litter colonised by the pathogen for at least three years and the ability of the pathogen to fructify during this period is proof that a reservoir of inoculum has been established on a long-term basis in contaminated stands. This reservoir of inoculum could play a decisive role in relaunching an epidemic after a year in which foliar infection is unfavourable. The third axis describes the fungal communities present in the decomposing ash litter in which H. fraxineus continues to develop after the colonised leaves have fallen. Using fungal ITS1 metabarcoding data, the study compares the fungal communities present on the leaves at the time of their fall in autumn and the fungal communities present on the leaf residues in spring. Changes in the abundance of each species in the fungal community were compared with those of H. fraxineus. The species identified as having an abundance negatively correlated with the abundance of H. fraxineus could have an antagonistic effect on the winter development of the pathogen, thus limiting its presence the following spring and reducing its inoculum production capacity. The work carried out highlights the importance of considering the diversity of factors involved in inoculum production. These factors may be decisive in the establishment of a population of the invasive pathogen studied in ash stands
Luini, Estelle. „Implication de toxines fongiques dans l'esca de la vigne, mise au point d'un test de diagnostic et recherche d'un traitement contre la maladie“. Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2306.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEsca is a vascular disease very harmful to the vine since it causes long term stock death. This complex disease involves several pathogenic fungi among which Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum are viewed as the first invader fungi. The above mentioned fungi secreted several toxic molecules into their culture medium. Applied to grapevine cells, these molecules act on key stages of plant responses to pathogenic agents namely: modifications of membrane potential, proton fluxes, nutrient absorption and induction of cell death. These modifications have been linked with changes in enzyme activities controlling the following processes: H+-ATPase of the plasma membrane, NADPH oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. The polypeptidic nature of certain compounds secreted by P. Chlamydospora and P. Aleophilum enabled us to obtain polyclonal antibodies directed against these polypeptides which were subsequently used for the optimisation and validation of a dot-blot method. This simple test could distinguish between infected and non-infected plants. This test was initially validated on grapevine cuttings grown in a greenhouse and which were inoculated selectively by each fungus. The test was then used in a vineyard on plants in the presence or absence of foliar esca symptoms. A treatment against esca was developed by either mixing molecules having antifungal action or inducing plant defence reactions. After verification of the antifungal activity of the association on P. Chlamydospora and P. Aleophilum on an in vitro culture, a treatment was evaluated in a greenhouse by foliar pulverization on grapevine cuttings inoculated selectively. The efficiency of the treatment was monitored by using the dot-blot method
Daugrois, Jean-Heinrich. „Les beta-1, 3-glucanases du haricot : leur implication dans la résistance à l'anthracnose“. Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30166.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGosme, Marie. „Modèlisation du développement spatio-temporel des maladies d’origine tellurique“. Rennes, Agrocampus, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NSARA049.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoilborne diseases are difficult to control by fungicides or resistant cultivars ; they are characterized by processes and spatio-temporal scales that can be different from those of aerial pathogens. In particular, the dispersal processes of soiborne pathogens result in the appearance and persistence of strong spatial patterns, namely disease foci. Aggregation inflences both the temporal dynamics of diseases and their relation to crop losses thus making spatial pattern an important factor when assessing control methods. The objectives of this study were to understand and model the spatio-temporel develoment of soilborne epidemics in order to determine control strategies that may reduce disease risk through an effect on spatial pattern. To that end, two models were developed. The first one is spatially explicit and biologically realistic ; its parameters were measured for take-all disease of wheat. The model was tested with field data ; this showed that the model is precise but overestimates disease development. This test also provided possible avenues for improving the predictive ability of the model. The second model is simpler and more genetic ; it uses hierarchy theory in order to simulate disease spread across multiple spatial scales. Hypotheses concerning the behaviou of epidemics and the relationships between disease incidences at different spatial scales culd be tested using this model for example the effect of the host and inoculum spatial structures on disease dynamics and aggregation. In the case of take-all disease of wheat –for which we have demonstrated the importance of the spatial pattern of primary inoculum- the simulation results advocate for different sowing patterns according to the rank of consecutive wheat crops
Jaber, Rim. „Défenses naturelles des plantes : identification de nouveaux stimulateurs de défenses des plantes (SDP) capables d'améliorer la résistance du lin contre le champignon Fusarium oxysporum“. Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES059.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlants are surrounded by a diverse range of microorganisms that can cause serious crop losses and requires the use of pesticides. Flax is a major crop in Normandy and is regularly challenged by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) f. Sp. Lini. In order to protect themselves, plants use “innate immunity” called M/PTI (Microbe/Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns Triggered Immunity) as a first defense line against pathogens. Plants are able to perceive pathogens by the recognition of conserved motifs on the surface of the pathogens (M/PAMPs), by transmembrane protein receptors (PRRs, Pattern Recognition Receptors). The use of elicitors able to mimic M/PAMPs and activate plant defense may be an alternative for plant protection that could minimize the use of pesticides. Based on this, previous work was conducted by screening a chemical library of 1600 compounds and has allowed the identification of five compounds able to activate defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. During my PhD thesis, we tested those five compounds on their abilities to improve resistance of two commercially available flax varieties used for their fibers against F. Oxysporum, responsible of the vascular wilt. The data show that two of them, holaphyllamine (HPA) a natural compound and M4 a synthetic one, did not affect flax growth up to 10 μM. In addition, they did not have any negative effects on F. Oxysporum development and spores germination at the tested concentrations (up to 10 μM). Cell imaging analyses showed that HPA and M4 at 1 μM can induce oxidative burst as well as callose deposition in flax, a well-known marker of PAMP-elicited defense mechanisms. Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses showed that HPA and M4 induced changes in the expression patterns of two pathogenesisrelated (PR) genes (PR-2 and PR-3) coding for a β-(1,3)-glucanase and an endo-chitinase, respectively. These enzymes can degrade the fungal cell wall and stop its growth. Finally, flax plants pre-treated with HPA and M4 before infection with Fo f. Sp. Lini exhibited a decrease in the foliar disease symptoms by more than 50 % and 70 %, respectively. Together, these findings demonstrate that HPA and M4 are elicitors as they are able to activate defense responses in flax plants that lead to improving its resistance against Fo infection
Subileau, Corinne. „Systématique et biologie du complexe parasitaire constitué du Phyllachora torrendiella (Bat. ) nov. Comb. Et du Botryosphaeria cocogena nov. Sp. , agents fongiques du dessèchement foliaire du cocotier au Brésil“. Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066645.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMouly, Anne. „Recherche de marqueurs moléculaires de la tolérance du tournesol à Sclerotinia sclerotiorum“. Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30082.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDiop-Bruckler, Marguerite. „Détection précoce de Ceratocystis fimbriata F. Platani, agent du chancre coloré du platane, par le test Elisa“. Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBücher zum Thema "Plantes – Maladies cryptogamiques – Épidémiologie"
Rapilly, F. L' épidémiologie en pathologie végétale: Mycoses aériennes. Paris: Institut national de la recherche agronomique, 1991.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenChampion, Rémi. Identifier les champignons transmis par les semences. Paris: INRA, 1997.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenD, Jarvis Tennyson, und Ontario. Dept. of Agriculture., Hrsg. The common fungus and insect pests of growing vegetable crops. Toronto: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBranch, British Columbia Horticultural, Hrsg. Fungous diseases of orchard and garden. Victoria, B.C: W.H. Cullin, 1997.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenDominion Experimental Farms and Stations (Canada), Hrsg. Smut diseases of cultivated plants: Their cause and control. Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenSaharan, G. S. Monograph on downy mildew of crucifers. Saskatoon, Sask: Saskatoon Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1997.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenWall, R. E. Pathogenicity of the bioherbicide fungus Chondrostereum purpureum to some trees and shrubs of southern Vancouver Island. [Victoria, B.C.]: Canadian Forest Service, 1996.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle finden1875-1954, Jones Dan H., und Ontario. Dept. of Agriculture., Hrsg. The more important fungus and bacterial diseases of vegetables in Ontario. Toronto: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenCanada. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Standing Committee on Agriculture and Colonization., Hrsg. Insects, fungous diseases, treatments: Evidence of Dr. James Fletcher, entomologist and botanist, before the Select Standing Committee on Agriculture and Colonization 1902. Ottawa: J.E. Dawson, 1994.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenCallan, Brenda Elizabeth. An annotated host fungus index for Populus in British Columbia. Victoria, B.C: Canadian Forest Service, 1994.
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