Dissertationen zum Thema „Pink bollworm resistance to Bt Cotton“
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1
Dennehy, Timothy J., Gopalan Unnithan, Sarah A. Brink, Brook D. Wood, Yves Carrière, Bruce Tabashnik, Larry Antilla und Mike Whitlow. „Update on Pink Bollworm Resistance to Bt Cotton in the Southwest“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198135.
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Monitoring of Arizona pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella, susceptibility to the Bt toxin Cry1Ac has been conducted annually since 1997. PBW were collected from cotton fields located throughout the Southwest in 2002, cultured in the laboratory, and tested for susceptibility to Cry1Ac using diet-incorporation bioassays. A total of 13 Arizona collections were successfully reared and bioassayed. Collections from California (6), New Mexico (1), and Texas (1) were also tested. Laboratory selection of pink bollworms collected from Arizona in 1997 and exposed to Cry1Ac in diet produced a strain capable of surviving on Bollgard® cotton. Subsequent studies showed that 10 g Cry1Ac/ml of insect diet was a reliable diagnostic concentration for detection of pink bollworm that were homozygous for resistance to Cry1Ac. On this basis, resistant PBW were detected in 2002 in only 2 out of 13 Arizona strains. The overall frequency of resistant PBW in 2002 for Arizona was 0.17% and ranged from 0.0 to 1.7%. One of six California collections evaluated had a single resistant survivor. No resistant pink bollworms were detected in the single New Mexico and Texas collections evaluated. Resistant PBW were significantly more abundant in Arizona in 2001 and 2002 than they were in 1998, 1999 or 2000. However, the frequency of resistant survivors in bioassays was low for 2001 and 2002, and markedly lower than in 1997. The Arizona Cotton Research and Protection Council evaluated the efficacy of Bt cotton in 2002 using adjacent pairs of Bt and non-Bt fields at 43 locations across Arizona. Pink bollworms were found in an average of 23.3% of these non-Bt boll fields. Bolls from Bt cotton fields yielded an average of 0.144% (range 0 to 1.300%) infested bolls. Of these, all but three of the pink bollworm recovered from Bt cotton plantings came from bolls that tested negative for Cry1Ac. We conclude from these findings that there is no indication that pink bollworm resistance to Cry1Ac was a problem at the locations sampled in 2002. Bt cotton continued to exhibit exceptional field performance in Arizona.
2
Dennehy, Timothy J., Gopalan C. Unnithan, Virginia Harpold, Yves Carrière, Bruce Tabashnik, Larry Antilla und Mike Whitlow. „Susceptibility of Southwestern Pink Bollworm to Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 in 2005“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198218.
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Bt cotton is an extremely important tool for integrated pest management in the Southwest. It has been a major factor in the current historic low levels of conventional insecticide use in cotton of this region. This is due to Bt cotton’s unprecedented efficacy against the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, and its selectivity in favor of key natural enemies of arthropod pests. Due to the pivotal importance of Bt cotton and widespread concerns about the development of pest resistance to transgenic crops, a multi-agency resistance management program was established to monitor and pro-actively manage resistance development in the pink bollworm. This report constitutes results from the ninth year of this monitoring program. Larvae were obtained from bolls collected in cotton fields located throughout the Southwest, cultured in the laboratory, and offspring tested using diet-incorporation bioassays that discriminate between susceptible and resistant pink bollworm. A total of 11 Arizona and four California collections were successfully reared and tested for susceptibility to Cry1Ac using a discriminating concentration of 10 μg Cry1Ac/ml of diet. Susceptibility to Cry2Ab2 was estimated similarly for 12 strains from Arizona and four from California using diagnostic concentrations of 1.0 and 10 μg Cry2Ab2/ml of diet. Success of pink bollworm eradication in suppressing pink bollworm populations in New Mexico and Texas precluded successful collection of samples in those states. No survivors of 10 μg Cry1Ac/ml were detected in any bioassays of 2005 strains (n=5358). The grand mean frequency of PBW survival of 10 μg Cry1Ac/ml in 2005 was 0.000%. A susceptible culture, APHIS-S, used each year as an internal control, yielded 99.3% corrected mortality in tests of 10μg/ml Cry1Ac (n=490). All twelve pink bollworm strains collected in 2005 were highly susceptible to Cry2Ab2, based on contrasts with baseline data collected from 2001-2003. There were no survivors of bioassays of either 1.0 μg Cry2Ab2/ml (n=1,000) or 10 μg Cry2Ab2/ml (n=3425). The susceptible APHIS-S culture had 82.5% corrected mortality in tests of 10 μg/ml Cry2Ab2 (n=200) and 100% mortality in tests of 10 μg/ml Cry2Ab2 (n=120). Field evaluations of efficacy of Bt cotton were conducted by the Arizona Cotton Research and Protection Council in adjacent pairs of Bt and non-Bt fields at 44 Arizona locations. Statewide, large pink bollworm larvae were found in an average of 15% of non-Bt bolls sampled from borders of refuge fields. This was on the low end of the range of infestation levels observed in refuges during the past decade. Bolls from adjacent Bt cotton (Bollgard™) fields yielded an average of 0.28% infested bolls. This value was down slightly from the previous year. Over 70% of the pink bollworm recovered from collections in Bt fields were from bolls that did not express Bt toxin. We conclude that there was no indication of problems with pink bollworm resistance to Cry1Ac or Cry2Ab2 at the locations sampled in 2005. Moreover, Bt cotton continued to exhibit exceptional field performance in Arizona.
3
Sims, Maria A., Timothy J. Dennehy, Amanda Patin, Yves Carrière, Yong-Biao Liu, Bruce Tabashnik, Larry Antilla und Mike Whitlow. „Arizona's Multi-agency Resistance Management Program for Bt Cotton: Sustaining the Susceptibility of Pink Bollworm“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211325.
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Bt cotton has been used in Arizona since 1996 with exceptionally positive results in terms of economic returns to growers and reductions in insecticide use in cotton. Yet, the isolation of pink bollworm highly resistant to Bt cotton from collections made in Arizona in 1997 demonstrated the seriousness of the threat that resistance poses to transgenic Bt technology. For this reason unparalleled measures have been taken to detect and manage resistance of pink bollworm to Bt cotton in Arizona. This paper presents results of statewide monitoring of pink bollworm susceptibility to the Bt toxin, Cry1Ac, conducted from 1997 to 1999. Mean susceptibility of Arizona pink bollworm to Cry1Ac increased from 1997 to 1999. Mean corrected mortality in 1μg/ml Cry1Ac assays was 52.3% in 1997, 90.6% in 1998, and 97.9% in 1999. Mean corrected mortality in bioassays of 10 μg/ml was 94.5% in 1997, 99.8% in 1998, and 100% in 1999. Selection with Cry1Ac in the laboratory has produced from 1997 field collections a strain possessing 200 to 900-fold resistance to Cry1Ac. This resistant strain is capable of surviving on Bt cotton. We provide an overview of other components of the multi-agency collaboration to sustain efficacy of Bt cotton in Arizona. These include: 1) evaluation of the field performance of Bt cotton; 2) mapping and analysis of use of Bt and non-Bt cotton and compliance with refuge requirements; 3) effectiveness of internal versus external refuges and movement of pink bollworm moths from refuges; and 4) activities of the Arizona Bt Cotton Working Group to formulate and implement effective resistance management strategies.
4
Heuberger, Shannon Marlene. „Contamination of Refuges by Transgenic Bt Cotton: Implications for Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Resistance“. Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193364.
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Refuges of non-Bt cotton are used to delay Bt resistance in the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella, Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a pest that eats cotton seeds. Contamination of refuges by transgenic Bt cotton could threaten the efficacy of such refuges by increasing the relative survival of larvae that carry alleles for Bt resistance. Here I compared contamination levels in refuges of varying configuration and distance from Bt. I found two types of contamination at low rates in refuges: outcrossing by Bt pollen and adventitious Bt plants. Unexpectedly, outcrossing did not differ between refuge configurations, and did not decrease as distance from Bt fields increased, perhaps because Bt plants in refuges acted as the main Bt pollen source. Bioassays, conducted to evaluate the impacts of contamination on pink bollworm resistance, indicated that Bt plants in refuges may increase the frequency of resistance alleles at a higher rate than outcrossing by Bt plants.
5
Knowles, Tim C., Tim J. Dennehy und Albert Rovey. „Late Season Pink Bollworm Pressure in the Top Crop of Bt and Non-Bt Cotton“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210372.
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Green bolls (100/field) were sampled from the uppermost internodes within adjacent fields of Bt (Deltapine 33B) and non-Bt (Hyperformer HS 44) cotton experiencing severe pink bollworm pressure late in the growing season. Average top crop lint yield reductions ranging from 30 to 70% were observed in the uppermost bolls of the non-Bt cotton variety. Average top crop lint yield reductions ranging from 0 to 40% were observed in the uppermost bolls of the transgenic Bt cotton variety.
6
McGinley, Susan. „Bt Cotton and Pink Bollworm: A Cooperative Research and Education Program“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622253.
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7
Wilson, F. D., und H. M. Flint. „Evaluation of Cotton for Resistance to Pink Bollworm“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208329.
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Cotton cultivars and germ plasm lines were screened for resistance to pink bollworm. Sixteen advanced strains were selected for resistance to pink bollworm and/or high yield potential. In a regional early maturing germ plasm lines test, only the short- season check had less seed damage caused by pink bollworm than did the long-season check. Five lines yielded more lint than both checks. In a Pima test, Pima S-6 nectariless had 14% less seed damage than Pima S-6. Seven pink-bollworm-resistant germ plasm lines will be released in the near future.
8
Knowles, Tim C., Tim J. Dennehy und Albert Rovey. „Late Season Pink Bollworm Pressure in the Top Crop of Bt and Non-Bt Cotton“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197248.
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Green bolls (100/field) were sampled from the uppermost internodes within adjacent fields of Bt (Deltapine 33B) and non-Bt refuge (Hyperformer HS 44 or Deltapine 20) experiencing severe pink bollworm pressure late in the growing season. Evidence of 3rd instar or larger pink bollworm larvae survival was higher in susceptible bolls sampled from transgenic Bt cotton late in the 1998 growing season, compared to that observed late in the 1997 growing season.
9
Howell, Don R., John Palumbo, Alfonso Tellez und Humberto Hernandez. „Demonstration to Manage Pink Bollworm with BT Cottons, Yuma Valley Ag Center, 1996“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211104.
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Transgenic cotton with the Bollgard™ gene inserted has shown great promise in controlling pink bollworm infestations in cotton. This trial was superimposed over a variety trial. Evaluations of pbw infestation indicated remarkable control even though the bolls became infested. Yields were increased in this trial when almost 100% infestation of pbw was allowed to occur. It appears that the trangenic cottons containing Bollgard™ may be an effective method of pbw control.
10
Watson, Theo F., und Suzanne E. Kelly. „Status of Pink Bollworm Resistance to Insecticides in Arizona“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208371.
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Populations of pink bollworm. Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), from Yuma, Casa Grande, Marana and Safford were compared with that of a susceptible laboratory (USDA) strain relative to their susceptibility to permethrin. A limited comparison was made with azinphosmethyl. All field strains were significantly more tolerant to permethrin than was the USDA susceptible strain. A comparison of the USDA and Yuma strains using azinphosmethyl indicated no difference in susceptibility between the laboratory and field strains.
11
Sims, Maria A., Timothy J. Dennehy, Laura Shriver, Danny Holley, Yves Carrière, Bruce Tabashnik, Larry Antilla und Mike Whitlow. „Susceptibility of Arizona Pink Bollworm to Cry1Ac“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197706.
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Genetically modified cotton expressing the Cry1Ac toxin has been used in Arizona since 1996 with exceptionally positive results in terms of economic returns to growers and reductions in insecticide use in cotton. Since 1995, average insecticide use in Arizona cotton has declined from greater than six applications per acre to less than two in 2000. Bt cotton has contributed greatly to these savings to growers, as have insect growth regulators used for whitefly control. Collections of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, made in 1997 and subsequently exposed to Cry1Ac in the laboratory from 1998 to 2000, yielded a laboratory strain with susceptibility to Cry1Ac reduced 1,000 to 3,000- fold, relative to highly susceptible field populations. Unparalleled measures have been taken to detect and manage this resistance. In this report we summarize results of statewide monitoring of pink bollworm susceptibility to Cry1Ac conducted from 1997 to 2000, and results of field evaluations of the effectiveness of Bt cotton from 1995 to 2001. Susceptibility of Arizona pink bollworm to Cry1Ac, increased from 1997 to 2000. Mean corrected mortality in 1μg/ml Cry1Ac assays was 57.4% in 1997, 90.6% in 1998, 97.9% in 1999 and 97.4% in 2000. Mean corrected mortality in bioassays of 10 μg/ml also increased: it was 94.1% in 1997, 99.9% in 1998, 100% in 1999 and 100 % in 2000. Field performance of Bt cotton in 2000 continued to be excellent at 39 locations throughout Arizona cotton at which paired Bt and non-Bt fields were evaluated. Whereas non-Bt cotton fields had mean infestations of over 15% infested bolls, Bt cotton fields averaged less than 0.15% infested bolls. Thus, after six years of intensive use of Bt cotton in Arizona, pink bollworm populations show no signs of being resistant to Bollgard cotton. Indeed, for reasons that are not understood at this time, they have been found to be significantly more susceptible to the Bt toxin in Bollgard cotton at the end of the 2000 season than they were in 1997.
12
McGinley, Susan. „Delaying Pink Bollworm Resistance: Cooperative Studies and Strategies Protect Arizona Cotton“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622217.
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13
Wilson, F. Douglas, und Hollis M. Flint. „Pink Bollworm Resistance and Lint Yield of a Nectariless, Okra-Leaf Germplasm Line“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204496.
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A nectariless, okra -leaf germplasm line of cotton, Gossvpium hirsutum L., designated WC-12NL, was compared with a nectaried, regular leaf commercial cultivar, 'Deltapine 61' (DPL-61) at two locations, Maricopa, AZ and Brawley, CA. At Maricopa, two and three insecticide applications were required for control of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), on WC-12NL and DPL-61, respectively. At Brawley, six and nine applications were required. Lint yield of WC-12NL was 30% higher than that of DPL-61 at Maricopa, while at Brawley, lint yields were about equal.
14
Williams, Jennifer Leigh. „Fitness Costs of Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in the Pink Bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195166.
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Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, is associated with fitness costs in pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. Previous work has demonstrated that costs of resistance are induced by environmental factors including insecticidal cotton phytochemicals such as gossypol. This study (1) tested the hypothesis that the presence of toxic phytochemicals would increase the dominance and magnitude of fitness costs associated with genes conferring resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin, (2) coupled a selection experiment and simulation modeling to evaluate the fitness cost of resistance to Bt in pink bollworm and (3) used laboratory strains containing susceptible and resistant genotypes to test the hypothesis that gossypol accumulates more readily in pink bollworm with Bt resistance alleles, and that this gossypol accumulation reduces fitness. To test hypothesis (1), larval survival and weight were measured in two independent strains of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, reared on diet containing the cotton phytochemicals gossypol and cyclopropenoid fatty acid, alone, or in combination. Cotton phytochemicals increased the dominance and magnitude of fitness costs associated with cadherin-based resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin. Gossypol and cyclopropenoid fatty acid combined had a more detrimental effect on fitness of pink bollworm than either compound alone. To test hypothesis (2), two pink bollworm strains fed synthetic diet were monitored over 30 generations to test the hypothesis that costs associated with Bt resistance would result in a decline in the frequency of resistance. A decrease in resistance allele frequency did occur in both strains and costs affecting each resistant genotypes were estimated. To test hypothesis (3), two strains of pink bollworm were fed on diet containing gossypol and on diet without gossypol, and gossypol accumulation in tissues of genotypes was measured. In both strains, significantly more gossypol accumulated in genotypes containing at least one resistance allele and gossypol accumulation was additive to dominant. In both strains, an increase in the dominance or magnitude of costs affecting larval weight was observed on gossypol diet, and the change in the magnitude of costs was positively associated with gossypol absorption. In one strain, the presence of gossypol increased survival costs but only in the genotype with the highest gossypol absorption. The mutation conferring resistance to the Bt toxin Cry1Ac is found in the cadherin-encoding region in three lepidopeteran pests (Helicoverpa armigera, Heliothis virescens and Pectinophora gossypiella) including the pink bollworm. Cadherin proteins had been hypothesized to play a role in maintaining the integrity of the insect midgut epithelial tissue. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that cadherin proteins do contribute to gut integrity, toxic plant phytochemicals accumulate more readily in pink bollworm with resistance alleles, and that such accumulation increases the dominance and magnitude of fitness costs.
15
Wilson, F. Douglas, Hollis M. Flint und Louis A. Bariola. „Lint Yield, Earliness and Pink Bollworm Resistance of Cottons Treated with Ethephon and Untreated“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204501.
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An early -maturing, nectariless, okra-leaf germplasm line of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., designated WC-12NL, was compared with a full- season, nectaried, regular -leaf cultivar, 'Deltapine 61' (DPL-61) over two locations, Maricopa, Arizona (AZ) and Brawley, California (CA), and two seasons, 1986 and 1987. Half of each plot was treated with ethephon ( =Prep) when the crop was approximately 60% open. Lint yields were higher in WC-12NL than in DPL-61 at AZ, but not at CA. WC-12NL was earlier maturing than DPL-61, but the difference was greater in untreated than in ethephon-treated plots and at AZ than at CA. From 33 to 67% less insecticide was needed to control pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), on WC-12NL than on DPL-61. Pink bollworm infestations were also significantly lower in bolls of WC-12NL.
16
Wilson, F. D., H. M. Flint, N. J. Parks und B. R. Stapp. „Evaluation of Transgenic Cotton Lines for Resistance to Pink Bollworm and Leaf Feeding Lepidoptera“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208627.
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Four Monsanto transgenic lines of Coker -312 containing the gene for endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis were compared to Coker-312 and MD51ne for resistance to the pink bollworm (PBW) and leaf-feeding lepidopterans. In 11 samples of 50 bolls per plot, 12 plots per line, collected 7/16 to 8/24, the transgenic lines averaged 0.13 PBW /100 bolls while the controls averaged 5.92 PBW /100 bolls. None of the bolls collected from the transgenic lines on 11/18 contained diapausing PBW larvae, while the control lines averaged 57 diapausing larvae /100 bolls. The transgenic lines generally had less leaf damage caused by beet armyworm, cabbage looper and saltmarsh caterpillar.
17
Osman, Abdelgadir A., Theo F. Watson und Sakunlala Sivasupramaniam. „Reversion of Permethrin Resistance in Field Strains and Selection for Azinphosmethyl and Permethrin Resistance in Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208372.
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Rearing of two field strains (Maratha, Yuma) of pink bollworm. Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). from Arizona under conditions free of insecticides resulted in reversion of resistance (in adults) in four and five generations. respectively. to levels close to that found in the susceptible laboratory strain. Permethrin resistance in these field strains is unstable and is apparently in its early phase of development. Results suggest that monitoring of pink bollworm resistance in field strains reared in the laboratory should be performed in the F₁ generation. Subsequent selection studies were performed on both larval and adult stages to investigate the capacity of the pink bollworm to develop resistance in both life stages. Fourteen generations of selection of larvae and adults with azinphosmethyl produced 1.9- and 1.6-fold tolerance. respectively. in the adult stage. Sixteen generations of larval selection with permethrin generated 9.7-fold resistance in adults. while 14 generations of adult selection produced 8.8-fold resistance in adults. Azinphosmethyl evidently possesses a low degree of selectivity for development of resistance in pink bollworm adults. Selection of larvae with both azinphosmethyl and permethrin seemed to generate higher levels of tolerance in larvae than in adults.
18
Denney, Timothy J., Laura Shriver, Maria A. Sims, Danny Holley, Yves Carrière, Bruce Tabashnik, Larry Antilla und Mike Whitlow. „Susceptibility of Arizona Pink Bollworm to Cry1Ac Following Six Years of Intensive Use of Transgenic Bt Cotton in Arizona“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197950.
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We summarize information on the performance of Bt cotton against pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella, in Arizona following six years of use of this new technology. Monitoring of PBW susceptibility to Bt toxin Cry1Ac was conducted annually since 1997 by collecting insects from ten to 17 cotton fields, culturing strains in the laboratory, and measuring susceptibility to Cry1Ac in diet-incorporation bioassays. Based on survival in discriminating concentration bioassays of 10 μg Cry1Ac/ml of insect diet, resistant PBW were detected in low frequencies at 10 out of 17 Arizona locations sampled in 2001 and ranged from 0.0 to 4.0%. Though significantly more abundant than in the previous three seasons, resistant PBW were statistically less abundant in 2001 than they were in 1997. One collection from Paloma, AZ, had 4.0% survivors (uncorrected, actual survival) in bioassays of 10 μg/ml and samples from Coolidge, Maricopa, and Parker Arizona yielded • 1.0% survivors of this concentration. Susceptibility of a limited numbers of 2001 collections of PBW from California, New Mexico and Texas is also reported. Bioassays of 2002 collections are underway at the time of this writing. In a parallel effort, field efficacy of Bt cotton against PBW was documented at five to 39 Arizona locations per year since 1995 by collecting cotton bolls at seasons’ end and counting PBW and exit holes. In 39 pairs of adjacent Bt and non-Bt fields evaluated in 2001 by the Arizona Cotton Research and Protection Council, mean end-of-season pink bollworm infestation levels were > 15% for non-Bt fields and were < 0.15% in adjacent Bt fields. Thus, field observations indicated that performance of Bt cotton continued to be excellent throughout Arizona in the 2002 season.
19
Liu, Laipan, Meijing Gao, Song Yang, Shaoyan Liu, Yidong Wu, Yves Carrière und Yihua Yang. „Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry2Ab and survival on single-toxin and pyramided cotton in cotton bollworm from China“. WILEY, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623283.
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Evolution of Helicoverpa armigera resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton producing Cry1Ac is progressing in northern China, and replacement of Cry1Ac cotton by pyramided Bt cotton has been considered to counter such resistance. Here, we investigated four of the eight conditions underlying success of the refuge strategy for delaying resistance to Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab cotton, a pyramid that has been used extensively against H.armigera outside China. Laboratory bioassays of a Cry2Ab-selected strain (An2Ab) and a related unselected strain (An) reveal that resistance to Cry2Ab (130-fold) was nearly dominant, autosomally inherited, and controlled by more than one locus. Strong cross-resistance occurred between Cry2Ab and Cry2Aa (81-fold). Weaker cross-resistance (18- to 22-fold) between Cry2Ab and Cry1A toxins was also present and significantly increased survival of An2Ab relative to An on cotton cultivars producing the fusion protein Cry1Ac/Cry1Ab or Cry1Ac. Survival on Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab cotton was also significantly higher in An2Ab than in An, showing that redundant killing on this pyramid was incomplete. Survival on non-Bt cotton did not differ significantly between An2Ab and An, indicating an absence of fitness costs affecting this trait. These results indicate that a switch to three-toxin pyramided cotton could be valuable for increasing durability of Bt cotton in China.
20
Henneberry, T. J., Jech L. Forlow, la Torre T. de und J. Maurer. „Pink Bollworm and Cabbage Looper Motalities and NuCOTN 33B (Bt) Cry1Ac Contents in Cotton Fruiting Forms and Leaves on Increasing Numbers of Days after Planning“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197703.
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Studies were conducted to follow seasonal susceptibility of feral pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) larvae to NuCOTN 33B (Bt) and Deltapine (DPL) 5414 in furrow and furrow plus supplementary drip-irrigated cotton field plots. Laboratory bioassays of laboratory - reared PBW larvae to flower buds and bolls and cabbage looper (CL), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), larval mortality feeding on DPL 5415 and Bt cottons leaves were also conducted. Cry1Ac insect toxic protein contents in the different plant tissue were determined by Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) throughout the season to compare in relation to PBW and CL mortality data. Irrigation type had no effect on PBW or CL larval mortality parameters measured. DPL 5415 bolls had 0.15 feral live larvae per boll and no dead larvae per boll compared with no live and 0.12 dead feral larvae per Bt boll. Whole plant samples showed 0.5 to 8.6% live larvae boll infestations compared to no live PBW life stages and no exit holes for Bt bolls. No PBW larvae survived on day four following bioassay infestation of one-third grown Bt flower buds with PBW neonate larvae as compared to 90% larval survival on DPL 5415 flower buds. Immature bolls harvested in the field and artificially infested with PBW larvae in the laboratory showed averages of 3 to 52% live larvae per boll, all in fourth instar of development, for DPL 5415 bolls compared to no live larvae, no development beyond the first instar, and no exit holes for Bt bolls. Cry1Ac protein level in flower buds were 0.11 to 0.16 ppm and 0.14, 0.11 and 0.05 ppm, in each case, per wet weight gram of boll tissue in bolls during the season. For CL leaf bioassays, larval mortalities after 7 days feeding on Bt leaves were variable ranging from 82 to 94% from node 8 on 61 and 82 days after planting (DAP) to 32, 38 and 7% on leaves from node 16 on 82, 117, and 159 DAP, respectively, and 28 and 6% on leaves from node 24 on 117 and 159 DAP. Cry1Ac amounts were 0.96 and 0.85 ppm (wet wgt per g of Bt leaf tissue), from leaves from node 8 (61 and 82 DAP), 0.53, 0.50 and 0.22 ppm (node 16, 82, 117, and 159 DAP) and 0.44 and 0.18 ppm (node 24, 117 and 159 DAP). Numbers of cotton bolls, lint and seed per acre were significantly greater from plots that were furrow plus drip irrigated as compared to furrow irrigated alone. DPL 5415 and Bt cotton yields were not significantly different.
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Henneberry, T. J., Jech L. Forlow, la Torre T. de und J. Maurer. „Cry1Ac Toxic Protein in Overwintered Volunteer and Annual Seeded NUCOTN 33B7 (Bt) and Deltapine (DPL) 5415 Cottons: Efffects on Pink Bollworm (PBW) and Tobacco Budworm (TBW) Larval Mortalities“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197917.
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Season-long protection from pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), damage has been outstanding each year, since 1996, in NuCOTN 33B7 (Bt) commercial cotton plantings in Arizona. Cotton is a perennial plant and whether or not the insect toxic protein was expressed in overwintered Bt cotton was unknown. This could be a consideration in Arizona Bt resistance monitoring in the field since occasional overwintered volunteer cotton plants may occur. In 2002 we studied Cry1Ac levels in overwintered volunteer Bt cotton plants and determined their effects on PBW and tobacco budworm (TBW), Heliothis virescens F., larval mortalities. No TBW larvae survived three-day feeding periods on Bt leaves compared with < 3% TBW larval mortality feeding on DPL 5415 leaves. PBW larval mortality after three-day feeding on flower buds or seven-day feeding on Bt cotton bolls exceeded 98% compared with 40 to 41 % mortality feeding in DPL 5415 fruiting forms. Cry1Ac toxic protein in leaves, flower buds or cotton bolls of overwintered Bt cotton was not significantly different compared with 2002 seeded cotton.