Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Planrisk“

Goal. was to research biological preparations efficiency usage in alternaria blight harmfulness decrease and to develop effective cultivar protection system. Methods. Field and laboratory — vegetative researches. Tubers were treated by allowed biological preparations as Lists of pesticides: Planrise (Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain AR-33), Phytodoctor (Bacillus subtilis); MicoHelp (Trichoderma, Bacillus subtilis, Azotobacter, Enterobacter, Enterococcus) for disease developing decrease. The present preparations were used for spraying in future. The treating during the growing period favoured the plant organism resistance to stress conditions of environment. The first plant treating was conducted at the blossoming beginning before alternaria blight appearing on plant’s leaves plants. The second spraying was conducted during the first spots appearing on the plates of early potato varieties. Results. The researches results biological preparations: Planrise, Phytodoctor, MicoHelp treating potato defeated plants by alternaria blight were proposed. The biological preparations relative high efficiency was determined. Conclusions. The researched preparations technical efficiency was also depended upon the conducting testing variety. The biological preparation MicoHelp (variety Serpanok) showed the highest technical efficiency (46.2%) during the plant treating against potato alternaria blight. The preparation MicoHelp (variety Svitanok Kyivskyi) showed the highest efficiency during the potato treating in vegetation period. So the biological control protection means usage in the modern potato varieties allows to decrease negative impact of used preparations and put into production effective and ecologically — friendly means for alternaria blight limit in terms of Western Foreststeppe of Ukraine.

Goal. Selection of combinations of biocomplexes based on Pseudomonas fluorenscens bacteria with stimulant preparations based on various derivatives of ammonium salts of dihydropyrimidine and study of their effectiveness. Methods. Biotechnological methods for the study of bacteria Pseudomonas fluorenscens strain AR-33. The concentration of viable bacteria (CFU/cm3) was determined by the Koch method. Accounts were performed according to generally accepted methods using experimental methods in phytopathology and plant protection. Determined the effectiveness of drugs at different rates of consumption against fungal diseases. Results. Derivatives of ammonium salts of dihydropyrimidine did not show a toxic effect on reducing the concentration of viable cells of strain AR-33 bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens. The best indicators of the weight of 100 seeds and the number of beans in soybean plants showed a combination: Planriz, v.s. (bacteria of strain AR-33 Pseudomonas fluorescens, 3 ќ 10 9 CFU/cm3) (5 l/ha) + 0.1% solution of ximedon + 0.2% solution of succinic acid + 2 ml of DMAE + 2 ml of DMSO. The use of all combinations of biocomplexes showed the effectiveness of drugs against diseases in the range of 59.31—69.63%. With the use of biocomplexes, due to the fungicidal, immunoprotective and stimulating effect, a yield increase of 1.15—1.7 times relative to the control was recorded. The best yield on potatoes (3.4 t/ ha) was provided by the combination Planriz, v.s. (5 l/ha) + 0.1% solution of ximedon + 0.2% solution of succinic acid + 2 ml of DMAE + 2 ml of DMSO. The effectiveness of the drug against late blight was 79.1%. Conclusions. The use of stimulants and excipients DMAE and DMSO as substances that affect various transmembrane functions, provided an increase in the effectiveness of drugs by 8—14% relative to combinations without their use.

The effect of pre-sowing treatment and standards of their seeding rates on the productivity of oats of Yakov breed was established on the basis of results of two years of research on the sod-medium medium-loamy soils of the Middle Urals. The efficacy of pre-sowing seeds treatment with drugs Lamador, Planriz, Vial TrasT, ZhUSS was proved by increasing the productivity to 0.14-0.30 tons per hectare. The optimal seeding rate for oats of Yakov breed is 5 million pieces of seeds per hectare in the Middle Urals. We revealed the direct close correlation of Yakov oats productivity with inflorescence productivity (r = 0.84), with the weight of 1000 grains (r = 0.82), with plant height (r = 0.81) and with the kind of grain (r = 0.80).

Aim. The main aim of the research was to compare different methods of fermentation medium energy effi ciency agitation. Methods. The analysis of mass transfer processes in fermenters using different methods of agitation was made. Experimental determination of energy consumption for medium agitation while using a mechanical agitator and an external circulation loop was realized. Estimation of energy effi ciency indices. Results. It was determined that energy effi ciency of agitation by circulation during the cycle of bacterial preparation Planriz BT (Biotechnica) exceeded mechanical agitation 1.3 times in case of aeration, and 2.6 times in the non-aeration mode. Conclusions. The method of agitation by circulation of fermentation medium using an external loop is more energy-effi cient compared to mechanical agitation even in the case of using a slow-speed agitator.

Presented are the experimental data on the effect of biofungicides on seed infection and mycoflora of winter wheat seeds of varieties ‘Levada’ and ‘Podolyanka’. The phytostudy which was conducted allowed to determine the presence of micromycetes such as Alternaria alternata (infection rate 6.8–19.5 %), Tilletia caries (1–2 %), Fusarium spp. (0.5–3.5 %), Cladosporium herbarum (1.5–3.5 %), Bipolaris sorokiniana (1.0–4.8 %), Mucor spp. (1.5–12 %), Penicillium spp. (0.5–1.5 %), and Aspergillus spp. (1–1.5 %) on the seeds. The trend to decrease laboratory germination and lower infection rate was observed after the seeds were treated with biofungicides Gaubsin, Planriz, and Trichodermin. The positive effect of the biofungicides on the morphometric parameters of two-weeks-old plants was observed: 1.6 to 2 times increase in height, 2.1 to 2.8 times increase in the lengths of the roots, and 2.7 to 4.4 and 3.4 to 5.5 times increase in phytomass, respectively. The positive effect of Trichodermin on developing winter wheat plants was noted.

Goal. To establish the spread of the latent form of the phomosis pathogen in the western region of the Forest-Steppe zone and to study the possibility of crop protection through the use of biofungicides. Methods. In the process of work used laboratory (cultivation of pathogens) and field (analysis, processing of tuber material). Results. The results of research conducted during 2019—2020 to detect latent infection of phomosis rot of potatoes in the western part of the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine (Zakarpattia, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk regions) are presented. Within two years, the highest damage to tubers by latent phomosis infection was observed in varieties Yavir and Vodogray in the Ukrainian Carpathians (Ivano-Frankivsk region, Verkhovyna district, Bystrets village; Zakarpattia region, Mizhhirya district, Maidan village; Zakarpattia region, Rakhiv district, Yasinya village; Chernivtsi region, Vyzhnytskyi district, Berehomet village), which reached 25—33 and 21.0—23.0%, respectively. In the plain zone of Chernivtsi region (Hertsaiv district, Bukivka village; Novoselytsia district, UkrNDSKR IZR) a significantly lower percentage of tuber lesions with a latent form of the disease was observed. The minimum rates of tuber damage, both latent form of phomosis and with existing external signs, were observed in the variety Slovyanka and were in the plain zone 4.5—5.5% and 7.0—8.0 in the mountain. When treating tubers with biofungicides, the least pathogen tuber damage was observed in the variants using Trichodermin-Bio, PhytodoDoctor and Planriz, where the number of infected tubers was 10.0, 11.0 and 12.5%, respectively. In the control variant, the percentage of affected tubers with latent form of phomosis was 2.1—3.2 times higher than in the experimental ones. The effectiveness of biofungicides was greatest when using Trichodermin-Bio and PhytoDoctor and was 68.3 and 65.1%, respectively. Less effective drug against the latent form of phomosis, compared with other options was Hetomic, where its technical efficiency was 52.4%. Conclusions. The causative agent of phomotic rot of potatoes (Phoma exigua var. Exigua) in latent form is a widespread pathogen in the western part of the Forest-Steppe zone. To limit the spread of latent infection of phomos, biological drugs Hetomik (0.4 kg/ha) were used, Gaupbsin (5 l/t), Planriz (2 l/t), Trichodermin-Bio (2 l/t), PhytoDoctor (0.3 l/t), which helped to reduce the damage to the tubers by a latent form of the disease by 2.1—3.2 times compared to the control.

According to the results of the researches in 2016-2018, the display terms and intensity of the major peach diseases development changes from year to year and depends mainly on the weather conditions that in the south of Ukraine are favorable for the mass spread and development of Taphrina deformans Tull., Clacterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) Aderh. and Monilia cinerea Bonord. The leaves affection by Taphrina damage appeared to be 35.0-56.3 %, the intensity of the disease development being 22.4-23.4 %; Clacterosporium – 16.5 and 5.4 %, Monilia – up to 15.0 %. When studying the species composition of the peach entomocomplex, 6 major pests were detected among insects as follows: Anarsia lineatella Zell., Archips rosana L., Grapholitha molesta Busck, Lithocolletis cerasicolella H.S, Sciaphobus squalidus Gyll. and Brachycaudus tragopogonis Kalt. Lepidoptera prevailes (67 %) among them. Other species of pests (17 %) belong to the rows Coleoptera and Homoptera. The complex application of the chemical (Bordeaux Isagro, 20 % Copper Sulphate, 5.0 kg/ha) and a mixture of the biological preparations (Trichodermin, 2.0 l/ha, Planriz, 1.0 l/ha, Pentofag, 5.0 l/ha, Gaupsin, 3.0-5.0 l/ha, Lepidocide, 10 l/ha) at the beginning of the bud swell, and before and after the peach flowering, proves to protect reliably the orchards against harmful organisms. The technical efficiency of the above mentioned preparations against the main diseases and dominant pests 63.0-89.0 and 50.0-94.0 % respectively.

The article presents the results of field experience to assess the effectiveness of various formulations for presowing seeds treatment in different varieties of peas. On average for the years of research, the number of nodules on Tan variety (leaflike morphotype) exceeded the index of Varis one (tendriled morphotype). The seed treatment by Rizotorfina had some positive impact on the number of nodules, but the extent of this influence vary greatly, depending on the variety and years of research, and an average increase in the index to the control was 10.7% for Tan variety and 8.7% for the Varis variety. A noticeable effect was to mix Rizotorfina + Albite, a growth of nodules number on leaflike morphotype was 56.2%, and on tendriled one was 56.7%. The positive effect of the mixture Rizotorfina + Planriz was stronger at Varis variety. Cistern-mix with chemical protectants Vial TT reduced the number of nodules on Tang variety, but had a positive impact on this indicator on the Varis one. In 2011 and 2012 Tan variety less amazed by root rot, but in 2013, on the contrary, less disease progression was noted at Varis. The highest productivity of peas over years of research (2.13 t/ha) was provided on Varis variety, at seed treatment by Rizotorfina + Albite mixture. It was found, that the use of cistern-mix of Rizotorfina with Albite drug for presowing seeds treatment can significantly improve the productivity and sustainability of peas to root rot.

При выращивании томата в блочных теплицах комбината «Тепличный» (г. Владимир) в летне-осеннем обороте с использованием капельного полива дана оценка эффективности борьбы с белокрылкой и паутинным клещом химическим и биологическим методами. Для снижения численности белокрылки использованы следующие инсектициды: Моспилан (ацетамиприд, 20 г/кг), норма расхода 1,5 кг/га; Пленум (пиметрозин, 500 г/кг), 0,5 кг/га; Мовенто Энерджи (спиротетрамат + имидаклоприд), две обработки по 0,7 л/га; против паутинного клеща проведены три обработки Фитовермом (аверсектин С), 3 л/га. В биологической защите для подавления тепличной белокрылки и паутинного клеща применяли выпуск агентов биологической борьбы: в первой схеме макролофуса и фитосейулюса и во второй – энкарзии и фитосейулюса. Выпуск энкарзии проведен четыре раза, из расчета 1,5 экз/лист (трехкратный выпуск) и 1 экз/лист (однократный выпуск). Заселение растений хищным клопом макролофус проведено два раза из расчета 10000 экз/га. Хищного клеща фитосейулюса размещали локально в очаги скопления паутинного клеща (500 экз/га). Биологическую эффективность пестицидов и хищных насекомых оценивали по численности вредных объектов до обработки и через 3, 5 и 7 суток после обработки по общепринятым методикам. Против болезней во всех схемах защиты использовали для подавления корневых гнилей Планриз, 5 л/га и Превикур Энерджи (пропамокарб + фосэтил), 3 л/га, от фитофтороза и альтернариоза – Ордан (хлорокись меди + цимоксанил), 2,5 кг/га, Квадрис (азоксистробин), 1,2 л/га. Результаты учета численности вредителей до и после обработки показали, что биологическая эффективность использования хищных насекомых против белокрылки составляет 90–95% и против паутинного клеща – 78–80%, а инсектицидов – 76%. Эффективность биометода в борьбе с белокрылкой и клещом была выше, чем инсектицидов химической природы. Использование хищных насекомых позволило снизить объем применения пестицидов на 12,4 кг/га и увеличить сбор плодов на 18 и 9%. Прибыль от применения макролофуса и фитосейулюса составила 1,278 млн р. и от энкарзиии и фитосейулюса – 0,615 млн р. Assessment of the efficiency of controlling greenhouse whiteflies and spider mites with chemical and biological methods is given when using drip irrigation while growing tomatoes in block greenhouses of the «Teplichny» greenhouse complex (Vladimir) in summer-autumn. To control whiteflies, the following insecticides were used: Mospilan (acetamiprid, 20 g/kg), consumption rate 1.5 kg/ha, Plenum (pymetrozin, 500 g/kg), 0.5 kg/ha, Movento Energy (spirotetramat + imidacloprid), two treatments at 0.7 l/ha; 3 treatments with Phytoverm (aversectin C), 3 l/ha were carried out for spider mites. Within biological control, predatory and parasitic insects and mites were used to suppress greenhouse whiteflies and spider mites: first macrolophus and phytoseiulus, and then encarsia and phytoseiulus. Encarsia was used 4 times: at the rate of 1.5 spec/leaf (3 times) and 1 spec/leaf – fourth time. Plants were colonized by the predatory bug macrolophus twice at the rate of 10000 spec/ha. Predatory mite phytoseiulus was placed locally in the spider mite infestation (500 spec/ha). The biological efficiency of pesticides and predatory insects was assessed by the number of harmful objects before the treatment and 3, 5 and 7 days after it according to generally accepted methods. In all protection schemes for disease control the following was used: Planriz, 5 l/ha and Previcur energy (propamocarb + fosethyl), 3 l/ha to suppress root rot; Ordan (copper oxychloride + cymoxanil), 2.5 kg/ha, Quadris (azoxystrobin), 1.2 l/ha to suppress phytophthora and alternaria. The results of counting the pest number before and after the treatment showed that the biological efficiency of using predatory insects for whiteflies was 90–95%, for spider mites – 78–80%, and 76% when using insecticides. Thus, the biological method efficiency of controlling whiteflies and spider mites was higher than that of chemical insecticides. Predatory insects made it possible to reduce the amount of pesticide application by 12.4 kg/ha and increase the harvest by 18 and 9%. The profit from the use of macrolophus and phytoseiulus amounted to 1.278 million rubles and from encarsia and phytoseiulus – 0.615 million rubles.

Fastighetsutveckling är en verksamhet som kännetecknas av en hög grad av komplexitet och osäkerhet. Detaljplaneprocessen är en långdragen process som ofta löper över flera år, och involverar ett stort antal sakägare och många motstridiga intressen. Det råder en stor risk att detaljplanen inte färdigställs eller att processen fördröjs på grund av olika överklaganden eller problem vad gäller trafiklösningar, landskapsbild, buller och riksintressen såsom skyddade arter och fornlämningar. (Costello, G. et. al. 2010). Det är även mycket vanligt att den slutgiltiga detaljplanens innehåll nedrevideras, och därmed skiljer sig jämfört med det ursprungliga förslaget. Ovan nämnda riskfaktorer går under samlingsnamnet planrisk, och anses vara den största risken enligt byggherrar, och hur den bedöms inför ett förvärv kan vara avgörande för projektets lönsamhet (Segerlund, D 2015). Dagens värderingsmetodik för råmark, det vill säga mark som inte är detaljplanelagd, sker vanligtvis genom ortsprismetoden där jämförelser görs med tidigare utförda transaktioner på jämförbar mark. Eftersom antalet transaktioner av råmark är mycket lågt i Sverige och att information om prispåverkande bakomliggande villkor ofta saknas så använder man en indirekt ortsprismetod, så kallad råmarkskalkyl, som komplement. Råmarkskalkylen räknar ut råmarkens värde utifrån värdet av projektet vid färdigställande minskat med beräknadekostnader, tidsfaktor samt uppskattad planrisk (ibid). Detta examensarbete har syftat till att utreda vilka faktorer styr planrisken och hur värderare går till väga för att uppskatta denna parameter. Tidigare rapporter inom ämnet belyser problematiken kring transparens och tydlighet i de antaganden som använts i värdeutlåtanden vid värdering av råmark. Således syftar även detta arbete till att utreda de faktorer som ligger till grund för den bristande transparensen som råder. Författarna har använt sig av triangulering som forskningsmetod för att mynna ut i det resultat som redovisas i slutet av arbetet. Sammanfattningsvis har 10 intervjuer genomförts med olika branschaktörer som alla är insatta i ämnet kring planrisk och råmarksutveckling. För att få en god förståelse över ämnet och ett perspektiv från både offentlig och privat sektor har även en kortare enkätstudie skickats till samtliga av landets kommuner. Slutligen har även en fallstudie genomförts där författarna undersökt och jämfört fyra olika värderingsutlåtanden för råmark.  Slutsatserna som kan dras från detta arbete är att värderingen av råmark är ett komplext värderingsförfarande, som kräver erfarenhet från värderingsmän. Det går dock att notera brister i hur antaganden redovisas i dessa värderingsutlåtanden. Författarna anser också att annars vanliga tillvägagångssätt för att hantera osäkerheter vid värdering saknas i denna typ av värderingar, exempelvis känslighetsanalyser och scenarioanalyser. Ett återkommande tema under intervjustudien är att marknaden saknar den betalningsvilja som krävs för ytterligare utredningsunderlag. Författarna menar dock att det finns kostnadseffektiva lösningar som skulle både stärka och öka validiteten och realibiliteten i den slutliga bedömningen, vilketockså redovisas i resultatdelen. I hopp om att bidra till en ökad transparens inom branschen, har en matris skapats som författarna tror kan fungera som en vägledning för rådgivare, kund och marknad.
Real estate development is a procedure that is characterized by a high grade of complexity and insecurity. The process for developing a detailed development plan is a lengthy and tedious procedure that involves a large number of stakeholders with conflicting interests. The risk that the detailed development plan is not completed or prolonged due to factors such as traffic solutions, national interests, racket and a shifting scenery is high. (Costello, G. et. al. 2010). It is also common that the contents of the final version of the detailed development plan is revised in a downwards fashion, and thus differs significantly from the initial proposal. The aforementioned risk factors are, along with other risk factors, collectively called the planning permit risk. It is considered to be the largest risk according to real estate developers and how it is assessed prior to an acquisition of land is considered crucial for the profitability of the project (Segerlund, D 2015). The most common method used for valuing raw land (parcel of land that is not encompassed within a detailed development plan) today is called a comparable sales method, where you use prior transactions of comparable properties to assess the value of your project. Due to the fact that the volume of raw land transactions is quite low in Sweden, the comparable sales method is often complemented with a backdoor feasibility analysis, which computes the value of the project as if it was finished subtracted with the costs, the time to completion and the planningpermit risk (ibid). This master's thesis’ aim is to examine which factors that affect the planning permit risk and how valuers assess this parameter. Prior research within the subject sheds a light on the problem with transparency and clarity regarding the assumptions that are used in valuation reports for raw land valuations. Thus, this report also intends to examine the factors that are subject to blame for this lack of transparency. The authors have chosen to answer the research questions stated in this paper by the use of triangulation as the research method. The authors have conducted 10 interviews with branch professionals that are knowledgeable regarding the subject of the planning permit risk and raw land valuation. To gain a deeper understanding of the subject and to gain a perspective from both the private and public sectors, a survey has been sent out to all of Sweden's municipalities. To conclude it all has a case study been conducted, where the authors have examined and compared four valuation reports of raw land.  The conclusions that can be drawn from this thesis is that the valuation of raw land is a complex procedure that requires experienced valuers. It is however possible to note flaws regarding the presentation of the assumptions in the valuation reports. The authors find that otherwise normal procedures regarding how to handle insecurities in valuation are lacking in these reports, for example sensitivity or scenario analyses. A reoccurring comment during the interview procedure is the fact that the market is not willing to pay for additional inspections that can increase the transparency of these valuation reports. However, the authors of this paper suggest that there are cost-efficient solutions that can strengthen and enhance thevalidity and reliability of the valuation reports for raw land valuations. In hopes of increasing the transparency within the industry, a matrix has been developed that is presented at the end of this paper, which the authors believe can be of guidance to not only the advisers, but alsothe client and the market as a whole.

The biological preparations: Planrise, Trychodermin, Phytodoctor on alternaria blight pathogen developing results were proposed. Their inhibiting action were proven by experimental way. The highest inhibiting growing was observed in variant with 10 % solution Planrise and Trychodermin. It was consisted of 25,0 and 29,0 mm, respectively.

Derivatives of ammonium salts of dihydropyrimidine did not show a toxic effect on reducing the concentration of viable cells of the bacterium strain AR-33 Pseudomonas fluorescens. The best indicators of the weight of 100 seeds and the number of formed beans in soybeans were shown by the combination Planriz - 5 l / ha + 0.1% solution of xymedon + 0.2% solution of succinic acid + 2 ml of DMAE + 2 ml of DMSO. The use of all combinations of biocomplexes showed the effectiveness of drugs against diseases in the range of 59.31-69.63%. As a result of the use of biocomplexes, their fungicidal, immunoprotective and stimulating action, an increase in yield of 1.15 - 1.7 times relative to control was recorded. The best yield on potatoes showed a combination of Planriz, v.s. (bacteria of strain AP-33 Pseudomonas fluorescens, 3x109 CFU / cm3) - 5 l / ha + 0.1% solution of ximedon + 0.2% solution of succinic acid + 2 ml of DMAE + 2 ml of DMSO, which was 3 , 4 t / ha. The effectiveness of the drug against late blight was 79.1%.

The results of studies on the effect of Trichodermin, Gaupsin, PhytoDoctor, Planriz on the yield of healthy and phomosis-affected potato tubers are presented. The positive effect of all applied biological products on potato productivity is shown. Pre-planting treatment and two foliar spraying contributed to an increase in yields, both infected (by 2.3-11.7 %) with phomosis, and healthy (by 7.9-16.4 %) potato tubers.

The results of studies of the influence of biologicals on the process of adaptation of microclonal potato plants to in vivo conditions in greenhouse and field conditions are presented. Treatment of plant material with biological products Planriz and PhytoDoctor promotes the adaptation of in vitro potato plants to in vivo conditions, increases the survival rate of up to 97,8% of potato seedlings and increases the yield of mini-tubers.