Zeitschriftenartikel: „Plan Grid“

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Goth, G. „Grid Services Architecture plan gaining momentum“. IEEE Internet Computing 6, Nr. 4 (Juli 2002): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mic.2002.1020319.

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Baranovski, A., G. Garzoglio, H. Koutaniemi, L. Lueking, S. Patil, R. Pordes, A. Rana et al. „The SAM-GRID project: architecture and plan“. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 502, Nr. 2-3 (April 2003): 423–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(03)00458-3.

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3

Mukherjee, Saikat, Srinath Srinivasa und Krithi Ramamritham. „An Autonomous Agent Approach to Query Optimization in Stream Grids“. International Journal of Organizational and Collective Intelligence 1, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2010): 18–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joci.2010100102.

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Stream grids are wide-area grid computing environments that are fed by a set of stream data sources, and Queries arrive at the grid from users and applications external to the system. The kind of queries considered in this work is long-running continuous (LRC) queries, which are neither short-lived nor infinitely long lived. The queries are “open” from the grid perspective as the grid cannot control or predict the arrival of a query with time, location, required data and query revocations. Query optimization in such an environment has two major challenges, i.e., optimizing in a multi-query environment and continuous optimization, due to new query arrivals and revocations. As generating a globally optimal query plan is an intractable problem, this work explores the idea of emergent optimization where globally optimal query plans emerge as a result of local autonomous decisions taken by the grid nodes. Drawing concepts from evolutionary game theory, grid nodes are modeled as autonomous agents that seek to maximize a self-interest function using one of a set of different strategies. Grid nodes change strategies in response to variations in query arrival and revocation patterns, which is also autonomously decided by each grid node.

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TUNÇER, Mehmet, und Simge ÖZDAL OKTAY. „Methods and Techniques in Preparation of Secular Decade Strategic Plan for National Parks“. GRID - Architecture, Planning and Design Journal 1, Nr. 2 (14.07.2018): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37246/grid.357003.

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LOSKUTOV, Aleksey B., Aleksandr L. KULIKOV und Pavel V. ILYUSHIN. „From the GOELRO Plan to Digitalization of Russia’s Electric Power Complex“. Elektrichestvo 12, Nr. 12 (2020): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2020-12-14-30.

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Owing to adoption of the GOELRO plan in 1920 and its stage-by-state implementation, it became possible to meet the country’s needs for intense development of its economy through providing the required amounts of electricity to all sectors of the national economy. Nowadays, the smart grid technologies open the possibility to carry out «digital updating» of the grids to obtain their better observability and controllability, smaller losses in them, and to ensure reliable operation of distributed and renewable power generating facilities, which have become new participants in the electricity market. The use of smart grid technologies opens the possibility to optimally integrate heterogeneous electric power sources, backbone and distribution networks, and also active consumers into a unified electric power complex for achieving the economic and environmental objectives. The article considers modern innovative and prospective technologies of smart grids and outlines historical parallels with the GOELRO plan, which determined the course for electrification of Russia.

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Yang, Yanhua, und Ligang Yao. „Optimization Method of Power Equipment Maintenance Plan Decision-Making Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (15.03.2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9372803.

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The safe and reliable operation of power grid equipment is the basis for ensuring the safe operation of the power system. At present, the traditional periodical maintenance has exposed the abuses such as deficient maintenance and excess maintenance. Based on a multiagent deep reinforcement learning decision-making optimization algorithm, a method for decision-making and optimization of power grid equipment maintenance plans is proposed. In this paper, an optimization model of power grid equipment maintenance plan that takes into account the reliability and economics of power grid operation is constructed with maintenance constraints and power grid safety constraints as its constraints. The deep distributed recurrent Q-networks multiagent deep reinforcement learning is adopted to solve the optimization model. The deep distributed recurrent Q-networks multiagent deep reinforcement learning uses the high-dimensional feature extraction capabilities of deep learning and decision-making capabilities of reinforcement learning to solve the multiobjective decision-making problem of power grid maintenance planning. Through case analysis, the comparative results show that the proposed algorithm has better optimization and decision-making ability, as well as lower maintenance cost. Accordingly, the algorithm can realize the optimal decision of power grid equipment maintenance plan. The expected value of power shortage and maintenance cost obtained by the proposed method is $71.75$ $MW·H$ and $496000$ $yuan$.

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Kim, Dae Hyun, Jae Myeong Kim, Byung Chan Yoon, Eun Mi Chang und Yun Soo Choi. „Development Plan of Grid System Utilizing Spatial Information“. Journal of Korea Spatial Information Society 23, Nr. 6 (31.12.2015): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12672/ksis.2015.23.6.043.

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Jurnal, Redaksi Tim. „PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI SISTEM SMART MICROGRID DI SEKOLAH TINGGI TEKNIK PLN“. Sutet 7, Nr. 1 (20.12.2018): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/sutet.v7i1.167.

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Nowadays application of new and renewable energy as power plan renewable energy resources as power plant resource more and more increased. High penetration of renewable energy into the grid will influence the quality and reliability of the electricity system, due to the intermittent characteristic of renewable energy resources. The smart grid or microgrid technology has the ability to deal with this intermittent characteristic especially while these renewable energy resources integrated to grid in large scale, so its can improve the reliability and efficiency of that grid. We plan to implementation of smart microgrid system at School High Tehnik of PLN as a pilot project. Before the pilot project design, the feasibility study must be conducted. In this feasibility study, the renewable energy resources and load characteristic at the site will be measure. Then the technical aspect of this feasibility study will be analyze.This paper explained the analysis of thus feasibility study.

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Lowry, Gordon. „Day-ahead forecasting of grid carbon intensity in support of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning plant demand response decision-making to reduce carbon emissions“. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 39, Nr. 6 (30.04.2018): 749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418774738.

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Electrical heating, ventilation and air-conditioning loads in buildings are suitable candidates for use in demand response activity. This paper demonstrates a method to support planned demand response actions intended explicitly to reduce carbon emissions. Demand response is conventionally adopted to aid the operation of electricity grids and can lead to greater efficiency; here it is planned to target times of day when electricity is generated with high carbon intensity. Operators of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning plant and occupants of conditioned spaces can plan when to arrange shutdown of plant once they can foresee the opportune time of day for carbon saving. It is shown that the carbon intensity of the mainland UK electricity grid varies markedly throughout the day, but that this tends to follow daily and weekly seasonal patterns. To enable planning of demand response, 24 h ahead forecast models of grid carbon intensity are developed that are not dependent on collecting multiple exogenous data sets. In forecasting half-hour periods of high carbon intensity either linear autoregressive or non-linear artificial neural network models can be used, but a daily seasonal autoregressive model is shown to provide a 20% improvement in carbon reduction. Practical application: The forecast method demonstrated in the paper would enable building operators to plan demand response activity to target times of high carbon intensity on the UK electricity grid. The method would be easy to implement as the only data required are publicly available.

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Suriya, Ponnambalam, Srikrishna Subramanian, Sivarajan Ganesan und Manoharan Abirami. „Generation and transmission expansion management using grasshopper optimization algorithm“. International Journal of Engineering Business Management 11 (01.01.2019): 184797901881832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1847979018818320.

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This article explores how generation and transmission expansion plans (GTEPs) vary and become better suited for the accessibility of smart grid technology (SGT), essentially comprising load shifting, environmental assets and cost rebates. Demand response (DR) resources in smart grids have emerged in debates on GTEP, especially with respect to compromising system security. The planned model is designed as an innovative GTEP solution with DR resources that minimize cost by decreasing the peak load of the basic plan. A chaotic grasshopper optimization algorithm (CGOA) is used to optimize the results of the proposed GTEP model.

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Liu, Qi, Yaoyi Xu, Peng Zhan, Xin Li und Qike Wu. „Realization of A Knowledge-based Intelligent System for Power Dispatching Plan Management“. E3S Web of Conferences 182 (2020): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018202004.

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With the expanding of power grid scale in Chinese metropolis, the task intensity of power dispatchers increases rapidly in regulation of the power system operation structure and states to deal with everyday scheduled maintenance. In this paper, we propose a knowledge-based intelligent system developed to deal with daily management of the power dispatching plans. The system will analyse all the operation state changing tasks arranged for the next day and group the plans according to their association. It will automatically check the security of each power dispatching plan and generate the corresponding dispatching-order tickets. The proposed system builds up power grid ontology knowledge and first-order logic rules and integrates techniques of knowledge reasoning, natural language understanding and network topology analysis. Application shows that it can effectively realize the day-ahead power dispatching plan management (PDPM) instead of the human dispatchers.

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Cui, Kai, Juan Zhao, Xiao Wu, Hui Li, Yanhua Tian und Jing Li. „The Impact of New Electricity Reform on the Management of Power Network Investment Planning and Its Countermeasures“. E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911802014.

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A new round of power system reform will gradually promote the construction of power market in China. In this process, many policies will have an impact on the investment plan management of power grid enterprises. Firstly, this paper analyses the basic framework of China’s new power reform and two key tasks affecting grid investment. Then, the impact of electricity reform policy on investment decision-making of power grid is analyzed, including investment planning objectives, planning principles, planning depth, planning effectiveness and investment management. Finally, the investment plan management strategy of power grid company under the new situation is put forward.

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Afif, Benameur, Tayeb Allaoui, Abdelkader Chaker und Amina Benhamou. „Numerical Simulation of Solar on Grid Plan in Tamanrasset“. International Review of Automatic Control (IREACO) 8, Nr. 3 (31.05.2015): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/ireaco.v8i3.5494.

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TAKASAGO, Masahiro, und Masanori TSUJI. „GRID SYSTEM IN THE FLOOR PLAN OF BARCELONA PAVILION“. Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 70, Nr. 592 (2005): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.70.255.

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Rosaneli, Alessandro. „Grid Plan New Towns in the Brazilian Coffee Frontier“. Journal of Urban Design 19, Nr. 5 (24.09.2014): 638–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2014.943702.

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Kramer, David. „‘Smart grid’ gets big stimulus from US recovery plan“. Physics Today 62, Nr. 4 (April 2009): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3120889.

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TUNÇER, Mehmet. „An Interdisciplinary Project: Controlled Urban Growth and Tourism Development Master Plan Study for Ajloun, Ain Janna and Anjara, Amman, Jordan“. GRID - Architecture, Planning and Design Journal 1, Nr. 2 (14.07.2018): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37246/grid.341206.

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Qiu, Ge Fei, Zheng Lin, Li Jun He, Jun Hao Cao und Xiao Dan. „Research of TCSC Damping Effect on Low Frequency Oscillation in West Yunnan Power Grid“. Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.567.

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Based on the analysis of damping theory of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), the influence of TCSC to electric magnetic torque with and without damping function is studied by one generator infinite model so to deduce the mechanism of low frequency oscillation damping of TCSC. Combined with ‘the Twelfth Five-year Plan’ power and transmission grid construction plan in western Yunnan, the proper scheme for TCSC damping control was chosen in the southwestern Yunnan power grid and the transient and dynamic simulations of southwestern Yunnan power grid were performed. The simulation results show that TCSC can improve the system damping when the grid is in Yunguang area oscillation mode with frequency of 0.27Hz and 0.6Hz，especially in condition when Yunnan grid is in the local area oscillation mode of 0.6 Hz. The simulations also demonstrate that TCSC can improve transient stability of Yunnan power grid. The application of TCSC in southwestern Yunnan Power Grid is of great significance to power grid safe operation.

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Tao, Xiao Long, Ya Fu Zhang und Shan Wang. „The Study on the Post-Evaluation of Benefits of the Abandon Hydropower“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (Dezember 2013): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.277.

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In allusion to the problem that abandon hydropower computing ignores the grid absorption capacity, the calculation model of the abandon hydropower considering grid absorption capacity is proposed. In generating daily plan for reference, according the quantity that in excess of the plan calculates the abandon hydropower. In the order of each plant coal consumption rate to reduce the thermal power output from high to low. Hydropower to replace this part of thermal power electricity. When the economic benefit and environmental benefit is largest, we calculate the abandon hydropower that can absorbed by the system. Calculate the increasing benefit of the abandon hydropower by the with and without comparison method when a engineering have been operating.

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CÉRIN, CHRISTOPHE, JEAN-LUC GAUDIOT und MICHEL KOSKAS. „A MULTITHREADED SQL SERVICE“. Parallel Processing Letters 16, Nr. 02 (Juni 2006): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626406002605.

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In this paper, we describe in detail a novel SQL service based on radix tree data structures and we show how to multithread the service in order to execute it on distributed platforms. The SQL service is currently developed in the context of SMP platforms but should be deployed in the future on grid platforms. The development of the SQL service is part of the Grid Explorer project. The project (French part) aims at building a grid emulator to study the behavior of grids. One need in the project is for a database software to store experimental conditions and to analyze traces of execution (for instance, to find in "real time" frequent episodes for the CPU load metric in order to predict the future state of the grid). We plan to use our SQL service on an SMP platform for this purpose.

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Liu, Jiao Jiao, Zhi Jie Wang, Yi Zhi Ye und Zhen Hai Zhang. „Research for PV Cell and Storage Battery of Dynamic Economic Dispatch in Micro-Grid“. Advanced Materials Research 998-999 (Juli 2014): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.998-999.458.

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The method of day-ahead dynamic economic dispatch is applied to the micro-grid composed of photovoltaic (PV) generation system and batteries to make its operational cost minimized. The battery life was converted cost and added to the objective function. Micro-grid’s mathematical model of economic dispatch was set up. Mathematical model of economic dispatch was solved by using the method of real population genetic algorithm. The charge and discharge plan of battery in micro-grid and buying or selling electricity plan between micro-grid and State Grid was established at the same time. Taking real data of Shanghai Electric Group’s micro-grid for case study, the dynamic economic dispatch is compared with traditional dispatch strategy. The results verify the effectiveness of the dynamic economic.

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Chen, Chao-Rong, Wen-Ta Tsai und Hua-Yi Chen. „System Simulation and Implementation of SIPS in Taiwan“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/184020.

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This study describes the system simulation and implementation of the system integrity protection schemes (SIPS) in an independent, intensive, and island-type power system. It also elucidates a smart grid plan to provide grid security in this power grid. The proposed SIPS can prevent blackouts that could otherwise result from the transient instability of N-3 contingencies and has been fully implemented and operated. The entire SIPS installation comprises two stages. The first-stage SIPS takes generator tripping system simulation and the second-stage SIPS involves generator tripping, load rejection, and bus-tie switching countermeasures. The proposed SIPS can prevent isolated power system blackout from extreme contingencies system and provide a valuable system simulation experience for similar independent power grids.

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Nainar, Karthikeyan, Catalin Iosif Ciontea, Kamal Shahid, Florin Iov, Rasmus Løvenstein Olsen, Christine Schäler und Hans-Peter Christian Schwefel. „Experimental Validation and Deployment of Observability Applications for Monitoring of Low-Voltage Distribution Grids“. Sensors 21, Nr. 17 (27.08.2021): 5770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175770.

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Future distribution grids will be subjected to fluctuations in voltages and power flows due to the presence of renewable sources with intermittent power generation. The advanced smart metering infrastructure (AMI) enables the distribution system operators (DSOs) to measure and analyze electrical quantities such as voltages, currents and power at each customer connection point. Various smart grid applications can make use of the AMI data either in offline or close to real-time mode to assess the grid voltage conditions and estimate losses in the lines/cables. The outputs of these applications can enable DSOs to take corrective action and make a proper plan for grid upgrades. In this paper, the process of development and deployment of applications for improving the observability of distributions grids is described, which consists of the novel deployment framework that encompasses the proposition of data collection, communication to the servers, data storage, and data visualization. This paper discussed the development of two observability applications for grid monitoring and loss calculation, their validation in a laboratory setup, and their field deployment. A representative distribution grid in Denmark is chosen for the study using an OPAL-RT real-time simulator. The results of the experimental studies show that the proposed applications have high accuracy in estimating grid voltage magnitudes and active energy losses. Further, the field deployment of the applications prove that DSOs can gain insightful information about their grids and use them for planning purposes.

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Li, Hong, Yang Yu, Yuantao Xie und Jing Zhang. „Could wind and PV energies achieve the grid parity in China until 2020?“ Filomat 30, Nr. 15 (2016): 4173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1615173l.

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Grid parity targets of wind and solar power are proposed in China Energy Development Strategy Action Plan 2014-2020. The paper intends to exam this proposal and pinpoints factors that may influence the achievements of these targets. The method of levelized cost of electricity is adopted to compare the price trends of wind, PV and coal power on the utility?s transmission and distribution grids. The environmental cost of coal-fired power is estimated and accounted into the price comparison. Results show that the levelized prices of wind and PV power will decrease considerably during the period of Action Plan. Neither wind nor PV power is competitive with coal power from the utility or retail side in 2013. But wind power is approaching the utility cost in 2020 and achieves the grid parity in provinces with the favorable wind resources and unfavorable coal electricity costs. Distributed PV stations can reach the grid parity on the retail level for business or even industrial consumers when utility-scale solar plants still do not. The extent that the environmental cost is accounted extensively influences the time for wind and solar power at grid parity. These findings implicate that the electricity price policies for wind and solar power should be positioned to better promote their cost reductions and better reflect their environmental values.

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Li, Shi Hua. „Power Grid Crisis Management under the Natural Disasters in Extreme Weather“. Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.775.

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Power grid crisis happening at home and abroad warns the urgency of power grid crisis management. This article mainly study on how to carry out power grid crisis management under the natural disasters in extreme weather from three aspects: prevention and early warning before the crisis; coordination and joint action in crisis; reflections after the crisis. For the nucleus of crisis management is prevention-oriented, so the first line of defense of power grid crisis management is to establish a shared value of the crisis culture. In the face of power-grid crisis, a comprehensive “multi-sectoral” and “internal and external” coordination-mechanism must be built to jointly cope with the crisis. Through reflections after the crisis, inefficiency in disposal and long-term plan could be found timely so as to adjust preplan, early warning, long-range plans, and so on.

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Fan, Wei Lin, Ping Ma und Qiang Gao. „Plan of Power Communication Network Based on Smart Grid Services“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 631-632 (September 2014): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.631-632.869.

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Based on available data and predictions of power distribution and utilization communication services in smart grid of a realistic province, a plan for power communication network is proposed. For access network, communication strategies are explored based on load density of different power supply areas. As for transport network, architecture of trunk and local network is designed and its feasibility is discussed in terms of bandwidth utilization and network survivability.

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Hu, Wan, Yang Qing, Yu Ming-hui und Fei Qi. „Grid-based platform for disaster response plan simulation over Internet“. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 16, Nr. 3 (März 2008): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2008.01.001.

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Kim, Dong-Wan, Ji-Han Ko, Seong Hyun Kim, Homin Kim und Eel-Hwan Kim. „Renewable Energy Configuration Plan of Micro Grid in Gapa Island“. Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society 34, Nr. 2 (30.04.2014): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7836/kses.2014.34.2.016.

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Han, Sangwook. „Control Method of Buses and Lines Using Reinforcement Learning for Short Circuit Current Reduction“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 22 (10.11.2020): 9333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229333.

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This paper proposes a reinforcement learning-based approach that optimises bus and line control methods to solve the problem of short circuit currents in power systems. Expansion of power grids leads to concentrated power output and more lines for large-scale transmission, thereby increasing short circuit currents. The short circuit currents must be managed systematically by controlling the buses and lines such as separating, merging, and moving a bus, line, or transformer. However, there are countless possible control schemes in an actual grid. Moreover, to ensure compliance with power system reliability standards, no bus should exceed breaker capacity nor should lines or transformers be overloaded. For this reason, examining and selecting a plan requires extensive time and effort. To solve these problems, this paper introduces reinforcement learning to optimise control methods. By providing appropriate rewards for each control action, a policy is set, and the optimal control method is obtained through a maximising value method. In addition, a technique is presented that systematically defines the bus and line separation measures, limits the range of measures to those with actual power grid applicability, and reduces the optimisation time while increasing the convergence probability and enabling use in actual power grid operation. In the future, this technique will contribute significantly to establishing power grid operation plans based on short circuit currents.

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Ciller, Pedro, Fernando de Cuadra und Sara Lumbreras. „Optimizing Off-Grid Generation in Large-Scale Electrification-Planning Problems: A Direct-Search Approach“. Energies 12, Nr. 24 (06.12.2019): 4634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244634.

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Off-grid systems play a prominent role in rural electrification planning. The problem of optimizing the generation design of a single off-grid system has received a significant amount of attention in the literature, and several software tools and algorithms have addressed it. However, methods and tools designed for individual mini-grids are not directly applicable to regional planning, where it is necessary to estimate the generation cost of potentially thousands of mini-grids. Conversely, most regional planning tools estimate the generation cost of mini-grids with rules of thumb or analytical expressions. These estimations are useful, but they lack the accuracy necessary to develop a rural electrification plan. This paper presents a method to estimate the generation cost of any potential off-grid system in a large-scale rural electrification planning problem, which is currently implemented in the Reference Electrification Model (REM). The method uses a master-slave decomposition that exploits the structure of the problem and combines continuous and discrete variables. The algorithm is illustrated with a case study that shows that a direct application of a discrete model may lead to suboptimal results in large-scale planning.

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López-Rodríguez, Rubén, Adriana Aguilera-González, Ionel Vechiu und Seddik Bacha. „Day-Ahead MPC Energy Management System for an Island Wind/Storage Hybrid Power Plant“. Energies 14, Nr. 4 (18.02.2021): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041066.

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This paper presents a multi-objective energy management system (EMS) to manage the power dispatch of a hybrid power plant (HPP), consisting of a grid-connected wind farm and a Li-ION battery storage system on the island of Guadeloupe’s electrical grid. Via a controller based on Model Predictive Control (MPC), the EMS solves the problem of optimization by considering the production forecast data and managing several operation rules, which ensures meet energy targets considered for a sustainable power dispatching plan. The proposed strategy is tested in a PowerFactory/MATLAB co-simulation environment.

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Kim, Seong-Kyu, und Jun-Ho Huh. „A Study on the Improvement of Smart Grid Security Performance and Blockchain Smart Grid Perspective“. Energies 11, Nr. 8 (30.07.2018): 1973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081973.

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Interest in green energy has increased worldwide. Therefore, smart grid projects to form a more efficient and eco-friendly intelligent grid by combining information technology (IT) technology with the existing grid are actively being conducted. In Korea, a national-level smart grid project road map has been confirmed, and an action plan has been prepared. Despite such actions, there may appear various threat scenarios in the application of the IT to the grid as a reverse function. Security technology is a measure to respond to such threats effectively. The security technology of a smart grid is an important factor that is directly related to the success or failure of the smart grid project. A smart grid is a new type of next-generation grid born of the fusion with IT. If the smart grid, the backbone of the power supply, is damaged by a cyberattack, it may cause huge damage, such as a nationwide power outage. In fact, there is an increasing cyberattack threat, and the cyber security threat to the smart grid is not insignificant. Furthermore, the legal system related to information protection is also important in order to support it systematically. In this paper, the necessity of the smart grid is examined, and the industry’s initiative toward the smart grid security threat and threat response is examined. In this paper, we also suggest a security plan of applying Rainbowchain, the Blockchain technology, to the smart grid and energy exchange. We propose achieving superior performance and security functions by using Rainbowchain, which contains seven authentication techniques among existing Blockchain technologies, and propose the ecosystem and architecture necessary for its application.

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Liao, Li, und Chengjun Ji. „Smart Grid Dispatching Optimization for System Resilience Improvement“. Complexity 2020 (06.11.2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8884279.

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A large number of modern communication technologies and sensing technologies are incorporated into the smart grid, which makes its structure unique. The centralized optimized dispatch method of traditional power grids is difficult to achieve effective dispatch of smart grids. Based on the analysis of power generation plan and maintenance plan optimization model, this paper establishes a smart grid power generation and maintenance collaborative optimization model with distributed renewable energy. The objective function of this collaborative optimization problem is the operating cost of conventional units, the cost of wind power generation, and the cost of overhauling units; the constraints considered mainly include system constraints and overhaul constraints. The solution method of combinatorial optimization is analyzed, and the genetic optimization algorithm adopted in this paper is selected and discussed. According to the characteristics of the system, various loads are modeled, and power supply constraints are considered. By establishing an effective objective function, the adjustable load scheduling problem is transformed into a solvable optimal control problem. Taking into account the uncertain factors in the system, the advantage of the real-time control system is that it can realize the dynamic update scheduling of the load, so it is more in line with the requirements of the actual system. The real-time algorithm proposed in the paper is based on a distributed control strategy, which can not only realize dynamic compensation for random fluctuations in renewable energy power generation but also satisfy the load curve optimization under the premise of making full use of power supply resources. In addition, simulation experiments compare the load dispatching capabilities of the proposed algorithm with the existing algorithms, thereby verifying the performance of the proposed method.

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Yu, Lin Lin, und Yu Fei Rao. „UHV AC Placement Selection Method Based on the Short Circuit Current Coordination“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 738-739 (März 2015): 1280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.738-739.1280.

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UHV AC transmission has a high transmission capacity, long distance, low loss, covers save etc. significant advantages, so it’s widely used in our country. But the placement of the UHV which was sent to select still major use projects empirical methods. This method lacks clarity and systematic. Meanwhile, it is difficult to adapt to complex changes in the overall demand for power grid. This paper developed a UHV AC placement selection method based on short-circuit current coordination. According to UHV grid and nearby 500kV grid short-circuit current coordination constraint, unreasonable impact point sent plan was excluded so that greatly unnecessary computational analysis was reduced. This can quickly determine the placement of reasonable UHV AC transmission project plan.

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Niu, Dong Xiao, Jin Peng Liu, Tong Liu und Hao Chi Guo. „Comprehensive Evaluation of Regional Grid Development Level of China under the Smart Grid Construction“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (Februar 2013): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.640.

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The construction engineering of smart grid is the key plan for the electricity grid development of China. To build a strong smart grid has been the main goal for the development of regional grid, thus, it is of great significance to study on the smartness level of regional grid. This paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation system for the regional grid development level; analyzes from aspects of safety, economy, quality, and efficiency. A hierarchical optimized combination evaluation model is proposed, and its progressiveness and applicability are verified. The study provides theoretical basis and practical evidence for judging the development level of regional smart grid construction of China from an overall and multi-angle perspective.

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Seo, Changwan, James H. Thorne, Lee Hannah und Wilfried Thuiller. „Scale effects in species distribution models: implications for conservation planning under climate change“. Biology Letters 5, Nr. 1 (04.11.2008): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0476.

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Predictions of future species' ranges under climate change are needed for conservation planning, for which species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used. However, global climate model-based (GCM) output grids can bias the area identified as suitable when these are used as SDM predictor variables, because GCM outputs, typically at least 50×50 km, are biologically coarse. We tested the assumption that species ranges can be equally well portrayed in SDMs operating on base data of different grid sizes by comparing SDM performance statistics and area selected by four SDMs run at seven grid sizes, for nine species of contrasting range size. Area selected was disproportionately larger for SDMs run on larger grid sizes, indicating a cut-off point above which model results were less reliable. Up to 2.89 times more species range area was selected by SDMs operating on grids above 50×50 km, compared to SDMs operating at 1 km 2 . Spatial congruence between areas selected as range also diverged as grid size increased, particularly for species with ranges between 20 000 and 90 000 km 2 . These results indicate the need for caution when using such data to plan future protected areas, because an overly large predicted range could lead to inappropriate reserve location selection.

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Amin, S. Massoud. „The Grid Under Fire“. Mechanical Engineering 138, Nr. 12 (01.12.2016): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2016-dec-1.

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This article emphasizes the need to update Ukraine’s end-to-end electric power grid to provide secure, resilient, and reliable electricity for the future. More than any other publicized attack, the Ukrainian attack demonstrated the sophistication of today’s hackers and the malware they now wield. Despite the risks, policymakers nationwide are pushing for clean and reliable electricity. Grid managers count on either in-house meteorologists or third-party vendors to determine the most accurate weather forecast. A self-healing smart grid needs to be supported by secure sensing and communication networks, it needs built-in computational technologies, and it has to be controllable in real time. In order to protect the electrical system from both cyber and physical attacks, each of its components could in theory be replaced or retrofitted. The expert suggests that the sensing and communication technology on far-flung grid elements would give command-and-control centers better situational awareness; they could use this to plan for future conditions.

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Suyanto, Heri. „Technical Analysis Feasibility Study on Smart Microgrid System in Sekolah Tinggi Teknik PLN“. E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183102011.

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Nowadays application of new and renewable energy as main resource of power plant has greatly increased. High penetration of renewable energy into the grid will influence the quality and reliability of the electricity system, due to the intermittent characteristic of new and renewable energy resources. Smart grid or microgrid technology has the ability to deal with this intermittent characteristic especially if these renewable energy resources integrated to grid in large scale, so it can improve the reliability and efficiency of the grid. We plan to implement smart microgrid system at Sekolah Tinggi Teknik PLN as a pilot project. Before the pilot project start, the feasibility study must be conducted. In this feasibility study, the renewable energy resources and load characteristic at the site will be measured. Then the technical aspect of this feasibility study will be analyzed. This paper explains that analysis of ths feasibility study.

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Olesova, M. M., und I. P. Ivanova. „Registration of security zones of power grid facilities“. Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), Nr. 9 (01.09.2020): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-4-2009-04.

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The article deals with the registration issues of security zones of power lines and power distribution points as objects of power system. The procedure for drawing up a map (plan) of an electric grid facility has been studied and distributed in stages.

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Meer Shadman Shafkat, Tanjim, Rahman Md. Abdur und Oishi Ashrafun Nushra. „Advanced Supervisory Control Plan with Power Saving Strategy for Demand Side Load“. AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 18, Nr. 3 (31.12.2019): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v18i3.38.

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Demand Side Power Management is getting crucial to control the gradual rise of electrical power usage day-by-day. Though, the spread of power saving devices is a huge success throughout the world, yet the demand side power management system have to be more efficient and controlled. Here, an unique power saving strategy was established by intranet based Advanced Supervisory Control system. The core system consists of XPSU, XCU, PBU, DS and ASC. Planning of this system has been done not only to solve the above-mentioned criteria but also to reduce huge electricity demand from national grid. To reduce the National Grid pressure, full utilization of renewable energy grid output is ensured in this strategy. By this Control Plan, maximum 31.9% of the instantaneous power has been saved by 11.11% of System-end ASC Switching. A new idea, Electrical Mapping is also introduced for every different load section; by which the load behavior and power consumption history of our different load site area can be understood.

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Shin, Kwang Sup, Won Chang Hur, Woo Je Kim und Yong Ma Moon. „A Framework for Business Model Generation and Economic Analysis of Smart Grid Hub“. Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 1338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.1338.

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This paper provides a framework for smart grid hub. Unlike previous studies exploiting technological challenges, our framework presents the whole steps to construct a smart grid hub, plan operations and develop a business model, and then methodologies to validate the models for each stakeholder.

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Bäckström, C., A. Jonsson und P. Jonsson. „Automaton Plans“. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 51 (30.09.2014): 255–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4391.

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Macros have long been used in planning to represent subsequences of operators. Macros can be used in place of individual operators during search, sometimes reducing the effort required to find a plan to the goal. Another use of macros is to compactly represent long plans. In this paper we introduce a novel solution concept called automaton plans in which plans are represented using hierarchies of automata. Automaton plans can be viewed as an extension of macros that enables parameterization and branching. We provide several examples that illustrate how automaton plans can be useful, both as a compact representation of exponentially long plans and as an alternative to sequential solutions in benchmark domains such as Logistics and Grid. We also compare automaton plans to other compact plan representations from the literature, and find that automaton plans are strictly more expressive than macros, but strictly less expressive than HTNs and certain representations allowing efficient sequential access to the operators of the plan.

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Ahrens, Mischa, Fabian Kern und Hartmut Schmeck. „Strategies for an Adaptive Control System to Improve Power Grid Resilience with Smart Buildings“. Energies 14, Nr. 15 (24.07.2021): 4472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154472.

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Low-voltage distribution grids face new challenges through the expansion of decentralized, renewable energy generation and the electrification of the heat and mobility sectors. We present a multi-agent system consisting of the energy management systems of smart buildings, a central grid controller, and the local controller of a transformer. It can coordinate the provision of ancillary services for the local grid in a centralized way, coordinated by the central controller, and in a decentralized way, where each building makes independent control decisions based on locally measurable data. The presented system and the different control strategies provide the foundation for a fully adaptive grid control system we plan to implement in the future, which does not only provide resilience against electricity outages but also against communication failures by appropriate switching of strategies. The decentralized strategy, meant to be used during communication failures, could also be used exclusively if communication infrastructure is generally unavailable. The strategies are evaluated in a simulated scenario designed to represent the most extreme load conditions that might occur in low-voltage grids in the future. In the tested scenario, they can substantially reduce voltage range deviations, transformer temperatures, and line congestions.

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Ryu, Jong-Hyun, und Kwanghun Chung. „Optimal Operational Plan of a Grid-Connected Microgrid using Dynamic Programming“. KOREAN MANAGEMENT SCIENCE REVIEW 35, Nr. 4 (31.12.2018): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7737/kmsr.2018.35.4.051.

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T.IMAGAWA, Akemi, und Shuji FUNO. „A STUDY OF THE GRID PLAN DEVELOPMENT IN GLASGOW CITY CENTER“. Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 63, Nr. 514 (1998): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.63.147_4.

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Hoffman, Zeynep Turan. „Review: The Greatest Grid: The Master Plan of Manhattan 1811–2011“. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 72, Nr. 1 (01.03.2013): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2013.72.1.102.

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Xie, Guangbin, Meihan Lin und Huaqiang Li. „Power Grid De-icing Optimal Plan Based on Fractional Sieve Method“. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 199 (Mai 2017): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/199/1/012045.

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Miyake, Noriharu, und Atsushi Denda. „Utilization of underground spaces in urban areas: Urban geo-grid plan“. Engineering Geology 35, Nr. 3-4 (Oktober 1993): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(93)90004-v.

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Zhou, Ming, Shengwei Lu, Qiang Wu, Sha Jin, Jiong Yan und Zixia Sang. „Study on the application of shutdown factors to investment management of 35 kV and above power grid infrastructure projects“. E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301015.

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With the strengthening of external supervision and the management requirements of internal quality and efficiency improvement of power grid, it is particularly important to improve the lean level of power grid investment. However, the accuracy and scientificity of the current grid infrastructure project investment plan adjustment need to be further improved, and the basis for the completion of investment submission is the on-site construction progress. Therefore, this topic carries out the analysis of the factors affecting the construction progress, including the types of the factors affecting the construction, the depth and breadth of the impact, and the impact of the milestone stage, and takes the analysis results of the shutdown factors as the reference basis for the adjustment of the investment plan, so as to improve the investment management level of the company.

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Tomasella, Paolo. „Agram, Zŕgrŕb, Zagreb. Le trasformazioni urbane della capitale del regno di Croazia durante il XIX secolo“. STORIA URBANA, Nr. 120 (Juli 2009): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/su2008-120005.

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- Located in one of the most important crossroads of languages, customs and traditions that make up the central European mosaic, Zagreb is more than just the name of an eastern European capital. The urban development of Zagreb is a prime example of the so-called Gründerzeit or "Founding Period" during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Like Vienna and Budapest in the latter 19th century, Zagreb acquired a specific urban pattern and a contemporary building style. In the year 1850 the centuries-old division between the ecclesiastical city of Kaptol and the royal city of Gradec was ended by imperial decree. This event marked the start of its development as a modern city. The modernization of Zagreb started with a conscious urban plan that envisioned the city as an industrial centre with improved railways lines. The starting point of this development was the union of the medieval centers - Kaptol and Gradec (Gornji Grad) - with the new city's section built on the plains and referred to as the "Lower City." In 1857 the first building regulation order was published. This document first defined the grid work of the new part of the city named Donji Grad. The first regulatory plan of 1864-1865 was a technical development plan dealing with expansion of the city through solving municipal issues. (Its original drawing was destroyed.) In 1878 the earliest surviving regulatory plan was drawn up, outlining development on a grid in the area between the new railway and the Medvednica hills. The second development plan was drawn up in the year 1887. It was based on artistic principles with the creation of a monumental structure framework for the "Lower City," including the so-called "Green Horseshoe" (Zelena potkova) - the original city park enclosing public buildings and the system of gardens and squares. This urban framework was the magnificent setting for the shrines of national culture, science and education. In 1897 a new version of the building decree created the conditions for the city's urban development in the 20th century.

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