Thematische Bibliographien / Piping material

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Piping material“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 15. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Piping material"

Zheng, San Long, Zeng Liang Gao, Nian Jin Chen, Li Jian Zhuang, Yu Feng Ye und Xue Feng Yu. „Safety Evaluation of Pressure Piping with Weld Flaw after Long Time Service in a Water Power Plant“. Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2601.

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Pressure steel pipings in a water power plant have been in service for over fifty years. In order to assess the safety of the piping, whole check and tests for the piping were carried out. The material for some piping is ST3 from former USSR, the other is A3 made in China. The mechanical properties were investigated by tests and were compared with the original material properties. The result shows the yield strength and tensile strength of serviced steels are less than those of original materials. The surfaces of the piping were checked to investigate the corrosion, surface defects. The flaws in the welds and near the welds of the pipings were detected by UT and MT, and several weld flaws were found. Based on the test and NDT investigation results, the strength, fracture and fatigue life of the pipings are assessed according to Chinese standard GB/T19624-2004 and British standard BS7910-2000. The assessment results show that the strength of the piping is enough, and the pipings with these flaws does not fracture. The piping can be safe in service under the normal operating condition for 104 to 106 cycles.

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Nagy, László, und Tamás Huszák. „Investigation of piping material“. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 56, Nr. 2 (2012): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pp.ci.2012-2.09.

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Suzuki, K., H. Asano, R. Yahagi, I. Kobayashi, P. Sellin, C. Svemar und M. Holmqvist. „Experimental investigations of piping phenomena in bentonite-based buffer materials for an HLW repository“. Clay Minerals 48, Nr. 2 (Mai 2013): 363–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2013.048.2.15.

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AbstractDuring the installation of the buffer in a deposition hole of an HLW repository, it is necessary to control water flow from the fractured rock into the deposition hole. Water flow with inflow rate greater than 0.001 l/min may cause piping and erosion of the buffer, and may trigger mass redistribution of the buffer, sedimentation and material separation of bentonite materials. This paper describes the condition of parameters which cause piping and erosion; revised conditions which keep advection, inflow rate, buffer component, gap between buffer materials, gap between outside wall and buffer block, and type of water. The results from the experiment show the condition of the self-sealing function of bentonite materials, formation of piping, allowable limit of inflow rate in the case of an Na type bentonite block of 70 wt.% Kunigel V1 and 30 wt.% silica sand, or a pellet of 100 wt.% Kunigel V1. Piping and erosion continue until the engineered barrier (EB) is filled with water, and then the hydraulic gradient becomes small. Piping may lead to erosion and redistribution of material which needs to be taken into account in the long-term performance assessment.

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O’Brien, Colleen, Noel Lobo und Carlton Ramcharran. „These Pipes Have Passed“. Mechanical Engineering 137, Nr. 06 (01.06.2015): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2015-jun-8.

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This article discusses need for introducing new standards for developing efficient piping systems. A barrier to wider adoption of the material has been the absence of non-metallic piping standards that could serve as a common language for manufacturers, fabricators, designers, and other stakeholders. The development of the new standards also reflects the growing international role of ASME standards. The intent of ASME NM-1 is to set engineering requirements for safe design and construction of thermoplastic piping installations. The ASMI NM-2 is expected to address pipe and piping components which are produced as standard products, as well as custom products designed for specific applications. The ASME NM-3 Standard intends to provide greater uniformity, consistency, and transparency for the identification and establishment of physical properties and allowable stress values for materials in non-metallic piping systems. The standards for thermoplastic and fiberglass reinforced plastic piping systems are being developed to fill the unmet need for comprehensive documents in these areas.

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Chukwudi, Obi Ifeanyi. „ORGANIC PLASTICS: MATERIAL FOR SICK BUILDING SYNDROME CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, Nr. 6 (30.06.2018): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i6.2018.1365.

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Plastics are organic materials, which consist of synthetic or natural high-molecular compounds (polymers). Due to the large variety of plastic, its different types have different properties, which make it possible to widely use this material in all fields of industry from packaging to the construction industry. The second highest consumer of organic plastics materials after packaging is the construction industry. Thanks to great versatility, cost effectiveness, durability, strength to weight ratio and low maintenance plastics appear to be economically attractive in the construction sector and are used in the manufacturing of wide range of materials in the construction industry. Plastics most times are not easily seen in buildings, but they are widely used in construction and building industry for a vast and wide range of materials, which include insulation, piping, interior design, piping and conduit (rain water, electrical conduits, and sewage pipes, gas distributions and plumbing). Piping and Conduit for instance can consume around 35% of plastic production and are one of the largest consumers of polymers in construction. The purpose of this research is to study plastic as a construction material that can be used to control the formation of Sick building syndrome in buildings, and also as a material that can often be used in the construction industry.

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Wu, J. K. „A Method for Machine Arrangement Design Evaluation and Pipe Construction Material Estimation“. Journal of Ship Production 16, Nr. 03 (01.08.2000): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2000.16.3.173.

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This paper describes a method to estimate the pipe construction materials based on the Orthogonal Routing Method and three classes of design information, including equipment arrangement drawings, piping system diagrams, and equipment catalogs. However, this method does not need detail pipe routing design information. The pipe construction material estimating method has been tested by using the design information of the lubricating oil piping system of the main engine of an 8000-ton oil tanker. The result is very encouraging, only 10% underestimation. Such a material estimating method is a useful engineering tool from the Design for Manufacturing and Concurrent Engineering points of view.

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Li, Hao Chuang, Kwang Hyeon Lee, Jae Mean Koo und Chang Sung Seok. „A Research on Static and Dynamic Fracture-Resistance of Welding Parts of Coolant Piping Material“. Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (Dezember 2011): 2109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.2109.

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Tensile and fracture toughness tests of coolant piping materials were performed at various loading rates and temperatures. The crack measurement method for coolant piping materials consisted of the unloading compliance method for quasi-static loading conditions and condition, while the electric potential drop method and the normalization method for quasi-dynamic loading conditions. Tensile and fracture toughness tests of coolant piping materials were performed at the design temperatures of the primary piping system of nuclear power plants, which are 449K (176°C) and 589K (316°C). Also, the plastic η factor considering strength mismatch of welding part was applied to the fracture toughness test results and the J-R curves by the plastic η factor considering strength mismatch of welding part was compared with the J-R curves by the plastic η factor introduced in ASTM E1820-01.

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Jing, Yuanlin, Feng Guo, Yiping Wang und Qunwu Huang. „Influence of Piping on On-Line Continuous Weighing of Materials inside Process Equipment: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Verification“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 11 (04.06.2021): 5246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115246.

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Due to the continuity and complexity of chemical systems, piping and operating conditions will have a significant effect on the on-line continuous weighing of materials inside process equipment. In this paper, a mathematical model of the weighing system considering piping and operating conditions was established based on the gas–liquid continuous heat transfer weighing process. A theoretical criterion which can be extended to any continuous weighing system of the materials inside equipment with connected piping is obtained through the mechanical derivation between the material mass, the cantilever beam deflection, the strain gage deformation, and the bridge output voltage. This criterion can effectively predict the influence of piping on weighing results with specific accuracy, and provide a basis for engineering optimization design. On this basis, a set of gas–liquid continuous contact weighing devices was built. The static/dynamic experimental results showed that the accuracy of the system meets the set requirements.

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Jo, Mayumi, Makoto Ono, Masashi Nakayama, Hidekazu Asano und Tomoko Ishii. „A study of methods to prevent piping and erosion in buffer materials intended for a vertical deposition hole at the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory“. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 482, Nr. 1 (21.09.2018): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp482.7.

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AbstractPiping and erosion phenomena are serious problems affecting the integrity of buffer materials, which are an element of engineered barrier systems in the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. In this study, the outflow behaviour and the condition of buffer materials are investigated using a test pit drilled into host rock at the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory to consider countermeasures to contain the outflow of the buffer material. The results are as follows: (1) Piping and erosion phenomena occur irrespective of the injection flow rate. However, when the rate is small, the buffer material is considered to be self-repairing and the outflow of the buffer material can be suppressed. (2) When the injection water contains large amounts of electrolytes, the surface of the buffer material peels off and precipitates, probably decreasing the waterproof performance. (3) Bentonite pellets are likely to be an effective countermeasure against piping and erosion.

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Tan, Jie, Jinwei Jiang, Min Liu, Qian Feng, Peng Zhang und Siu Ho. „Implementation of Shape Memory Alloy Sponge as Energy Dissipating Material on Pounding Tuned Mass Damper: An Experimental Investigation“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 6 (14.03.2019): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061079.

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Piping systems are important nonstructural components of most types of buildings. Damage to piping systems can lead to significant economic losses, casualties, and interruption of function. A survey of earthquake disaster sites shows that suspended piping systems are flexible and thus prone to large deformation, which can lead to serious damage of the piping systems. The single-sided pounding tuned mass damper (PTMD), which is an emerging vibration suppression tool, has the potential to serve as a cost effective and non-invasive solution for the mitigation of vibration in suspended piping systems. The operating frequency of the single-sided PTMD can be tuned similarly to a tuned mass damper (TMD). The single-side PTMD also possesses high energy dissipation characteristics and has demonstrated outstanding performance in vibration control. One of the key factors affecting the performance of the PTMD is the damping material, and there is a constant search for the ideal type of material that can increase the performance of the PTMD. This paper explores the use of shape memory alloy (SMA) sponge as the damping material for two types (spring steel and pendulum types) of PTMDs to mitigate the vibration of a suspended piping system. The PTMDs are tested both in free vibration and in forced vibration. The results are compared with no control, with a TMD control, and with a viscoelastic (VE) material PTMD control. The results show that in free vibration tests, SMA–PTMDs attenuate the displacement of the piping system significantly. The time to mitigate vibration (i.e., reduce 90% of the vibration amplitude) is reduced to 6% (for spring steel type) and 11% (for pendulum type) of the time taken to mitigate vibration without control. In forced vibration tests, the overall magnitudes of the frequency response are also lowered to 38% (spring steel) and 44% (pendulum) compared to vibration without control. The results indicate that SMA has the potential to be a promising energy dissipating material for PTMDs.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Piping material"

Cerrato, Jose Manuel. „Impact of Piping Materials on Water Quality in Tegucigalpa, Honduras“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35030.

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The possible effects of pipe materials on drinking water quality have been analyzed in the distribution system of the water treatment plant of "La La ConcepciÃ³nâ " in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. "La La ConcepciÃ³nâ " is a surface water reservoir experiencing biogeochemical cycling of manganese. Black water problems have been reported in the distribution system since 1998. An evaluation of the potential influence that PVC and iron pipes could have on the concentration of iron and manganese in drinking water, the effects caused by the presence of manganese in PVC and iron pipe surfaces, and residual chlorine and Pb concentrations in the distribution system was performed. The sampled neighborhoods received an intermittent service. Water was suspended for 8 hours every day due to water quantity problems in the city. Water and pipe samples were obtained for PVC and galvanized iron pipes because these constitute the majority of the infrastructure used for distribution systems in Honduras. Thermodynamic and kinetic conditions for possible manganese oxidation by chlorine and dissolved oxygen in the distribution system were also evaluated. As expected, total Fe concentrations were greater for first flush conditions from the iron pipe. Water samples obtained from the PVC pipe showed higher total Mn concentrations and more black color than those obtained from the iron pipe for both first flush and continuous flow conditions. Residual chlorine decayed relatively fast along the sampled section of the distribution system. Pb concentrations were detected on water samples obtained from PVC for first flush and continuous flow and on iron pipe for first flush. Preliminary experiments showed that manganese-oxidizing and -reducing bacteria were present in the walls of both PVC and iron pipes. Higher numbers of colony-forming microorganisms were recovered from iron (30-fold more) compared to PVC pipe sections. However, the majority of isolates from the PVC biofilm (8 of 10, 80 %) were capable of Mn-oxidation while only 35 % (11 of 31) of isolates from the iron biofilm sample demonstrated Mn-oxidation. This research demonstrates the importance of the different interactions between water and the infrastructure used for its supply in producing safe drinking water.
Master of Science

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Ošťádal, Michal. „Návrh čerpadla a potrubní trasy pro zajištění vyšší bezpečnosti jaderné elektrárny“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443200.

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The main goal of the diploma thesis is to design the hydraulic part of the new piping system, which is added to the existing project of the Dukovany Nuclear Power Plant. At the beginning of the work is theoretical basis for the design of the hydraulic part. The next part is the selection of piping material for aggressive refrigerant with subsequent verification of the pipe wall thickness. The piping system is designed with specific components from the companies SIGMA GROUP a.s., ARAKO spol. s.r.o. and ARMATURY Group a.s. In the last part, hydraulic solution is developed and commented using the excel program. The piping system is processed into the drawing documentation including bill of materials.

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Oliveira, Eugenio Onofre de. „Desenvolvimento de tubula??o em comp?sito polim?rico revestida externamente com poliuretano de alta densidade“. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12699.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EugenioOO_DISSERT.pdf: 4689753 bytes, checksum: 3bf8e997d1b94d1858f0a0c5652f05b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-19
Pipelines for the transport of crude oil from the production wells to the collecting stations are named production lines . These pipes are subjected to chemical and electrochemical corrosion according to the environment and the type of petroleum transported. Some of these lines, depending upon the composition of the fluid produced, may leak within less than one year of operation due to internal corrosion. This work aims at the development of composite pipes with an external protecting layer of high density polyurethane for use in production lines of onshore oil wells, meeting operational requirements. The pipes were manufactured using glass fibers, epoxy resin, polyester resin, quartz sand and high density polyurethane. The pipes were produced by filament winding with the deposition of high density polyurethane on the external surface and threaded ends (API 15 HR/PM-VII). Three types of pipes were manufactured: glass/epoxy, glass/epoxy with an external polyurethane layer and glass/epoxy with an intermediate layer of glass fiber, polyester, sand and with an external polyurethane layer. The three samples were characterized by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and for the determination of constituent content. In addition, the following tests were conducted: hydrostatic test, instant rupture, shorttime failure pressure, Gardner impact, transverse stiffness and axial tension. Field tests were conducted in Mossor? RN (BRAZIL), where 1,677 meters of piping were used. The tests results of the three types of pipes were compared in two events: after two months from manufacturing of the samples and after nine months of field application. The results indicate that the glass/epoxy pipes with an intermediate layer of fiber glass composite, polyester e sand and with an external layer of high density polyurethane showed superior properties as compared to the other two and met the requirements of pressure class, axial tensile strength, transverse stiffness, impact and environmental conditions, for onshore applications as production lines
As tubula??es para transporte de petr?leo dos po?os de produ??o at? a esta??o coletora s?o denominadas de linhas de surg?ncia . Essas tubula??es est?o sujeitas ? corros?o qu?mica e eletroqu?mica, de acordo com o ambiente e os tipos de petr?leo. Algumas dessas linhas, a depender da composi??o do petr?leo produzido falham, ?s vezes, com menos de um ano de opera??o, devido ? corros?o interna severa. Este trabalho objetiva o desenvolvimento de tubula??o em comp?sito revestida externamente com poliuretano de alta densidade, para aplica??o em linhas de surg?ncia de po?os de petr?leo onshore e que atenda ?s exig?ncias operacionais. Neste desenvolvimento foram empregados fibra de vidro, resina ep?xi, resina poli?ster, areia quartzosa e poliuretano (PU) de alta densidade. Os tubos foram produzidos pelos processos de enrolamento filamentar com deposi??o de PU na superf?cie externa e extremidades com rosca moldada (API 15 HR e PM-VII). Foram produzidas tr?s concep??es de tubos: vidro/ep?xi sem revestimento, vidro/ep?xi revestido com poliuretano de alta densidade e vidro/ep?xi coberto por um composto de fibra de vidro, poli?ster e areia, revestido externamente com poliuretano de alta densidade. Amostras das tr?s concep??es foram caracterizadas atrav?s da t?cnica de Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (MEV), da determina??o do teor de vidro e resina, dos ensaios de rigidez e tra??o axial e dos testes hidrost?ticos, ruptura instant?nea, press?o de curta dura??o e impacto Gardner. Essa nova tecnologia foi testada no campo de produ??o em Mossor? RN, nos quais foram instalados 1.677 metros de tubos. Assim, os resultados dos ensaios e testes das tr?s concep??es de tubos foram comparados entre si em dois eventos: ap?s dois meses da fabrica??o das amostras e ap?s nove meses da aplica??o dos tubos em campo. Os dados indicaram que o tubo em comp?sito vidro/ep?xi, poli?ster e areia, revestido externamente com poliuretano de alta densidade , apresentou melhores resultados quando comparado aos outros dois, podendo ser usado na ind?stria de petr?leo em aplica??es onshore , como uma alternativa para a aplica??o em linhas de surg?ncia, atendendo ?s exig?ncias de classe de press?o, resist?ncia ? tra??o axial, rigidez, impacto e intemp?ries

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Toğulga, Murat Tanoğlu Metin. „Processing and characterization of high performance piping materials for geothermal applications/“. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2003. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/enerjimuh/T000255.pdf.

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Rechel, Alan A. (Alan Alexander) 1967. „Repair of partially penetrated weld joints in copper-nickel seawater piping on naval ships“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/88446.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-133).
by Alan A. Rechel.
S.M.

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Ruíz, Hernández Marco Antonio. „Análisis Mediante Elementos Finitos de Cruces y Ramas de Piping de Presión“. Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/103427.

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En el diseño de elementos de piping especiales, como elementos con ramificaciones o cruces, las normas correspondientes ASME B31.3 y B31.11, proponen un procedimiento llamado método de las áreas equivalentes. En la literatura no se encuentra directamente la justificación de este método, el cual se ve completamente razonable. Sin embargo cuando el diámetro de los elementos que se intersectan, cambian, la porción de pared restante tiene un comportamiento mecánico diferente. En este escenario el estudio de un caso particular sorprendió dado que el método de elementos finitos predecía, a geometrías similares, tensiones superiores a la de fluencia. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es evaluar detalladamente este tipo de situaciones, realizando un estudio comparativo del comportamiento elasto-plástico de las ramas y cruces en un sistema de piping con respecto al procedimiento que indica la norma ASME, para casos de refuerzos extruidos y soldados. Con esto se busca evaluar el efecto que produce una condición de deformación plástica localizada en la redistribución de tensiones locales, en especial ver el efecto y magnitud que tienen las deformaciones locales en la estructura. Los resultados obtenidos utilizando el método de elementos finitos (cálculo aceptado por la norma) muestran que, en todos los casos, existen zonas críticas en la parte superior e inferior de la intersección de las líneas de piping. En estas zonas se sobrepasa el esfuerzo admisible y el límite de fluencia del material (pero siempre bajo el límite de ruptura), abarcando una porción importante de esta intersección. Los casos extruidos presentan menores niveles de esfuerzos que en los casos soldados. Se obtuvo que la porción de pared restante en la línea principal, luego de la perforación, genera mayores tensiones con el aumento de diámetro del arranque producto de la mayor flexibilidad de esta pared. Se concluye que es razonable entender por qué se ha tenido un buen funcionamiento de la metodología ASME, a pesar de haberse detectado tensiones locales que exceden los valores admisibles. Esto se explica por tener tensiones bajo del límite de ruptura y por la buena capacidad de redistribución de la energía de deformación en las zonas críticas ante incrementos de presión. Se recomienda realizar un estudio detallado utilizando el método de elementos finitos para casos de relaciones de diámetros superiores a 90%. Para los casos soldados, se recomienda preferir aquellos refuerzos que contemplan además un refuerzo en zona del arranque. Para una mejor modelación, es importante tener en cuenta las deformaciones residuales generadas en la fabricación de los sistemas extruidos.

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Fray, Elliott Shepard. „Materials testing and development of functionally graded composite fuel cladding and piping for the Lead-Bismuth cooled nuclear reactor“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82456.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 176-179).
This study has extended the development of an exciting technology which promises to enable the Pb-Bi eutectic cooled reactors to operate at temperatures up to 650-700°C. This new technology is a functionally graded composite steel which resists high temperature LBE corrosion. This composite steel consists of a Fel2Cr2Si protective layer weld overlaid on a T91 steel and then drawn to fuel cladding and piping material. A series of tests and materials analysis were performed on the composite piping material. These tests / analysis included microstructural characterization, heat treatment optimization, creep and tensile testing, diffusion testing, and long term static corrosion tests. Although the composite fuel cladding was not available at the time of this study, all of the results from the piping material characterization are directly applicable to the fuel cladding material. It has been shown that the heat treated composite piping material exhibits mechanical properties in excess of the ASTM minimum standard for T91. This material also exhibits a conservative corrosion rate of< 22pm/yr in static Pb-Bi eutectic. This low corrosion rate will enable fuel cladding to have a 3.6 year lifetime and piping material a 36 year lifetime, if the static corrosion rate is equivalent to the flowing corrosion rate. This material has also been shown to have a very slow diffusion rate for chromium, with a chromium inter-diffusion zone of < 35um over the lifetime of the nuclear reactor. There still however exist several challenges to implementing this technology. The challenges include resolving the issue of cracking of the Fel2Cr2Si layer during tube drawing and increasing the high temperature stress / creep resistance of the structural T91 layer.
by Elliott Shepard Fray.
S.M.

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Daniels, Thomas W. „APPLICABILITY OF COLD METAL TRANSFER FOR REPAIR OF DISSIMILAR METAL WELDS IN STAINLESS STEEL PIPING IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS“. The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429873704.

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Pessanha, Alexandre Borges. „Modificação do LLDPE através de silanos viabilizando a aplicação em camadas plásticas de linhas flexíveis“. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1241.

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As linhas flexíveis, estruturas compostas por um determinado número de camadas plásticas e de aço, possibilitam o escoamento de fluidos em operações de exploração e produção de hidrocarbonetos entre plataformas marítimas de petróleo e o leito marinho e/ou a costa. E, atualmente, têm sido utilizadas na exploração de hidrocarbonetos em lâminas dágua cada vez maiores. O presente estudo visa modificar quimicamente o LLDPE através de processos de extrusão reativa envolvendo a graftização de VTMS na presença de peróxidos orgânicos, e posterior formação de ligações cruzadas promovida pela água. Visa analisar também o efeito da introdução de ligações cruzadas nas propriedades térmicas e mecânicas do LLDPE. De forma a atingir os objetivos propostos, um planejamento experimental foi realizado para analisar o efeito de variáveis como velocidade de rotação do parafuso da extrusora, tipo e teor de peróxido nos índices de fluidez dos produtos da reação do LLDPE com peróxido de dicumila (DCP) e 2,5-dimetil-peróxi-hexano (Trigonox 101). Essa metodologia também foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito da concentração de silano, da velocidade de rotação do parafuso da extrusora e do procedimento de imersão nos índices de fluidez dos produtos da reação do LLDPE com 0,02% p/p de DCP e concentrações variáveis de silano. As amostras foram caracterizadas através dos ensaios para determinação de índice de fluidez (MFI) e teor de gel, ensaios convencionais de tração e técnicas de análise térmica, TGA e DSC. A técnica de FTIR foi utilizada para verificar a ocorrência das reações de graftização e formação de ligações cruzadas no LLDPE. As amostras reagidas com teores de 0,07% de DCP e 1,0 e 1,5% de silano, respectivamente, apresentaram valores significativos para os teores de gel em ambas as velocidades de rotação (10 e 50rpm). A amostra reagida com 0,07% de DCP e 1,5% de silano, a 10rpm, apresentou um teor de gel de 74,77%. A análise termogravimétrica (TGA) realizada evidenciou que houve um aumento da estabilidade térmica do polímero devido à formação de ligações cruzadas. Não se observou um aumento significativo para o limite de resistência para o LLDPE modificado devido à heterogeneidade dos corpos de prova. As análises de FTIR mostraram que houve a graftização e a formação de ligações cruzadas no LLDPE.
The flexible lines are flexible structures manufactured through plastic and steel layers that allows its use in order to permit fluid flow in exploration and production of hydrocarbon between offshore oil units and sea bed and/or coast. Nowadays these pipes are one of the main ways to permit the exploration of hydrocarbon in deepwater. The present study aims to analyze the LLDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) chemical changing through a reactive extrusion process involving VTMS grafting in presence of organic peroxides. After a crosslinking due to water, an analysis will be carried out in order to assess the PEX (crosslinked polyethylene) application in flexible pipe structures. The crosslinking effect at thermal and mechanical properties will also be studied. An experimental planning was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of variable variations such as the rotational velocity of the single-screw extruder, type and concentration of peroxides at melt flow index of the products originated from the LLDPE-peroxides (DCP and Trigonox 101) reaction, and in order to analyze the silane concentration effect, rotational velocity and immersion procedure at melt flow index in products with LLDPE and contents with DCP variable concentrations of silane. The samples were characterized through tests such as MFI (Melt Flow Index), gel content determination, tensile testing and thermal analyses, DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and TGA (Thermal Gravimetric Analysis). The Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was also used to characterize the samples. The samples content 0,07% of DCP and 1,0 and 1,5% of silane, respectively, showed considerable value for gel contents in both rotational velocities (10 and 50rpm). The sample with 0,07% of DCP and 1,5% of silane, at 10rpm, a value of 74,77% of gel content could be noticed. The thermal analyses carried out showed that an increase of thermal stability for the polymer due to crosslinking generation happened. After tensile testing, a considerable changing in mechanical proprieties of the changed LLDPE was not seen due to the specimens heterogeneity. However through FTIR, silane linking was noticed demonstrating the LLDPE reticulation.

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Sillence, Kelly. „Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) enrichment for non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) : a comparison of molecular techniques“. Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/5319.

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Prenatal assessment of fetal health is routinely offered throughout pregnancy to ensure that the most effective management can be provided to maintain fetal and maternal well-being. Currently, invasive testing is used for definitive diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy, which is associated with a 1% risk of iatrogenic fetal loss. Developing non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a key area of research and methods to increase the level of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) within the maternal circulation have been discussed to improve accuracy of such tests. In this study, three strategies; co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature polymerase chain reaction (COLD-PCR), inverse-PCR and Pippin Prep™ gel electrophoresis, were analysed to identify a novel approach to selectively enrich shorter cffDNA fragments from larger maternal cell-free DNA (cfDNA). The sensitivity of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) against real-time PCR (qPCR) was compared for fetal sex and RHD genotyping. In addition RHD zygosity testing was carried out for non-maternal samples. Consequently, Pippin Prep™ gel electrophoresis was combined with ddPCR analysis for the NIPD of Down Syndrome (DS) in pseudo-maternal samples. The results revealed that the Pippin Prep™ gel electrophoresis enrichment approach successfully demonstrated 2-fold to 5-fold increases in the cffDNA fraction. However, further optimisation assays of COLD-PCR and inverse-PCR using actual maternal samples were required. The spike experiments for DS detection revealed that with the present assay IV overrepresentation of the chromosome 21 target could be significantly detected for samples with ≥15% ‘cffDNA fraction’. In conjunction with the Pippin Prep™ enrichment method, this would have enabled assessment of all 10 maternal samples. Alternatively, fetal sex and RHD genotyping results determined that ddPCR provides a more sensitive platform compared to qPCR approaches, particularly for samples that express low cffDNA fractions (<2%). The ddPCR platform also proved to be a rapid and accurate system for the determination of RHD zygosity. This study highlights that ddPCR could be used as opposed to qPCR for accurate determination of fetal sex and RHD status. While sequencing approaches currently provide the most sensitive platforms for NIPT of fetal aneuploidy, high costs (>£400) prevent universal application. The combination of cffDNA enrichment with ddPCR analysis could provide a cheaper and more widely available platform for NIPD. However, further large scale validation studies using actual maternal samples are required.

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Bücher zum Thema "Piping material"

Foundation, Mechanical Contracting. Guideline for drafting, prefabrication and material handling. Rockville, MD: Mechanical Contracting Foundation, 1994.

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Hazelton, W. S. Technical report on material selection and processing guidelines for BWR coolant pressure boundary piping: Final report. 2. Aufl. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering and Systems Technology, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1988.

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Donaldson, William. Manuscript material in the University of Aberdeen for the study of piping. Aberdeen: Northern Scotland, 2000.

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ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. (1988 Pittsburgh, Pa.). High pressure technology: Material, design, stress analysis, and applications : presented at the 1988 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 19-23, 1988 : sponsored by the Pressure Vessels and Piping Division, ASME. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988.

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ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. (1988 Pittsburgh, Pa.). Advances in macro-mechanics of composite material vessels and components: Presented at the 1988 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 19-23, 1988. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988.

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Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference (1987 San Diego, Calif.). Design and analysis of composite material vessels: Presented at the 1987 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, San Diego, California, June 28-July 2, 1987. New York, N.Y. (345 E. 47th St., New York 10017): American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987.

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Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference (1988 Pittsburgh, Pa.). Advances in macro-mechanics of composite material vessels and structures: Presented at the 1988 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 19-23, 1988. New York (345 E. 47th St., New York 10017): American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988.

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Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference (2003 Cleveland, Ohio). Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation for material science and industries: Presented at the 2003 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference : Cleveland, Ohio, July 20-24, 2003. New York, N.Y: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2003.

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Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference (1988 Pittsburgh, Pa.). High pressure technology: Material, design, stress analysis, and applications : presented at the 1988 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 19-23, 1988. New York, N.Y. (345 E. 47th St., New York 10017): American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988.

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Pressure, Vessels and Piping Conference (1987 San Diego Calif ). Thermal stress, material deformation, and thermo-mechanical fatigue: Presented at the 1987 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, San Diego, California, June 28-July 2, 1987. New York, N.Y. (345 E. 47th St., New York 10017): American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Piping material"

Yoon, Ji Hyun, Jong Man Lee, Maan Won Kim und Bong Sang Lee. „Fatigue Crack Growth Behaviors of AISI Type 347 Nuclear Piping Material“. In Advanced Materials Research, 1129–32. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-463-4.1129.

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Athar, Muhammad, Azmi M. Shariff und Azizul Buang. „Integrated Safety and Process Economics Approach for Sustainable Process Design of Process Piping“. In Advances in Material Sciences and Engineering, 145–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8297-0_17.

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Rehab-Bekkouche, Souheila, Nadjette Kiass und Kamel Chaoui. „Effects of Aggressive Chemical Environments on Mechanical Behavior of Polyethylene Piping Material“. In Damage and Fracture Mechanics, 49–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2669-9_6.

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Xiajie, Jin, Lin Caixing und Xing Keli. „Material Integrated Management Model of Large-Scale Chemical Piping Engineering Project Based on Information Integration“. In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 489–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27314-8_66.

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Arora, Punit, M. K. Samal, S. K. Gupta und J. Chattopadhyay. „Assessment of Cyclic Plasticity Behaviour of Primary Piping Material of Indian PHWRs Under Multiaxial Loading Scenario“. In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 227–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4779-9_16.

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Choi, Sun Yeong, und Young Hwan Choi. „A New Strategy for In-Service Inspection of Nuclear Piping Considering Piping Failure Frequency“. In Key Engineering Materials, 2088–91. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-456-1.2088.

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Kim, Yun Jae, Kuk Hee Lee und Chi Yong Park. „Plastic Limit Loads for Piping Branch Junctions“. In The Mechanical Behavior of Materials X, 1377–80. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-440-5.1377.

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Guedri, A., B. Merzoug, Moe Khaleel und A. Zeghloul. „Reliability Analysis of Low Alloy Ferritic Piping Materials“. In Damage and Fracture Mechanics, 33–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2669-9_4.

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Eun, Jung-Chul. „Fabrication and Construction of Equipment and Piping“. In Handbook of Engineering Practice of Materials and Corrosion, 507–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36430-4_3.

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Bhandari, S., J. P. Debaene, C. Faidy und L. Grueter. „Leak-Area Evaluations in Fast Breeder Reactor Piping“. In Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 853–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3650-1_127.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Piping material"

Martin, Rod. „Composite Materials: An Enabling Material for Offshore Piping Systems“. In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/23925-ms.

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Munson, Douglas, Timothy M. Adams und Siegrid Hall. „Determination of Material Damping Values for High Density Polyethylene Pipe Materials“. In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78776.

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For corroded piping in low temperature systems, such as service water systems in nuclear power plants, replacement of carbon steel pipe with High Density Polyethylene pipe is a cost-effective solution. Polyethylene pipe can be installed at much lower labor costs than carbon steel pipe and High Density Polyethylene pipe has a much greater resistance to corrosion. This paper presents the results of Electric Power Research Institute sponsored testing to determine material damping values for High Density Polyethylene pipe material. This was determined by experimental methods using the log decrement approach. Cantilevered beam samples were deflected, released and the resulting free vibration response was recorded. The possible relationship of the damping value to the natural frequency and the stress level of the test samples is also studied. The results of the testing are presented along with suggested damping values to be used in the seismic analysis of High Density Polyethylene piping.

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Lidbury, David, und David Beardsmore. „Effects of Neutron Irradiation on the Fracture Toughness of RPV Materials: Prediction of Material Property Changes for Irradiated Euro Reference Material ‘A’ and Other RPV Materials“. In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61090.

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A micromechanistic model is used to estimate the irradiation-induced change in the Master Curve reference temperature for cleavage fracture as a function of the associated change in material yield stress relative to the yield stress in the unirradiated condition. The model is shown to predict well the behaviour of Euro Reference Material A (quenched and tempered 22NiMoCr37 ring forging) irradiated at temperatures of T = 285°C and T = 150°C with neutron fluences of 4.3E+19 n/cm2 (En > 1MeV) and 3.1E+19 n/cm2 (En > 1MeV) respectively. Further validation of the model is provided with reference to published data for a range of irradiated RPV plate, forging and weld materials, where measured and predicted values of the change in the Master Curve reference temperature are successfully compared. For the LWR materials and irradiation conditions considered, the fitted parameters of the model are consistent with the view that the primary effect of neutron irradiation is to increase the friction stress for plastic flow of crack-tip material, whereby the irradiation-induced change in yield stress may be associated with a change in a non-hardening, athermal term e.g. as described in the Zerelli-Armstrong constitutive equation. The model predictions compare well with trend curves due to Sokolov and Nanstad, and Wallin and Laukkanen. A particular advantage of the model, compared with these more general formulations, is that it is potentially better suited to a more detailed analysis and interpolation of RPV material datasets covering a range of irradiation conditions where flow properties are reasonably well characterised.

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Adams, William I. „A Historical Perspective of HDPE Piping Material Development“. In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57050.

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Over more than a century, polyethylene and polyethylene piping materials have been discovered, rediscovered, commercialized and developed. With each new development, field experience and research helped identify and characterize polyethylene material performance, in most cases, leading to improved durability and performance. This paper provides an overview of polyethylene structure, a historical view of significant developments and research, and how ongoing research has provided for continuing development and improvement of polyethylene piping performance.

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Parker, Anthony P., Michael C. Gibson, Amer Hameed, Edward Troiano und John G. Hetherington. „Material Modeling for Autofrettage Stress Analysis Including the “Single Effective Material”“. In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61038.

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Analytical and numerical stress analysis of the autofrettage process has made great strides in the last few years. The major challenge is no longer the stress analysis process but the incorporation of ‘real’ material behavior, including Bauschinger effect. This means that material properties may vary at every radial location within the tube. In this paper it is demonstrated that Finite Element Analysis (FEA) may be accomplished using a ‘user programmable feature’ within a non-linear FEA or, more simply using an elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio adjustment procedure within a linear-elastic FEA. The results of these two methods are shown to be in agreement with each other and with an independent numerical analysis. It is further demonstrated that numerical solutions may be obtained using a single ‘fictitious’ material. This is called a ‘single equivalent material’ (SEMAT). Whilst this requires a very small number of iterations for accurate convergence, it dramatically reduces the material-modeling challenges. Furthermore, SEMAT may be implemented into an analytical procedure thereby permitting highly accurate modeling of a real material whose unloading behavior varies with radius. Comparisons indicate that this is a robust, accurate procedure.

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Adams, Timothy M., Siegrid Hall, Rudolph J. Scavuzzo, Douglas Munson, Jeffrey W. Andrasik und Shane Findlan. „Tensile Testing and Material Property Development of High Density Polyethylene Pipe Materials“. In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61906.

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Degradation of service water systems is a major issue facing nuclear power plant owners, and many plants will require repair or replacement of existing carbon steel piping components. High Density Polyethylene pipe has been used in non-safety service water systems for over nine years and found to perform well, but it is not currently permitted in the ASME Section III Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Division 1 for use in nuclear safety-related systems. To assist in the implementation of High Density Polyethylene pipe in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Division 1 for Safety Class 3 applications, EPRI initiated a High Density Polyethylene pipe and pipe material testing program. This test program includes tensile testing and fatigue testing of High Density Polyethylene piping and piping components and the development of slow crack growth data. To determine the material and engineering properties needed, extensive tensile testing of specimens cut from High Density Polyethylene pipe was conducted. The initial tensile test program was conducted on PE 3408 with cell classification 345464C and a second, not yet finalized, phase was added to test PE 4710 with cell classification 445474C. The data developed during the testing were used to establish ultimate strain, elastic moduli, yield stress and yield strain values for both new and aged materials. Because extruded HDPE properties vary in the hoop and axial directions and the properties are highly affected by temperature, specimens were cut in both the hoop and axial directions and were tested at temperatures ranging from 50° F to 180° F. This paper provides a description and overview of the PE 3408 cell class 345464C test program. In addition, an overview and summary of the test results for the PE 3408 cell class 345464C are provided.

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Ellis, Fred V. „Inferior Material Failures“. In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2240.

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Three failures due to inferior material are discussed. In all cases, the specified material was 2-1/4 Cr-1 Mo and the installed material was carbon steel. A carbon steel girth weld in a hot reheat steam line failed after approximately 102,000 hours of service. The fracture was in the weld metal adjacent to the fusion interface. Creep rupture tests were performed using all weld metal and weldment specimens. The weldment life was approximately twice that of the all weld metal specimen, consistent with the effect of specimen size and oxidation on rupture life. The weldment fracture was in the weld metal adjacent to the fusion interface. The second failure was a main steam line drain failure. Based on safety considerations and as a corrective action, alloy analysis (positive material identification) was performed at three units on approximately 75 different high temperature drain lines. Inferior materials were found in straight pipes, elbows, and valves. The last series of failures were in the stub tubing at the reheat header installed by the OEM and in a superheat tube installed by the utility.

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Nakai-Chapman, J., Y. H. Park und J. Sakai. „Progressive Fatigue Life Prediction of Composite Materials Based on Residual Material Property Degradation Model“. In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21595.

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Abstract Anisotropic composite materials have been extensively utilized in mechanical, automotive, aerospace and other engineering areas due to high strength-to-weight ratio, superb corrosion resistance, and exceptional thermal performance. As the use of composite materials increases, determination of material properties, mechanical analysis and failure of the structure become important for the design of composite structure. In particular, the fatigue failure is important to ensure that structures can survive in harsh environmental conditions. The non-homogeneous character of composites induces diverse failure modes of the constituent including fiber fracture, matrix cracking, fiber-matrix interface failure, and delamination. Non-homogeneity of composite materials makes their fatigue behavior very complex in comparison with traditional engineering materials. In this study, a progressive damage theory is extended to simulate fatigue failure of composite laminates under fatigue loading conditions. A residual material property degradation model was employed to predict fatigue damage due to arbitrary stress ratio without performing excessive quantities of testing. This generalized residual material property degradation rule is implemented into user subroutine USDFLD in ABAQUS through which material degradation states are updated over the progressive fatigue loading. The present computational method is verified by comparing the simulated results with the experimental data available in the literature.

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Nikic, Milan, und Zihui Xia. „Alternative Selections of Delayed Coke Drum Materials Based on ASME Material Property Data“. In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78548.

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Severe cyclic thermo-mechanical operating conditions during delayed coking can cause damages in the form of bulging and cracking in coke drums. As a result, the industry has to perform costly repairs and maintenance shutdowns. Therefore, it is important to understand the damage and failure mechanisms of the coke drums and to achieve more reliable coke drum design solutions. This paper explores alternative selections of clad and base material combinations for coke drum applications based on material property data provided in ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section II - Materials. Finite element analyses are carried out by simulating two critical loading scenarios in the coke drum operation cycle, i.e. the heating up and quenching stages. The analysis results show that the major achievement in lowering the stress level in the clad layer is due to matching of the coefficients of thermal expansion between clad and base materials. In addition, the finite element analyses indicate that the differences in Young’s modulus values play an important role in the variation of maximum stress in the coke drum shell during the quenching stage. Among eleven pairs of the clad and base material combinations studied, the combination of SA302-C as the base and nickel alloy N06625 as the cladding material is recommended.

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Reifsnider, Kenneth, Rassel Raihan und Prasun Majumdar. „Durability Methodologies for Material Systems“. In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57877.

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In the present work, we are concerned with heterogeneous material systems that have multiple distinct materials and void phases, and associated interfaces, for which the geometric scale and specific morphology at the micro/nano-level play an essential role in the global properties, functional behavior, and material system performance. Such heterogeneous combinations of materials that are engineered to function together to create unique properties and performance that is a function of their interaction are called material systems. Engineered heterogeneous material systems are at the heart of revolutionary advances in devices that convert and store energy (e.g., batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, capacitors, and many electro-optical devices), and other membrane-based devices used in chemical and fuel processing, sequestration, and extraction. In recent years, advances in a variety of additive manufacturing methods and techniques have made it possible to design, control, and fabricate specific micro- or nano-structures to achieve prescriptive functional performance of the material systems and devices in which they appear. However, systematic multiphysics analysis methods properly set on field equations that represent the local details are not available, so that first-principles understandings and designs of those materials are not properly founded. Recently, the DoE established an Energy Frontiers Research Center for Physics Based Nanostructure Design and Fabrication of Heterogeneous Functional Materials, called the HeteroFoaM Center, to address this and related questions. The present paper presents some initial findings of part of that effort related specifically to durability. For the present study, our approach to the question of durability of engineered material systems will be to construct a damage model, wherein damage is defined as (and by) changes in material state as a function of some generalized time variable that defines the intensity and history of the applied conditions that drive those changes. To bring the reality of engineering practice to our discussion, the durability concepts will be related to the damage and functional degradation observed in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) during service. SOFCs convert the chemical energy of fuel to electrical power. This focus will serve to define the scope of our discussion, which will be the durability of complex, heterogeneous material systems as measured by degradation of their functional performance defined by mechanical, thermal, and electrical behavior.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Piping material"

Alexander, D. Metallurgical investigation of material from chill-water piping system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Februar 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7198799.

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Haggard, D. L., und L. W. Brackenbush. Determination of the radioactive material and plutonium holdup in ducts and piping in the 327 Building. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/113871.

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Haggard, D. L., J. E. Tanner und P. L. Tomeraasen. Determination of the radioactive material and plutonium holdup in ducts and piping in the 325 Building. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/371210.

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Haggard, D. L., L. W. Brackenbush und J. E. Tanner. Determination of the radioactive material and plutonium holdup in ducts and piping in the 324 Building. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/197851.

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Hazelton, W. S. Technical report on material selection and processing guidelines for BWR coolant pressure boundary piping. Draft report. Revision 2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juni 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5708682.

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V. Munne. Hot Leg Piping Materials Issues. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juli 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884668.

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Crissman, J. M., F. W. Wang, C. M. Guttman, J. R. Maurey, H. L. Wagner, B. M. Fanconi und D. L. VanderHart. Reference standard polyethylene resins and piping materials :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.87-3506.

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Crissman, J. M. Reference standard polyethylene resins and piping materials :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.88-3705.

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Daugherty, W. L. Reactor Materials Program process water piping indirect failure frequency. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7189837.

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Daugherty, W. L. Reactor Materials Program process water piping indirect failure frequency. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10113559.

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