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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Pipeline out-of-order“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Pipeline out-of-order"
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Varshitsky, Victor M., Igor B. Lebedenko und Eldar N. Figarov. „Method for determining process parameters in the repairing of pipelines with out-of-spec curvature“. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION 10, Nr. 1 (29.02.2020): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2020-10-1-17-21.
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Pipe sections with curvatures exceeding the required specified values are often found during the pigging of major pipelines. Process parameters for repairs have to be defined in order to develop a maintenance project that also includes works to restore the specified status of the section found. A corresponding method is known for cases of relocation of an initially straight pipeline. The authors developed a method for determining process parameters for repairing pipelines with out-of-project axis curvature. The method is based on modeling the deformation of a pipeline with initial axis curvature; it takes into account the actual operating conditions of the pipeline and in-line inspection data. Examples of calculating process parameters for repairs and stress-deformed state of pipeline sections with out-of-specs curvature have been presented. The modeling results confirm the possibility of using the method for evaluating the repair process parameters, the length of the required trench exposure, and the magnitude and boundaries of additional digging-in or the need to lift the pipeline in order to determine the stress–strain state of the pipeline section to be repaired during execution and after the completion of repairs.
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Chen, Yu, und Yun Bing He. „Present Situation Analysis of Cathodic Protection of Natural Gas Pipelines in East Sichuan and Countermeasure Suggestions“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (Dezember 2012): 2627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2627.
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There are a large number of natural gas pipelines in East Sichuan. In order to prevent these natural gas pipelines from being corroded, they all use cathodic protection, but in terms of pipeline protection potential, the effect is unsatisfactory. Based on pipeline protection potential data collection, this paper carried out field investigation on anode beds, reference electrodes and management mode, analyzed the common problems of cathodic protection systems and put forward rectification suggestions.
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Schipachev, Andrey, Vadim Fetisov, Ayrat Nazyrov, Lee Donghee und Abdurakhmat Khamrakulov. „Study of the Pipeline in Emergency Operation and Assessing the Magnitude of the Gas Leak“. Energies 15, Nr. 14 (21.07.2022): 5294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145294.
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Accidents on gas pipelines cause significant damage to the national economy and the economy of the state. Thus, it is necessary to always be prepared for such situations in order to restore the normal operation of the gas pipeline as soon as possible. An important role is played by the execution time of the control actions to localize the accident, pump out the gas, and change the operating modes. It is essential that such control be undertaken, especially if such a situation occurs near a gas-measuring installation for measuring the amount of vented gas. Therefore, the control actions must be error-free in order to quickly stop the non-stationary process, which can lead to undesirable consequences. The paper presents a mathematical model of the operation of the pipeline, developed for the management of the pipeline in an emergency. The analysis of the problem of the occurrence of accidents was carried out, and the effect of liquid on its walls was modeled when the operating mode of the pipeline changed. An example is presented using a numerical model carried out in ANSYS, as well as being analyzed analytically. The results of the calculations are presented, and special attention is paid to the parameters influencing the change in the operating mode of the pipeline.
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Sekacheva, Antonina, Lilia Pastukhova und Alexandr Noskov. „EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF COMPLEX PIPELINE SYSTEM“. Akustika, VOLUME 41 (2021): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika20214165.
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The article discusses the results of studies of the dynamic parameters of a pipeline connected to a pump, carried out in order to obtain data in full-scale conditions. At this stage of the study, the stationary process of the pump operation, which forms a turbulent flow in the pipeline, was studied. A computational and experimental technique for studying natural frequencies and vibration modes of pipelines of complex spatial configuration has been developed. The adequacy of the developed methods of finite element modeling of dynamic processes in pipeline systems in the frequency range up to 400 Hz has been confirmed.
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Zhang, Peng, Xiangsu Chen und Chaohai Fan. „Research on a Safety Assessment Method for Leakage in a Heavy Oil Gathering Pipeline“. Energies 13, Nr. 6 (13.03.2020): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061340.
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At present, the number of oil and gas gathering and transportation pipelines is numerous, and leakage accidents occur frequently. Each year, due to pipeline failure, there are immeasurable consequences for people and the environment around the affected pipelines. In order to reduce the risk of leakage accidents in heavy oil gathering pipelines and prevent the occurrence of major spills, it is of great significance to carry out safety assessments of them. However, failure data of these pipelines is seriously deficient and statistical methods used to evaluate pipeline safety are incompatible. Therefore, this paper proposes a risk assessment system for heavy oil gathering pipelines in the absence of failure data. Firstly, a Bayesian network (BN) for the leak safety evaluation of heavy oil gathering pipelines is established via mapping from a bow-tie (BT) model. Then, information diffusion theory is combined with fuzzy set theory to obtain the failure probability of each factor affecting the pipeline failure, and then the failure probability of the pipeline is obtained by the full probability formula. In addition, in order to assess the extent of consequences due to accidents, variable fuzzy set theory is used to comprehensively consider the consequences of the leakage of heavy oil gathering pipelines. Finally, the above two parts are combined to form a safety assessment system to realize risk management and control for pipelines, which is necessary to ensure the safety of heavy oil gathering pipelines.
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Galikeev, R. M., R. R. Taychinov und S. I. Grachev. „INVESTIGATION OF PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF SLEEVES FROM INTERNAL CORROSION OF WELDING SEWINGS OF INFIELD PIPELINES“. Oil and Gas Studies, Nr. 1 (01.03.2018): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2018-1-53-56.
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The most vulnerable places of infield pipelines in operating are the welded joints of the pipeline. In order to study the protective effect authors of the article carried out tests on ability of the sleeve to protect welding sewing from corrosion of the welded joint in a corrosive medium.
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Ye, Ji Hua, Qi Xie und Yao Hong Xiahou. „Simulation and Implementation of HLA-Based Branch Predictor of Multi-Pipeline Processor“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (Oktober 2012): 4952–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4952.
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Researched how the multi-pipeline processor accelerates the running of thread ,found that when the branch predictor facing the random branch instruction, the hit rate will become very low, so bring out a new method that using the free pipeline to accelerate the running of branch instruction. If the right prediction from branch predictor is less than 70% and there is a free pipeline, then using two pipelines to run the two sides of a branch instruction at the same time. In order to test the new method, the HLA (High Level architecture) architecture-based simulation system is established, the results show that the new method can really reduce the time when processing the random branch instructions.
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Liu, Qing. „Study on the Oil Pipeline Design of R Oil Field“. Frontiers Research of Architecture and Engineering 3, Nr. 3 (14.12.2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/frae.v3i3.2453.
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It’s a compressive article consists of three parts, an overview of pipeline development in China, oil pipeline design for R oilfield and pipeline management suggestions. First, this article introduces the current status of pipeline construction, oil pipeline technology and gas pipeline technology in China in recent years. The current status of China’s pipeline construction is divided into three stages. In terms of construction, pipeline construction is developing in the direction of intelligence and modernization. Long-distance oil pipelines require technical breakthroughs in two aspects. One is the sequential oil product delivery technology to improve the type of oil that can be delivered sequentially; the second is the viscosity reduction delivery technology for heavy oil. Gas transmission pipelines are developing in the direction of high pressure, large diameter and high steel grade. Secondly, based on all the pipeline development above, in order to meet the development of R oil field, an oil-water two-phase pipeline transportation design and a pipeline crossing river design were carried out. Under the condition of the design pressure of the pipeline of 5.5MPa, it is preferable to produce a pipeline of φ219×6.5mm, and the steel grade of the pipeline is L360. A heating station and pumping station are needed in the transportation process, and the heating station and pumping station are combined for one construction. Considering that the strata of the river crossing section are mainly gravel sand layer, clay layer and non-lithological stratum, horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is adopted for river crossing, and suggestions are made for the construction process. Finally, after the pipeline was put into production, the corresponding auxiliary production system and supporting engineering suggestions were put forward.
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Shammazov, I. A., D. I. Sidorkin und E. R. Dzhemilev. „Research of the Dependence of the Pipeline Ends Displacement Value When Cutting Out Its Defective Section on the Elastic Stresses in the Pipe Body“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, Nr. 2 (01.02.2022): 022077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/2/022077.
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Abstract In the process of repairing main oil and gas pipelines with cutting out defective sections, due to the elastic stresses in the body of the pipeline at the end of the first cut, there is a sharp displacement of the pipeline ends on both sides of the cutting site. This sharp displacement poses a threat to the lives of workers, and also complicates the further process of welding a new section of the pipeline due to the need to center its ends relative to each other. At the same time, to reduce the displacement of the ends of the pipeline, it is often pressed down with an excavator bucket before cutting, which contradicts the safety rules for conducting repair work. This article examines the dependence of the displacement value of the ends of the pipeline on the existing elastic stresses in it in order to substantiate the need to take into account the elastic stresses in the body of the pipeline in the used repair methods, as well as the need to develop safe and technologically efficient equipment for fixing the position of the pipeline before cutting and further centering its ends relative to each other.
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Nwabueze, Gift, Joel Ogbonna und Chijioke Nwaozuzu. „COST – BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR NIGERIAN NATURAL GAS PIPELINE INVESTMENT“. International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 7, Nr. 9 (25.09.2020): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v7.i9.2020.780.
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This paper performs cost-benefit analysis of a pipeline infrastructure project based on a given natural gas demand in order to estimate the net present value and payback time for natural gas pipeline investment in Nigeria. The result of the cost-benefit analysis indicates a positive net revenue and net present value (NPV) at the current regulated transport cost and availability factor for gas pipelines in Nigeria. However, with a payback period of 14 years, a natural gas pipeline project in Nigeria is likely to lose-out investment capital to other competing investments within the oil and gas sector. Scenario analysis indicates that by doubling the regulated transport cost with a 50% tax reduction, the pipeline investment results in a much higher NPV and a payback of 4 years, which is more acceptable to investors.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Pipeline out-of-order"
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Binder, Benjamin. „Definitions and Detection Procedures of Timing Anomalies for the Formal Verification of Predictability in Real-Time Systems“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG086.
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Les systèmes temps-réel sont souvent validés par des analyses temporelles, qui sont mises en péril par des anomalies temporelles (AT). Une AT contre-intuitive a lieu quand une accélération locale conduit à un ralentissement global, et une AT d'amplification, quand un ralentissement local entraîne un ralentissement encore plus grand.Alors que les AT contre-intuitives menacent le bien-fondé ou la flexibilité des analyses, il n'existe pas d'outils pour les détecter de manière systématique. Nous proposons une structure formelle unifiée pour évaluer les définitions des AT, concluant au manque d'une définition pratique, principalement dû à l'absence de relations entre les effets temporels locaux et globaux. Nous y répondons par la causalité, que nous utilisons pour revoir la formalisation de ces AT. Nous proposons aussi une instance des notions spécialisée pour les pipelines out-of-order. Nous évaluons notre procédure de détection subséquente sur des exemples illustratifs et bancs de tests, montrant qu'elle permet de capturer précisément les AT.La complexité des systèmes exige que leurs analyses gèrent l'important espace d'états résultant. Une solution est de réaliser des analyses compositionnelles, précisément menacées par les AT d'amplification. Nous faisons progresser leur étude en montrant comment une abstraction spécialisée peut être adaptée pour un processeur industriel, en modélisant les caractéristiques temporelles clés avec des réductions appropriées. Nous illustrons aussi à partir de cette classe d'AT comment des stratégies de vérification peuvent être utilisées en vue de l'obtention de motifs d'ATThe timing behavior of real-time systems is often validated through timing analyses, which are yet jeopardized by execution phenomena called timing anomalies (TAs). A counter-intuitive TA manifests when a local speedup eventually leads to a global slowdown, and an amplification TA, when a local slowdown leads to an even larger global slowdown.While counter-intuitive TAs threaten the soundness/scalability of timing analyses, tools to systematically detect them do not exist. We set up a unified formal framework for systematically assessing the definitions of TAs, concluding the lack of a practical definition, mainly due to the absence of relations between local and global timing effects. We address these relations through the causality, which we further use to revise the formalization of these TAs. We also propose a specialized instance of the notions for out-of-order pipelines. We evaluate our subsequent detection procedure on illustrative examples and standard benchmarks, showing that it allows accurately capturing TAs.The complexity of the systems demands that their timing analyses be able to cope with the large resulting state space. A solution is to perform compositional analyses, specifically threatened by amplification TAs. We advance their study by showing how a specialized abstraction can be adapted for an industrial processor, by modeling the timing-relevant features of such a hardware with appropriate reductions. We also illustrate from this class of TAs how verification strategies can be used towards the obtainment of TA patterns
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Endo, Fernando Akira. „Génération dynamique de code pour l'optimisation énergétique“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAM044/document.
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Dans les systèmes informatiques, la consommation énergétique est devenue le facteur le plus limitant de la croissance de performance observée pendant les décennies précédentes. Conséquemment, les paradigmes d'architectures d'ordinateur et de développement logiciel doivent changer si nous voulons éviter une stagnation de la performance durant les décennies à venir.Dans ce nouveau scénario, des nouveaux designs architecturaux et micro-architecturaux peuvent offrir des possibilités d'améliorer l'efficacité énergétique des ordinateurs, grâce à la spécialisation matérielle, comme par exemple les configurations de cœurs hétérogènes, des nouvelles unités de calcul et des accélérateurs. D'autre part, avec cette nouvelle tendance, le développement logiciel devra faire face au manque de portabilité de la performance entre les matériels toujours en évolution et à l'écart croissant entre la performance exploitée par les programmeurs et la performance maximale exploitable du matériel. Pour traiter ce problème, la contribution de cette thèse est une méthodologie et la preuve de concept d'un cadriciel d'auto-tuning à la volée pour les systèmes embarqués. Le cadriciel proposé peut à la fois adapter du code à une micro-architecture inconnue avant la compilation et explorer des possibilités d'auto-tuning qui dépendent des données d'entrée d'un programme.Dans le but d'étudier la capacité de l'approche proposée à adapter du code à des différentes configurations micro-architecturales, j'ai développé un cadriciel de simulation de processeurs hétérogènes ARM avec exécution dans l'ordre ou dans le désordre, basé sur les simulateurs gem5 et McPAT. Les expérimentations de validation ont démontré en moyenne des erreurs absolues temporels autour de 7 % comparé aux ARM Cortex-A8 et A9, et une estimation relative d'énergie et de performance à 6 % près pour le benchmark Dhrystone 2.1 comparée à des CPUs Cortex-A7 et A15 (big.LITTLE). Les résultats de validation temporelle montrent que gem5 est beaucoup plus précis que les simulateurs similaires existants, dont les erreurs moyennes sont supérieures à 15 %.Un composant important du cadriciel d'auto-tuning à la volée proposé est un outil de génération dynamique de code, appelé deGoal. Il définit un langage dédié dynamique et bas-niveau pour les noyaux de calcul. Pendant cette thèse, j'ai porté deGoal au jeu d'instructions ARM Thumb-2 et créé des nouvelles fonctionnalités pour l'auto-tuning à la volée. Une validation préliminaire dans des processeurs ARM ont montré que deGoal peut en moyenne générer du code machine avec une qualité équivalente ou supérieure comparé aux programmes de référence écrits en C, et même par rapport à du code vectorisé à la main.La méthodologie et la preuve de concept de l'auto-tuning à la volée dans des processeurs embarqués ont été développées autour de deux applications basées sur noyau de calcul, extraits de la suite de benchmark PARSEC 3.0 et de sa version vectorisée à la main PARVEC.Dans l'application favorable, des accélérations de 1.26 et de 1.38 ont été observées sur des cœurs réels et simulés, respectivement, jusqu'à 1.79 et 2.53 (toutes les surcharges dynamiques incluses).J'ai aussi montré par la simulation que l'auto-tuning à la volée d'instructions SIMD aux cœurs d'exécution dans l'ordre peut surpasser le code de référence vectorisé exécuté par des cœurs d'exécution dans le désordre similaires, avec une accélération moyenne de 1.03 et une amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique de 39 %.L'application défavorable a été choisie pour montrer que l'approche proposée a une surcharge négligeable lorsque des versions de noyau plus performantes ne peuvent pas être trouvées.En faisant tourner les deux applications sur les processeurs réels, la performance de l'auto-tuning à la volée est en moyenne seulement 6 % en dessous de la performance obtenue par la meilleure implémentation de noyau trouvée statiquementIn computing systems, energy consumption is limiting the performance growth experienced in the last decades. Consequently, computer architecture and software development paradigms will have to change if we want to avoid a performance stagnation in the next decades.In this new scenario, new architectural and micro-architectural designs can offer the possibility to increase the energy efficiency of hardware, thanks to hardware specialization, such as heterogeneous configurations of cores, new computing units and accelerators. On the other hand, with this new trend, software development should cope with the lack of performance portability to ever changing hardware and with the increasing gap between the performance that programmers can extract and the maximum achievable performance of the hardware. To address this issue, this thesis contributes by proposing a methodology and proof of concept of a run-time auto-tuning framework for embedded systems. The proposed framework can both adapt code to a micro-architecture unknown prior compilation and explore auto-tuning possibilities that are input-dependent.In order to study the capability of the proposed approach to adapt code to different micro-architectural configurations, I developed a simulation framework of heterogeneous in-order and out-of-order ARM cores. Validation experiments demonstrated average absolute timing errors around 7 % when compared to real ARM Cortex-A8 and A9, and relative energy/performance estimations within 6 % for the Dhrystone 2.1 benchmark when compared to Cortex-A7 and A15 (big.LITTLE) CPUs.An important component of the run-time auto-tuning framework is a run-time code generation tool, called deGoal. It defines a low-level dynamic DSL for computing kernels. During this thesis, I ported deGoal to the ARM Thumb-2 ISA and added new features for run-time auto-tuning. A preliminary validation in ARM processors showed that deGoal can in average generate equivalent or higher quality machine code compared to programs written in C, including manually vectorized codes.The methodology and proof of concept of run-time auto-tuning in embedded processors were developed around two kernel-based applications, extracted from the PARSEC 3.0 suite and its hand vectorized version PARVEC. In the favorable application, average speedups of 1.26 and 1.38 were obtained in real and simulated cores, respectively, going up to 1.79 and 2.53 (all run-time overheads included). I also demonstrated through simulations that run-time auto-tuning of SIMD instructions to in-order cores can outperform the reference vectorized code run in similar out-of-order cores, with an average speedup of 1.03 and energy efficiency improvement of 39 %. The unfavorable application was chosen to show that the proposed approach has negligible overheads when better kernel versions can not be found. When both applications run in real hardware, the run-time auto-tuning performance is in average only 6 % way from the performance obtained by the best statically found kernel implementations
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Sharma, Prabal. „A Branch Predictor Directed Data Cache Prefetcher for Out-of-order and Multicore Processors“. Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/151289.
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Modern superscalar pipelines have tremendous capacity to consume the instruction stream. This has been possible owing to improvements in process technology, technology scaling and microarchitectural design improvements that allow programs to speculate past control and data dependencies in the superscalar architecture. However, the speed of the memory subsystem lags behind due to physical constraints in bringing in huge amounts of data to the processor core. Cache hierarchies have subdued the impact of this speed gap; however, there is much that can be still done in improving microarchitecture. Data prefetching techniques bring in memory content significantly before the instruction stream actually witnesses demand misses. However, a majority of the techniques proposed so far depend upon an initial demand miss that initiates a stream of previously identified prefetches.
In this thesis, we propose a novel prefetching algorithm, which leverages branch prediction to facilitate deep memory system speculation. The branch predictor directed lookahead mechanism builds a speculative control flow path for the instruction stream about to be fetched by the main superscalar pipeline. Prefetches are generated along this speculative path from a condensed representation of the memory instructions, leveraging register index based correlation. The technique integrates eloquently with the main pipeline's branch predictor to filter out prefetches along invalid speculative paths. Impact of the prefetching scheme is analyzed using out- of-order model of the Gem5 cycle accurate simulator. Evaluation shows that on a set of 13 memory intensive SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks, our prefetching technique improves performance by an average of 5.6% over the baseline out-of-order processor.
Bücher zum Thema "Pipeline out-of-order"
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Guidelines of the staff safety and environmental protection while constructing, putting [sic] operating and repairing of submarine pipelines and submarine cable electrical and communication lines related to oil operations: Statements on the order of carrying out scientific research on sea associated with oil operations on the sea and interior reservoirs of the Republic of Kazakstan : on the order and conditions of provision of permissions on construction and operation of artificial islands, dams, facilities and device(s) while carrying out oil operations in the Republic of Kazakstanon [sic] : the order of organisation and conditions of compulsory insurance of oil operations. [Kazakhstan?: s.n.], 1997.
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Jacobi, Christian. „Formal Verification of Complex Out-of-Order Pipelines by Combining Model-Checking and Theorem-Proving“. In Computer Aided Verification, 309–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45657-0_23.
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Wei, Chang Jia, Ong Zhen Liang und Ehsan Nikbakht Jarghouyeh. „Experimental Investigation of Effectiveness of FRP Composite Repair System on Offshore Pipelines Subjected to Pitting Corrosion Under Axial Compressive Load“. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 209–18. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1748-8_17.
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AbstractThe application of FRP composite is quite well demonstrated in strengthening on RC structures but on strengthening of steel structures is still being investigated by many researchers. The aggressive marine environment can cause corrosion to the offshore pipelines which would affect the structural performance such as pitting corrosion which could be considered as the most destructive corrosion was simulated in this research. This study had attempted to carry out experimental investigation of effectiveness of FRP composite repair system on offshore pipelines subjected to pitting corrosion under axial compressive load. 3 groups of specimens have been categorized such as intact, corroded and repaired. Results such as compressive peak load, failure modes and load–displacement behavior were concerned in this study. The pitting corrosion has been investigated and proved that it has significant effect on the ultimate strength of pipelines. Number of CFRP layer such as 3 layers has been investigated which the results showed the FRP composite repair system capable of strengthening of corroded offshore pipelines. However, more detailed studies are required to be conducted in the future such as consideration of internal pressure in order to expand the understanding of this composite repair system.
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Garagnani, Simone. „Semantic Representation of Accurate Surveys for the Cultural Heritage“. In Advances in Geospatial Technologies, 292–310. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8379-2.ch009.
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For years the traditional documentation of existing architecture has been represented by surveys, carried out with direct measuring, annotations and eidotypes. This approach is still pervasive today, but many modern metrologic technologies, such as digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning, enhanced the information-gathering pipeline particularly in the Cultural Heritage context. This chapter investigates a methodology able to express semantics and parametric interconnections among elements, proposed in order to translate real shapes into “smart” digital architectural components, using some piece of software specifically written in order to manipulate accurate geometries; following this approach, which will be improved more and more by future plugin developments, information can be organized into proper hierarchical BIM frameworks that proved to be strategic in the recording of “as-built” conditions, result of inferences of geometric and topological information in digital models.
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Garagnani, Simone. „Semantic Representation of Accurate Surveys for the Cultural Heritage“. In Civil and Environmental Engineering, 931–49. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9619-8.ch040.
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For years the traditional documentation of existing architecture has been represented by surveys, carried out with direct measuring, annotations and eidotypes. This approach is still pervasive today, but many modern metrologic technologies, such as digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning, enhanced the information-gathering pipeline particularly in the Cultural Heritage context. This chapter investigates a methodology able to express semantics and parametric interconnections among elements, proposed in order to translate real shapes into “smart” digital architectural components, using some piece of software specifically written in order to manipulate accurate geometries; following this approach, which will be improved more and more by future plugin developments, information can be organized into proper hierarchical BIM frameworks that proved to be strategic in the recording of “as-built” conditions, result of inferences of geometric and topological information in digital models.
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Erçakıca, Mustafa. „Current Maritime Delimitation Activities in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: An Evaluation from International Maritime Law Perspective“. In Politics, Economy, Security Issues Hidden Under the Carpet of Mediterranean, 30–44. European Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/bi.20221101.2.
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The ‘Republic of Cyprus’, which today consists only of Greek Cypriots, has been carrying out activities to limit its marine zones in the Eastern Mediterranean, in order to explore natural resources. Turkey and Turkish Cypriots have been claiming that they also have legal rights over the maritime natural resources in Eastern Mediterranean. Another incident in the Eastern Mediterranean is the 2019 Memorandum of Understanding between Turkey and the UN-recognized government of Libya, namely the Government of National Accord, for delimiting their maritime zones. This is an important treaty for Eastern Mediterranean that effected the regional relations. This treaty is registered to the list of the UN Secretary General, and it must be respected by other actors. But the claims of other regional States such as the ‘Republic of Cyprus’ and the plans for EastMed pipeline conflicts with this treaty. Additionally, to these, two other important regional States, Israel and Lebanon, have been experiencing tensions due to their claims on maritime zones. This is another example of the unstable relations between the Eastern Mediterranean States. Parties of the Eastern Mediterranean disputes must coordinate a multilateral conference for solving all these disputes over Eastern Mediterranean delimitation activities and exploration of natural resources.
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Hobbie, John E., und Neil Bettez. „Climate Forcing at the Arctic LTER Site“. In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0011.
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The Arctic LTER site is located at 68º38'N and 149º43'W, at an elevation of 760 m in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska. The location, 208 km south of Prudhoe Bay, was chosen for accessibility to the Dalton Highway, which extends along the Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline from north of Fairbanks to Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Ocean (figure 5.1). The rolling foothills at the site are covered with low tundra vegetation (Shaver et al. 1986a), which varies from heaths and lichens in dry sites to sedge tussocks on moist hillslopes to sedge wetlands in valley bottoms and along lakes. Riparian zones often have willow thickets up to 2 m in height. Small lakes are frequent; the best studied such lake is the 25-m-deep Toolik Lake (O’Brien 1992), the center of the LTER research site. Some 14 km from Toolik Lake, the Dalton Highway crosses the fourth-order Kuparuk River, the location of much of the LTER stream research (Peterson et al. 1993). Climate records at Toolik Lake have been kept since the early 1970s when a pipeline construction camp was established. On completion of the road in 1975, climate stations were set up by the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research Laboratory (CRREL, climate reported in Haugan 1982 and Haugen and Brown 1980). Since 1987, the LTER project has maintained climate stations at Toolik Lake (http:// ecosystems.mbl.edu/arc/) whereas the Water Resources Center of the University of Alaska has continuous records beginning in 1985 from nearby Imnavait Creek. An automatic station at Imnavait now reports every few hours to the Natural Resources Conservation Service–Alaska of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. The characteristics of the climate in northern Alaska are summarized by Zhang et al. (1996), who pointed out the strong influence of the ocean during both summer and winter months. They reported that the mean annual air temperature is coldest at the coast (–12.4ºC), where there are strong temperature inversions in the winter, and warmest in the foothills (–8.0ºC). At Toolik Lake, snow covers the ground for about eight months, and some 40% of the total precipitation of 250–350 mm falls as snow.
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Kaya, İbrahim. „A Brief Summary of EEG Artifact Handling“. In Artificial Intelligence. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99127.
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There are various obstacles in the way of use of EEG. Among these, the major obstacles are the artifacts. While some artifacts are avoidable, due to the nature of the EEG techniques there are inevitable artifacts as well. Artifacts can be categorized as internal/physiological or external/non-physiological. The most common internal artifacts are ocular or muscular origins. Internal artifacts are difficult to detect and remove, because they contain signal information as well. For both resting state EEG and ERP studies, artifact handling needs to be carefully carried out in order to retain the maximal signal. Therefore, an effective management of these inevitable artifacts is critical for the EEG based researches. Many researchers from various fields studied this challenging phenomenon and came up with some solutions. However, the developed methods are not well known by the real practitioners of EEG as a tool because of their limited knowledge about these engineering approaches. They still use the traditional visual inspection of the EEG. This work aims to inform the researchers working in the field of EEG about the artifacts and artifact management options available in order to increase the awareness of the available tools such as EEG preprocessing pipelines.
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Pasqualetti, Martin J. „Cities“. In The Thread of Energy, 246–69. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199394807.003.0009.
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Chapter 9 emphasizes that because cities are where most people live, their form, function, operation, and development play a dominant role in energy demand. The increasing demand for energy in urban areas results from their swelling population and also their form; horizontal cities are inherently less energy efficient than vertical cities. Will future cities be different from current ones? Can we adjust them in a way that helps decrease per-capita energy consumption? Or will they be spread out and require massive investment in transportation infrastructure? Can they be made more efficient through clever design and technological improvements? Because the urban use of energy will have growing knock-on effects everywhere on the planet, our welfare demands that we pay attention to how it is used there. Highways, railroads, pipelines, transmission lines, and airplane routes are like spokes on a bicycle wheel converging on concentrated urban hubs. The hubs are where the energy is needed, and it must come without fail. That is a tall order, fulfilling it is our challenge.
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Petryshyn, Igor, und Olexandr Bas. „NATURAL GAS HEAT COMBUSTION DETERMINATION ON MEASURING SYSTEMS WITH DUPLICATE GAS UNITS“. In Integration of traditional and innovative scientific researches: global trends and regional aspect. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-001-8-2-8.
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The paper focuses on the need to determine the natural gas heat combustion in order to transition to gas metering in units of energy. The technical organization of gas transportation in the main and distribution pipelines on the territory of Ukraine is shown. A detailed analysis of regulatory and legal support, which regulates the definition and accounting of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of natural gas at gas metering units. The draft Rules for determining the natural gas volume are considered in detail. Specified variants of determining the weighted average value of combustion heat in the case of complex gas supply systems with the use of flow measuring means of gas combustion heat. The necessity and urgency of determining the natural gas heat combustion on measuring systems, which are equipped with duplicate metering units without the installation flow means measuring the heat combustion. Emphasis is placed on the fact that a large number of measuring systems are built on the method of variable pressure drop with the use of standard orifice devices. It is pointed out that this method, according to its physical principle, measures the mass gas flow rate. It is also stipulated that ultrasonic gas meters are often used to complete duplicate metering units. The advantages of ultrasonic meters are given. Attention is drawn to the availability of technical metrological support in Ukraine on the basis calibration prover, which includes two secondary standards gas volume and volume flow rate units. Methods and technical means for determining the natural gas heat combustion are analyzed. The calculation of the gas heat combustion and the Wobbe number based on the density values is shown. It is noted that the value of the gas mass flow rate is related to the value of the gas volume flow rate precisely the value of density. The nonlinear dependence of the gas mass heat combustion for the density, which is associated with a disproportionate change in the percentage of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms, is shown. The structural scheme of the measuring system with the duplicating metering unit for gas density definition and gas heat combustion calculation is developed. The density calculation and natural gas heat combustion depending on the molar fraction of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the gas from the minimum to the maximum value is carried out. The linear dependence of the change in the gas heat combustion for the molar fraction of nitrogen is established, on the basis of which the method of controlling the gas heat combustion for measuring systems with a duplicate metering unit is proposed. It is shown that the developed procedure for determining the natural gas heat combustion based on the value of density, which is obtained from the calculation of gas mass flow rate and gas volume flow rate consumption on measuring systems with duplicate metering units exactly satisfies class B and C according to DSTU OIML R 140.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Pipeline out-of-order"
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Etsion, Yoav, Felipe Cabarcas, Alejandro Rico, Alex Ramirez, Rosa M. Badia, Eduard Ayguade, Jesus Labarta und Mateo Valero. „Task Superscalar: An Out-of-Order Task Pipeline“. In 2010 43rd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/micro.2010.13.
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Vandierendonck, Hans, Philippe Manet, Thibault Delavallee, Igor Loiselle und Jean-Didier Legat. „By-passing the out-of-order execution pipeline to increase energy-efficiency“. In the 4th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1242531.1242548.
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Zhang, Zhenyong, und Tong Lei. „One Design Method of Pipeline in Mined-Out Area“. In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90269.
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With the rapid development of oil and gas pipeline construction, there are more and more pipelines have to pass through the mineral deposits area. The surface cracking, subsidence and collapse will be occurred commonly because of the underground goaf after exploitation in mineral deposits area, and pipelines’ safety is faced with hidden troubles. In order to solve the contradiction between the pipeline construction and minerals mining, some research on design method of pipeline in mined-out area was carried out. The goaf subsidence prediction is constituted of subsidence influence factors analysis, surface deformation law analysis and surface deformation forecast. Pipe stress analysis includes stress influence factors analysis and stress model analysis. Combining the pipeline influence factors with the forecasted surface deformation, the pipeline stress analysis model could be built. This paper describes methods developed for the ground surface displacement prediction and the mechanical model of the pipeline/ soil interaction, and some application examples in china.
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Knoop, Franz Martin, Johannes Groß-Weege und Ulrich Marewski. „Collapse Performance of HTS (Helical Seam Two Step) Welded Line Pipe“. In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10119.
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Line pipe intended for offshore applications has to be designed predominantly with regard to external pressure in order to avoid collapse. High resistance to external pressure is vitally important for the use of pipes in such applications. A test program has been carried out in order to verify the resistance of HTS (helical seam two step) welded line pipe against collapse. It was demonstrated that the two step pipe manufacturing process has a beneficial effect on collapse resistance. HTS pipes therefore shows a good collapse performance compared to the design equations given in relevant offshore standards. One aim of the work carried out was to quantify the influence of relevant parameters on the result of full-scale collapse test by finite element analysis. The actual collapse pressures and those predicted using currently available design equations are compared and verified for various boundary conditions. The paper concludes with a discussion of the major findings and with a brief outlook to future research issues.
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Papavinasam, S., A. Doiron, T. Panneerselvam, Y. Lafrenie`re, M. Attard, C. Derushie, R. Bouchard, B. Eagleson, R. W. Revie und A. Demoz. „Methodologies for Evaluating and Qualifying External Pipeline Coatings for Northern Pipelines“. In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10347.
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The design of coatings must be adequate to protect pipelines under long-term, severe environmental conditions, including the extreme climatic conditions that will apply in the North before the pipe is installed and operation begins. Practices and standardised methodologies for evaluating and qualifying pipeline coatings for application in northern pipelines are discussed. Results from laboratory and field experiments, carried out under the conditions to which coatings will be exposed during construction, are presented. Based on 1-year laboratory experiments in which samples were exposed to temperatures as low as −45°C and limited data from the field experiments, it is concluded that Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standards CSA Z662, CSA Z245.20 and CSA Z245.21 adequately cover evaluation of coatings for northern pipelines. However, in order to evaluate the effects of low-temperatures, the specimens should be exposed for at least 4 months. Coatings qualified by CSA Z245.21 (System B1 and B2) are less affected from exposure to low-temperatures than those qualified by CSA Z245.21 (System A1) and CSA Z245.20.
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Timashev, Sviatoslav A., und Alexander B. Kuzmin. „A Powerful Tool for Assessing Locations of Defects Missed-Out by ILI“. In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0296.
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The paper describes essentials, features and possibilities of a statistical tool that permits assessing the possible location (log distance coordinate) of defects that were missed-out during inline inspection (ILI). The method is based on complete analysis of the results of the latest ILI, using the basic set of ILI tool performance metrics, introduced and substantiated by the first author. The method is based on analysis of a full set of possible outcomes of any ILI measurement, namely: true detection/non-detection; false detection/non-detection. The developed statistical tool uses combined data from the ILI tool specifications, ILI run results and verification digs. This method permits quantitative assessment of the number of falsely detected and undetected actual defects and also the distribution of their sizes for each segment of an inspected pipeline that was not verified by digs. Application of the method is described for use when deciding how many defects of different categories have been unobserved. A decision rule is described with which it is possible to be practically sure that no dangerous/reportable defects were omitted. A combined (actual and computer simulated) case of analysis of ILI and dig data accumulated for a one-kilometer long pipeline segment is presented. Using existing strength codes it is shown how to locate possible dangerous spots on pipeline segments, where additional digs or monitoring would be advised/recommended. The described method is recommended for use by pipeline companies in order to minimize the risk of leak/rupture and enhance the culture of pipeline maintenance in general.
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Bueno, A. H. S., B. B. Castro und J. A. C. Ponciano. „Laboratory Evaluation of Soil Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of API Grade Steels“. In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0284.
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Stress corrosion cracking is one among several corrosion processes than can occur on buried pipelines. Efforts must be made in order to prevent this form of corrosion as long as pipeline collapse can cause accidents with high economic costs associated and environmental damage. In the present work, Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) and Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of pipeline steels in contact with soil was investigated. Samples of different soils were obtained and prepared in order to determine its physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics. Slow strain rate testing were carried out by using electrolytes obtained from soil samples extracted from different points located close to buried pipelines. Stress vs. strain curves of API X46, X60 and X80 steels were obtained at different electrode potentials (Ecorr, 100mV below Ecorr and 300mV below Ecorr). The results obtained demonstrated the conjoint incidence of SCC and HE, depending on the potential imposed. These results revealed the SCC susceptibility of the steels. It was also observed that the hydrogen embrittlement — HE — has an important contribution to cracking initiation and propagation. Cracking morphology was similar to the SCC reported on field condition where transgranular cracking were detected in a pipeline collapsed by land creeping. It was important to point out that even under cathodic potentials the material showed the incidence of secondary cracking and a significant decreasing of ductility. The mechanism was similar to the one described by Parkins and coworkers to explain the incidence of stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in near neutral soil.
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Acton, Michael R., Neil W. Jackson und Eric E. R. Jager. „Development of Guidelines for Parallel Pipelines“. In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31287.
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Due to the increasing demand for natural gas in many locations, there is often a need to increase the capacity of existing and future gas transmission pipeline networks. In some situations, there may be a possibility of increasing the operating pressure (e.g. uprating), but in others there may be no alternative but to lay new pipelines, often along the same route as an existing pipeline. If one pipeline fails in this situation, it is possible that a second parallel pipeline may also fail as a result. However, there is also increasing pressure on the use of land and therefore the minimum separations with which pipelines may be laid and operated safely when in parallel to other pipelines need to be considered. This paper describes work carried out as a collaborative project supported by gas transmission pipeline operators to provide guidance on the likelihood of failure of a pipeline, for a range of different conditions, following failure of an adjacent pipeline. A framework has been developed that identifies the sequence of events that could lead to failure of a parallel pipeline, including the possibility of escalation from a leak (or puncture) to a full bore rupture. Work has been carried out including large scale experiments and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) modelling to enable the critical processes in the framework to be quantified. This methodology has been used to produce general guidelines for parallel pipeline assessments, in order to support the design of new parallel pipeline installations. The methodology has been developed specifically for parallel natural gas transmission pipelines. However, the principles are relevant to parallel pipelines transporting other substances, and consideration is given to how the methodology may be adapted for such circumstances. The methodology provides input to any risk assessments of parallel pipeline installations, to quantify the possible contribution to the failure frequency from escalation. General guidance developed using the methodology presented in this paper, has recently been included in the recommendations for steel transmission pipelines, IGEM/TD/1 (Edition 5), published by the Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers. However, where general recommendations are not achievable, the methodology may be applied to take site and pipeline-specific factors into account.
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Hovey, Diane J., Tuerte A. Rolim und Abelindo A. de Oliveira. „Pressure Based Leak Detection for Pipelines, Implemented at Business Unit of Production and Exploration of Petrobras in Rio Grande do Norte and Ceara´“. In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0591.
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This paper presents the experiences of the Petrobras Business Unit (UN-RNCE), located in Rio Grande del Norte state of Brazil, during the installation and startup of a pipeline leak detection system. The application involves nine multiphase oil pipelines that link several productions facilities together over a total distance of 450-Km. Prior to the selection and installation of this leak detection system a significant pipeline accident resulted in the pollution of Guanabara bay. The leak was not detected by the existing monitoring equipment because of the two phase and multiphase pipeline characteristics. The UN-RNCE decided to install EFA Technologies, Inc., Pressure Point Analysis (PPA)™ technology in order to detect leaks. It is a sophisticated statistical method for leak detection, uses very simple field instrumentation, which facilitates ease of installation and maintenance. However, in order to get the best performance out of the system, it is necessary to understand how the pipeline control processes operate and to have a fast, reliable SCADA system for long distance communication. This paper includes the test results, conclusions and the recommendations to expand the system.
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dos Santos Amaral, Claudio, Alvaro Maia da Costa, Carlos de Oliveira Cardoso, Alejandro Andueza und Amaury Garcia. „Application of the ZIGZAG Concept to a Heated Pipeline in the Soft Soil of the Guanabara Bay“. In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27202.
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In January 2000, a buckling caused by a thermal expansion of a pipeline in the Guanabara Bay/Rio de Janeiro led to the rupture of a 16” pipeline to the leakage of heavy heated MF380 oil into the bay area. In order to avoid such undesired incident, PETROBRAS has carried out research looking for solutions for a new pipeline. As a result the concept of a pipeline with “ZIGZAG” geometry was introduced. There are very few examples of oil industries that apply this concept, especially with the soil conditions of the Guanabara Bay. Several studies were carried out to verify the thermal stability of this new pipeline structure. This paper presents a comparison between the conventional single pipeline and the ZIGZAG pipeline.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Pipeline out-of-order"
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Wang, Yong-Yi. PR-350-164501-WEB Guidance for Assessing Buried Pipelines after a Ground Movement Event. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Juni 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011601.
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Date: June 13, 2019 Presenter: Yong-Yi Wang, Center for Reliable Energy Systems Project Team Leader: Michael Cook, ExxonMobil Program Manager: Thomas Marlow, PRCI Dr. Yong-Yi Wang, founder and president of Center for Reliable Energy Systems (CRES) presents his research results related to a PRCI project for assessing buried pipelines after a ground movement event. The research conducted by Dr. Wang set out to improve pipeline design to better accommodate significant localized ground movement such as that caused by landslides, earthquakes, or subsidence/settlement. When such a ground movement event occurs along the right-of-way (ROW) of a buried pipeline, it is imperative that the pipeline operator determine whether the ground movement is a threat to pipeline integrity in order to protect those responding to the event, those living near the affected ROW, and the environment. This webinar will discuss the research findings and provide guidance to pipeline operators responding to a ground movement event. Expected Benefits/Learning Outcomes from attending this webinar: - Understanding factors that must be considered in response to a confirmed ground movement event, - Being able to make critical decisions immediately after an event, such as continued service at full pressure, pressure reduction, or shutdown, and - Ability to make use of the structured response plans with systematic considerations of an operator's objectives, tolerance to risks, site-specific soil and pipeline conditions, and availability of information with known time constraints. Who Should Attend? - Pipeline design engineers - Pipeline integrity engineers, managers, specialists - Operations personnel Recommended pre-reading: PR-350-164501-R01 Guidance for Assessing Buried Pipelines After a Ground Movement Event Access to the Webinar is provided after registering via the related link.
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Zurcher, John, und Keith Leewis. PR-302-133606-R01 Improving the Performance of the ECDA Methodology. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Mai 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010870.
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This study evaluated the effectiveness of ECDA as an inspection methodology and integrity assessment process. This was performed through a series of steps including the following: - Developing and sending out questionnaires to a broad array of pipeline companies. The questionnaire looked for successes and failures with the ECDA process, correlation with other assessment methodologies and issues/gaps with processes and standards. - Conducting interviews with various pipeline companies' integrity management and corrosion control personnel to ascertain ECDA performance and usefulness among other attributes based on the results of the questionnaires. - Performing a literature search for ECDA write-ups on the use, effectiveness and limitations of ECDA as a process and practice. - Performing procedure reviews of leading pipeline companies ECDA process and related corrosion control procedures. Procedures were compared to industry standards and leading practices in order to help determine overall effectiveness of the ECDA processes. This report has a related webinar.
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Brydie, Dr James, Dr Alireza Jafari und Stephanie Trottier. PR-487-143727-R01 Modelling and Simulation of Subsurface Fluid Migration from Small Pipeline Leaks. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Mai 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011025.
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The dispersion and migration behavior of hydrocarbon products leaking at low rates (i.e. 1bbl/day and 10 bbl/day) from a pipeline have been studied using a combination of experimental leakage tests and numerical simulations. The focus of this study was to determine the influence of subsurface engineered boundaries associated with the trench walls, and the presence of a water table, upon the leakage behavior of a range of hydrocarbon products. The project numerically modelled three products including diesel, diluted bitumen (dilbit) and gasoline; which were chosen to span a range of fluid types and viscosities. Laboratory simulations of leakage were carried out for the most viscous product (i.e. dilbit) in order to capture plume dispersion in semi-real time, and to allow numerical predictions to be assessed against experimental data. Direct comparisons between observed plume dimensions over time and numerically predicted behavior suggested a good match under low moisture conditions, providing confidence that the numerical simulation was sufficiently reliable to model field-scale applications. Following a simulated two year initialization period, the leakage of products, their associated gas phase migration, thermal and geomechanical effects were simulated for a period of 365 days. Comparisons between product leakage rate, product type and soil moisture content were made and the spatial impacts of leakage were summarized. Variably compacted backfill within the trench, surrounded by undisturbed and more compacted natural soils, results porosity and permeability differences which control the migration of liquids, gases, thermal effects and surface heave. Dilbit migration is influenced heavily by the trench, and also its increasing viscosity as it cools and degases after leakage. Diesel and gasoline liquid plumes are also affected by the trench structure, but to a lesser extent, resulting in wider and longer plumes in the subsurface. In all cases, the migration of liquids and gases is facilitated by higher permeability zones at the base of the pipe. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) migrate along the trench and break through at the surface within days of the leak. Temperature changes within the trench may increase due liquid migration, however the change in predicted temperature at the surface above the leak is less than 0.5�C above background. For gasoline, the large amount of degassing and diffusion through the soil results in cooling of the soil by up to 1�C. Induced surface displacement was predicted for dilbit and for one case of diesel, but only in the order of 0.2cm above baseline. Based upon the information gathered, recommendations are provided for the use and placement of generic leak detection sensor types (e.g liquid, gas, thermal, displacement) within the trench and / or above the ground surface. The monitoring locations suggested take into account requirements to detect pipeline leakage as early as possible in order to facilitate notification of the operator and to predict the potential extent of site characterization required during spill response and longer term remediation activities.
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Alexander, Chris. PR652-184505-R01 Evaluating Installation Techniques for Pipeline Repair Methods. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Februar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012029.
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A testing program was conducted to evaluate the effects of internal pressure during the installation of composite and steel sleeves repair systems on pipelines with plain dents. The testing program included cyclic pressure testing a group of 12.75-inch OD x 0.188-inch WT, Grade X42 pipe samples with plain dents having residual dent depths on the order of 3% to 4% of the pipe's outside diameter. The dent samples were repaired using four (4) different composite repair systems, type-A steel sleeves, and steel thermal compression sleeves. The composite repair systems included a carbon fiber wet-layup, an E-glass wet-layup, a system with precured plies, and a hybrid composite-steel repair system. To determine the effect internal pressure has on repair installation for dents, all repairs were installed with an internal pressure of 64% SMYS (793 psig) in the pipe sample. The dent samples were then pressure cycled between 8 - 80% SMSY ( and Delta;P = 900 psig) until failure or reaching the runout condition of 250,000 cycles. Only three (3) out of the fourteen (14) repaired dents reached the 250,000 pressure cycle runout condition and these samples were all repaired using steel sleeves. The maximum number of cycles reached by any composite repair was approximately 200,000 cycles while the least number of cycles reached was approximately 24,000 cycles. In addition to the dent repairs, two (2) 12.75-inch OD x 0.375-inch WT, Grade X42 pipe samples with a 6-inch x 8-inch corrosion defect were repaired with an E-glass wet-layup. These two (2) samples were a continuation of a previous study that investigated the effects of a 50% SMYS (1,235 psig) installation pressure on the fatigue performance of corrosion repairs. Both samples reached the runout condition of 250,000 cycles. The body of work is seminal in that it is the first time that industry was evaluated a wide range of repair technologies to determine the effects of pressure during installation in reinforcing plain dents. It has been speculated for some time that internal pressure present during installation of composite repair technologies has an impact on fatigue performance. Although corrosion features do not appear to be a concern, the reinforcement of dents with internal pressure requires careful consideration. Because gas transmission pipelines do not experience aggressive pressure cycling, the effects of pressure present during installation are not a major concern. However, liquid transmission pipeline operators should be cognizant of the pressure effects and respond accordingly. Namely, pressure should be reduced during installation as much as possible.
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Lewan. PR-389-114503-R02 Leak Prevention in CO2 Pipeline Valves and Launches by Correct Seal Material Selection. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), März 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010537.
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PRCI required guidelines for pipeline valve stem seals in CO2 rich applications such as for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon capture and storage (CCS). In particular, guidance was needed to ascertain when standard O-rings may be used, when a switch to rapid gas decompression (RGD) resistant O-rings is recommended and when O-rings should be replaced by more robust energized lip seals and/or by more robust seal materials. The guidelines would interface with both NORSOK M 710 Rev. 3 and ISO 23936-2, and give specific details on procedures, steps and decisions that have to be taken when attempting to qualify seals for dense phase CO2 use. In order to develop these guidelines, well established sealing compounds having proven RGD resistance were selected for study, along with materials which were not known for their RGD resistance. RGD testing was performed on housed O-rings of each compound using CO2 rich applications. The previous Phase I of the project was carried out with a decompression rate of 20 bar/min over 8 RGD cycles. In this Phase II of the project more severe 70 and 127 bar/min rates were used. Also for the 20 bar/min rates the number of RGD cycles was increased to 50 to see how robust the seal materials could be.
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Tiku, Sanjay, Amin Eshraghi, Aaron Dinovitzer und Arnav Rana. PR-214-114500-R01 Fatigue Life Assessment of Dents with and without Interacting Features. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Dezember 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011540.
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The long-term integrity of a dented pipeline segment is a complex function of a variety of parameters, including pipe geometry, indenter shape, dent depth, indenter support, pressure history at and following indentation. In order to estimate the safe remaining operational life of a dented pipeline, all of these factors must be accounted for in the assessment. The current project provides pipeline operators with a methodology for assessing and managing dent fatigue, thus making it possible to prioritize response and remedial action(s) in an informed manner. The methodology allows the users to carry out dent ranking/prioritization and dent fatigue life assessment. In addition to the development of the plain dent fatigue life assessment methodology, dent weld and dent metal loss interaction criteria have been developed to ascertain their effect on the fatigue life of a dent. The dent assessment methodology utilizes dent shape information that can be derived from in-line inspection (ILI) data, operating pressure spectra and pipeline material grade. A three-level approach has been developed for assessing the fatigue life or cyclic pressure loading dependent fail-ure of pipeline dents. All three assessment levels draw upon information regarding pipeline operational, material and mechanical damage data. The assessment level selection and accuracy of the results are based upon the complexity of the features, the availability of required data and the level of detail and certainty in the input data. The three levels provide a range of alternatives for integrity management, where the appropriate method to use is dependent on the desired outcome and the available information.
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Fuglem. L52246 Damage Management for Operating Pipelines Gap Analysis. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010351.
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Given the extensive and aging infrastructure of pipelines in developed countries, as well as increasingly stringent regulatory requirements, there is a large incentive to improve damage management processes in order to reduce failures and maintain the existing pipeline infrastructure for a longer period of time. Industry is responding by focusing research and development efforts on key damage management concerns. The objectives of this report were: to review previous work relating to damage management of onshore gas and liquid transmission pipelines as conducted by PRCI and other organizations: to identify gaps that remain to be filled through research and technological development and to rank the gap elements based on the degree of impediment posed and the potential for elimination in the near term. To carry out the work, a comprehensive literature survey was conducted including a detailed review of relevant documents and reports published by PRCI, GRI and other industry consortia. From this information, current capabilities with respect to the detection and sizing of damage, the prediction of defect growth, the assessment of remaining resistance capacity, and the mitigation and/or repair of damage were characterized for each damage mechanism. Available methods, models and tools were evaluated and any elements that are missing or that could be improved were identified. Missing or deficient elements of the damage management process were then evaluated and ranked.
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Parkins. L51719 Overview of Intergranular SCC Research Activities. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010136.
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While much has been learned in the last 25 years of the mechanism and controlling parameters in the stress corrosion cracking of pipelines, remaining gaps in knowledge of the problem are indicated. The very early years of investigations followingthe recognition of the problem were concentrated on gathering field data and that was followed by about 20 years of research, largely carried out in laboratories, aimed at obtaining an understanding of the causes of pipelines stress corrosion cracking. While there remain matters that could be studied by laboratory-based research, there appears to be a stronger case for returning to field-based studies, with help in defining such from the increased understanding that has been developed since the early field studies. This work gives an overview on the past 25 years of research concerned with the phenomenon of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in high-pressure gas pipelines. But rather than review the various research programs in chronological order, the author proceeds with his review, after a brief historical introduction, in terms of the parameters that sequentially control SCC; the parameters being chemical environment, electro-potential, stress state (especially the influence of stress cycle) and pipeline steel susceptibility. Each parameter is treated as a \chapter\" and then the current state of knowledge for that parameter is summarized at the end of the chapter. The impact that some parameters could have on the ability to accurately model SCC in pipelines is explored and approaches to control of SCC are given in the final summary and recommendations.
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Pope und Pope. L51653 Fracture Behavior of Girth Welds Containing Natural Defects Comparison with Existing Standards. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Februar 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010132.
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The first use of radiographic standards for inspection and acceptance of finished girth welds was adopted by API in 1953. This standard was largely based on the Unfired Pressure Vessel Code� which was adopted by ASME in 1931. At that time and to this day, weld defect acceptance standards are based on workmanship principles. In other words, the so called "Workmanship defect acceptance standards"� reflect the weld quality levels produced by. a trained welder using satisfactory materials, equipment and procedures. For many years exclusive use was made of the API 1104 workmanship defect acceptance levels for all field pipeline and related facilities welds. This, and very similar defect acceptance standards (e.g. BS 4515, CSA 2184, AS 1697, etc.) are used in many countries throughout the world. Though the specified acceptance levels have no scientific basis, the use of workmanship standards has provided an adequate level of quality control for many years. Particularly worthy of attention in this context is the fact that the currently stipulated levels have been developed for welds in lower strength pipe grades. Unfortunately, the developments in acceptance levels have not kept pace with those occurring in-pipeline technology. Furthermore, pipe size, strength and toughness, weld metal properties or pipeline operating conditions are not considered in the present-day defect acceptance standards. Problems of this kind have led companies involved in gas/oil transporting activities to develop their own standard requirements or at least to produce a supplement to the general standards. This report describes the results of an investigation into the engineering significance of girth weld defect acceptance criteria based upon weld quality (or workmanship) considerations. To this end, research efforts were divided into a theoretical and an experimental part. The theoretical study involved a comparison of internationally used weld quality standards and codes for pipeline welding in order to identify the general features common to them and to obtain a clear view of the different acceptability criteria. The experimental part was designed to provide factual information on the failure behaviour of defective girth welds in large pipe diameter pipe lines. The focal point of the experimental examinations was to compare, on the basis of wide plate test specimen behaviour, the performance levels of girth welds containing planar weld defects which were grossly out of tolerance with respect to most present-day weld quality (workmanship standards) specifications.
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Wilcox. PR-015-09200-R01A Compressor and Pump Station Incidents and Technology Gaps. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Oktober 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010956.
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In 2008, Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) took the initiative to identify the main causes of reportable incidents in compressor and pump stations. Data was gathered from several sources including the United States� Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Canada�s National Energy Board, and PRCI member companies. More than 1600 incidents were reviewed over an 18 year period (1990 to 2008). The incidents were evaluated based on their frequency of occurrence and the consequences of the incidents (injury, ignition, environmental impact, etc�). In pump stations, pump seals, valves out of sequence due to operator error, and gasket and bolting were identified as the highest impact incidents types. In compressor stations, the three highest impact incident types were found to be pipe components, natural forces (hurricanes and lightning strikes), and gaskets and bolting. During the 2008 project, research roadmaps were developed based on the results of the incident data review. In the process of defining the research projects, a brief review into the available technology for the incidents types was conducted. It was quickly found that a more detailed state-of-the-art review was needed to accurately identify the research required for several of the incident areas. Therefore, a state-of-the-art review of the three highest impact incidents in pump and compressor stations was proposed. The work documented in this paper is the state-of-the-art review of these incidents. In the PRCI CPS 9-1 (2008) project, it was found that more information was needed on several of the incidents in order to fully define the root cause. Therefore, the first task of the PRCI CPS 9-1 (2009) effort was to attempt to gather more information on the top three impact incident types. Thirty-two pipeline companies were contacted and additional information was provided for approximately 25% of the incidents. From the review of this additional and past data, several focus areas were identified for the state-of-the-art reviews. The state-of-the-art studies included a survey of the current technology, identification of common failure mechanisms, and review of strategies to reduce incident occurrences. These studies are reviewed in detail in the appendices of this document. From the state-of-the-art studies and the incident review, technology gaps were identified. Technology gaps are areas where new innovative technologies or applications are required to address current inspection/maintenance strategies for a particular piece of equipment or task. Technology gaps were only identified for pump seals. These gaps included the inability for pump seals to survive process upset conditions, inability to correctly identify and model expected loads and operating conditions for pump seal selection, and lack of installed seal inspection or life prediction methods except through leakage detection. All other incident types (valves out of sequence due to operator error, gaskets and bolting, pipe components, and natural forces) have adequate technology to address the incident occurrences. In the majority of the incidents, even though the technologies exist, it may not be used or applied correctly. Several recommendations were made for future work. These included work that a company may consider conducting internally to reduce the occurrence of incidents and future research. The recommendations for future work for operators and research for industry are summarized in a list below. Research items included on the research roadmaps are indicated with an asterisk.