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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Plant-water relationships Western Australia“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Plant-water relationships Western Australia"
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Kew, G. A., R. J. Gilkes und D. Evans. „Relationships between fabric, water retention, and strength of hard subsoils in the south of Western Australia“. Soil Research 48, Nr. 2 (2010): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09080.
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Crop yield in the sandy soils of the Western Australian wheatbelt is influenced strongly by the plant-available water (PAW) and strength of subsoils. The fabric of hard subsoils of fluvial and aeolian origin has been compared with that of in situ saprolite materials that also occur as subsoils in Western Australia. A fabric classification was developed and relationships between, fabric, water retention, and strength were examined. The clay matrix of hard subsoils is denser and is less porous than in saprolite. Hard subsoils contain rounded quartz grains and transported, rounded aggregates of clay (spherites), while saprolite contains angular quartz grains in a more porous isotropic kaolin clay matrix developed by in situ weathering. At all matric potentials there were large differences in water retention between hard subsoils and saprolite. The dry and wet strengths of subsoils are lower than for saprolite but the strength of both materials is similarly affected by changes in water content and matric potential. A variety of factors including the size, shape, degree of sorting of quartz grains, distribution of dense clay matrix, and cementing by iron oxides or amorphous silica affect the strength of subsoils. The fabric classification is predictive of water retention and strength.
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Coates, Fiona, und J. B. Kirkpatrick. „Is Geographic Range Correlated with Climatic Range in Australian Spyridium Taxa?“ Australian Journal of Botany 47, Nr. 5 (1999): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97066.
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The major centres of local endemism and richness at the species level and below in Spyridium Fenzl are located on the southern coast of Western Australia and in south-eastern South Australia. There are only a few Spyridium taxa with ranges that transgress the boundaries of the following four regions: south- western Western Australia; south-eastern South Australia and western Victoria; eastern Victoria, New South Wales and southern Queensland; Tasmania. Synthetic climatic variables were generated for all recorded populations of Spyridium taxa. Variabilities in these were related to the maximum geographic ranges of taxa in Australia as a whole, and within the regions, in order to test the hypothesis that narrow endemism is explained by climatic restriction since the last glacial. In Australia as a whole, local endemics are both narrowly and widely distributed climatically, as are more widespread Spyridiumtaxa, and there were no significant relationships between the climatic and geographic ranges of taxa confined to the Australian mainland regions. However, Tasmanian taxa exhibited a strong positive relationship. Restriction of range as a result of climate change is an unlikely explanation for local endemism in Spyridium in mainland Australia, where topographic and climatic gradients are generally subdued, and which apparently experienced less severe climatic oscillations during the Quaternary. However, this hypothesis cannot be rejected for Tasmania, which experienced more extreme Quaternary climatic fluctuations than the present-day areas of mediterranean climate, and hence more severe fluctuations in the area and location of climatically suitable habitats.
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TINERELLA, PAUL P. „Taxonomic revision and systematics of continental Australian pygmy water boatmen (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Corixoidea: Micronectidae)“. Zootaxa 3623, Nr. 1 (11.03.2013): 1–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3623.1.1.
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The pygmy water boatmen (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Micronectidae) of continental Australiaare revised. The two genera and 17 species occurring in Australiaare fully described and keyed. The following species are transferred to Austronecta gen. nov.: Micronecta australiensis Chen, M. micra Kirklady, and M. carinata Chen. Austronecta bartzarum, sp. nov., is newly described. Within Micronecta Kirkaldy, thirteen species are recorded, including M. paragoga sp. nov. The following new synonymies are proposed: Micronecta illiesi Wróblewski, Micronecta concordia King and Micronecta dixonia King are junior synonyms of Micronecta annae Kirkaldy. A lectotype is designated for Micronecta tasmanica Wróblewski. Micronecta ludibunda Breddin is newly recorded for Australia, based on one male examined from Queensland. Within Australia, range extensions are recorded for the following species: Austronecta australiensis (New South Wales, Queensland); A. micra (Western Australia); Micronecta lansburyi Wróblewski (Western Australia); M. adelaidae Chen (Western Australia); M. major Chen (Queensland); M. halei Chen (South Australia); M. virgata Hale (Northern Territory); M. quadristrigata Breddin (Northern Territory); and M. queenslandica Chen (Northern Territory). All species are described and illustrated. Discussion and documentation of all primary type material is provided and where available, type specimens are illustrated. All male genitalic structures are illustrated with scanning electron micrographs. Line drawings are included for all other diagnostic characters, along with color habitus illustrations for both sexes of all species. Distribution maps are included for the following species: Austronecta micra, A. bartzarum, Micronecta paragoga, M. lansburyi, M. adelaidae, M. major, M. virgata, M. halei, M. quadrstrigata, and M. queenslandica. Diagnostic morphology and variation is discussed for all treated species. A phylogenetic analysis of Australasian micronectid generic relationships is presented. Discussion is provided on zoogeographic relationships of Australian Micronectidae.
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Tibby, J., und D. Tiller. „Climate–water quality relationships in three Western Victorian (Australia) lakes 1984–2000“. Hydrobiologia 591, Nr. 1 (Oktober 2007): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0804-5.
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MACFARLANE, TERRY D., GALINA V. DEGTJAREVA, TAHIR H. SAMIGULLIN, CARMEN M. VALIEJO-ROMAN, CONSTANTIN I. FOMICHEV und DMITRY D. SOKOLOFF. „Althenia tzvelevii (Potamogetonaceae), a new species from SW Western Australia with bilocular anthers: morphology and molecular phylogenetic relationships“. Phytotaxa 471, Nr. 3 (17.11.2020): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.471.3.2.
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A new species Althenia tzvelevii is described from south western Australia. This is the second species after A. bilocularis described with bilocular anthers. Illustrations of plant morphology are provided by means of SEM images and habitat photographs are included. The phylogenetic relationships of the new species were investigated using five plastid DNA markers (matK, ndhF, rbcL, rpoB, and rpoC1), with published sequences augmented by several new sequences resulting in coverage of all described species in the genus. Althenia tzvelevii forms a clade with A. patentifolia and A. bilocularis and other relationships within the genus are clarified. The Western Australian Althenia hearnii is strongly supported as sister to the Eurasian-African clade composed by A. filiformis and A. orientalis.
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Tindale, MD, und LA Craven. „Three new species of Glycine (Fabaceae: Phaseolae) from north-western Australia, with notes on amphicarpy in the genus“. Australian Systematic Botany 1, Nr. 4 (1988): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9880399.
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Three new species of Glycine Willd., viz. G. albicans, G. Lactovirens and G. hirticaulis from north-western Australia are described and illustrated. Their putative relationships are presented. A key is provided to the species of Glycine in north-western Australia. Two forms of amphicarpy occur within the genus Glycine.
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Perrie, Leon R., Daniel J. Ohlsen, Lara D. Shepherd, Michael Garrett, Patrick J. Brownsey und Michael J. Bayly. „Tasmanian and Victorian populations of the fern Asplenium hookerianum result from independent dispersals from New Zealand“. Australian Systematic Botany 23, Nr. 6 (2010): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb10028.
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The fern Asplenium hookerianum Colenso (Aspleniaceae) is indigenous to New Zealand and Australia. In New Zealand, it is widespread and genetically diverse, with 26 haplotypes previously identified for the chloroplast trnL–trnF locus. In Australia, A. hookerianum is currently known only from two small populations in Victoria and two in Tasmania. The present study assessed the diversity, relationships and biogeographic history of the Australian populations. A single trnL–trnF haplotype was identified in Tasmanian populations, and it was shared with populations in south-western New Zealand. The single haplotype found in Victorian populations was unique and most similar to a haplotype found in populations from central and eastern North Island, New Zealand. Relationships among haplotypes suggest that the two Australian haplotypes are derived within the group (not close to the root of the haplotype network) and only distantly related. This pattern is consistent with two independent dispersals of A. hookerianum from New Zealand to Australia. These findings are unique in providing evidence for more than one trans-Tasman dispersal event in a species of vascular plant.
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Itzstein-Davey, Freea. „The representation of Proteaceae in modern pollen rain in species-rich vegetation communities in south-western Australia“. Australian Journal of Botany 51, Nr. 2 (2003): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02048.
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The Proteaceae family is a large Gondwanan plant family with a major centre of richness in south-western Australia. Modern pollen–vegetation relationships in the two areas of species richness in the northern and southern sandplains of south-western Australia were investigated to calibrate fossil-pollen studies concurrently conducted on Eocene, Pliocene and Quaternary sediment. Results indicated that the Proteaceae component in modern pollen rain can be quite high, contributing up to 50% of the count. Some sites showed a dominant type (such as Banksia–Dryandra), whilst others had up to six different genera represented. Exactly how and when the biodiversity of Proteaceae in south-western Australia developed is unknown. This work provides a benchmark for comparisons with studied fossil material to unravel patterns of diversity of this family in south-western Australia.
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Moller, Andersen N. „Cladistic biogeography of marine water striders (Insecta, Hemiptera) in the Indo-Pacific“. Australian Systematic Botany 4, Nr. 1 (1991): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910151.
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More than 120 species of marine water striders (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha), representing three families and eight genera, are distributed throughout the lndo-Pacific region. They live in marine habitats such as mangroves, intertidal coral reef flats and the sea surface near coral and rocky coasts. Five species of sea skaters, Halobates (Gerridae), have colonised the surface of the open ocean. Adult marine water striders are wingless but may disperse along coasts, chains of islands and possibly across wider stretches of open sea. Although some species of coral bugs, Halovelia (Veliidae) and Halobates are widespread, most species of marine water striders have rather restricted distributions. Cladistic hypotheses are now available for the genera Halovelia, Xenobates (Veliidae) and Halobates. Based upon distributional data for about 110 species, a number of areas of endemism can be delimited within the Indo-Pacific region. The results of component analyses of taxon-area cladograms for several monophyletic species-groups of marine water striders are presented. The faunas of northern New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon Islands (Papuasia) are closely related and show much greater affinity with Maluku, Sulawesi and the Philippines than with the fauna of northern Australia. Relationships between the faunas of Papuasia + Sulawesi + the Philippines and those of Borneo + Jawa + Malaya are relatively weak. Marine water striders endemic to islands of the western Pacific show relationships among themselves and with Australia. Most marine water striders from the Indian Ocean (East Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Maldives) can be derived from the Indian-South-east Asian fauna. Composite faunas of marine water striders (either of different age or origin) are found in New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji Islands, the Philippines, tropical Australia and East Africa. The biogeography of marine water striders does not support the traditional division of the Indo- Pacific into the Ethiopian, Oriental and Australian regions. The distributional patterns are more compatible with a set of hierarchical relationships between more restricted areas of endemism.
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Merritt, D. J., D. H. Touchell, T. Senaratna, K. W. Dixon und K. Sivasithamparam. „Water sorption characteristics of seeds of four Western Australian species“. Australian Journal of Botany 51, Nr. 1 (2003): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02040.
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The relationship between storage temperature, relative humidity and seed water content was investigated for four species native to Western Australia: Acacia bivenosa DC., Anigozanthos manglesii D.Don., Banksia ashbyi E.G.Baker and Mesomelaena tetragona (R.Br.) Benth. Water sorption isotherms were constructed at 5, 23 and 50�C and the enthalpy of water sorption was calculated by van�t Hoff analysis. Seeds of three species, A. manglesii, B.�ashbyi and M. tetragona, showed a sigmoidal relationship between seed water content and relative humidity. Intact seeds of Acacia bivenosa maintained a constant water content at temperatures of 23�C or less due to the impermeable seed coat; however, isotherms of scarified seeds were similar in shape to those of the other species at all temperatures. The enthalpy of water sorption ranged from –19 kJ mol–1 for M. tetragona seeds to –29 kJ mol–1 for B. ashbyi seeds and was dependent on water content. However, all species had a maximum sorption strength at 2–6% water content and three regions of water-binding strength were evident. Each of these species has water sorption characteristics consistent with orthodox storage behaviour and the results of this study provide a framework for improving seed storage methods for the highly diverse Western Australian flora.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Plant-water relationships Western Australia"
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Dolling, P. J. „Lucerne (Medicago sativa) productivity and its effect on the water balance in southern Western Australia /“. Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0108.
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Dolling, Perry. „Lucerne (Medicago sativa) productivity and its effect on the water balance in southern Western Australia“. University of Western Australia. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0108.
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[Truncated abstract] In southern Western Australia the replacement of deep-rooted native vegetation with annual species has resulted in rising water tables and increased salinity due to insufficient water use. The area has a Mediterranean-type climate where rainfall during summer is generally low but variable resulting in limited plant growth. However, if rainfall does occur it potentially can contribute to to the increased water excess or drainage by increasing the soil water content before the main drainage period in winter. The first study investigated factors controlling soil water content changes during the fallow (December to May) in annual farming systems. This was achieved by examining variation in available soil water storage to a depth of 1.0-1.5 m at three sites within 13 seasons. Reasons for the variation were examined using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM). This study also investigated the relationship between soil water content at the end of the fallow period (1 May) and the amount of drainage below 2.5 m by using APSIM coupled to historical weather records at three locations. At the end of the fallow a mean of 24 mm (or 25%) of rainfall during the fallow was retained in the soil. Losses of soil water during the fallow were due to evaporation (mean of 60 mm), transpiration from plant cover (mean of 12 mm) and drainage below the root zone and run off (combined mean of 13 mm). Soil water accumulation during the fallow period had a significant impact on simulated drainage under wheat in the following growing season. Every 1 mm increase in soil wetness at the end of the fallow resulted in a 0.7-1 mm increase in simulated drainage during the growing season. ... Variation in the water excess due to variation in rainfall was greater than the reduction in water excess due to lucerne. This makes the decisions about when to grow lucerne to reduce water excess difficult if livestock enterprises are less profitable than cropping enterprises. The findings of this PhD indicate that lucerne does have a place in Mediterranean-type environments because of its greater water use than current farming practices. However, its use needs to be strategic and the strategy will vary from region to region. For example, in the low rainfall region lucerne sowings need to be matched with high soil water contents and phase length will generally be short (2-3 years). In comparison at high rainfall regions lucerne will need to be grown for longer or combined with other strategies to increase water use.
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Lucas, Anne. „Water stress and disease development in Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi“. Thesis, Lucas, Anne (2003) Water stress and disease development in Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/167/.
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The south-west of Western Australia has a Mediterranean climate and flora endemic to this area, including the keystone species, jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), have adapted to the droughted summer conditions. The introduction of an exotic soil borne pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi, has challenged the survival of this and many other species. The expectation might be that plants stressed by drought are more susceptible to disease and this study examined the development of disease caused by P. cinnamomi in E. marginata and the significance of water status to that development.
Seedlings of E. marginata, clonal plants resistant to P. cinnamomi and clonal plants susceptible to P. cinnamomi, were subjected to different watering regimes in a number of field and glasshouse experiments. To determine the level of drought stress that could be imposed on container-grown E. marginata seedlings without killing them, a preliminary experiment progressively lowered the moisture levels of the substrate in their containers, until the plants reached wilting point, at which time moisture was restored to a predetermined droughted level and the process repeated. With each subsequent droughting the wilting point was lower until it was found that the seedlings could survive when only 5% of the moisture lost from container capacity to wilting point was restored.
No deaths had occurred after seedlings had been maintained at this low level for 14 days (Chapter 2). Based on these findings, the level of droughting maintained in all experiments conducted under controlled glasshouse conditions was 10% restoration. After testing the appropriateness of underbark inoculation, and a zoospore inoculation method for which no wounding was necessary, a new, non-invasive stem inoculation technique was developed. Stems were moistened in a pre-treatment, then agar plugs colonized with P. cinnamomi mycelium were held against the stem with wads of wet cotton wool and bound in place with tape. This technique resulted in a high proportion of infection in E. marginata (Chapter 4) without the need for underbark inoculation or the use of zoospores (Chapter 3). It was successfully used in a large field trial in a rehabilitated bauxite mine site with 2-year-old E. marginata clonal plants, resistant to P. cinnamomi (Chapter 5). Inoculation was in late spring after the winter and spring rainfall. This timing was to allow comparison of disease development in stressed plants under normal droughted summer conditions compared with itsdevelopment in non-stressed, irrigated plants. However, two months after inoculation, the area was deluged with unseasonal and abnormally heavy summer rainfall, negating any difference in the treatments and causing an outbreak of P. cinnamomi in the soil from an adjacent infested site. This resulted in the infection and death of some noninoculated control clones.
Monitoring of the site continued for twelve months and the advance of P. cinnamomi at the site was mapped. To test the effect of drought on the expression of P. cinnamomi under more controlled conditions, a series of glasshouse experiments was set up that simulated two possible summer conditions; drought or drought followed by abnormally high summer rainfall. These experiments utilised E. marginata seedlings and clonal plants, some resistant and some susceptible to P. cinnamomi. Plants were inoculated with P. cinnamomi prior to or after droughting. Results were compared to those of control plants that had not experienced water deficit. In both seedlings and clonal plants, the greatest extent of colonization was found in plants which had experienced no water deficit. These results indicated that drought stress played a role in inhibiting the in planta development of P. cinnamomi in all genotypes (Chapter 8). This finding was consistent for both clones, susceptible and resistant to P. cinnamomi. Most recoveries were made from non-stressed clonal plants, resistant to P. cinnamomi (Chapter 6) and more colonization was found in non-stressed clonal plants, susceptible to P. cinnamomi (Chapter 7), than was recorded for droughted plants.
The results of the field trial showed that P. cinnamomi was not recovered from some inoculated stems, which had obvious lesions, when segments were plated onto selective agar. This led to an intensive in vitro investigation into improved methods of recovery. Dark brown exudates from some segments of inoculated stems stained the surrounding agar onto which they were plated, suggesting the presence of phenolic compounds. Recovery of the pathogen from stems increased by about 10% when segments were first soaked in distilled water to leach out the phenolic compounds, then replated onto agar. Other recovery methods were also tested, including (1) baiting with Pimelea ferruginea leaves floated on the surface of water or soil filtrate, in which the infected stem segments were immersed and (2) the application of different light and temperature regimes. It was clearly shown that exudates from infected stems of field grown E. marginata inhibited the outgrowth of P. cinnamomi onto the agar. To counter the possible toxic effect that oxidized phenolics had on the growth of the P. cinnamomi, an antioxidant was added to the agar. P. cinnamomi was grown on media whichincorporated exudates from infected stems and different concentrations of ascorbic acid, with and without adjusted pH levels. There was a pronounced pH effect, with less growth on media with lower pH and no significant increase in growth of the mycelium with increased ascorbic acid concentration on pH adjusted agar (Chapter 9).
The inhibitory effect of the exudates from the stem segments led to an investigation of the possibility that, if seedlings to be planted in the rehabilitation process could be pre-treated with phenolic compounds to render them more resistant, they may have an advantage when establishing in areas where there was a potential threat of P. cinnamomi. E. marginata seeds were germinated and the seedlings grown hydroponically in a constant temperature growth room. Different concentrations of synthetic catechol, a phenolic compound naturally occurring in E. marginata, were added to the nutrient solution. Roots remained immersed in the catechol solutions for three days, before being inoculated at the root tip with zoospores of P. cinnamomi. Roots in higher concentrations of catechol were less colonized than those in lower concentrations, indicating an increased resistance to the pathogen (Chapter 10). Further work is required to determine if seedlings treated before being planted in areas threatened by an outbreak of P. cinnamomi have a greater capacity for survival, and for how long the protection persists.
The improved recovery of P. cinnamomi from infected plants is important for accurate assessment of the spread of the disease in an area and for the subsequent implementation of management strategies of containment and control. An outbreak of P. cinnamomi can impact on the revegetation of rehabilitated mine sites and the aetiology of the pathogen in mine sites needs to be more fully understood. The interaction of plant defences with the invasive pathogen has been examined in a range of environments in the field, the glasshouse, in a hydroponics system and in vitro. The results indicate that summer droughting increases the resistance of E. marginata to P. cinnamomi. However, more work is required to understand the mechanisms involved. The study also indicates that clones of E. marginata, selected as resistant to P. cinnamomi, are not resistant under all conditions and that environmental interactions should be further investigated. Lastly, for effective management strategies to be implemented it is critical that the pathogen can be confidently isolated from plants. It was shown that exudates from infected hosts inhibit the recovery of P. cinnamomi. Recovery methods that can overcome these inhibitory compounds are required. The findings invite further research into the complexity of host-pathogen relationships.
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Lucas, Anne. „Water stress and disease development in Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi“. Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040820.13290.
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Radomiljac, Andrew M. „Santalum album L. plantations: a complex interaction between parasite and host“. Thesis, Radomiljac, Andrew M. (1998) Santalum album L. plantations: a complex interaction between parasite and host. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1998. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/270/.
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This thesis examines a broad spectrum of physiological and silvicultural features of the highly valued woody angiosperm hemi-parasite Santalurn album L. (Indian sandalwood) in relation to its culture in plantations in northern Western Australia. Topics covered include allometry of host and Santalum when grown as single plant pairings in both field and pot culture, nutritional interactions between Santalum and beneficial and non-beneficial hosts, deleterious influences of parasitism on plantation productivity and heartwood induction in young trees.
In Western Australia sandalwood is grown in the nursery for 8 months before establishment in the field and during this time a pot host is introduced. Survival of Santalurn after field establishment and its subsequent growth were significantly affected by the time of introduction of the pot host, Alternanthera nana. Increasing the period of the Santalum : Alternanthera association in the nursery to 109 days prior to field establishment markedly increased early growth of Salztalum plantations. Introduction at 134 days prior to field establishment was detrimental to the parasite as the Alternanthera was too vigorous for the small Santalum seedlings. Santalurn plants had a lower root : shoot ratio lower when cultured with Alternanthera in the nursery prior to field establishment compared with seedlings grown without Alternanthera. Alterrzantlzera survival in the field was high when it had been grown with Santalum for 12 weeks or more in the nursery prior to field establishment. After 1 1 weeks in the field a strong negative linear relationship was shown between Santalunz root : shoot ratio and Alternarzthera dry weight, and a positive linear relationship between Salztalum DW and Alternanthera DW.
In Western Australia Santalu~n is established in the field with an intermediate host which nourishes the parasite for 3-5 years before Santalum becomes dependent on its long-term host and the intermediate host dies. The relationship between Santalum and several species tested as intermediate hosts was examined by pairing Santalum seedlings with intermediate host seedlings in 25 litre pots over a 10 month period. Growth of Santalum in pot culture with three N2-fixing woody intermediate hosts (Sesbania forrnosa, Acacia traclzycarpa and A. ampliceps), the woody non N2-fixing Eucalyptus camaldulensis or without a host varied considerably between host treatments. Santalum growth was greater and root : shoot ratio lower for seedlings grown with N2-fixing hosts compared with seedlings grown with E. carnaldulensis or with no host. The root : shoot ratio of unattached Santalum increased exponentially over time, whereas for all other treatments it remained relatively constant. An assessment of the value of the hosts, termed host use efficiency, was computed as Santalum shoot DW / host shoot DW. The host use efficiency of A. trachycalpa was greater than that of the other hosts.
The xylem sap of hosts and Sarztalum, and ethanolic extracts of endophytic tissue of haustoria of Santalzkm were analysed for amino acids, organic acids and sugars to determine which solutes were available in the host and which were extracted by the Santalum haustoria from different hosts. There were similarities between Santalum and legume hosts in concentration and composition of xylem sap amino acids, and in the amino acid spectra of the corresponding Santalum endophytic tissue, whereas there were low N levels in xylem sap of E. camaldulensis and dissimilarities between its amino acid composition and that of Santalum. This indicated substantial direct intake of xylem N by Santalum from legume hosts but little N from the xylem sap of E. canzaldulensis. There were high concentrations of asparagine, glutamate, aspartate and y-amino glutamate in the xylem sap of the legume hosts, while in the non-legume the most common amino acids were glutamate, aspartate, glutamine and arginine. Proline, the predominant amino acid in the xylem sap of Santalum acurninatum growing in natural vegetation (Tennakoon et al. 1997) was not detected or present in very low concentrations in Santalurn album under these conditions. in the non-legume. Xylem sap of hosts contained variable amounts of sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and organic acids (fumaric, citric and malic acid), whereas that of the parasitic Santalum was dominated by fructose and malic acid. Dissimilarities in the proportional amounts of xylem-borne sugars and organic acids were particularly evident for the E. camaldulensis : Santalum partnership.
Diurnal profiles of photosynthesis and transpiration of Santalum were closely similar to those for corresponding hosts, whereas the midday leaf water potential of Santalum was consistently more negative than that of corresponding hosts. Net photosynthesis and water use efficiency was lower, but transpiration rates were similar to that of corresponding hosts. Nitrogen concentrations of foliage of Santalum were higher than their hosts, and higher when on legume hosts than on E. camaldulensis, or without a host. Nitrogen concentrations of Santalum foliage was strongly correlated with net photosynthesis and water use efficiency of Santalum. 813C values of shoot dry matter of Santalum were poorly correlated with instantaneous water use efficiency of Santalum. Tissue water relations of Santalum were similar to that of water-stress tolerant species.
S. formosa proved the best host followed by Acacia ampliceps and A. traclzycarpa based on dry matter gains of Santalum. Estimates of heterotrophic gain of C of Santalum when grown in association with the legume hosts over a nine week period indicate 57.9% of C was derived from A. ampliceps, 45.5% from A. trachycarpa and 34.6% fiom S. fomosa. Abundance of haustorial attachments on roots of hosts was poorly correlated to Santalum shoot DW. Root nodules of legume hosts were parasitised by a small proportion of Santalum haustoria.
Sodium and phosphorus concentrations of foliage of Santalum were generally higher than that of corresponding hosts. Net gains of calcium, potassium, phosphorus and sodium in Santalum was greatest when grown in association with hosts richest in the corresponding element. Net losses or only small gains of calcium, potassium, phosphorus and sodium were recorded when Santalum was grown with E. camaldulensis or without a host suggesting that Santalum has limited ability for uptake of those minerals through its own root system.
To understand the effect of hosts on the productivity of a Santalum plantation a young plantation of Santalum with three host species Cathormion umbellatum, Sesbania formosa and Acacia anuera was selected to study the relationship between host quality and distance of hosts from Santalunz on Santalum health. The selected plantation showed marked decline in health and vigour of both Santalum and hosts between years 3 and 5. Parameters of the host plants were assessed to select the best predictor of Santalunz crown health. The height and diameter growth increment of Santalum between years 3 and 5 was strongly correlated to Santalum crown health. Santaluin crown health and growth increased as host quality increased, and the distance of host fiom Santalum decreased. An index, which combined host quality and the distance of the host from that of Santalum, was a better predictor of Santalum crown health than host distance or quality alone.
The age at which heartwood is initiated in Santalum album under plantation conditions in Western Australia in unknown, but in natural stands in India it occurs between 10-13 years of age (Rai 1990). A field experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of stem injections of paraquat andlor ethrel in initiating heartwood formation in five year old Santalum trees in a plantation. Trees injected with paraquat alone had a significantly greater extension of induced heartwood, both radially and vertically, than those trees injected with ethrel alone or distilled water. Eight months after treatment with paraquat or ethrel or a combination of these chemicals induced heartwood was formed, which had high lipid, and low starch and polysaccharide concentrations compared to the sapwood. Induced heartwood from both chemical treatments and their combinations contained total volatile oil and santalol oil (alpha and beta santalol) concentrations that were equal to or greater than that of naturally formed heartwood and greater than that of sapwood. Moisture content, and concentrations of K and Mg, and in some treatments Ca of induced heartwood were significantly lower than that of sapwood. The thesis concludes with a synthesis of the findings and suggestions for future research, with special reference to mid-rotation aspects of Santaltrm plantation silviculture.
6
Radomiljac, Andrew M. „Santalum album L. plantations : a complex interaction between parasite and host“. Murdoch University, 1998. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060818.134603.
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This thesis examines a broad spectrum of physiological and silvicultural features of the highly
valued woody angiosperm hemi-parasite Santalurn album L. (Indian sandalwood) in relation to
its culture in plantations in northern Western Australia. Topics covered include allometry of
host and Santalum when grown as single plant pairings in both field and pot culture, nutritional
interactions between Santalum and beneficial and non-beneficial hosts, deleterious influences
of parasitism on plantation productivity and heartwood induction in young trees.
In Western Australia sandalwood is grown in the nursery for 8 months before establishment in
the field and during this time a pot host is introduced. Survival of Santalurn after field
establishment and its subsequent growth were significantly affected by the time of introduction
of the pot host, Alternanthera nana. Increasing the period of the Santalum : Alternanthera
association in the nursery to 109 days prior to field establishment markedly increased early
growth of Salztalum plantations. Introduction at 134 days prior to field establishment was
detrimental to the parasite as the Alternanthera was too vigorous for the small Santalum
seedlings. Santalurn plants had a lower root : shoot ratio lower when cultured with
Alternanthera in the nursery prior to field establishment compared with seedlings grown
without Alternanthera. Alterrzantlzera survival in the field was high when it had been grown
with Santalum for 12 weeks or more in the nursery prior to field establishment. After 1 1 weeks
in the field a strong negative linear relationship was shown between Santalunz root : shoot ratio
and Alternarzthera dry weight, and a positive linear relationship between Salztalum DW and
Alternanthera DW.
In Western Australia Santalu~n is established in the field with an intermediate host which
nourishes the parasite for 3-5 years before Santalum becomes dependent on its long-term host
and the intermediate host dies. The relationship between Santalum and several species tested as
intermediate hosts was examined by pairing Santalum seedlings with intermediate host
seedlings in 25 litre pots over a 10 month period. Growth of Santalum in pot culture with three
N2-fixing woody intermediate hosts (Sesbania forrnosa, Acacia traclzycarpa and A. ampliceps),
the woody non N2-fixing Eucalyptus camaldulensis or without a host varied considerably
between host treatments. Santalum growth was greater and root : shoot ratio lower for
seedlings grown with N2-fixing hosts compared with seedlings grown with E. carnaldulensis or
with no host. The root : shoot ratio of unattached Santalum increased exponentially over time,
whereas for all other treatments it remained relatively constant. An assessment of the value of
the hosts, termed host use efficiency, was computed as Santalum shoot DW / host shoot DW.
The host use efficiency of A. trachycalpa was greater than that of the other hosts.
The xylem sap of hosts and Sarztalum, and ethanolic extracts of endophytic tissue of haustoria
of Santalzkm were analysed for amino acids, organic acids and sugars to determine which
solutes were available in the host and which were extracted by the Santalum haustoria from
different hosts. There were similarities between Santalum and legume hosts in concentration
and composition of xylem sap amino acids, and in the amino acid spectra of the corresponding
Santalum endophytic tissue, whereas there were low N levels in xylem sap of E. camaldulensis
and dissimilarities between its amino acid composition and that of Santalum. This indicated
substantial direct intake of xylem N by Santalum from legume hosts but little N from the xylem
sap of E. canzaldulensis. There were high concentrations of asparagine, glutamate, aspartate
and y-amino glutamate in the xylem sap of the legume hosts, while in the non-legume the most
common amino acids were glutamate, aspartate, glutamine and arginine. Proline, the
predominant amino acid in the xylem sap of Santalum acurninatum growing in natural
vegetation (Tennakoon et al. 1997) was not detected or present in very low concentrations in
Santalurn album under these conditions. in the non-legume. Xylem sap of hosts contained
variable amounts of sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and organic acids (fumaric, citric
and malic acid), whereas that of the parasitic Santalum was dominated by fructose and malic
acid. Dissimilarities in the proportional amounts of xylem-borne sugars and organic acids were
particularly evident for the E. camaldulensis : Santalum partnership.
Diurnal profiles of photosynthesis and transpiration of Santalum were closely similar to those
for corresponding hosts, whereas the midday leaf water potential of Santalum was consistently
more negative than that of corresponding hosts. Net photosynthesis and water use efficiency
was lower, but transpiration rates were similar to that of corresponding hosts. Nitrogen
concentrations of foliage of Santalum were higher than their hosts, and higher when on legume
hosts than on E. camaldulensis, or without a host. Nitrogen concentrations of Santalum foliage
was strongly correlated with net photosynthesis and water use efficiency of Santalum. 813C
values of shoot dry matter of Santalum were poorly correlated with instantaneous water use
efficiency of Santalum. Tissue water relations of Santalum were similar to that of water-stress
tolerant species.
S. formosa proved the best host followed by Acacia ampliceps and A. traclzycarpa based on dry
matter gains of Santalum. Estimates of heterotrophic gain of C of Santalum when grown in
association with the legume hosts over a nine week period indicate 57.9% of C was derived from A. ampliceps, 45.5% from A. trachycarpa and 34.6% fiom S. fomosa. Abundance of
haustorial attachments on roots of hosts was poorly correlated to Santalum shoot DW. Root
nodules of legume hosts were parasitised by a small proportion of Santalum haustoria.
Sodium and phosphorus concentrations of foliage of Santalum were generally higher than that
of corresponding hosts. Net gains of calcium, potassium, phosphorus and sodium in Santalum
was greatest when grown in association with hosts richest in the corresponding element. Net
losses or only small gains of calcium, potassium, phosphorus and sodium were recorded when
Santalum was grown with E. camaldulensis or without a host suggesting that Santalum has
limited ability for uptake of those minerals through its own root system.
To understand the effect of hosts on the productivity of a Santalum plantation a young
plantation of Santalum with three host species Cathormion umbellatum, Sesbania formosa and
Acacia anuera was selected to study the relationship between host quality and distance of hosts
from Santalunz on Santalum health. The selected plantation showed marked decline in health
and vigour of both Santalum and hosts between years 3 and 5. Parameters of the host plants
were assessed to select the best predictor of Santalunz crown health. The height and diameter
growth increment of Santalum between years 3 and 5 was strongly correlated to Santalum
crown health. Santaluin crown health and growth increased as host quality increased, and the
distance of host fiom Santalum decreased. An index, which combined host quality and the
distance of the host from that of Santalum, was a better predictor of Santalum crown health
than host distance or quality alone.
The age at which heartwood is initiated in Santalum album under plantation conditions in
Western Australia in unknown, but in natural stands in India it occurs between 10-13 years of
age (Rai 1990). A field experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of stem injections
of paraquat andlor ethrel in initiating heartwood formation in five year old Santalum trees in a
plantation. Trees injected with paraquat alone had a significantly greater extension of induced
heartwood, both radially and vertically, than those trees injected with ethrel alone or distilled
water. Eight months after treatment with paraquat or ethrel or a combination of these
chemicals induced heartwood was formed, which had high lipid, and low starch and
polysaccharide concentrations compared to the sapwood. Induced heartwood from both
chemical treatments and their combinations contained total volatile oil and santalol oil (alpha
and beta santalol) concentrations that were equal to or greater than that of naturally formed
heartwood and greater than that of sapwood. Moisture content, and concentrations of K and
Mg, and in some treatments Ca of induced heartwood were significantly lower than that of sapwood.
The thesis concludes with a synthesis of the findings and suggestions for future research, with
special reference to mid-rotation aspects of Santaltrm plantation silviculture.
7
Collins, Shane. „Residue composition influences nutrient release from crop residues“. University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0171.
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[Truncated abstract] A greater adoption of stubble retention, minimum-till and no-till farming practices for the purposes of conserving soil, water and fertility requires a greater understanding of the complexity of physical and chemical interactions between the soil and crop residues. There is currently insufficient knowledge to allow reliable predictions of the effects of different residue types in different environments on soil fertility and crop growth, owing to the many residue characteristics and environmental interactions that have been shown to affect decomposition or nutrient release. The role of fibre and nutrient composition in nutrient release from crop residues, and implications for residue management techniques, were studied. Canola, lupin and field pea residues, obtained from farmland in Meckering and Northam, Western Australia, were separated into upper and basal stems, leaves, and siliques or pods. This was done to provide materials with a wide range of chemical and physical characteristics, and also allowed consideration of differential residue management of plant organs, such as comparing harvested canola siliques and retained canola stubble. Pre-treatment by chopping and/or humidification was applied to residues to provide some information about the processes of nutrient release. Residues were subjected to simulated rainfall to assess nutrient leaching from plant material, and placed on soil in pots in constant-temperature glasshouse conditions to assess decomposition. Amounts and rates of change of residue fibre and nutrients were determined throughout leaching and decomposition. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis was used to assess the location of diffusible ions in air-dried residues and the effects of humidification on nutrient positioning and release. ... However, the release of calcium and magnesium depended on the decomposition of the more recalcitrant components such as cellulose and lignin, as supported by microscopy results showing changes in nutrient distribution following humidification. The proportionality of amounts of calcium and magnesium leached and released during decomposition is likely to suggest a similarity of chemical form more than similarity of function or position of the two elements. Management of crop residues for maximising and optimising the timing of release of different nutrients will need to take into account the placement of different plant types and parts, particle sizes distribution and pre-treatment of material to efficiently manage short- and long-term soil fertility to sustain crops, particularly on degraded soils. Significant nutrient release of potassium, sulphur and magnesium from crop residues can be achieved from surface placement, with the release of potassium and sulphur managed by modifying residue particle size through appropriate harvesting, ploughing or sowing implement selection. High nutrient uptake crops and plant parts where they can be economically viable to grow or separated by the harvesting technique are particularly valuable as sources of nutrients and soil organic matter.
8
Horsnell, Tara Kathleen. „Quantifying thresholds for native vegetation to salinity and waterlogging for the design of direct conservation approaches“. University of Western Australia. School of Environmental Systems Engineering, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0082.
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A field-based project was undertaken to develop and test a mechanism which would allow for the correlation of the health of vegetation surrounding playa lakes in south-west Australia with the natural variation in salinity and waterlogging that occurs spatially and temporally in natural systems. The study was designed to determine threshold ranges of vegetation communities using moderately extensive data over short temporal periods which will guide the design of potential engineering solutions that manipulate hydrological regimes to ultimately conserve and protect native vegetation. A pair of playa lake ecosystems, surrounded by primary production land, was modelled with hydro-geological data collected from March 2006 to March 2007. The data was used to determine the hydroperiods of vegetation communities fringing playa lakes and provide insight into the areas and species that are most affected by extreme rainfall events which are hypothesised to have a significant, rapid deleterious effect on the ecosystems. The methodology was multi-faceted and included; a detailed topographical survey; vegetation surveys; hydrological and hydro-geological monitoring over a 12 month period. 4 The hydro-geological data and vegetation data was linked with the topographical survey at a high resolution for spatial analysis in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine the degree of waterlogging experienced by vegetation communities over the monitoring period. The study has found that the spatial and temporal variability of hydroperiods has been reduced by rising groundwater levels, a result of extensive clearing of native vegetation. Consequently populations are becoming extinct locally resulting in a shift in community composition. Extreme summer rainfall events also have a significant impact on the health of vegetation communities by increasing the duration of waterlogging over an annual cycle and in some areas expanding the littoral zone. Vegetation is most degraded at lower positions in the landscape where communities are becoming less diverse and dominated by salt tolerant halophytic species as a result of altered hydrological regimes. Some species appear to be able to tolerate groundwater depths of less than 2.0 m from the surface, however there are thresholds related to the duration at which groundwater is maintained at this depth. Potential engineering solutions include groundwater pumping and diverting water through drains to maintain sustainable hydroperiods for vegetation in areas with conservation value. The effectiveness and efficiency of the engineering solutions can be maximised by quantifying thresholds for vegetation that include sustainable durations of waterlogging. The study has quantified tolerance ranges to salinity and waterlogging with data collected over 12 months but species may be experiencing a transition period where they have 5 sustained irreversible damage that will result in their eventual mortality. With long-term monitoring, the methodology developed and tested in the study can be used to quantify the long-term tolerance ranges that are important for the application of conservation approaches that include engineering solutions.
9
Doole, Graeme John. „Value of perennial pasture phases in dryland agricultural systems of the eastern-central wheat belt of Western Australia“. University of Western Australia. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0213.
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Over the past thirty years, price relativities and technological development have motivated an increase in the area of land allocated to cropping, as opposed to pasture production, throughout the central wheat belt of Western Australia. Nevertheless, reducing the proportion of pasture in these rotations has challenged the future productivity of farming systems in this area. First, the frequent application of selective herbicides for weed control in extended cropping rotations has promoted the development of herbicide resistance in a number of major agricultural weeds. Second, the primary use of annual plants has promoted the development of soil salinisation by allowing a significant proportion of rainfall to recharge saline water tables. The inclusion of perennial pasture phases between extended periods of cropping may mitigate or delay these constraints to production through (a) allowing the use of costeffective forms of non-selective weed control, and (b) through creating a buffer of dry soil that absorbs leakage occurring beneath subsequent crops. This study consequently explores the value of including perennial pasture phases in dryland agricultural systems in the eastern-central wheat belt of Western Australia, accounting for benefits related to herbicide resistance and water table management. A novel computational algorithm for the solution of multiple-phase optimal control problems is developed and used to conduct a conceptual analysis of the value of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) pasture for managing annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin), the primary weed in wheat belt cropping systems. The competitiveness and fecundity of annual ryegrass provide strong economic incentives to maintain a low weed population, irrespective of herbicide-resistance status. Consequently, the ineffectiveness of selective herbicides primarily reduces the profitability of cropping by motivating the adoption of more costly non-selective forms of weed control. The inclusion of lucerne in land-use rotations is only optimal in the presence of severe herbicide resistance given (a) the low efficiency of alternative weed-management practices available during the pasture phase, relative to selective-herbicide application; (b) the significant cost of establishing this perennial pasture; and (c) the high relative profitability of cereal production in the absence of resistance. The value of lucerne, relative to annual pastures, for weed management is explored in greater detail through the use of compressed annealing to optimise a sophisticated simulation model. The profitability of candidate rotations is also manipulated to account for the long-term production losses accruing to the recharge of saline groundwaters that occurs beneath them. Sequences incorporating lucerne are only more profitable than those that include annual pasture at the standard set of parameter values if (a) annual ryegrass is resistant to all selective herbicides, (b) the water table is so shallow (approximately less than 3.5 m deep) that frequent rotation with perennials is required to avert soil salinisation, or (c) sheep production is highly profitable. The value of perennial pasture is sufficient under these circumstances to overcome its high establishment cost. Consistent with intuition, these benefits are reinforced by lower discount rates and higher rates of leakage occurring beneath annual-based systems. Formulation of an effective communication strategy to report these results to producers is justified given the complexity involved in determining the true magnitude of these intertemporal benefits through alternative means, such as field trials.
10
Setyawan, Dwi. „Soil development, plant colonization and landscape function analysis for disturbed lands under natural and assisted rehabilitation“. University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0117.
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[Truncated abstract] Spontaneous plant growth and soil development occur at disturbed sites with their extent and nature being variously affected by soil fertility status, local climate and topographic conditions. Soil-plant interactions can be diverse and site-specific within a disturbed landscape. The main purpose of the present study is to evaluate soil characteristics and landscape indices in relation to natural plant growth and soil development under different conditions and for diverse materials. A comprehensive study has been carried out to evaluate spontaneous soil development and plant colonization on various regolith materials at a railway cutting near Jarrahdale bauxite mine and on various substrates comprising waste rock, weathered regolith and replaced topsoil at Scotia (Norseman, Western Australia) and Kelian (East Kalimantan, Indonesia). At Jarrahdale soil development has occurred slowly over 36 years in relation to morphological changes in surface horizons. Soils at several locations exhibit substantial changes in color, texture and structure. The slow soil development is primarily due to low biomass and litter contributions (˜1 Mg/ha) from colonizing plants (e.g. Dryandra sessilis, Eucalyptus marginata and low shrubs) on the cutting shelf and slow litter decomposition. Nutrient accumulation is up to 5 kg N/ha, and 0.5 kg/ha for P and K. Surface soil samples from Jarrahdale are generally acidic (pH < 5.1) and contain low concentrations of total soil carbon (20 g/kg) and nutrients of total nitrogen (0.73 g/kg), bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus (bic-P) (< 2 mg/kg), bic-K (37 mg/kg) and total exchangeable bases (<1.1 cmol/kg, with 24 % base saturation). Soil properties at the Scotia waste dump are mainly associated with alkaline (mean pH = 9) and saline conditions (EC1:5 = 1.01 dS/m). Exchangeable base values are high with average concentrations of exchangeable Ca of 18 cmol/kg and exchangeable Mg of 6 cmol/kg, thus these elements are not a limiting factor for plant nutrition. Patchy plant growth on the waste dump is mostly related to differences in water availability in the arid region and to salinity such that halophytes (saltbushes Maireana and Atriplex) colonize many parts of the waste dump together with some Melaleuca and Eucalyptus species
Bücher zum Thema "Plant-water relationships Western Australia"
1
Websdane, Kirsten. The impact of smut diseases on rushes and sedges in pre- and post-mining situations: Morphological and ecological aspects of the pathogen and its impact on host reproduction and growth and host population regeneration after fire : results of research carried out as MERIWA Project No. M200 at the Kings Park and Botanical Gardens and the Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Western Australia. East Perth, WA: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western Australia, 1995.
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2
Strawbridge, M. The extent, condition and management of remnant vegetation in water resource recovery catchments in south Western Australia: Report to the Natural Heritage Trust. East Perth, W.A: Water and Rivers Commission, 1999.
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3
Cahir, Fred, Ian Clark und Philip Clarke. Aboriginal Biocultural Knowledge in South-eastern Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486306121.
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Indigenous Australians have long understood sustainable hunting and harvesting, seasonal changes in flora and fauna, predator–prey relationships and imbalances, and seasonal fire management. Yet the extent of their knowledge and expertise has been largely unknown and underappreciated by non-Aboriginal colonists, especially in the south-east of Australia where Aboriginal culture was severely fractured.
Aboriginal Biocultural Knowledge in South-eastern Australia is the first book to examine historical records from early colonists who interacted with south-eastern Australian Aboriginal communities and documented their understanding of the environment, natural resources such as water and plant and animal foods, medicine and other aspects of their material world. This book provides a compelling case for the importance of understanding Indigenous knowledge, to inform discussions around climate change, biodiversity, resource management, health and education. It will be a valuable reference for natural resource management agencies, academics in Indigenous studies and anyone interested in Aboriginal culture and knowledge.
Buchteile zum Thema "Plant-water relationships Western Australia"
1
Verboom, W. H., und J. S. Pate. „Relationships between cluster root-bearing taxa and laterite across landscapes in southwest Western Australia: an approach using airborne radiometric and digital elevation models“. In Structure and Functioning of Cluster Roots and Plant Responses to Phosphate Deficiency, 321–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0243-1_28.
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2
White, Robert E. „Putting it All Together“. In Understanding Vineyard Soils. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342068.003.0009.
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In reality, there can be no generic definition of an “ideal soil” because a soil’s performance is influenced by the local climate, landscape characteristics, grape variety, and cultural practices and is judged in the context of a winegrower’s objectives for style of wine to be made, market potential, and profitability of the enterprise. This realization essentially acknowledges the long-established French concept of terroir: that the distinctiveness or typicity of wines produced in individual locations depends on a complex interaction of biophysical and human cultural factors, interpreted by many as meaning a wine’s sense of place. As discussed in “Soil Variability and the Concept of Terroir” in chapter 1, because of this interaction of factors that determine a particular terroir, it is not surprising that no specific relationships between one or more soil properties and wine typicity have been unequivocally demonstrated. While acknowledging this conclusion, it is still worthwhile to examine how variations in several single or combined soil properties can influence vine performance and fruit character. These properties are: • Soil depth • Soil structure and water supply • Soil strength • Soil chemistry and nutrient supply • Soil organisms Provided there are no subsoil constraints, the natural tendency of long-lived Vitis vinifera, on own roots or rootstocks, to root deeply and extensively gives it access to a potentially large store of water and nutrients. In sandy and gravely soils that are naturally low in nutrients, such as in the Médoc region of France, the Margaret River region in Western Australia, and the Wairau River plain, Marlborough region, New Zealand, the deeper the soil the better. A similar situation pertains on the deep sandy soils on granite in the Cauquenas region, Chile. However, such depth may be a disadvantage where soils are naturally fertile and rain is plentiful, as in parts of the Mornington Peninsula, King and Yarra Valley regions, Victoria, Australia, and the Willamette Valley region in Oregon (see figure 1.11, chapter 1), because vine growth is too vigorous and not in balance.
3
Blondel, Jacques, und Frédéric Médail. „Biodiversity and Conservation“. In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0039.
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The biodiversity of Mediterranean-climate ecosystems is of particular interest and concern, not only because all five of these regions (the Mediterranean basin, California, central Chile, Cape Province of South Africa, western and southern parts of Australia) are among the thirty-four hotspots of species diversity in the world (Mittermeier et al. 2004), but they are also hotspots of human population density and growth (Cincotta and Engelman 2000). This relationship is not surprising because there is often a correlation between the biodiversity of natural systems and the abundance of people (Araùjo 2003; Médail and Diadema 2006) and this, inevitably, raises conservation problems. Within the larger hotspot of the Mediterranean basin as a whole, ten regional hotspots have been identified. They cover about 22 per cent of the basin’s total area and harbour about 44 per cent of Mediterranean endemic plant species (Médail and Quézel 1997, 1999), as well as a large number of rare and endemic animals (Blondel and Aronson 1999). A key feature of these Mediterranean hotspots as a whole is their extraordinarily high topographic diversity with many mountainous and insular areas. Not surprisingly this results in high endemism rates and they contain more than 10 per cent of the total plant richness (see the recent synthesis of Thompson 2005). However, of all the mediterranean-type regions in the world, the Mediterranean basin harbours the lowest percentage (c.5%) of natural vegetation considered to be in ‘pristine condition’ (Médail and Myers 2004; Chapter 7). With an average of as many as 111 people per km2, one may expect a significant decline in biological diversity in the Mediterranean basin—a region that has been managed, modified, and, in places, heavily degraded by humans for millennia (Thirgood 1981; Braudel 1986; McNeill 1992; Blondel and Aronson 1999; Chapter 9). There are two contrasting theories that consider the relationships between humans and ecosystems in the Mediterranean (Blondel 2006, 2008). The first one is the ‘Ruined Landscape or Lost Eden’ theory, first advocated by painters, poets, and historians in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and later by a large number of ecologists.
4
Merlin, Mark, und William Raynor. „Modern Use and Environmental Impact of the Kava Plant in Remote Oceania“. In Dangerous Harvest. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195143201.003.0020.
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The kava plant, Piper methysticum Forst. f., is an attractive shrub in the pepper family, Piperaceae (figure 12.1). Known by various names in tropical Pacific, such as yagona, kava, kava kava, ’awa, seka, and sakau, it is propagated vegetatively, as are most of the traditional crops in the region. Kava has been used for many centuries to produce psychoactive preparations. Its active principles, several lipidlike substances known as kavalactones, are concentrated in the rootstock and roots. These psychoactive chemicals are ingested traditionally by Pacific islanders as cold-water infusions of chewed, ground, pounded, or otherwise macerated kava stumps and roots. Mind-altering kava preparations are, or once were, imbibed in a wide range of Pacific Ocean societies. These include peoples living in some lowland areas on the large Melanesian island of New Guinea in the western Pacific to very isolated islands such as those in Polynesian Hawai’i, 7,000 kilometers to the northeast (figure 12.2). Beyond this widespread local use in the tropical Pacific, utilization of kava in parts of Europe as a plant source for medicinal preparations has a relatively lengthy history. In Europe it has been used as a sedative, tranquilizer, muscle relaxant, relief from menopausal symptoms, and treatment for urinary tract and bladder ailments (Lebot et al. 1999). Over the past decade, there has been rapidly increasing interest in kava well beyond the areas of traditional use among Pacific Islanders (figure 12.3). This includes a huge surge in the use of kava products in Europe, North America, Australia, and elsewhere. Within the past 3 to 5 years there has been widespread recognition of its potential to emerge as a mainstream herbal product. Modern cultivation and use of kava in the Pacific has significantly expanded in some traditional use areas such as Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and Pohnpei. There are also significant signs of rejuvenated interest in kava cultivation in some traditional areas of use where it had been abandoned because of depopulation, political prohibition, or zealous missionary denunciation. Increasing use and cultivation of kava on these Pacific islands has been stimulated by local consumption rates and rising demand for commercial export.
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„in Kununurra; indeed, occasional seroconversions have been recorded in every month of the year. Elsewhere in the Kimberley region, seroconversions occur in most years towards the end of the wet season at all sites monitored, but the overall frequency tends to be less than that observed in Kununurra, except when flooding is extensive and widespread. Until about 1990, most seroconversions in sentinel chickens in the Pilbara region were due to infections with Kunjin virus, but over the next three years seroconversions to MVE virus showed a significant increase in incidence, suggesting that virus movement from the Kimberley region may be occurring more often. Since 1993, however, Kunjin virus activity has once again become more prevalent in the Pilbara area. Mosquito collections Continuing studies in 1976 and 1977 in the Ord River area using bait traps showed that while Culex annulirostris continued to dominate the mosquito fauna of the area, other species such as Coquillettidia xanthogaster, Mansonia uniformis and Anopheles bancroftii increased in number following stabilization of the margins of Lake Kununurra and the prolific growth of aquatic plant species (Wright 1981). Studies in the West Kimberley area in 1977 in the Derby area also found that Culex annulirostris was the dominant mosquito species (Wright et al. 1981). A major advance in mosquito trapping in the north of Western Australia was the introduction of the EVS-CO light trap in 1978, which replaced the use of bait traps after 1979. This resulted in a ninefold increase in the number of mosquitoes being collected, and a significant increase in the species diversity, although Culex annulirostris remained the dominant species (Stanley 1979). Annual mosquito collections have continued to be undertaken in the Ord River area and at other sites in the Kimberley region since 1978, particularly at the end of the wet season although also at other times if unusual environmental conditions such as cyclones or early wet season flooding have occurred. With the stabilization of Lakes Argyle and Kununurra and of the area under irrigation, the results obtained have provided a clearer association between environmental conditions, mosquito numbers and virus activity (see below). Although the mosquito density, and thus the number collected, is always relatively high in the Ord River area, heavy wet season rainfall and flooding result in a significant increase in the mosquito density. In other areas of the Kimberley, a similar pattern has emerged but the increase in the mosquito density is often more marked than in the Ord River area, and the proportion of different mosquito species tends to vary considerably. Nevertheless, regardless of the study area, Culex annulirostris dominates after widespread heavy rainfall and flooding, but if the rainfall is more localized, other floodplain breeding species such as Aedes normanensis may dominate initially (e.g. Broom et al. 1992).“ In Water Resources, 132. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203027851-25.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Plant-water relationships Western Australia"
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Lamoureux, Sebastian, Erik Veneklaas, Pieter Poot und Michael O’Kane. „The effect of cover system depth on native plant water relations in semi-arid Western Australia“. In Mine Closure 2016. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1608_42_lamoureux.
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Luo, Chengcai, Hongwei An, Liang Cheng und David White. „Calibration of UWA’s O-Tube Flume Facility“. In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83274.
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The O-tube facility, designed and established at the University of Western Australia, is an innovative closed loop flume in which a random storm sequence can be reproduced via control of a large pump system. The O-tube facility is capable of simulating hydrodynamic conditions near the seabed and the interaction with seabed sediment and any infrastructure that is resting on it. The purpose of carrying out the O-tube calibration described in this paper is to obtain the relationship between the motor rotation movement and the flow velocity generated in the O-tube, such that any required storm history within the performance envelope of the O-tube can be reproduced. A range of flow velocities and the corresponding pump speeds were measured under steady current, oscillatory flow and combined flow conditions. It was found that the relationship between the pump speed and the flow velocity varies with the oscillatory flow period. Based on the pump characteristic curves and O-tube system curves, the correlation between the motor speed and the flow velocity was derived by applying hydraulic theory and the principle of energy conservation. The derived correlation is validated by reproducing a wide range of target storm series, including a (1:5.8) scaled 100-year return period storm from the North West Shelf of Western Australia in 40 m water depth.