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Taylor, Andrew S., Brian J. Knaus, Niklaus J. Grünwald und Treena Burgess. „Population Genetic Structure and Cryptic Species ofPlasmopara viticolain Australia“. Phytopathology® 109, Nr. 11 (November 2019): 1975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-19-0146-r.
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Downy mildew of grape caused by Plasmopara viticola is a global pathogen of economic importance to commercial viticulture. In contrast to populations in the northern hemisphere, few studies have investigated the population biology, genetic diversity, and origin of the pathogen in Australian production systems. DNA was extracted from 381 P. viticola samples from Vitis vinifera and alternate hosts collected via fresh and herbarium leaves from populations within Australia and Whatman FTA cards from North America, Brazil, and Uruguay. A total of 32 DNA samples were provided from a French population. The populations were genotyped using 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Representative samples from within Australia, Brazil, and Uruguay were also genotyped to determine which of the cryptic species (clades) within the P. viticola species complex were present. Our findings suggest the Australian and South American populations of P. viticola are more closely related to the European population than the North American population, the reported source of origin of the pathogen. The Western Australian population had similarities to the South Australian population, and the tight clustering of samples suggests a single introduction into Western Australia. P. viticola clade aestivalis was the only clade detected in Australian and South American populations. Analysis of the Western Australian population suggests that it is reproducing clonally, but additional research is required to determine the mechanism as to how this is occurring.
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Carstens, E., C. C. Linde, R. Slabbert, A. K. Miles, N. J. Donovan, H. Li, K. Zhang et al. „A Global Perspective on the Population Structure and Reproductive System of Phyllosticta citricarpa“. Phytopathology® 107, Nr. 6 (Juni 2017): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-16-0292-r.
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The citrus pathogen Phyllosticta citricarpa was first described 117 years ago in Australia; subsequently, from the summer rainfall citrus-growing regions in China, Africa, and South America; and, recently, the United States. Limited information is available on the pathogen’s population structure, mode of reproduction, and introduction pathways, which were investigated by genotyping 383 isolates representing 12 populations from South Africa, the United States, Australia, China, and Brazil. Populations were genotyped using seven published and eight newly developed polymorphic simple-sequence repeat markers. The Chinese and Australian populations had the highest genetic diversities, whereas populations from Brazil, the United States, and South Africa exhibited characteristics of founder populations. The U.S. population was clonal. Based on principal coordinate and minimum spanning network analyses, the Chinese populations were distinct from the other populations. Population differentiation and clustering analyses revealed high connectivity and possibly linked introduction pathways between South Africa, Australia, and Brazil. With the exception of the clonal U.S. populations that only contained one mating type, all the other populations contained both mating types in a ratio that did not deviate significantly from 1:1. Although most populations exhibited sexual reproduction, linkage disequilibrium analyses indicated that asexual reproduction is important in the pathogen’s life cycle.
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Visser, Botma, Marcel Meyer, Robert F. Park, Christopher A. Gilligan, Laura E. Burgin, Matthew C. Hort, David P. Hodson und Zacharias A. Pretorius. „Microsatellite Analysis and Urediniospore Dispersal Simulations Support the Movement of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici from Southern Africa to Australia“. Phytopathology® 109, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-18-0110-r.
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The Australian wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) population was shaped by the introduction of four exotic incursions into the country. It was previously hypothesized that at least two of these (races 326-1,2,3,5,6 and 194-1,2,3,5,6 first detected in 1969) had an African origin and moved across the Indian Ocean to Australia on high-altitude winds. We provide strong supportive evidence for this hypothesis by combining genetic analyses and complex atmospheric dispersion modeling. Genetic analysis of 29 Australian and South African P. graminis f. sp. tritici races using microsatellite markers confirmed the close genetic relationship between the South African and Australian populations, thereby confirming previously described phenotypic similarities. Lagrangian particle dispersion model simulations using finely resolved meteorological data showed that long distance dispersal events between southern Africa and Australia are indeed possible, albeit rare. Simulated urediniospore transmission events were most frequent from central South Africa (viable spore transmission on approximately 7% of all simulated release days) compared with other potential source regions in southern Africa. The study acts as a warning of possible future P. graminis f. sp. tritici dispersal events from southern Africa to Australia, which could include members of the Ug99 race group, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance on both continents.
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Blacket, Mark J., Arati Agarwal, John Wainer, Maggie D. Triska, Michael Renton und Jacqueline Edwards. „Molecular Assessment of the Introduction and Spread of Potato Cyst Nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, in Victoria, Australia“. Phytopathology® 109, Nr. 4 (April 2019): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-18-0206-r.
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Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are damaging soilborne quarantine pests of potato in many parts of the world. There are two recognized species, Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis, with only the latter species—the golden cyst nematode—present in Australia. PCN was first discovered in Australia in 1986 in Western Australia, where it was subsequently eradicated and area freedom for market access was reinstated. In Victoria, PCN was first detected in 1991 east of Melbourne. Since then, it has been found in a small number of localized regions to the south and east. Strict quarantine controls have been in place since each new detection. It has previously been speculated that there were multiple separate introductions of PCN into Victoria. Our study utilized a historic (years 2001 to 2014) PCN cyst reference collection to examine genetic variability of Victorian PCN populations to investigate potential historical origins and subsequent changes in the populations that might inform patterns of spread. DNA was extracted from single larvae dissected from eggs within cysts and screened using nine previously described polymorphic microsatellite markers in two multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays. Sequence variation of the internal transcribed spacer region of the DNA was also assessed and compared with previously published data. A hierarchical sampling strategy was used, comparing variability of larvae within cysts, within paddocks, and between local regions. This sampling revealed very little differentiation between Victorian populations, which share the same microsatellite allelic variation, with differences between local regions probably reflecting changes in allele frequencies over time. Our molecular assessment supports a probable single localized introduction into Victoria followed by limited spread to nearby areas. The Australian PCN examined appear genetically distinct from populations previously sampled worldwide; thus, any new exotic incursions, potentially bringing in additional PCN pathotypes, should be easily differentiated from existing established local PCN populations.
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Schoch, Conrad L., Pedro W. Crous, Giancarlo Polizzi und Steven T. Koike. „Female Fertility and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Comparisons in Cylindrocladium pauciramosum“. Plant Disease 85, Nr. 9 (September 2001): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.9.941.
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Cylindrocladium pauciramosum is well established in South America, and has recently been collected from nurseries in South Africa, Italy, and the United States. Isolates were compared with respect to the percentages of hermaphrodites and the respective mating types in the different samples. Based on these data, the effective population size could be determined for the different areas studied. All nurseries had mating type ratios significantly different from an idealized 1:1 ratio. In the South African nursery, the MAT-1 mating type was dominant, while the MAT-2 mating type dominated in other samplings. This is consistent with an introduction of a small starter population. High percentages of hermaphrodites also agreed with recent introductions into nurseries in Italy and the United States. Variability of DNA sequences of the 5′ end of the β-tubulin gene from a set of C. pauciramosum isolates from different geographic regions was low to high. Isolates from South Africa, the United States, and Australia had identical β-tubulin DNA sequences; this sequence was also found in the Italian sample, along with another unique group. Finally, a group of isolates obtained from South and Central America had the highest variation of all isolates investigated, and also included isolates that shared single nucleotide variations with another species, C. candelabrum. These findings suggest that C. pauciramosum most likely has a Central or South American center of origin.
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Simon, Reinhard, Conghua H. Xie, Andrea Clausen, Shelley H. Jansky, Dennis Halterman, Tony Conner, Sandra Knapp, Jennifer Brundage, David Symon und David Spooner. „Wild and Cultivated Potato (Solanum sect. Petota) Escaped and Persistent Outside of its Natural Range“. Invasive Plant Science and Management 3, Nr. 3 (November 2010): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-09-00043.1.
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AbstractWild potato contains about 100 species that are native to the Americas from the southwestern United States to central Chile and adjacent Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and southern Brazil. We report the occurrence of naturalized populations of the wild potato Solanum chacoense in seven sites in southern Australia, eastern China, England, New Zealand, the eastern United States, central Peru, and east-central Argentina. Modeling similar climatic niches on the basis of the distribution of S. chacoense from South America shows that observations of naturalized S. chacoense overlap with predicted areas. A literature review reveals that although S. chacoense possesses traits typical of an invasive species, all populations presently appear to be contained near their site of introduction.
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Headley, T. R., D. O. Huett und L. Davison. „The removal of nutrients from plant nursery irrigation runoff in subsurface horizontal-flow wetlands“. Water Science and Technology 44, Nr. 11-12 (01.12.2001): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0812.
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In New South Wales (NSW) Australia, the recent introduction of legislation to control runoff and charge for water used in agricultural production has encouraged commercial plant nurseries to collect and recycle their irrigation drainage. Runoff from a nursery typically contains around 6 mg/L TN (> 70% as NO3), 0.5 mg/L TP (> 50% as PO4), and virtually no organic matter (BOD <5 mg/L; DOC <20 mg/L). As a result, algal blooms frequently occur in storage dams. This paper describes a study evaluating the effectiveness of subsurface flow wetlands in the removal of nutrients from nursery runoff on the sub-tropical northern coast of NSW, Australia. Four experimental subsurface flow wetlands (1 m×4 m×0.5 m water depth) were planted with Phragmites australis in April 1999. TN and TP load removals were > 84% and > 65% respectively at HRTs of between 5 and 2 days, with the majority of out-flowing TN and TP being organic in form. Internal generation of organic N and P resulted in persistent background levels of 0.45 mg/L TN and 0.15 mg/L TP in the reed bed effluent. TN, NH4 and TP removal was affected by HRT (P <0.05). Greater than 90% load removal of NH4, NO2, NO3 and Ortho-P was achieved at all HRTs, with outlet concentrations generally <0.01 mg/L for all. For TN, a strong relationship existed between removal rate (g/m2/day) and loading rate (r2=0.995), while a weaker relationship existed for TP (r2=0.47). It is estimated that a 1 ha nursery would require a reed bed area of 200 m2 for a 2 day HRT.
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Shearer, B. L., C. E. Crane, S. Barrett und A. Cochrane. „Phytophthora cinnamomi invasion, a major threatening process to conservation of flora diversity in the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia“. Australian Journal of Botany 55, Nr. 3 (2007): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06019.
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The invasive soilborne plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands is a major threatening process in the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia, an internationally recognised biodiversity hotspot. Comparatively recent introduction of P. cinnamomi into native plant communities of the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia since the early 1900s has caused great irreversible damage and altered successional change to a wide range of unique, diverse and mainly susceptible plant communities. The cost of P. cinnamomi infestation to community values is illustrated by examination of direct (mortality curves, changes in vegetation cover) and indirect impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics, the proportion of Threatened Ecological Communities infested, Declared Rare Flora either directly or indirectly threatened by infestation and estimates of the proportion of the native flora of the South-west Botanical Province susceptible to the pathogen. While direct impacts of P. cinnamomi have been poorly documented in the South-west Botanical Province, even less attention has been given to indirect impact where destruction of the habitat by the pathogen affects taxa not directly affected by infection. Current poor understanding and quantification of indirect impacts of P. cinnamomi through habitat destruction results in an underestimation of the true impact of the pathogen on the flora of the South-west Botanical Province. Considerable variation of susceptibility to P. cinnamomi among and within families of threatened flora and responses of taxa within the genus Lambertia show how classification within family and genus are poor predictors of species susceptibility. Within apparently susceptible plant species, individuals are resistant to P. cinnamomi infection. Intra-specific variation in susceptibility can be utilised in the long-term management of threatened flora populations and needs to be a high research priority. Current control strategies for conservation of flora threatened by P. cinnamomi integrate hygiene and ex situ conservation with disease control using fungicide. Application of the fungicide phosphite has proven effective in slowing progress of P. cinnamomi in infested, threatened communities. However, variation in plant species responses to phosphite application is a major factor influencing effective control of P. cinnamomi in native communities. A greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of phosphite in plant species showing different responses to the fungicide may provide options for prescription modification to increase phosphite effectiveness in a range of plant species. The range of responses to P. cinnamomi infection and phosphite application described for Lambertia taxa suggests that the genus would make an ideal model system to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance to P. cinnamomi and the effectiveness of phosphite against the pathogen.
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Baker, G. H., und C. R. Tann. „Broad-scale suppression of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), associated with Bt cotton crops in Northern New South Wales, Australia“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, Nr. 2 (23.11.2016): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000912.
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AbstractThe cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a major pest of many agricultural crops in several countries, including Australia. Transgenic cotton, expressing a single Bt toxin, was first used in the 1990s to control H. armigera and other lepidopteran pests. Landscape scale or greater pest suppression has been reported in some countries using this technology. However, a long-term, broad-scale pheromone trapping program for H. armigera in a mixed cropping region in eastern Australia caught more moths during the deployment of single Bt toxin cotton (Ingard®) (1996–2004) than in previous years. This response can be attributed, at least in part, to (1) a precautionary cap (30% of total cotton grown, by area) being applied to Ingard® to restrict the development of Bt resistance in the pest, and (2) during the Ingard® era, cotton production greatly increased (as did that of another host plant, sorghum) and H. armigera (in particular the 3rd and older generations) responded in concert with this increase in host plant availability. However, with the replacement of Ingard® with Bollgard II® cotton (containing two different Bt toxins) in 2005, and recovery of the cotton industry from prevailing drought, H. armigera failed to track increased host-plant supply and moth numbers decreased. Greater toxicity of the two gene product, introduction of no cap on Bt cotton proportion, and an increase in natural enemy abundance are suggested as the most likely mechanisms responsible for the suppression observed.
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Akinniyi, Ganiyu, Jeonghee Lee, Hiyoung Kim, Joon-Goo Lee und Inho Yang. „A Medicinal Halophyte Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linn.) R. Br.: A Review of Its Botany, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Bioactivity“. Marine Drugs 20, Nr. 5 (17.05.2022): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20050329.
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Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linn.) R. Br. (Convolvulaceae) is a halophytic plant that favorably grows in tropical and subtropical countries in Asia, America, Africa, and Australia. Even though this plant is considered a pan-tropical plant, I. pes-caprae has been found to occur in inland habitats and coasts of wider areas, such as Spain, Anguilla, South Africa, and Marshall Island, either through a purposeful introduction, accidentally by dispersal, or by spreading due to climate change. The plant parts are used in traditional medicine for treating a wide range of diseases, such as inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders, pain, and hypertension. Previous phytochemical analyses of the plant have revealed pharmacologically active components, such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. These phytoconstituents are responsible for the wide range of biological activities possessed by I. pes-caprae plant parts and extracts. This review arranges the previous reports on the botany, distribution, traditional uses, chemical constituents, and biological activities of I. pes-caprae to facilitate further studies that would lead to the discovery of novel bioactive natural products from this halophyte.
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Turner, Neil C., Nicholas Molyneux, Sen Yang, You-Cai Xiong und Kadambot H. M. Siddique. „Climate change in south-west Australia and north-west China: challenges and opportunities for crop production“. Crop and Pasture Science 62, Nr. 6 (2011): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10372.
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Predictions from climate simulation models suggest that by 2050 mean temperatures on the Loess Plateau of China will increase by 2.5 to 3.75°C, while those in the cropping region of south-west Australia will increase by 1.25 to 1.75°C. By 2050, rainfall is not expected to change on the Loess Plateau of China, while in south-west Australia rainfall is predicted to decrease by 20 to 60 mm. The frequency of heat waves and dry spells is predicted to increase in both regions. The implications of rising temperatures are an acceleration of crop phenology and a reduction in crop yields, greater risk of reproductive failure from extreme temperatures, and greater risk of crop failure. The reduction in yield from increased phenological development can be countered by selecting longer-season cultivars and taking advantage of warmer minimum temperatures and reduced frost risk to plant earlier than with current temperatures. Breeding for tolerance of extreme temperatures will be necessary to counter the increased frequency of extreme temperatures, while a greater emphasis on breeding for increased drought resistance and precipitation-use efficiency will lessen the impact of reduced rainfall. Management options likely to be adopted in south-west Australia include the introduction of drought-tolerant perennial fodder species and shifting cropping to higher-rainfall areas. On the Loess Plateau of China, food security is paramount so that an increased area of heat-tolerant and high-yielding maize, mulching with residues and plastic film, better weed and pest control and strategic use of supplemental irrigation to improve rainfall-use efficiency are likely to be adopted.
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Reed, K. F. M. „Perennial pasture grasses—an historical review of their introduction, use and development for southern Australia“. Crop and Pasture Science 65, Nr. 8 (2014): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13284.
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The development and use of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum Darbysh.) in the high-rainfall zone and the wheat–sheep zone is reviewed through the pastoral era of extensive grazing (from European settlement to ~1930), the expansive era of pasture improvement (1930–80) and in the modern era. Their adoption, in conjunction with inoculated clover seed, rose steadily in specifically Australian systems of animal production, designed with an appreciation of the environment, and aided by technical developments such as single-disc and aerial spreaders for mineral fertiliser, chemical fallowing and direct-drilling. These species remain vital contributors to the competitive productivity of Australia’s cattle and sheep industries. Perennial ryegrass (~6 Mha by 1994) and cocksfoot emerged as the most important after a wide range of species was introduced through the 19th Century; many of these became naturalised. Regional strains of perennial ryegrass were subsequently selected for commercialisation in Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania. In the modern era, persistent ecotypes were harnessed to breed persistent cultivars. Vision to both improve grass persistence and extend the area of adaptation encouraged the adoption of phalaris (~2.7 Mha by 2009) and, to a lesser extent, early-flowering types of cocksfoot and tall fescue, particularly for the marginal-rainfall, wheat–sheep zone. The sowing of grass and clover seed expanded after the wide adoption of superphosphate, which became recognised as essential for correcting the severe deficiency of soil phosphorus and nitrogen associated with ancient, intensely weathered soils. The initial and dramatic response of clover to superphosphate increased farm revenue, so fostering a phase in which perennial grasses could be successfully sown, due to having the benefit of (biologically fixed) nitrogen. The influence of European practice, agricultural societies, the Welsh Plant Breeding Station, CSIRO, universities, state Departments of Agriculture, collaborative arrangements and individuals that nurtured and managed pasture technology, plant breeding, cultivar registration and evaluation are outlined. Future considerations emerging from the review include monitoring the national pasture inventory, promotion of the great potential for increasing livestock carrying capacity, cultivar discrimination and information, relevance of models, and national coordination of collaborative research.
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Chang-Fung-Martel, J., M. T. Harrison, R. Rawnsley, A. P. Smith und H. Meinke. „The impact of extreme climatic events on pasture-based dairy systems: a review“. Crop and Pasture Science 68, Nr. 12 (2017): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16394.
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Extreme climatic events such as heat waves, extreme rainfall and prolonged dry periods are a significant challenge to the productivity and profitability of dairy systems. Despite projections of more frequent extreme events, increasing temperatures and reduced precipitation, studies on the impact of these extreme climatic events on pasture-based dairy systems remain uncommon. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has estimated Australia to be one of the most negatively impacted regions with additional studies estimating Australian production losses of around 16% in the agricultural sector and 9–19% between the present and 2050 in the south-eastern dairy regions of Australia due to climate change. Here we review the literature on the impact of climate change on pasture-based dairy systems with particular focus on extreme climatic events. We provide an insight into current methods for assessing and quantifying heat stress highlighting the impacts on pastures and animals including the associated potential productivity losses and conclude by outlining potential adaptation strategies for improving the resilience of the whole-farm systems to climate change. Adapting milking routines, calving systems and the introduction of heat stress tolerant dairy cow breeds are some proposed strategies. Changes in pasture production would also include alternative pasture species better adapted to climate extremes such as heat waves and prolonged periods of water deficit. In order to develop effective adaptation strategies we also need to focus on issues such as water availability, animal health and associated energy costs.
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Rozefelds, A. C. F., L. Cave, D. I. Morris und A. M. Buchanan. „The weed invasion in Tasmania since 1970“. Australian Journal of Botany 47, Nr. 1 (1999): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97054.
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Tasmanian Herbarium (HO) collections are shown to provide temporal and distributional data to monitor weed introductions into the State flora during the last 25 years. Information obtained from herbarium collections, the botanical literature, and anecdotal sources indicates that since 1970, 159 new plant taxa have been recorded as naturalised in Tasmania, bringing to a total over 740 weed species recorded from the State. Most of these species are from the families Poaceae (15.1%), Fabaceae (10.1%), Asteraceae (6.9%), Cyperaceae (5.7%), Rosaceae s.l. (5.0%), Caryophyllaceae and Liliaceae s.l. (3.8% each), Iridaceae (3.1%), and Juncaceae and Ranunculaceae (2.5% each). While for many taxa the mechanisms for introduction remain unknown, at least 35% were introduced as ornamentals, and some 5% arrived through agricultural practices. Of the 159 species, 19 are known only from Tasmania and have not been recorded from the Australian mainland. The majority of weeds are of European origin, with a high proportion being from Africa, North and South America, and mainland Australia, in that order. This study demonstrates that even with the current quarantine controls a large number of weed species have been introduced to the State flora in the last 25 years, and a considerable number of these species are recognised as potential environmental weeds. The number of new weed species recognised is also possibly due, in part, to more collections of weeds being undertaken in recent years. As a large percentage of the weeds identified are ornamentals, stricter controls on the introductions of new ornamentals may be needed. Some of the limitations of using herbarium collections to assess weed introductions are also discussed.
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Morrison, SM, und JK Scott. „Variation in Populations of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) .2. Chromosome Numbers“. Australian Journal of Botany 44, Nr. 2 (1996): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960191.
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Variation in chromosome number was investigated as part of a study to identify the origins of the widespread weed and potential biological control target Tribulus terrestris L. s.1. (Zygophyllaceae). Three ploidy levels, tetraploid 2n = 24, hexaploid 2n = 36 and octoploid 2n = 48, were detected in 24 Australian and 24 overseas collections. Northern Territory and Queensland collections, possibly representing a native species of Tribulus, had counts of 2n = c. 24. The majority of collections of T. terrestris in southern and north-western regions of Australia had counts of 2n = c. 36, but two collections had counts of 2n = c. 24. Collections from South Africa and Namibia also had a mixture of tetraploid and hexaploid forms. The USA, Mediterranean and West Asian samples (except for three Kuwait samples) were all hexaploid. All Indian and three Kuwait samples were the only octoploid collections observed. These ploidy levels agree with those previously reported for T. terrestris. It was concluded that the polyploid complex has an allopolyploid origin. The predominantly hexaploid collections in Australia indicate an overseas origin, and the presence of two tetraploid collections points to two or more separate introductions of T. terrestris into Australia. Counts for T. micrococcus and T. occidentalis were 2n = c. 48, which provide further evidence for a base number of x = 6 or 12 for the genus.
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D’Archino, Roberta, und Giuseppe C. Zuccarello. „Two red macroalgae newly introduced into New Zealand: Pachymeniopsis lanceolata (K. Okamura) Y. Yamada ex S. Kawabata and Fushitsunagia catenata Filloramo et G. W. Saunders“. Botanica Marina 64, Nr. 2 (31.03.2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2021-0013.
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Abstract Introductions of macroalgae are becoming more common with increased surveillance and the use of molecular tools to unequivocally identify invaders. We here report two non-indigenous macroalgal species newly confirmed to be present in New Zealand. Pachymeniopsis lanceolata is an irregularly divided foliose blade, first detected in Lyttleton Harbour/Whakaraupō, South Island but here also reported from the North Island. It has known introductions from its native range in Pacific Asia to the Mediterranean, Atlantic and the eastern Pacific. The introduced cox3 haplotype was also found in New Zealand, suggesting a secondary introduction from a previous introduced area, but we also found a novel haplotype in the North Island suggesting a case of multiple introductions. Fushitsunagia catenata, a recent segregate from Lomentaria, was also first detected in Whakaraupō and was initially identified as a species of Champia. RbcL data shows that it belongs to F. catenata. This species is also of Asian origin and has been known to have been introduced to Spain, Mexico, and Australia. We provide morphological and reproductive descriptions of the species in New Zealand. Continued surveillance, and follow up monitoring, are needed to track the expansion and effects of these macroalgae on native biotas.
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Masri, T., und D. R. Paudyal. „DEVELOPMENT OF 3D CADASTRE IN NEW SOUTH WALES THROUGH E-PLAN LODGEMENT“. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-4-2021 (17.06.2021): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-4-2021-139-2021.
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Abstract. With rapid growth of urban environments worldwide, there is an increasing need to develop more innovative and efficient land administration systems. In Australia, various jurisdictions are currently in the process of implementing 3D cadastre to support better land administration services to the wider community. The ‘Cadastre 2034 Strategy’ published by the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) for Australia in 2014 indicates that a digital cadastre will be implemented as part of that strategy. As part of development of 3D cadastre, State of New South Wales has used the ePlan model based on LandXML for digital lodgement and validation of cadastral plans. This initiative aims to replace PDF cadastral plans with the digital format of LandXML. However, with the introduction of LandXML as the chosen formats for digital cadastral plans in NSW, there has been a significantly low level of Strata Plan digital capture and submission in LandXML format by the surveying industry. The research aims to identify the main challenges and explore a suitable method to improve the adoption of the digital format for Strata Plan submission and development of 3D cadastre in NSW. In this research paper, a mixed method research approach has been used by integrating both qualitative and quantitative data. The primary data was collected using online questionnaires and surveys of different stakeholders from government and the private surveying industry. The data allowed for the assessment of the effectiveness and implications of the digital system currently maintained by the NSW LRS (Land Registry Services). A case study was used for the creation, validation and lodgement of an existing strata plan using LandXML format. This paper demonstrates that implementation of 3D digital cadastral plans needs to be more structured in order to satisfy all stakeholders involved. More investment into the representation of complex 3D geometric models and classification for validation will improve the uptake by surveyors. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of the proposed strata plan implementation strategy and proposes future research within the topic of strata plan validation in NSW, Australia.
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Wang, Chun-Jing, Ji-Zhong Wan, Hong Qu und Zhi-Xiang Zhang. „Modelling plant invasion pathways in protected areas under climate change: implication for invasion management“. Web Ecology 17, Nr. 2 (20.12.2017): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-17-69-2017.
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Abstract. Global climate change may enable invasive plant species (IPS) to invade protected areas (PAs), but plant invasion on a global scale has not yet been explicitly addressed. Here, we mapped the potential invasion pathways for IPS in PAs across the globe and explored potential factors determining the pathways of plant invasion under climate change. We used species distribution modelling to estimate the suitable habitats of 386 IPS and applied a corridor analysis to compute the potential pathways of IPS in PAs under climate change. Subsequently, we analysed the potential factors affecting the pathways in PAs. According to our results, the main potential pathways of IPS in PAs are in Europe, eastern Australia, New Zealand, southern Africa, and eastern regions of South America and are strongly influenced by changes in temperature and precipitation. Protected areas can play an important role in preventing and controlling the spread of IPS under climate change. This is due to the fact that measures are taken to monitor climate change in detail, to provide effective management near or inside PAs, and to control the introduction of IPS with a high capacity for natural dispersal. A review of conservation policies in PAs is urgently needed.
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Carpenter, Chris. „Natural Gas Has Role in Decarbonizing the Australian Electricity Supply“. Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, Nr. 07 (01.07.2021): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0721-0069-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202210, “Future Roles for Natural Gas in Decarbonizing the Australian Electricity Supply Within the NEM: Total System Costs Are Key,” by Stephanie Byrom, University of Queensland; Geoffrey Bongers, Gamma Energy Technology; and Andy Boston, Red Vector, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Perth, Australia, 20–22 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Electricity systems around the world are changing, with the Paris Agreement of 2015 a catalyst for much current change. The Australian government ratified the agreement by committing to 26–28% emissions reductions below 2005 levels by 2030. Reduction in emissions from electricity generation has become the focus of these targets. To decarbonize the grid to meet targets while building firm, dispatchable generation capacity to support the system, a new metric is required to measure success. The complete paper explores the outputs of the model of energy and grid services (MEGS), illustrating outcomes if a single technology group is favored. Introduction The majority of electricity in the Australian National Energy Market (NEM) is provided by synchronous thermal power generation, which also has delivered services required for grid stability such as inertia and frequency control. The NEM commenced operation in December 1998 and includes five regional market jurisdictions: Queensland, New South Wales (including the Australian Capital Territory), Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania. In 2020, the NEM incorporated approximately 40,000 km of transmission lines and cables, connecting approximately 57 GW of generation capacity to consumers. This thermal generation mostly has consisted of coal- and gas-based technologies. Electricity grids are also changing from largely centralized electricity generation systems to more decentralized ones and from unidirectional electricity flows to bidirectional flows as part of the effort to reduce emissions. However, with increasing penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE) generation, it is important to plan for and manage generation-asset investment to track the lowest possible total system cost and highest reliability path to a low-emissions future. A Competent, Diverse Grid A competent electricity grid is one that can keep the lights on, so to speak, within the legislated tolerance for outages and performance. A competent grid is adequate, reliable, secure, operable, and robust against externally driven disruptions. In practice, the reliability of the electricity grid often seems to be taken for granted; however, it is an essential element of the modern economy, and, with a changing grid, reliability is increasingly important. When a decision must be made to build or replace an individual power plant, stakeholders (individual investors) have traditionally considered the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the alternative generation options, which di-vides the total cost of an installation or plant by the kilowatt-hours it produces over its lifetime. However, metrics such as LCOE, based on grid-independent formulae to help power plant investors to maximize returns, are inappropriate for comparing technologies that deliver and demand a complex menu of services specific to the grid. A different metric is required to evaluate each technology’s contribution to the grid.
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Sallam, Nader, Etik Mar'ati Achadian, Ari Kristini, Rob Magarey und Emily Deomano. „Population Dynamics of Sugarcane Moth Borers in Indonesian Cane Fields“. Indonesian Sugar Research Journal 1, Nr. 1 (30.07.2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54256/isrj.v1i1.14.
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We conducted monthly monitoring of lepidopterous moth borers in four sugarcane fields in Java, Indonesia, from May 2009 to May 2011. Fields sampled belonged to Pesantren Baru, Jombang Baru, Gondang Baru and Subang sugar factories. Three main moth borer species were found to inflict damage to sugarcane plantations in all regions, and these are the stalk borers Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer) and Chilo auricilius Dudgeon and the top borer Scirpophaga excerptalis (Walker). Tetramoera (Eucosma) schistaceana (Snellen) was also encountered but only caused minor damage. Borer populations increased with plant age and reached a peak around January – May in most cases, with the onset of rainfall triggering population rise. All borers coexisted in the same plant with no evidence of competition between the two stalk borers (C. sacchariphagus and C. auricilius) over their specific feeding location (internode) or between the two stalk borers and the top borer (S. excerptalis) over the same plant. This suggests that an infestation by one species does not make the plant less desirable to be colonised by another. Parasitism rates by natural enemies were very low which reflects the challenges facing biological control efforts in Java. Knowledge generated through this project will improve our understanding of borer dynamics in South East Asia and will enhance our preparedness for potential introduction by any of these pests into Australia
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Ryan, SA, KE Moseby und DC Paton. „Comparative foraging preferences of the greater stick-nest rat Leporillus conditor and the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus: implications for regeneration of arid lands.“ Australian Mammalogy 25, Nr. 2 (2003): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am03135.
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Dietary preferences of the greater stick-nest rat (Leporillus conditor) and the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were compared using cafeteria trials and direct observations. Despite overlap, these species exhibited differences in dietary preference. L. conditor showed a strong preference for chenopod shrub species and other plant species with a high water content including Gunniopsis quadrifida and Calandrinia remota. L. conditor also preferred female bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria) foliage to male. O. cuniculus ate a greater selection of plant species in most trials with their most preferred species including mulga (Acacia aneura), Salsola kali and Calandrinia remota. Both O. cuniculus and L. conditor preferred seedlings of perennial species to adult cuttings. L. conditor has recently been re-introduced to a 14 km� O. cuniculus, cat (Felis catus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) proof exclosure in the arid zone of South Australia. The re-introduction of this herbivore and the removal of exotic herbivores may change the vegetation structure and composition within the exclosure by restricting growth of some succulent chenopod species but allowing the regeneration of tall shrub species such as Acacia aneura which are usually limited by O. cuniculus grazing.
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Wells, Fred. „Monitoring for introduced marine pests for the Gorgon LNG Project“. APPEA Journal 51, Nr. 2 (2011): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10054.
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Chevron Australia Pty Ltd is constructing a major gas processing plant at Barrow Island, WA. There are also substantial marine environmental values along with the widely known terrestrial environmental values of Barrow Island. Chevron has adopted an extensive, proactive program to protect the Barrow Island marine environment from introduced marine pest species (IMP), including mechanisms to prevent their arrival, a monitoring program to detect any IMP that do arrive, and action plans to be used should a pest species be detected. A monitoring strategy based on the national IMP monitoring protocols has been developed for Barrow Island. Remote operated vehicle (ROV) transects are made at six monthly intervals, at a combination of sites within and outside operational areas. The ROV surveys are supplemented by beam trawl sampling of biota in sandy areas. Quarterly monitoring occurs at four sites along the east coast of Barrow Island, using shoreline visual searches, settlement plates and sediment cores for toxic dinoflagellates. A similar quarterly sampling program has been established at the major supply bases at Henderson, south of Perth, and Dampier. This is to provide early warning should an IMP be detected in either locality. The combination of prevention, monitoring and response is a cutting edge response designed to prevent the introduction of IMP to Barrow Island waters.
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Guo, Liyun, Xiao-Qiong Zhu, Chia-Hui Hu und Jean Beagle Ristaino. „Genetic Structure of Phytophthora infestans Populations in China Indicates Multiple Migration Events“. Phytopathology® 100, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2010): 997–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-09-0126.
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One hundred isolates of Phytophthora infestans collected from 10 provinces in China between 1998 and 2004 were analyzed for mating type, metalaxyl resistance, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, allozyme genotype, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with the RG-57 probe. In addition, herbarium samples collected in China, Russia, Australia, and other Asian countries were also typed for mtDNA haplotype. The Ia haplotype was found during the first outbreaks of the disease in China (1938 and 1940), Japan (1901, 1930, and 1931), India (1913), Peninsular Malaysia (1950), Nepal (1954), The Philippines (1910), Australia (1917), Russia (1917), and Latvia (1935). In contrast, the Ib haplotype was found after 1950 in China on both potato and tomato (1952, 1954, 1956, and 1982) and in India (1968 and 1974). Another migration of a genotype found in Siberia called SIB-1 (Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase [Gpi] 100/100, Peptidase [Pep] 100/100, IIa mtDNA haplotype) was identified using RFLP fingerprints among 72% of the isolates and was widely distributed in the north and south of China and has also been reported in Japan. A new genotype named CN-11 (Gpi 100/111, Pep 100/100, IIb mtDNA haplotype), found only in the south of China, and two additional genotypes (Gpi 100/100, Pep 100/100, Ia mtDNA haplotype) named CN-9 and CN-10 were identified. There were more diverse genotypes among isolates from Yunnan province than elsewhere. The SIB-1 (IIa) genotype is identical to those from Siberia, suggesting later migration of this genotype from either Russia or Japan into China. The widespread predominance of SIB-1 suggests that this genotype has enhanced fitness compared with other genotypes found. Movement of the pathogen into China via infected seed from several sources most likely accounts for the distribution of pathogen genotypes observed. MtDNA haplotype evidence and RFLP data suggest multiple migrations of the pathogen into China after the initial introduction of the Ia haplotype in the 1930s.
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Groves, RH, PJ Hocking und A. Mcmahon. „Distribution of Biomass, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Other Nutrients in Banksia marginata and B. ornata Shoots of Different Ages After Fire.“ Australian Journal of Botany 34, Nr. 6 (1986): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860709.
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The heathland form of Banksia marginata Cav. regenerates rarely from seed but commonly by resprout- ing from buds on lateral roots, whereas Banksia ornata F. Muell. regenerates only from seed, usually released after fire. The two species co-occur in heath vegetation on nutrient-poor soils in south-eastern South Australia and western Victoria. Shoots were sampled from stands of B. marginata aged from 1 to 25 years and of B. ornata aged from 1 to 50+ years after fire in the Little Desert National Park, western Victoria. B. marginata, the resprouter, distributed a greater proportion of the total shoot dry matter and content of all nutrients to vegetative growth over its shorter life span than B. ornata, the non-sprouter. About 50% of the total phosphorus in B. ornata shoots at 50+ years was present in cones (including seeds) compared with only about 20% in B. marginata shoots at a comparable stage of senescence (25 years). This difference between the species was also true to a lesser degree for nitrogen. There were considerable differences between other nutrients in their distribution patterns in shoots. Nutrients could be grouped together on the basis of distribution in shoots more satisfactorily than on presumed physio- logical roles. Stems were major sites of nutrient accumulation in both species. The content of a particular nutrient in seeds as a proportion of the content in the living parts of the shoot ranged from 0.03% (Na, Mn) to 2.0% (P) in B. marginata, and from 0.3% (Na) to as high as 31% (P) in B. ornata. Concen- trations of all nutrients except sodium were much higher in seeds than in the woody cones or vegetative organs of both species; seeds of B. ornata were particularly rich in calcium and manganese. We conclude that the different patterns of distribution of biomass and nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, within shoots of the two species reflect their different regenerative modes after fire. Introduction Phosphorus and, to a lesser extent, nitrogen limit the growth of sclerophyllous shrubs on nutrient-poor soils in southern Australia
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Barut, Meropy, Jean Raar und Mohammad I. Azim. „Biodiversity and local government: a reporting and accountability perspective“. Managerial Auditing Journal 31, Nr. 2 (01.02.2016): 197–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-08-2014-1082.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to illuminate the disclosure of biodiversity material contained in the reported information of 151 local government authorities (LGAs) in New South Wales, Australia. The introduction of the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (an international treaty to sustain the rich diversity of life on earth) has made the issue of fauna management and monitoring, and the associated requirement for cost-effective information, much more important. As local communities are best placed to make decisions about the protection of their local environments, the content in external reports and other disclosures allows stakeholders to gauge how accountable LGAs are regarding the conservation of biodiversity within their geographical jurisdiction. Design/methodology/approach – Content analysis was used to analyze the disclosures of these LGAs. Findings – The results reveal marked differences in the reporting of biodiversity issues. In fact, LGAs in the state of New South Wales (Australia) have been, at best, lukewarm in their disclosure of strategic information relating to biodiversity, particularly in their strategic goals and plans. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the academic literature on biodiversity reporting by investigating existing reporting practices and providing evidence that a universally adopted framework for biodiversity reporting and reporting of local native fauna is required. In particular, the impacts of these practices need to be properly understood for LGAs to provide accountability to their stakeholders.
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Lefroy, E. C., F. Flugge, A. Avery und I. Hume. „Potential of current perennial plant-based farming systems to deliver salinity management outcomes and improve prospects for native biodiversity: a review“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, Nr. 11 (2005): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04160.
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Existing perennial plant-based farming systems are examined within 4 climatic zones in southern Australia (western winter rainfall, south-eastern low to medium rainfall, south-eastern high rainfall and northern summer rainfall) to assess their potential to improve the management of dryland salinity. If profit is to be the primary driver of adoption, it appears that the available options (lucerne and other perennial pastures, farm forestry, saltland pastures and forage shrubs) will fall short of existing hydrological targets with the exception of the higher rainfall zones. In the 3 eastern zones, the need to preserve fresh water flows to permanent river systems places limitations on the use of perennial plants, while the higher proportion of regional groundwater flow systems increases response times and heightens the need for regional coordination of effort. In the western zone, the prevalence of local and intermediate ground water flow systems increases effectiveness of individual action. Research into new perennial land use systems has been characterised by an emphasis on water use over profit resulting from poor dialogue between paddock, farm and catchment scales. Exploring the water use implications of land use systems that are potentially viable at farm scale is a more promising approach than focusing on the opportunity cost of catchment scale intervention. Perennial plant-based farming systems present both threats and opportunities to native biodiversity. The major threat is the introduction of new environmental weeds. The opportunities are potential improvements in vegetative cover, food sources and habitat for the native biota, but only where nature conservation goals can influence the structural complexity, composition and location of new land use systems.
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Mathews, Ky L., Richard Trethowan, Andrew W. Milgate, Thomas Payne, Maarten van Ginkel, Jose Crossa, Ian DeLacy, Mark Cooper und Scott C. Chapman. „Indirect selection using reference and probe genotype performance in multi-environment trials“. Crop and Pasture Science 62, Nr. 4 (2011): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10318.
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There is a substantial challenge in identifying appropriate cultivars from databases for introduction into a breeding program. We propose an indirect selection procedure that illustrates how strategically designed multi-environment trials, linked to historical performance databases, can identify germplasm to meet objectives of plant breeding programs. Two strategies for indirect selection of germplasm from the International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center’s (CIMMYT) trial database were developed based on reference and probe genotype sets included in the International Adaptation Trial (IAT). The IAT was designed to improve the understanding of relationships among global spring wheat (Triticum spp.) locations. Grain yield (t/ha) data were collated from 183 IAT trials grown in 40 countries (including Australia) between 2001 and 2004. The reference genotype set strategy used the genetic correlations among locations in the IAT to identify locations similar to a target environment. For a key southern Australian breeding location, Roseworthy, the number of cultivars targeted for selection was reduced to 35% of the original 1252. The Irrigated Winter Cereals Trials (2008–09) aimed to identify high yield potential lines in south-eastern Australian irrigated environments. Thirty-five CIMMYT cultivars identified using the reference genotype selection strategy were grown in this trial series. In all trials, the proportion of CIMMYT cultivars in the top 20% yielding lines exceeded the expected proportion, 0.20. The probe genotype strategy utilised contrasting line yield responses to assess the occurrence of soil-borne stresses such as root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thorneii) and boron toxicity. For these stresses, the number of targeted cultivars was reduced to 25% and 83% of the original 1252, respectively.
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Bougoure, Jeremy, Mark Brundrett, Andrew Brown und Pauline F. Grierson. „Habitat characteristics of the rare underground orchid Rhizanthella gardneri“. Australian Journal of Botany 56, Nr. 6 (2008): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08031.
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Rhizanthella gardneri R.S.Rogers is an entirely subterranean mycoheterotrophic orchid known only from two isolated populations within south-western Western Australia (WA). This rare species appears restricted to habitats dominated by species of the Melaleuca uncinata complex. R. gardneri purportedly forms a tripartite relationship with Melaleuca1, via a connecting mycorrhizal fungus, for the purpose of carbohydrate and nutrient acquisition. Here, we quantify key climate, soil and vegetation characteristics of known R. gardneri habitats to provide baseline data for monitoring of known R. gardneri populations, to better understand how R. gardneri interacts with its habitat and to identify possible new sites for R. gardneri introduction. We found that the habitats of the two known R. gardneri populations show considerable differences in soil chemistry, Melaleuca structure and Melaleuca productivity. Multivariate analyses showed that both multidimensional scaling (MDS) and principal components analysis (PCA) ordinations of soil chemical characteristics were very similar. Individual sites within populations were relatively similar in all attributes measured, whereas overall northern and southern habitats were distinct from each other. These results suggest that R. gardneri can tolerate a range of conditions and may be more widespread than previously thought, given that there are extensive areas of Melaleuca thickets with similar habitat characteristics across south-western WA. Variability within the habitats of known R. gardneri populations suggests translocation of this species into sites with similar vegetation may be a viable option for the survival of this species.
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Kaplin, V. G. „DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGY OF INVASIVE SPECIES OF BEAN BRUCHID <i>ACANTHOSCELIDES OBTECTUS</i> (INSECTA, COLEOPTERA, BRUCHIDAE)“. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions 14, Nr. 4 (26.11.2021): 54–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/1996-1499-2021-14-4-54-76.
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The review of literary sources on ecology, biology, distribution of bean bruchid ( Acanthoscelides obtectus ) and its main food plant - Phaseolus vulgaris in North and South America; Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and more details in Russia; the influence of abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors on the invasive process, phytosanitary condition of common bean crops in Russia is presented. Some aspects of the invader management are shown. The main stages and areas of cultivation of common bean and invasion of bean bruchid from their primary habitat in South America and in the south of North America are traced; the vectors and reasons causing them are considered. In Russia, the economic importance of bean bruchid has increased since the mid-1980s, which coincided with the climate warming; there was an expansion of its distribution in the eastern and north-western directions. At the last decades of the 20th century, it had penetrated in Smolensk and in the south part of the Tver and the Tomsk regions. With the increase in production of beans in Russia, the lack of systemic protection from bean bruchid and further increase of climate warming will contribute to the extension of its range to the north in the European part of Russia and the Urals to 57-58° N. Lat., where the conditions of the summer period are favorable for development of common bean and bean bruchid. To the east, it may spread to Tyva, Buryatia, the Trans-Baikal territory, the Amur region, the Jewish Autonomous region, and the southern part of the Khabarovsk territory. With the introduction of strict internal quarantine and a system of protection of common bean from this pest, which prevents the spread of infected dry bean, on the contrary, it is possible to reduce the distribution range of the bean bruchid, with its disappearance in the Siberian, Ural districts, Bashkortostan and Tatarstan.
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Reid, J., und M. Fleming. „The conservation status of birds in arid Australia.“ Rangeland Journal 14, Nr. 2 (1992): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9920065.
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The impression has been given in previous studies that there are few bird conservation problems in the arid zone, particularly because not one of a total of 230 species has become extinct. In stark contrast, almost half of the native terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Australian arid zone has become extinct on the mainland since European occupation. Here we show that the status of one half of the avifauna has changed since European occupation, and conclude there are many threats to avian biodiversity at the regional scale in the arid zone. There are 19 species (8%) in the arid zone classified as rare and threatened nationally. Twelve more (5%) are uncommon species which have declined or are at risk in two or more regions. A further 40 species (17%) have declined in at least one arid region, although many of these remain common and some have increased elsewhere in arid Australia. At least 45 species (20%) have increased in range or abundance, including a suite of ground-feeding birds associated with degraded landscapes. Striking patterns emerged from analysis of 29 threatened and declining species: • birds associated with chenopod shrublands and grassy, riparian or floodplain environments have been most affected whereas mulga inhabitants and canopy-dwellers of riparian woodland have been little affected; • birds generally with a northem distribution have declined in the south of the arid zone and birds with a southern distribution have declined in the north of the arid zone, and these patterns contrast with many birds with a southern or continental distribution which have declined more in southern semiarid regions than within the arid zone itself; • birds which feed at ground and low shrub height have been most adversely affected; • sedentary bushbirds (passerines) are more at risk than nomads and their limited mobility seems to be a risk factor; • among non-passerines, parrots, cockatoos and pigeons are most at risk, while three passerine families stand out, namely wrens, quail-thrushes, and thornbills and allies; • contrary to findings for mammals, size does not generally appear to be an important risk factor. Land degradation and habitat alteration such as shifts in abundance or dominance of plant species caused by the introduction of exotic herbivores appear to be the principal factors causing change in status while the provision of reliable water sources in pastoral districts is also important. Introduced predators are implicated in some cases and altered fire regimes may have played a part in spinifex and mallee habitats. Competitive interactions between increasing and declining species, although not demonstrated, appear to be likely for some species. We have documented a hitherto unsuspected degree of change in avian biodiversity in the Australian arid zone. In the absence of widespread regeneration of dominant plant species in the southern arid zone, the decline of many arid zone birds will accelerate dramatically. Also, unless better management ensues, the next major drought could cause accelerated declines and extinctions. We advocate a range of measures designed to improve the conservation prospects for arid Australian birds, including lower stocking rates on pastoral properties, rehabilitation of critical habitats and their protection from exotic herbivores, experimental research on the impact of grazing and predation, and monitoring of both threatened species and a range of sedentary passerines typically associated with representative habitats in the arid zone.
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Wilf, Peter. „From Patagonia to Indonesia: plant fossils highlight West Gondwanan legacy in the Malesian flora“. Berita Sedimentologi 47, Nr. 3 (28.12.2021): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51835/bsed.2021.47.3.367.
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Rainforests with the chinquapin Castanopsis and the yellowwood conifer Dacrycarpus occur today throughout Indonesia and the larger Malesian ecoregion, but they represent, in part, a history of survival stretching tens of millions of years and thousands of kilometers to the palaeo-Antarctic. Unlike New World and African tropical rainforests, the Malesian flora’s history is closely tied to tectonic introductions from exotic terranes, and thus, much palaeobotanical data about the origins of the Malesian rainforest comes from those terranes. For example, South America, Antarctica, and Australia remained adjacent until the Eocene final separation of Gondwana, and warm climates promoted high-latitude dispersals among those landmasses. Australia’s subsequent northward movement led to the late Oligocene Sahul-Sunda collision and the uplift of New Guinea, allowing the introductions into Malesia of survivor taxa that were once widespread in mesic Gondwanan rainforests. In Patagonian Argentina, the prolific Laguna del Hunco (52.2 Ma) site preserves abundant and well-preserved fossils of an unexpectedly large number of lineages whose living relatives characteristically associate in perhumid, lower montane “oak-laurel” rainforests of Malesia, especially in New Guinea. These taxa include the angiosperms Castanopsis (Fagaceae), Gymnostoma (rhu, Casuarinaceae), Alatonucula (extinct engelhardioid Juglandaceae), Eucalyptus (gums, Myrtaceae), Ceratopetalum (coachwood, Cunoniaceae), Lauraceae (laurel family), and Ripogonum (supplejack, Ripogonaceae); conifers in Cupressaceae (cypress family: Papuacedrus), Araucariaceae (dammars and relatives: Agathis and Araucaria Section Eutacta), and Podocarpaceae (yellowwoods: Dacrycarpus, Podocarpus, and a species similar to Phyllocladus); and the fern Todea (king fern, Osmundaceae). Many of these records are the only occurrences of the respective taxa in South America, living or fossil, vastly extending their past ranges and thus the biogeographic history of part of the Malesian mountain flora. The living-fossil taxa inhabit, and several dominate, critical watershed areas of high endemism and biodiversity in Malesia’s endangered tropical-montane rainforests. In Malesia itself, there have been very few Cenozoic palaeobotanical investigations for about a century or more. To remedy this situation and improve understanding of the evolution of the Malesian flora in situ, we have begun palaeobotanical fieldwork in collaboration with Professor Yahdi Zaim and ITB, along with international colleagues. So far, we have discovered several promising new fossil sites in the Eocene-Oligocene of West Sumatra (Sangkarewang and Sawahlunto formations) and South Kalimantan (Tanjung Formation), and I will report preliminary observations.
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Terefe, T., Z. A. Pretorius, C. M. Bender, B. Visser, L. Herselman und T. G. Negussie. „First Report of a New Wheat Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina) Race with Virulence for Lr12, 13, and 37 in South Africa“. Plant Disease 95, Nr. 5 (Mai 2011): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-10-0545.
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A new race of Puccinia triticina was collected from common wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces during the annual rust survey in 2009. Six single-pustule isolates from a field collection, which were shown to be a new race in preliminary analyses, were inoculated onto seedlings of 16 Thatcher (Tc) near-isogenic differential lines (1) and other tester lines with known Lr genes. Standard procedures for inoculation, incubation, and rust evaluation were followed (4) and all infection studies were repeated. The low infection type of Lr18 was confirmed at 18°C. All six isolates were avirulent (infection types [ITs] 0; to 2) to Lr1, 2a, 2c, 9, 11, 16, 18, and 24 and virulent (ITs 3 to 4) to Lr3, 3ka, 10, 14a, 17, 26, 30, B, and Tc (control). The new race, named 3SA145 according to the ARC-Small Grain Institute notation, corresponds to race CCPS in the North American system (1). On the basis of seedling ITs of the extended Lr gene set, 3SA145 was avirulent (ITs 0; to 22+) to Lr2b, 19, 21, 23, 25, 28, 29, 32, 36 (E84081), 38, 45, 47 (KS90H450), 50 (KS96WGRC36), 51 (R05), and 52 and virulent to Lr3bg, 15, 20 (Thew), 27+31 (Gatcher), and 33. Lines containing the adult plant resistance (APR) genes Lr12 (RL6011, IT 3++), Lr13 (CT263, IT 3), Lr22b (Tc, IT 4), and Lr37 (RL6081, IT 3) were susceptible in the adult stage to 3SA145, whereas lines with the APR genes Lr22a (RL6044, IT ;1), Lr34 (RL6058, IT Z1), and Lr35 (RL6082, IT ;1) were resistant in controlled infection studies in a greenhouse. A control, the common race (3SA133), was virulent only on Tc adult plants. In seedlings, 3SA133 was avirulent to Lr15, 17, 26, and 27+31, but unlike 3SA145, it was virulent to Lr1, 2c, 11, 18, 24, and 28. Races 3SA133 and 3SA145 did not differ in their virulence to the remaining seedling genes. Virulence to Lr37 has been reported in several countries, including Australia, Canada, Uruguay, and the United States (1,2). Prior to the detection of 3SA145, adult plants of RL6081 were resistant to all wheat leaf rust races in South Africa. In 2009, however, RL6081 showed severity levels of up to 30S at certain Western Cape trap plot sites. Of 124 South African bread wheat cultivars and advanced breeding lines tested at the seedling stage, 3SA145 was virulent to 48, whereas 3SA133 was virulent to 36 entries. A further six entries were heterogeneous in their reaction to 3SA145. In adult plant infection studies of 48 South African spring wheats in a greenhouse, 19 were susceptible (flag leaf IT ≥3) and 22 were resistant to 3SA145. Seven entries showed a Z3 flag leaf IT indicating adult plant resistance. According to a simple sequence repeat (SSR) study using 17 primer-pair combinations described by Szabo and Kolmer (3), 3SA145 showed 30% homology with the dominant South African races. Although virulence to Lr12 and Lr13 has been known in different leaf rust races in South Africa, to our knowledge, this is the first report of combined virulence to Lr12, 13, and 37. The SSR data and unique avirulence/virulence profile suggest that 3SA145 may be an exotic introduction to South Africa. References: (1) J. A. Kolmer et al. Plant Dis. 89:1201, 2005. (2) B. McCallum and P. Seto-Goh. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 31:80, 2009. (3) L. Szabo and J. Kolmer. Mol. Ecol. Notes 7:708, 2007. (4) T. Terefe et al. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil 26:51, 2009.
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Cho, Hannah, Sang-woo Ji, Hee-young Shin und Hwanju Jo. „A Case Study of Environmental Policies and Guidelines for the Use of Coal Ash as Mine Reclamation Filler: Relevance for Needed South Korean Policy Updates“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 13 (02.07.2019): 3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133629.
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The South Korean government is pursuing a national project to use the complex carbonates found in coal ash to capture CO2 and promote coal ash recycling. One possible approach is the use of coal ash as fill material in mine reclamation, but environmental concerns have so far blocked the implementation of this procedure, and no relevant regulations or guidelines exist. In this study, we review international approaches to the environmental management of coal ash recycling and consider how the lessons learned can be applied to South Korea. Each studied country was proactively using coal ash for beneficial uses under locally suitable conditions. The United States, European Union, United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan are all putting coal ash to beneficial use following thorough analyses of the environmental impact based on several considerations, including bulk concentration, coal ash leachate concentration, field inspections, and water quality monitoring. Our findings can contribute to the development of proper regulations and policies to encourage the use of recycled coal ash in South Korea as an approach to managing carbon emissions and climate changes. There are currently no relevant regulations in South Korea, so we consider the adoption of the strictest standards at each stage of the other cases at the time of introduction. Based on our findings, detailed and appropriate management guidelines can be developed in the future. Establishing management plans for complex carbonates, verifying their environmental stability, and using them as fill material will provide clear benefits for South Korea in the future.
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Henderson, L. „Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions“. Bothalia 36, Nr. 2 (21.08.2006): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v36i2.362.
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A subset of invasive alien plant species in southern Africa was analysed in terms of their history of introduction, rate of spread, countries/region of origin, taxonomy, growth forms, cultivated uses, weed status and current distribution in southern Africa, and comparisons made of those originating from south of the tropic of Capricorn, north of the tropic of Cancer and from the tropics. The subset of 233 species, belonging to 58 families, includes all important declared species and some potentially important species. Almost as many species originate from temperate regions (112) as from the tropics (121). Most southern temperate species came from Australia (28/36), most tropical species from tropical America (92/121) and most northern temperate species from Europe (including the Mediterranean) and Asia (58/76). Transformers account for 33% of all species. More transformers are of tropical origin (36) than of northern temperate (24) and southern temperate origin (18). However. 50% of southern temperate species are transformers, compared to 32% of northern temperate and 29% of tropical species. Southern temperate transformer species are mainly woody trees and shrubs that were established on a grand scale as silvicultural crops, barriers (hedges, windbreaks and screens) and cover/binders. Most aquatics, herbs, climbers and succulent shrubs an. trom the tropics. Ornamentals are the single largest category of plants from all three regions, the tropics having contributed twice as many species as temperate regions.
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Encina, Carlos Lopez, Elisabeth Carmona Martin, Antonio Arana Lopez und Isabel Maria Gonzalez Padilla. „Biotechnology applied to Annona species: a review“. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 36, spe1 (2014): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452014000500002.
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Annonaceae is an ancient family of plants including approximately 50 genera growing worldwide in a quite restricted area with specific agroclimatic requirements. Only few species of this family has been cultivated and exploited commercially and most of them belonging to the genus Annona such as A. muricata, A. squamosa, the hybrid A. cherimola x A. squamosa and specially Annona cherimola: the cherimoya, commercially cultivated in Spain, Chile, California, Florida, México, Australia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, New Zealand and several countries in South and Central America. The cherimoya shows a high degree of heterozygosis, and to obtain homogeneous and productive orchards it is necessary to avoid the propagation by seeds of this species. Additionally, the traditional methods of vegetative propagation were inefficient and inadequate, due to the low morphogenetic potential of this species, and the low rooting rate. The in vitro tissue culture methods of micropropagation can be applied successfully to cherimoya and other Annona sp to overcome these problems. Most of the protocols of micropropagation and regeneration were developed using the cultivar Fino de Jete, which is the major cultivar in Spain. First it is developed the method to micropropagate the juvenile material of cherimoya (ENCINA et al., 1994), and later it was optimized a protocol to micropropagate adult cherimoya genotypes selected by outstanding agronomical traits (PADILLA and ENCINA, 2004) and further it was improved the process through micrografting (PADILLA and ENCINA, 2011).At the present time we are involved in inducing and obtaining new elite genotypes, as part of a breeding program for the cherimoya and other Annonas, using and optimizing different methodologies in vitro: a) Adventitious organogenesis and regeneration from cellular cultures (ENCINA, 2004), b) Ploidy manipulation of the cherimoya, to obtain haploid, tetraploid and triploid plants (seedless), c) Genetic transformation, for the genes introduction to control the postharvest processes and the genes introduction to provide resistance to pathogen and insects and d) Micropropagation and regeneration of other wild Annona or related Annonaceae species such as: Annona senegalensis, A. scleroderma, A. montana, A. reticulata, A. glabra, A. diversifolia and Rollinia sp.
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Jansen, PI, und RL Ison. „Temperature effects on germination of Trifolium balansae and T. resupinatum with special reference to high-temperature dormancy“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, Nr. 3 (1994): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940689.
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The effect of temperature on germination of the annual pasture legumes Trifolium balansae and T. resupinaturn was investigated. Seed of T. resupinatum lines SA 12240, SA 14433 (from South Australia), C1Z1Res-B, CPI (Commonwealth Plant Introduction number) 026202-3, CPI 026205-2, CPI 027376-2, SA 14433 (from Western Australia), SA 18904, SA 18922, SA 19851 and CPI 045887-2 and cvv. Kyambro and Maral and T. balansae cv. Paradana and lines CPI 045856-1, CPI 045856-4 and AZ 2326 was germinated at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35�C. T. subterraneum cv. Junee was included for comparison. It was found that germination in all lines except Maral was reduced at 35�C, whereas at 30�C germination was reduced significantly in all lines except Maral, ClZlRes-B, CPI 026202-3, CPI 026205-2, CPI 027376-2, SA 19851 and CPI 045887-2. Germination at 35OC in T. resupinaturn was related to thousand seed weight with the equation: Germination = -31.19+92-39 thousand seed weight (r2 = 0.76). In order to determine the mechanism responsible for the failure of seed to germinate at temperatures above 25�C, seed of T. resupinatum lines SA 12240 and SA 14433 and Maral and T. balansae cv. Paradana was allowed to germinate at temperatures of 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50�C for 8 h, 1, 2, 5 and 10 days after which they were placed at 15� C for 10 days. It was found that temperatures in the 30-40�C temperature range inhibited germination in all lines except Maral, but the same seed germinated readily when placed at 15�C. This seed was considered to possess an enforced high-temperature dormancy. Seed of all lines exposed to 45 and 50�C for longer than 8 h died, but at 8 h final germination was unaffected. It was concluded that high-temperature dormancy could play a role in preventing seed from germinating in the case of a false break. It was proposed that lines should be screened for high-temperature dormancy.
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Murray, Timothy D., Brenda K. Schroeder, William L. Schneider, Douglas G. Luster, Aaron Sechler, Elizabeth E. Rogers und Sergei A. Subbotin. „Rathayibacter toxicus, Other Rathayibacter Species Inducing Bacterial Head Blight of Grasses, and the Potential for Livestock Poisonings“. Phytopathology® 107, Nr. 7 (Juli 2017): 804–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-17-0047-rvw.
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Rathayibacter toxicus, a Select Agent in the United States, is one of six recognized species in the genus Rathayibacter and the best known due to its association with annual ryegrass toxicity, which occurs only in parts of Australia. The Rathayibacter species are unusual among phytopathogenic bacteria in that they are transmitted by anguinid seed gall nematodes and produce extracellular polysaccharides in infected plants resulting in bacteriosis diseases with common names such as yellow slime and bacterial head blight. R. toxicus is distinguished from the other species by producing corynetoxins in infected plants; toxin production is associated with infection by a bacteriophage. These toxins cause grazing animals feeding on infected plants to develop convulsions and abnormal gate, which is referred to as “staggers,” and often results in death of affected animals. R. toxicus is the only recognized Rathayibacter species to produce toxin, although reports of livestock deaths in the United States suggest a closely related toxigenic species may be present. A closely related but undescribed species, Rathayibacter sp. EV, originally isolated from Ehrharta villosa var. villosa in South Africa, is suspected of producing toxin. Many of the diseases caused by Rathayibacter species occur in arid areas and the extracellular polysaccharide they produce is believed to aid in their survival between crops. For example, R. “agropyri” was isolated from infected plant material after being stored for 50 years in a herbarium. Similarly, the anguinid vectors associated with these bacteria form seed galls in infected plants and are capable of surviving for very long periods of time under dry conditions. The addition of R. toxicus to the list of Select Agents has raised concern over its potential introduction and a realization that current diagnostic methods are inadequate to distinguish among Rathayibacter species. In addition, little is known about the Rathayibacter species and their seed gall nematode vectors present in the United States.
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Lakatos, Ferenc, Katalin Tuba, Boglárka Bender, Hisashi Kajimura und Viktória Tóth. „Longer mtDNA Fragments Provide a Better Insight into the Genetic Diversity of the Sycamore Lace Bug, Corythucha ciliata (Say, 1832) (Tingidae, Hemiptera), Both in Its Native and Invaded Areas“. Insects 13, Nr. 2 (25.01.2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13020123.
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The sycamore lace bug (Corythucha ciliata Say, 1832) is of North American origin, but after its introduction to Europe (1964), South America (1985), Asia (1995), Australia (2006), and Africa (2014), it became an abundant and widespread pest on plane (Platanus spp.) trees. We analysed a 1356 bp long fragment of the mtDNA (COI gene) of 327 sycamore lace bug individuals from 38 geographic locations from Europe, Asia, and North America. Seventeen haplotypes (17 HTs) were detected. C. ciliata populations from North America exhibited higher haplotype diversity (12 HTs) than populations from Europe (6 HTs), Asia (4 HTs), or Japan (2 HTs). The haplotypes formed two haplogroups separated by at least seven mutation steps. One of these mutation steps includes HTs from North America and Japan. Another includes HTs from North America, Europe, and Asia. Haplotypes from Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and Central Asia are linked to haplotypes from Europe, while haplotypes found in Japan are linked to haplotypes found in North America only. The incorporation of published data from the GenBank into our dataset (altogether 517 individuals from 57 locations, but only 546 bp long fragment of the mtDNA) did not show any structure according to the geographic origin of the individuals.
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Richard, Kouadio Kouassi, Bakayoko Adama, N’guessan Kanga Anatole und Konan Djezou. „Diversité Et Structure Floristiques Sous Des Peuplements d’Acacias Australiens En Zone Forestière De La Côte d’Ivoire“. European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, Nr. 35 (31.12.2016): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n35p229.
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Since thirty years, four Australian Acacias species are introduced and studied in Anguédédou Research station. The station research is located in evergreen forest in the south of Côte d'Ivoire. The objective of the introduction of these species, is to rehabilitate degraded grounds and fallow after growing. The study aims at appreciating the impact of Acacia species on floristic diversity and the regeneration of forest species. For collecting data, we use quadrat method (35 x 50 m and 6 x 6 m).This method permitted the inventory of 212 species on 1.05 ha. Among these species, 1.89 % are Ivorian endemic species and 11.32 % are endemic of West African flora. The flora under the different species of Acacia are relatively diversified and dense. The majority of plant inventoried under Acacia species have small diameters. The highest specific richness average per plots (36 m2) were noted in the 11 years old parcels of Acacia mangium (26.20±2.34) and 27 years old parcels of Acacia auriculaeformis (25.40±2.34) and Acacia crassicarpa (30.60±2.34). The mean values of diameters (dbh ≥ 2.5 cm) fluctuate from 2.94±0.56 cm for the 8 years old stands of Acacia mangium to 8.09±0.56 cm for the 27 years old settlements of Acacia crassicarpa. The results show that leguminous trees can be used for recolonization of the deforested areas in order to rebuild quickly their plant biodiversity.
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Rayamajhi, Min B., Paul D. Pratt, Ted D. Center, Philip W. Tipping und Thai K. Van. „Aboveground Biomass of an Invasive Tree Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) before and after Herbivory by Adventive and Introduced Natural Enemies: A Temporal Case Study in Florida“. Weed Science 56, Nr. 3 (Juni 2008): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-07-152.1.
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Invasive plants can respond to injury from natural enemies by altering the quantity and distribution of biomass among woody materials, foliage, fruits, and seeds. Melaleuca, an Australian tree that has naturalized in south Florida, has been reunited with two natural enemies: a weevil introduced during 1997 and a psyllid introduced during 2002. We hypothesized that herbivory from these and other adventive organisms (lobate-lac scale and a leaf-rust fungus) would alter the distribution and allocation of biomass on melaleuca trees. This hypothesis was tested by temporally assessing changes in aboveground biomass components in conjunction with the presence of natural enemies and their damage to melaleuca trees. Melaleuca trees of different diameters representing the range (1 to 33 cm diam at 1.3 m height) within study sites were harvested during 1996, prior to the introduction of herbivorous insects, and again during 2003 after extensive tree damage had become apparent. Aboveground biomass, partitioned into several components (woody structures, foliage, fruits, and seeds), was quantified both times in Broward, Miami–Dade, and Palm Beach county sites located in south Florida. The two harvests within each site were performed in closely-matched melaleuca stands, and changes in biomass components were compared between years. Total biomass and woody portions decreased in Broward, whereas they increased in Miami–Dade and Palm Beach sites. Reductions in foliage (on all trees) and seed biomass (among seed-bearing trees) were greatest at Broward and least at Miami–Dade County site. Hence, overall seed and foliage production was severely reduced at the Broward site where both the natural enemy incidence and damage were more abundant compared to other sites. We therefore attribute the reduced foliar biomass and reproductive capability of melaleuca trees to infestations of natural enemies. These findings highlight the role that natural enemies can play in the long-term management of invasive tree species.
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Wilson, A. D., N. M. Schiff, D. A. Haugen und E. R. Hoebeke. „First Report of Amylostereum areolatum in Pines in the United States“. Plant Disease 93, Nr. 1 (Januar 2009): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-1-0108a.
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The wood decay fungus Amylostereum areolatum (Fr.) Boidin, native to Eurasia and North Africa (4), is the mycosymbiont of several siricid woodwasps including Sirex noctilio Fabricius, a major pest of pines in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa where it has been introduced. Adult females of S. noctilio are effective vectors of arthrospores (hyphal fragments) of the fungus, stored internally within mycangia in the abdomen, which are injected with the eggs and a phytotoxic mucus into the outer sapwood of coniferous tree hosts during oviposition. The toxin is translocated upward into the foliage causing needle wilting, necrosis, and crown dieback. The fungus decays the wood (white rot) and provides food for hatching larvae that form borer galleries. Extensive damage to the host via wood decay, galleries, and toxin effects cause mortality in heavily infested trees. S. noctilio adults have been intercepted from several locations in North America prior to 2003, but there has been no evidence of an established population in any native forests until recently. In September 2004, a single adult female was collected from a funnel-trap at the edge of a forest stand in Fulton, NY (Oswego County) and identified in February 2005 (3). A local survey in May 2005 revealed red pines and Scotch pines infested with siricid larvae on the SUNY Oswego campus and in Rice Creek Nature Preserve, 3 km from campus. All larvae from infested trees were identified as S. noctilio using the DNA barcode method (2). Bole sections of infested red pines were sent to the USDA-ARS quarantine facility in Stoneville, MS. Wood samples, taken from areas of incipient decay adjacent to larval galleries, were plated onto 4.5% potato dextrose agar. Fungal colonies in pure cultures arising from wood pieces were appressed and exhibited microscopic characters typical of A. areolatum. Molecular confirmation of identifications for nine isolates was achieved by PCR amplification and sequencing of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using ITS1 and ITS4 universal primer pairs. BLAST program analyses of these sequences compared against the NCBI GenBank database revealed the isolates were identical (GenBank Accession No. FJ040860) and had 98.8 to 99.8% sequence homology with five A. areolatum GenBank sequences (AF454428, AY781245, AF218389, EU249343, and EU249344) from Germany, Sweden, Japan, and Canada. To our knowledge, this represents the first confirmed isolation of A. areolatum from a native pine stand in the United States and confirms the first incidence of infections of North American pines, 16 months prior to isolations in Ontario (1). This insect vector-decay fungus complex, native to Eurasia, has a very high-risk rating and threatens many pine (Pinus) species in North America, particularly southern U.S. species that have been severely attacked and killed where introduced in the Southern Hemisphere. The lack of complete sequence homology between New York and Ontario, Canada strains of A. areolatum suggests that these recent incidences probably resulted from multiple woodwasp introductions rather than from vector (S. noctilio female) movement after one introduction. References: (1) M. J. Bergeron et al. Plant Dis. 92:1138, 2008. (2) P. D. N. Hebert et al. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270:313, 2003. (3) E. R. Hoebeke et al. Newsl. Mich. Entomol. Soc. 50:24, 2005. (4) J. P. Spradbery and A. A. Kirk. Bull. Entomol. Res. 68:341, 1978.
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Guy, P. L. „Viruses of New Zealand pasture grasses and legumes: a review“. Crop and Pasture Science 65, Nr. 9 (2014): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14017.
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This article reviews knowledge of 23 plant viruses infecting pasture grasses and legumes in New Zealand. The incidence, ecology and impact of each virus and prospects for control using natural or artificial resistance genes or by vector control is discussed. The most prevalent viruses are Alfalfa mosaic virus and White clover mosaic virus in pasture legumes and Cocksfoot mottle virus, Ryegrass mosaic virus and Barley yellow dwarf virus in pasture grasses. Lucerne Australian latent virus is restricted to the North Island and Red clover necrotic mosaic virus is largely restricted to the South Island. These patterns are likely to be dynamic with ongoing changes in weather patterns, land use, the spread of insect vectors and the continuing introduction of viruses and vectors. The existing and potential threats to 12 pasture species are tabulated and the knowledge gaps for each species highlighted. Control of vectors including aphids, eriophyid mites and soil-borne fungi is probably not economic per se but could be an additional benefit of integrated pest management in pasture and cropping systems. The most cost-effective and practical preventative measures are likely to be the use of virus-tested seed to establish new pastures and the incorporation of resistance genes by conventional breeding or by genetic engineering. Finally, recommendations are made for future research for New Zealand, which is also relevant to other temperate regions of the world.
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La, Y. J., S. E. Cho und H. D. Shin. „First Report of Powdery Mildew of Platanus occidentalis Caused by Erysiphe platani in Korea“. Plant Disease 97, Nr. 6 (Juni 2013): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-12-0982-pdn.
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Platanus occidentalis L., called American sycamore or American plane, is native to North America. The trees are commonly planted throughout the world on the sides of roads and in parks. In June 2012, diseased leaves exhibiting signs of powdery mildew from a park in Daegu City of Korea were sent to Plant Clinic of Seoul National University for diagnosis. Our observations in Daegu City during September and October 2012 showed that nearly 99% of the approximately 1,000 trees surveyed were infected with a powdery mildew. Voucher specimens (n = 6) were deposited at the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). Symptoms were characterized by chlorosis, distortion, or cupping of young leaves. White superficial colonies developed amphigenously on leaves. Hyphae were flexuous to straight, branched, septate, 4 to 7 μm wide, and had lobed appressoria. Conidiophores were 120 to 350 × 5 to 7.5 μm and produced conidia singly. Foot-cells of conidiophores were straight, cylindric, and 115 to 200 μm long. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid-ovoid, measured 33 to 47.5 × 17.5 to 29 μm with a length/width ratio of 1.5 to 2.0, lacked distinct fibrosin bodies, and showed reticulate wrinkling of the outer walls. Germ tubes were produced on the subterminal position of conidia. No chasmothecia were observed. The structures and measurements were compatible with those of the anamorphic state of Erysiphe platani (Howe) U. Braun & S. Takam. (1). To confirm the identification, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA from isolate KUS-F26959 was amplified with nested PCR and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 625 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JX997805). A GenBank BLAST search of this sequence showed only one base substitution with the four sequences (JQ365940 to JQ365943) of E. platani on Platanus spp. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation tests by gently pressing diseased leaves onto young leaves of three 2-year-old disease-free seedlings. Three non-inoculated plants were used as control. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 24 to 30°C. Inoculated leaves developed symptoms after 7 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The fungus present on the inoculated leaves was morphologically identical to that observed on the original diseased leaves, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Since E. platani first was recorded in the United States in 1874, it has been regarded as endemic in North America. From the second half of the 20th century, introduction and expansion of the range of this fungus to South America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, Europe, and Asia have been reported (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. platani infections of P. occidentalis in Korea. This species was recorded on P.× hispanica from Japan in 1999 (4) and on P. orientalis from China in 2006 (3), suggesting invasive spread of the sycamore powdery mildew in East Asia. Since American sycamores are widely planted in Korea, control measures should be made to prevent further spread of the disease. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No.11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication, ARS, USDA, Retrieved October 22, 2012. (3) C. Liang et al. Plant Pathol. 57:375, 2008. (4) S, Tanda. J. Agric. Sci., Tokyo Univ. Agric. 43:253, 1999.
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Marić, Mara, und Ivana Vitasović-Kosić. „Horticultural species of the island of Lokrum in the period of archduke Maximilian of Habsburg (1859–1869) and their current state“. Šumarski list 144, Nr. 9-10 (27.10.2020): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.144.9-10.1.
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This research, conducted within the ornamental gardens of the Island of Lokrum and based on the original archival documents from Trieste State Archives (AST) and Austrian State Archives (OeStA) in Vienna, was aimed at creating the first unique list of horticultural plant taxon planted on the island during the reign of the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Habsburg (1859-69). The research identified 213 taxa, including 184 species, 4 varieties, 8 hybrids and 17 cultivars. There were 193 allochthonous taxa, mostly originating from Central and South America (66), including 47 Asian species, 21 Australian species, 17 African species and 13 South American species. The Archive lists 20 taxa autochthonous in Croatia. While the number of the autochthonous taxa had apparently been higher, the historical documents have mostly recorded only the introduction of exotics. At that time, the following taxa were for the first time introduced in this part of the Adriatic, on the Island of Lokrum: Ananas comosus, Musa x paradisiaca, M. acuminata, Eucalyptus diversifolia, E. globulus, Araucaria araucana, A. columnaris, A. angustifolia, A. bidwillii, A. cunninghamii, Bougainvillea spectabilis and Citrus reticulata. At the location of the ornamental gardens, 51 ornamental allochthonous taxa and 20 autochthonous taxa were identified today. Within this number, only 21 allochthonous taxa and 9 autochthonous taxa remain present since the period of Maximilian. According to the 2018-2019 inventory, 71 taxa have been inventoried within the ornamental gardens on Lokrum, belonging to 43 families and 64 genera. Due to lack of intensive maintenance of the gardens, the majority of allochthonous, exotic species failed to survive within the autochthonous island vegetation. The list of taxa from Maximilian’s gardens presented in this paper and retrieved from the archival sources, will be the starting point of the restoration process that awaits these gardens.
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Bergeron, M. J., R. C. Hamelin, I. Leal, C. Davis und P. de Groot. „First Report of Amylostereum areolatum, the Fungal Symbiont of Sirex noctilio, on Pinus spp. in Canada“. Plant Disease 92, Nr. 7 (Juli 2008): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-7-1138a.
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Amylostereum areolatum (Fr.) Boidin (Russulales: Stereaceae) is a white rot fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with several woodwasps including Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). The vectored fungus together with a phytotoxic mucus, both injected during oviposition by the female S. noctilio, rapidly weaken the host tree, rendering it susceptible to larval development (3). Host trees of A. areolatum include species of Pinus (mainly), Abies, Larix, and Picea and Cryptomeria japonica and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Fungal Databases [online]; USDA). The siricid woodwasp is native to Eurasia and North Africa and has been introduced into New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa (1). In July of 2005, the first established North American population of S. noctilio was reported in Oswego, NY. Prompted by this initial discovery, a trap survey of Ontario counties located along the Canada-U.S. border, close to Upstate New York, was conducted in September and October of 2005. S. noctilio females were captured in four locations in southern Ontario. Two additional locations for S. noctilio were also reported in a survey conducted independently (2). In September and October of 2006, logs of Scots pines showing current Sirex oviposition sites were harvested from the Ontario area bordered by Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario to determine the presence of the species-specific fungal symbiont of S. noctilio, A. areolatum. Fungal isolates were obtained by surface sterilizing wood chips showing decay columns followed by incubation at 20°C on 2% malt extract agar. Cultures with morphological characteristics typical of A. areolatum–presence of clamp connections and arthrospores–were used for DNA analysis to confirm species identification. DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA gene were queried against the NCBI GenBank database. There was a 99 to 100% match between the ITS sequences from the Ontario isolates and sequences from European and Asian A. areolatum isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. EU249343 and EU249344 versus AF454428, AF506405, AY781245, and AF218389). Matches with A. chailletii (Pers.) Boidin, a native related species, were around 97%. These results confirmed the presence of A. areolatum in the infested material. Cultures were deposited in the National Mycological Herbarium of Canada (DAOM 239280–DAOM 239295). To our knowledge, this represents the first report of A. areolatum in Canada. In its natural range, the insect-fungal complex exists in equilibrium with its host trees and parasites, thus, few negative impacts are observed. However, in the Southern Hemisphere where it has been introduced, it has become a major pest, attacking many important commercial North American species planted as exotics (1). Conifer forests in Canada are threatened by the spread of the S. noctilio/A. areolatum complex, particularly plantations and stands of Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. ponderosa, P. resinosa, P. strobus, and P. sylvestris. A survey of Eastern Canada to detect the presence of S. noctilio is on going, and genetics work is being conducted to determine the origin of the introduction of A. areolatum. References: (1) W. M. Ciesla. J. For. 101:18, 2003. (2) P. de Groot et al. Gt. Lakes Entomol. 39:49, 2006. (3) B. Slippers et al. S. Afr. J. Sci. 99:70, 2003.
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Wu, P. S., H. Z. Du, X. L. Zhang, J. F. Luo und L. Fang. „Occurrence of Phoma macdonaldii, the Causal Agent of Sunflower Black Stem Disease, in Sunflower Fields in China“. Plant Disease 96, Nr. 11 (November 2012): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-12-0485-pdn.
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Phoma macdonaldii Boerma is the pathogen of sunflower black stem disease, causing dark black, oval to long lesions on stems of sunflower plants. Infection during early growth stages can reduce yield by 10 to 30% (3). This fungal disease is distributed mainly in North and South America and Europe. In China, the first case was reported in Xinjiang in 2008 (1), and was believed to be introduced as a result of hybrid sunflower seeds being imported from abroad. The Chinese government included this fungus into its quarantine pests list in 2010 (2). Since China imports a great number of sunflower seeds to grow in its Northern provinces from epidemic areas such as the United States, Argentina, and France, monitoring the disease occurrence in planting areas became crucial. During 2010 and 2011 growing seasons, surveys were conducted in 37 commercial farms or individual households in 12 counties of five areas (Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Hebei, and Beijing). A total of 185 suspicious samples of sunflower black stem disease were collected and all were found from imported hybrid seed fields. The presence of P. macdonaldii was confirmed as following: 4 mm2 tissue pieces cut from lesion margins were disinfected with 1% NaOCl, plated on APDA (acid potato dextrose agar, 4.5 to 5.0 pH adjusted with lactic acid), and incubated at 25°C with 12L:12D photoperiod. After 3 days of incubation, colonies were opalescent or ivory in color, and fluffy or flocculent in appearance. After 4 to 6 days, a large number of spherical or oblate black-brown pycnidia were formed separately or in clusters with thin wall and papillate ostiole in diameter of 135 to 324 μm (average 178 μm). A light pink or opalescent gelatinous substance (pycnidiospores) exuded from the ostiole. Pycnidiospores were single celled, oval or kidney-shaped and hyaline both with and without oil balls, and 1.5 to 3.0 μm × 3.0 to 6.5 μm (average 2.0 × 4.7 μm). Sequences of ITS1-5.8S- ITS2 rDNA fragment of all isolates (GenBank Accession No. JQ979487, JQ979488) were identical and had 100% homology with P. macdonaldii isolates from Xinjiang (HM003206) and Australia (DQ351823, DQ351825) and 99% homology with isolates from the former Yugoslavia (DQ351821, DQ351822) in GenBank. Pathogenicity studies of the isolate were performed by injecting 10 × 106/ml spore suspension into the hypocotyl of four true leaves of sunflower seedlings with a syringe. Sterile water was injected as control. After being inoculated in a plastic bag in the shade at room temperature for 48 h, the plastic bag was removed and the seedlings were grown under natural light. Symptoms of black stem disease were observed in all P. macdonaldii inoculated seedlings and the fungus was reisolated from the lesions for confirmation. The current survey found that 105 of 185 suspicious samples were P. macdonaldii positive and were all from four counties in Xinjiang, suggesting that the disease has not spread to other areas since its introduction. The monitoring of sunflower black stem disease is continuing, as is the research for measuring P. macdonaldii adaptability in China and the development of rapid molecular detection technology. References: (1) W. M. Chen et al. J. Yunnan Agric. Univ. 23:609, 2008. (2) J. Luo et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 40:504, 2011. (3) E. Miric et al. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 50:325, 1999.
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Hausdorf, Bernhard. „Distribution patterns of established alien land snail species in the Western Palaearctic Region“. NeoBiota 81 (18.01.2023): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.81.96360.
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Established alien land snail species that were introduced into the Western Palaearctic Region from other regions and their spread in the Western Palaearctic are reviewed. Thirteen of the 22 species came from North America, three from Sub-Saharan Africa, two from the Australian region, three probably from the Oriental Region and one from South America. The establishment of outdoor populations of these species was usually first seen at the western or southern rims of the Western Palearctic. Within Europe, the alien species usually spread from south to north and from west to east. The latitudinal ranges of the alien species significantly increased with increasing time since the first record of introduction to the Western Palearctic. The latitudinal mid-points of the Western Palaearctic and native ranges of the species are significantly correlated when one outlier is omitted. There is a general trend of poleward shifts of the ranges of the species in the Western Palaearctic compared to their native ranges. There are three reasons for these shifts: (1) the northward expansion of some species in Western Europe facilitated by the oceanic climate, (2) the impediment to the colonisation of southern latitudes in the Western Palaearctic due to their aridity and (3) the establishment of tropical species in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Most of the species are small, not carnivorous and unlikely to cause serious ecological or economic damage. In contrast, the recently introduced large veronicellid slugs from Sub-Saharan Africa and the giant African snail Lissachatina fulica could cause economic damage in irrigated agricultural areas or greenhouses in the Mediterranean and the Middle East.
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Bowman, David M. J. S., Crystal A. Kolden und Grant J. Williamson. „Bushfires in Tasmania, Australia: An Introduction“. Fire 5, Nr. 2 (26.02.2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5020033.
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Тригуб, О. В., В. В. Ляшенко und О. В. Бараболя. „Селекційна цінність екологічно віддалених зразків гречки національної колекції України“. Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, Nr. 3 (28.09.2018): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2018.03.13.
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Наведено результати вивчення колекційного матеріалу гречки Національної колекції України різного еколого-географічного походження за господарськими та селекційно-цінними показниками. Проведено розподіл генофонду групи вивчення в залежності від екологічної приналежності сортів та форм. Із усього різноманіття виділено найбільш цінні зразки, які можна рекомендувати як джерела цінних ознак із підвищеними параметрами урожайності, продуктивності рослини, крупноплідності, що поєднуються із високою вирівняністю зерна; мають значну кількість суцвіть та високу їх фертильністю (озерненістю), генетично обумовлені параметри висоти рослини та кількості вузлів с зоні гілкування; характеризуються контрольованою тривалістю вегетаційного періоду, поєднаного із дружністю достигання, типом росту рослин, стійкістю до вилягання та осипання плодів; мають підвищені параметри посухостійкості та жаровитривалості.
Buckwheat is extremely receptive to adapt to the culture that was spread through the territory of most regions of the world (Eurasia, Australia, Africa, South and North America), and practically reached the limits of agriculture. It can be grown everywhere, where the frost-free period lasts more than 60 days and the average daily air temperature exceeds 17–18 0C, and the amount of lunar rainfall is 50–60 mm [3].
This geographical distribution led to a significant difference between the samples grown in different regions of the world, which was formed under the influence of environmental factors and served in the early stages as an adaptive mechanism.
The article presents the results of the study of the buckwheat collection material of the National Collection of Ukraine of different ecological and geographical origin by economic and selection-valuable indicators. The distribution of the gene pool of the study group is carried out depending on the ecological suitability of the varieties and forms. Of the variety, the most valuable samples are selected, which can be recommended as sources of valuable attributes with increased parameters of yield, plant productivity, and large-grain yield, which is combined with high grain leveling; which has a significant number of inflorescences and high fertility (lacustrine), genetically determined parameters of the height of the plant and the number of nodes from the branching zone; it is characterized by the controlled duration of the growing season, coupled with the achievement's friendliness, the type of plant growth, resistance to shedding and sinking of the fruits; and it also has increased parameters of drought resistance and heat resistance, etc.
Of great value is the wide representation in the selected material of samples of various ecological and geographical groups, which allows selection by one sign or another not to narrow the genetic basis of newly created varieties, to search among the source forms the most rational combination of features and properties. This is especially valuable in the conditions of rapid change of environmental factors, as well as the introduction of new directions of use of buckwheat and, as a result, search of alternative sources with a complex of non-typical for a modern high-grade material characteristics among the gene pool.
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Sherwood, Alison R. „Algae of Australia: Introduction“. Journal of Phycology 43, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2007): 1104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00400.x.
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