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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Physical properties of fault zones“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Physical properties of fault zones"
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Verberne, Berend A., Oliver Plümper und Christopher J. Spiers. „Nanocrystalline Principal Slip Zones and Their Role in Controlling Crustal Fault Rheology“. Minerals 9, Nr. 6 (28.05.2019): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060328.
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Principal slip zones (PSZs) are narrow (<10 cm) bands of localized shear deformation that occur in the cores of upper-crustal fault zones where they accommodate the bulk of fault displacement. Natural and experimentally-formed PSZs consistently show the presence of nanocrystallites in the <100 nm size range. Despite the presumed importance of such nanocrystalline (NC) fault rock in controlling fault mechanical behavior, their prevalence and potential role in controlling natural earthquake cycles remains insufficiently investigated. In this contribution, we summarize the physical properties of NC materials that may have a profound effect on fault rheology, and we review the structural characteristics of NC PSZs observed in natural faults and in experiments. Numerous literature reports show that such zones form in a wide range of faulted rock types, under a wide range of conditions pertaining to seismic and a-seismic upper-crustal fault slip, and frequently show an internal crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) and partial amorphization, as well as forming glossy or “mirror-like” slip surfaces. Given the widespread occurrence of NC PSZs in upper-crustal faults, we suggest that they are of general significance. Specifically, the generally high rates of (diffusion) creep in NC fault rock may play a key role in controlling the depth limits to the seismogenic zone.
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Gibson, Richard G. „Physical character and fluid-flow properties of sandstone-derived fault zones“. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 127, Nr. 1 (1998): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1998.127.01.07.
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Guillou-Frottier, Laurent, Hugo Duwiquet, Gaëtan Launay, Audrey Taillefer, Vincent Roche und Gaétan Link. „On the morphology and amplitude of 2D and 3D thermal anomalies induced by buoyancy-driven flow within and around fault zones“. Solid Earth 11, Nr. 4 (26.08.2020): 1571–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1571-2020.
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Abstract. In the first kilometers of the subsurface, temperature anomalies due to heat conduction processes rarely exceed 20–30 ∘C. When fault zones are sufficiently permeable, fluid flow may lead to much larger thermal anomalies, as evidenced by the emergence of thermal springs or by fault-related geothermal reservoirs. Hydrothermal convection triggered by buoyancy effects creates thermal anomalies whose morphology and amplitude are not well known, especially when depth- and time-dependent permeability is considered. Exploitation of shallow thermal anomalies for heat and power production partly depends on the volume and temperature of the hydrothermal reservoir. This study presents a non-exhaustive numerical investigation of fluid flow models within and around simplified fault zones, wherein realistic fluid and rock properties are accounted for, as are appropriate boundary conditions. 2D simplified models point out relevant physical mechanisms for geological problems, such as “thermal inheritance” or pulsating plumes. When permeability is increased, the classic “finger-like” upwellings evolve towards a “bulb-like” geometry, resulting in a large volume of hot fluid at shallow depth. In simplified 3D models wherein the fault zone dip angle and fault zone thickness are varied, the anomalously hot reservoir exhibits a kilometer-sized “hot air balloon” morphology or, when permeability is depth-dependent, a “funnel-shaped” geometry. For thick faults, the number of thermal anomalies increases but not the amplitude. The largest amplitude (up to 80–90 ∘C) is obtained for vertical fault zones. At the top of a vertical, 100 m wide fault zone, temperature anomalies greater than 30 ∘C may extend laterally over more than 1 km from the fault boundary. These preliminary results should motivate further geothermal investigations of more elaborated models wherein topography and fault intersections would be accounted for.
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Zoback, M., S. Hickman und W. Ellsworth. „Scientific Drilling Into the San Andreas Fault Zone – An Overview of SAFOD's First Five Years“. Scientific Drilling 11 (01.03.2011): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-11-14-2011.
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The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) was drilled to study the physical and chemical processes controlling faulting and earthquake generation along an active, plate-bounding fault at depth. SAFOD is located near Parkfield, California and penetrates a section of the fault that is moving due to a combination of repeating microearthquakes and fault creep. Geophysical logs define the San Andreas Fault Zone to be relatively broad (~200 m), containing several discrete zones only 2–3 m wide that exhibit very low P- and S-wave velocities and low resistivity. Two of these zones have progressively deformed the cemented casing at measured depths of 3192 m and 3302 m. Cores from both deforming zones contain a pervasively sheared, cohesionless, foliated fault gouge that coincides with casing deformation and explains the observed extremely low seismic velocities and resistivity. These cores are being now extensively tested in laboratories around the world, and their composition, deformation mechanisms, physical properties, and rheological behavior are studied. Downhole measurements show that within 200 m (maximum) of the active fault trace, the direction of maximum horizontal stress remains at a high angle to the San Andreas Fault, consistent with other measurements. The results from the SAFOD Main Hole, together with the stress state determined in the Pilot Hole, are consistent with a strong crust/weak fault model of the San Andreas. Seismic instrumentation has been deployed to study physics of faulting – earthquake nucleation, propagation, and arrest – in order to test how laboratory-derived concepts scale up to earthquakes occurring in nature. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.11.02.2011" target="_blank">10.2204/iodp.sd.11.02.2011</a>
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Pampillón, Pedro, David Santillán, Juan Carlos Mosquera und Luis Cueto-Felgueroso. „Geomechanical Constraints on Hydro-Seismicity: Tidal Forcing and Reservoir Operation“. Water 12, Nr. 10 (29.09.2020): 2724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102724.
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Understanding the risk associated with anthropogenic earthquakes is essential in the development and management of engineering processes and hydraulic infrastructure that may alter pore pressures and stresses at depth. The possibility of earthquakes triggered by reservoir impoundment, ocean tides, and hydrological events at the Earth surface (hydro-seismicity) has been extensively debated. The link between induced seismicity and hydrological events is currently based on statistical correlations rather than on physical mechanisms. Here, we explore the geomechanical conditions that could allow for small pore pressure changes due to reservoir management and sea level changes to propagate to depths that are compatible with earthquake triggering at critically-stressed faults (several kilometers). We consider a damaged fault zone that is embedded in a poroelastic rock matrix, and conduct fully coupled hydromechanical simulations of pressure diffusion and rock deformation. We characterize the hydraulic and geomechanical properties of fault zones that could allow for small pressure and loading changes at the ground surface (in the order of tens or hundreds of kPa) to propagate with relatively small attenuation to seismogenic depths (up to 10 km). We find that pressure diffusion to such depths is only possible for highly permeable fault zones and/or strong poroelastic coupling.
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Fagereng, Å., und A. Beall. „Is complex fault zone behaviour a reflection of rheological heterogeneity?“ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, Nr. 2193 (Februar 2021): 20190421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0421.
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Fault slip speeds range from steady plate boundary creep through to earthquake slip. Geological descriptions of faults range from localized displacement on one or more discrete planes, through to distributed shearing flow in tabular zones of finite thickness, indicating a large range of possible strain rates in natural faults. We review geological observations and analyse numerical models of two-phase shear zones to discuss the degree and distribution of fault zone heterogeneity and effects on active fault slip style. There must be certain conditions that produce earthquakes, creep and slip at intermediate velocities. Because intermediate slip styles occur over large ranges in temperature, the controlling conditions must be effects of fault properties and/or other dynamic variables. We suggest that the ratio of bulk driving stress to frictional yield strength, and viscosity contrasts within the fault zone, are critical factors. While earthquake nucleation requires the frictional yield to be reached, steady viscous flow requires conditions far from the frictional yield. Intermediate slip speeds may arise when driving stress is sufficient to nucleate local frictional failure by stress amplification, or local frictional yield is lowered by fluid pressure, but such failure is spatially limited by surrounding shear zone stress heterogeneity. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Understanding earthquakes using the geological record’.
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Barnes, Philip M., Laura M. Wallace, Demian M. Saffer, Rebecca E. Bell, Michael B. Underwood, Ake Fagereng, Francesca Meneghini et al. „Slow slip source characterized by lithological and geometric heterogeneity“. Science Advances 6, Nr. 13 (März 2020): eaay3314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay3314.
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Slow slip events (SSEs) accommodate a significant proportion of tectonic plate motion at subduction zones, yet little is known about the faults that actually host them. The shallow depth (<2 km) of well-documented SSEs at the Hikurangi subduction zone offshore New Zealand offers a unique opportunity to link geophysical imaging of the subduction zone with direct access to incoming material that represents the megathrust fault rocks hosting slow slip. Two recent International Ocean Discovery Program Expeditions sampled this incoming material before it is entrained immediately down-dip along the shallow plate interface. Drilling results, tied to regional seismic reflection images, reveal heterogeneous lithologies with highly variable physical properties entering the SSE source region. These observations suggest that SSEs and associated slow earthquake phenomena are promoted by lithological, mechanical, and frictional heterogeneity within the fault zone, enhanced by geometric complexity associated with subduction of rough crust.
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Seo, Yong Seok, Chang Yong Kim, Kwang Yeom Kim und Kyoung Mi Lee. „Geomechanical Characterization of Faulted Rock Materials in Korea“. Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (Oktober 2006): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.328.
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A faulted rock usually shows the swelling behavior because of clay minerals which consist of the fault gouges. It makes rock mass unstable and threatens the safety of structures built in rock mass. This study was aimed at clarifying characteristics of physical and mechanical properties of faulted rock materials. At first, microstructures and mineralogical composition associated with faulting in the fault gouge zones were analyzed by using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and SEM microphotographs. Physical properties of the faulted rock materials from fields were measured in the laboratory. It is well known that the mechanical properties are sensitive to the mineralogical assemblage and are affected by the shapes, distribution and preferred crystallographic orientation of the components. Material and direct shear tests were also conducted on faulted rock materials under saturated and unsaturated conditions. The mechanical results were analyzed together with the analyzed result of XRD and SEM.
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Kassym, A. E., V. S. Portnov, M. B. Mynbayev, N. S. Askarova und А. N. Yessendossova. „Criteria and signs of lead-zinc mineralization within the Maityubinsky anticlinorium“. Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 330, Nr. 3 (07.12.2023): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2024/6445.30.
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The paper presents research work to establish genetic characteristics of lead-zinc mineralization in the Ulytau-Arganatinsky structural-facial zone. Expanding the mineral resource base of Central Kazakhstan is one of the most urgent tasks because selecting the criteria and characteristics determines the aspects of prospecting and exploration work, as well as their results, which is the goal. In this regard, the following tasks are being solved: identifying the geodynamic position, the genesis of mineralization, the connection of the rock's physical properties with geophysical anomalies, as well as displaying tectonic disturbances and deep faults in them; establishing the connection of mineralization with the carbonaceous-terrigenous package of deposits of the lower subformation of the Zhilandinsky formation of the Upper Proterozoic; structural confinement of mineralization to large faults along which there was a movement of plutogenic hydrothermal solutions forming mineralization, and areas of metamorphically altered rocks, as well as aureole zones of Pb, Zn, Ag, Cd graphite quartz, phyllites and the other shales of the Zhilandysay and Kumolinsky formations, dispersion zones of Cu, Mo, V, Ag, Sc, Ye and REE near the Kyzymchek fault. The established criteria and features can be used when organizing geological exploration work in the search for polymetallic mineralization within the Maityubinsky anticlinorium in zones adjacent to deep mantle faults.
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Zhu, Danping, Xuewei Liu und Shaobin Guo. „Reservoir Formation Model and Main Controlling Factors of the Carboniferous Volcanic Reservoir in the Hong-Che Fault Zone, Junggar Basin“. Energies 13, Nr. 22 (21.11.2020): 6114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226114.
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The Hong-Che Fault Zone is one of the important oil and gas enrichment zones in the Junggar Basin, especially in the Carboniferous. In recent five years, it has been proven that the Carboniferous volcanic rock has 140 million tons of oil reserves, and has built the Carboniferous volcanic reservoir with a capacity of million tons. Practice has proven that the volcanic rocks in this area have great potential for oil and gas exploration and development. To date, Carboniferous volcanic reservoirs have been discovered in well areas such as Che 32, Che 47, Che 91, Chefeng 3, Che 210, and Che 471. The study of drilling, logging, and seismic data shows that the Carboniferous volcanic reservoirs in the Hong-Che Fault Zone are mainly distributed in the hanging wall of the fault zone, and oil and gas have mainly accumulated in the high part of the structure. The reservoirs are controlled by faults and lithofacies in the plane and are vertically distributed within 400 m from the top of the Carboniferous. The Carboniferous of the Hong-Che Fault Zone has experienced weathering leaching and has developed a weathering crust. The vertical zonation characteristics of the weathering crust at the top of the Carboniferous in the area of the Che 210 well are obvious. The soil layer, leached zone, disintegration zone, and parent rock developed from top to bottom. Among these reservoirs, the reservoirs with the best physical properties are mainly developed in the leached zone. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the Carboniferous oil and gas reservoirs in areas of the Chefeng 3 and Che 210 wells, it is believed that the formation of volcanic reservoirs in the Hong-Che Fault Zone was mainly controlled by structures and was also controlled by lithofacies, unconformity surfaces, and physical properties.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Physical properties of fault zones"
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Heermance, Richard V. „Geometry and Physical Properties of the Chelungpu Fault, Taiwan, and Their Effect on Fault Rupture“. DigitalCommons@USU, 2002. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6720.
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Rupture of the Chelungpu fault during the September 21, 1999, 7.6 Mwearthquake in Taiwan caused a 90-Jr,m-long surface rupture with variable displacement along strike. Analysis of core from two holes drilled through the fault zone, combined with geologic mapping and detailed investigation from three outcrops, define the fault geometry and physical properties of the Chelungpu fault in its northern and southern regions. In the northern region, the fault dips 45-60° east parallel to bedding and consists of a narrow (1-20 cm) core of dark-gray, sheared clay gouge at the base of a 30-50 m zone of increased fracture density that is confined asymmetrically to the hanging wall. Microstructural analysis of the fault gouge indicates the presence of extremely narrow clay zones (50-300 μm thick) that are interpreted as the fault rupture surfaces. Few shear indicators are observed outside of the fault gouge, which implies that slip was localized in the gouge in the northern region. Slip localization along a bed-parallel surface resulted in less high-frequency ground motion and larger displacements during the earthquake than in the southern region. Observations from the southern region indicate that the fault dips 20-30° at the surface and consists of a wide (20- 70 m-thick) zone of sheared, foliated shale with numerous gouge zones. A footwall-ramp geometry juxtaposes 2000-3000 m of flat-lying Quaternary Toukoshan Formation in the footwall with Pliocene and Miocene, east-dipping siltstone and muds tone in the hanging wall. The wide, diffuse fault zone contributed to the lower displacement and higher frequency ground motion in the southern region during the 1999 earthquake. The structure in the northern region is the result of the fault being a very young (<50 >ka) fault segment in the hanging wall of an older segment of the Chelungpu fault, buried in the Taichung basin. The fault in the southern region is located on an older (~1 Ma) fault trace. The contrasting fault properties in the different regions are responsible for the variability in strong-motion and displacement observed during the 1999 earthquake.
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Tadokoro, Keiichi. „Physical Properties of Fault Zone in the Postseismic Stage and its Temporal Change“. 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181125.
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Flores, Cuba Joseph M. „Earthquake rupture around stepovers in a brittle damage medium“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS301.pdf.
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Les systèmes de failles décrochantes sont constitués d’une variété de complexités géométriques telles que des branchements de failles, des plis et des zones de relais. En particulier, la présence d’une structure de relais peut fortement déterminer la taille finale de la rupture sismique. Ainsi, comprendre la dynamique d’une rupture à travers une telle complexité est crucial pour l’évaluation des risques sismiques. Quelques études ont examiné cette question dans le contexte d’un milieu élastique linéaire. Cependant, lors d’un séisme, des zones d’endommagement sont générées, notamment aux extrémités d’une faille, ce qui modifie considérablement la dynamique globale d’une rupture. En utilisant un modèle micromécanique prenant en compte la croissance et l’ouverture de fissures et leur impact sur l’évolution dynamique des modules élastiques, nous évaluons comment l’endommagement dynamique peut affecter la capacité d’une rupture à se propager au travers des structures de relais. Nous montrons que, parfois, en tenant compte de cette dispersion de l’énergie sur les microstructures formées, les zones endommagées suppriment la capacité de la rupture à passer d’une faille à une autre. Mais, dans certains cas spécifiques, la zone de faible vitesse créée dynamiquement peut au contraire aider la rupture à sauter sur la deuxième faille. En combinant cette étude numérique avec une approche analytique, nous établissons les contours d’une approche systématique utile pour l’évaluation des risques sismiquesStrike-slip fault systems consist of a variety of geometrical complexities like branches, kinks and step-overs. Especially, the presence of a step-over structure can strongly determine the final size of the earthquake rupture. Thus understanding the dynamics of a rupture through such a complexity is crucial for seismic hazard assessment. A few studies have looked at this question within the context of a linear elastic medium. However, during an earthquake off-fault damage is generated, especially at the ends of a fault, which significantly changes the overall dynamics of a rupture. Using a micromechanical model, that accounts for crack growth and opening and its impact on the dynamic evolution of elastic moduli, we evaluate how dynamic off-fault damage can affect the capability of a rupture to navigate through step-over fault structures. We show that, sometimes, accounting for this energy sink, off-damage suppresses the ability of the rupture to jump from one fault to another. Whereas, in some specific cases, the dynamically created low-velocity zone may aid the rupture to jump on the secondary fault. Combing this numerical study with an analytical analysis we set the contours for a systematic approach useful for earthquake hazard assessments
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Lefèvre, Mélody. „Propriétés structurales, pétro-physiques et circulations de fluides au sein d'une zone de failles dans les argiles“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4320/document.
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Les zones de failles concentrent la migration de fluides et la déformation dans la croûte supérieure. Les propriétés hydrauliques des formations argileuses en font des excellents sites de stockage et des roches mères performants. Les zones de failles peuvent jouer deux rôles contraires dans la circulation de fluides, soit elles s’expriment sous forme de drains, soit elles constituent une barrière, et souvent les deux rôles sont combinés au sein d’une même zone de failles. Les processus de migration des fluides dans les zones de failles affectant les argiles sont peu connus. Cette étude s’est focalisée sur la structure, les paléo-circulations, les circulations actuelles lors de tests d’injection et les propriétés pétro-physiques de la zone de failles présente dans le laboratoire de recherche souterrain de Tournemire dans les argilites Toarciennes. La structure de la zone de failles a été caractérisée par des forages et reconstituée en 3D par modélisation numérique, permettant de définir des faciès de déformation. L’architecture de la zone de failles se caractérise par une imbrication de facies de déformations plus ou moins intenses sans claire organisation en cœur et zone endommagée comme observée dans les roches plus dures. Les zones intactes, fracturées et les brèches sont respectivement caractérisées par des porosités matricielles comprises entre 9.5-13.5, 10-15 et 13-21%. La circulation de fluide se concentrant aux limites de la brèche et au niveau des zones de failles «immatures» ou secondaires comprises dans les zones fracturées. Lors de son activité, la zone de failles a déjà été affectée par au moins deux phases de circulations de fluidesFault zones concentrate fluids migration and deformations in the upper crust. The shale hydraulic properties make them excellent storage sites and hydrocarbon reservoirs/source rocks. Fault zones can play two roles in the fluid circulation; drains or barriers, in general, both roles are combined within the same fault zone. What are the conditions that promote the fluid circulation along the fault zones in shales and what are the fault zone impacts on the formation properties are relatively poorly explored key questions. This study focused on characterizing the relationships between fault architecture, paleo-fluid as well as current fluid circulations through the analysis of fault calcite mineralization, injection tests and petrophysical properties conducted on a fault zone outcropping underground in the Tournemire research laboratory nested in the Toarcian shale. The fault zone structure was characterized using boreholes data and reconstructed in 3D through modeling to define different deformation facies. No clear facies organization is observed, a fault core and a fault damage zone being difficult to define as it is in hard rocks. The intact, fractured and breccia facies are characterized by a porosity of 9.5-13.5, 10-15 and 13-21%. Large fluid flowrate concentrated along a few “channels” located at the breccia boundaries and in the secondary fault zones that displayed fractured facies and limited breccia fillings. Detailed microstructural and geochemical analysis at the breccia/fractured zones interface revealed that fluids circulated out of the main shear zones, in micro-more or less inherited fractures highlighting a decoupling between fault slip and fluid migrations
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Kelly, Christina. „Understanding seismic properties of fault zones“. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/17861/.
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Fault zone properties at depth are often inferred from seismic properties such as seismic velocities and attenuation. An understanding of how fault zone properties and processes influence seismic measurements is required for successful interpretations to be made. As fault zones are heavily fractured and often fluid-rich areas, a knowledge of the influences of cracking and fluid content on seismic measurements is needed. This will allow better interpretation of fault zone properties and how they may change at the time of an earthquake. Research presented in this thesis is concentrated on two regions of strike-slip faulting: the Parkfield area of the San Andreas fault and the exhumed Carboneras fault zone region of SE Spain. Well-preserved exhumed faults allow observation of fault structure at seismogenic depths. The structure of the exhumed Carboneras fault has previously been suggested as an analogue for the Parkfield area at depth. Laboratory measurements can help us to determine what processes occur at seismogenic depths in active faults. They can also aid in interpretation of seismic studies. In this thesis laboratory and seismic studies are brought together in order to gain a greater understanding of fault zone seismic properties at depth and how to interpret them. In order to characterise the properties of the Carboneras fault, laboratory experiments of velocities through fault gouge and fault zone rocks are performed. The influences of fracture damage and local geological fabric on velocities are investigated. Gouge velocities are measured to be less than those of the mica schist rock through which the fault cuts. Velocity changes due to variations in crack damage in cyclic loading experiments are less than 5% of the original rock velocity. Strong velocity anisotropy is observed in the mica schist, with velocities of the order of 30% less when measured perpendicular to the strong foliation present in the rock. The consequences in terms of seismically imaging the fault zone are discussed. The effects of this strong velocity anisotropy need to be considered for specific source-receiver geometries and the local geological fabric in the locations of seismic experiments. Surface wave tomography and ambient noise analysis of the Carboneras fault zone region shows that faults are imaged as low velocity features at depth. Results suggest that velocities are reduced by approximately 10% at depths close to 3 km. The strong anisotropy observed in laboratory experiments of mica schist may also have implications for seismic imaging of this region as this rock crops out widely. This is discussed in terms of a potentially strong crustal component to shear-wave splitting observations in the region. In the second part of the thesis, temporal changes in seismic attenuation at the time of the 2004 M6.0 Parkfield earthquake are investigated. Seismic attenuation can give indications of fracture damage and healing. Spectral ratios between earthquakes within repeating clusters are calculated. A sharp increase in attenuation is observed immediately after the earthquake, which then decays over the next 2 years. The postseismic decay is fit by a logarithmic function. The timescale of the decay is found to be similar to that in GPS data and ambient seismic noise velocities following the 2004 M6.0 Parkfield earthquake. The amplitude of the attenuation change corresponds to a decrease of approximately 10% in QP at the time of the earthquake. The greatest changes are recorded to the northeast of the fault trace, consistent with preferential damage in the extensional quadrant behind a north-westerly propagating rupture tip. Our analysis suggests that significant changes in seismic attenuation and hence fracture dilatancy during co-seismic rupture are limited to depths of less than about 5 km.
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Mitchell, Thomas Matthew. „The fluid flow properties of fault damage zones“. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485852.
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Quantification of the fluid flow properties of the Earth's crust is an essential precursor to the understanding of a wide range of geological processes, including earthquake generation and crustal strength, and the recovery of natural resources. Faults playa key role in the migration of fluids around the ;Earth's crust, and therefore the fluid flow properties of fractured rocks and how these properties evolve with time are of major importance. This thesis aims to improve our understanding of the hydraulic transport properties of large fault zones by presenting a large dataset of detailed field and microstructural observations and results from a suite of laboratory experiments to provide a basis for studying the distribution, and fluid flow properties, of damage surrounding large natural fault zones. Damage surrounding the core of faults is represented by both microfracturing of the rock matrix and by macroscopic fracture networks. Microfracture and macrofracture densities and orientations have been analysed on strike slip faults with displacements ranging over 3 orders of magnitude (~O.l2 m - 5000 m). These faults cut crystalline rock within the excellently exposed Atacama Fault Zone, Northern Chile. All faults consist of a fault core and associated damage zone. Damage zone width as defined by macrofractures and microfractures scale with displacement and fault length. Both microfractures (specifically fluid inclusion planes) and macrofractures within the damage zone show a log-linear .decrease in fracture density with perpendicular distance from the fault core. An empirical equation for microfracture density distribution based on the evolution of displacement has been derived for these faults. Preferred microfracture orientations in the damage zone suggest that this damage may predominantly be due to early processes related to enhanced stress at fault tips, in addition to cumulative wear processes from the juxtaposition of geometrical irregularities on the fault plane and damage from dynamic rupture. Fault core widths scale with displacement, with the largest displacement fault showing a wide multiple core zone. Detailed experimental studies of the development of permeability of crustal rock during deformation are essential in helping to understand fault mechanics and constrain larger scale models that predict bulk fluid flow within the crust. The strength, permeability and pore fluid volume evolution of initially intact crystalline rock under increasing differential load leading to macroscopic failure has been determined at water pore pressures of 50 MPa and varying effective pressures from 10 to 50 MPa. Permeability is seen to increase by, up to, and over two orders of magnitude prior to macroscopic failure, with the greatest increase seen at lowest effective pressures. Post-failure permeability is shown to be over three orders of magnitude higher than initial intact permeabilities and approaches the lower the limit of measurements of in situ bulk crustal permeabilities. Increasing amplitude cyclic loading tests show permeabilitystress hysteresis with high permeabilities maintained as differential stress is reduced and the greatest permeability increases are seen between 90-99% of the failure stress. Under hydrothermal conditions without further loading, it is suggested that much of this permeability can be recovered by healing and sealing, and pre-macroscopic failure fracture damage may heal relatively faster than post-failure macroscopic fractures. Pre-failure permeabilities are nearly seven to nine orders of magnitude lower than that predicted by some high pressure diffusive models suggesting that microfracture matrix flow cannot dominate, and agrees with inferences that bulk fluid flow and dilatancy must be dominated by larger scale structures, such as macrofractures. It is suggested that the permeability of a highly stressed fault tip process zone in low-permeability crystalline rocks could increase by more than 2 orders of magnitude, while stress drops related to fracture propagation close damage zone cracks, and some permeability is maintained due to hysteresis from permanent microfracture damage. Future work should aim to quantify experimentally-induced microfractures and. associated permeability measurements, and by relating the fracture densities surrounding natural fault zones with densities seen in experimental deformed samples with known permeabilities, modelling techniques can then be applied to gain estimates of bulk fluid flow of the fracture networks. This will provide a basis for predicting the influence of pore fluid pressures on important geological issues, such as crustal strength.
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Childs, Conrad James. „The structure and hydraulic properties of fault zones“. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367208.
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Fondriest, Michele. „Structure and mechanical properties of seismogenic fault zones in carbonates“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424540.
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In many seismically active areas (e.g. Italy, Greece) earthquakes, sometimes destructive, nucleate within (aftershocks surely do) and propagate through carbonates in the upper crust (e.g. L’Aquila earthquake, 2009, Mw 6.1). Seismology, geophysics and geodesy furnish key parameters related to the earthquake source (e.g. seismic moment, static stress drop, radiated energy) but lack sufficient resolution to constrain detailed three-dimensional fault zone geometry and coseismic on- and off-fault deformation processes at scales relevant to earthquake physics.
In this thesis it is proposed to study the internal structure and mechanics of fault zones hosted in carbonate rocks using a multidisciplinary approach, complementary to the seismological-based one. This includes detailed structural survey to quantify the architecture of exhumed fault zones in carbonates both by field and remote sensed methods (e.g. use of a drone to get high-resolution aerial images), rock deformation experiments under conditions relevant to the seismic cycle (e.g. use of rotary shear apparatus, uniaxial press, Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar), microstructural-mineralogical characterization (optical and scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analyses, X-ray powder diffraction, cathodoluminescence, X-ray microtomography, white light interferometry, image analysis) of natural and experimental fault rocks to infer the physico-chemical processes occurring during earthquakes.
Two fault zones cutting dolostones exhumed from < 3 km depth in the Italian Southern Alps were described: the Borcola Pass Fault Zone (BPFZ) and the Foiana Fault Zone (FFZ). In both cases the internal structure of the two fault zones was strongly influenced by the reactivation of preexisting anisotropies such as regional-scale joint sets and bedding surfaces.
The BPFZ is a secondary strike-slip branch of the regional Schio-Vicenza Line that developed in a fluid-rich upper crustal environment. The microstructural characteristics of the principal and secondary slip zones of the BPFZ, including detailed analysis of the clast size distribution of injected cataclasites, suggested coseismic fluidization processes during faulting, most likely related to the propagation of ancient seismic ruptures in to the shallow crust.
The FFZ is a major sinistral transpressive fault zone that developed in a fluid-poor upper crustal setting. Systematic along-strike and down-dip changes in the structure of the FFZ were recognized, allowing a comparison to be made between field observations and the predictions of three-dimensional earthquake rupture simulations. A noteworthy characteristic of the FFZ is the presence of thick belts (hundreds of meters) of in-situ shattered dolostones cut by discrete mirror-like fault surfaces.
The origin of mirror-like fault surfaces and in-situ shattered dolostones in the FFZ was investigated using, respectively, low- to high-velocity (0.0001-1 m/s) rotary shear friction experiments on dolostone gouges and low- to high-strain rate (quasi-static 10-3 s-1, dynamic > 50 s-1) uniaxial compression tests on dolostone rock cylinders. At applied normal stresses and displacements consistent with those estimated for the FFZ, experimental mirror-like fault surfaces comparable to the natural examples (e.g. clast truncation along fault surfaces, similar surface roughness) were formed in rotary-shear experiments only at seismic slip rates (v ≥ 0.1 m/s). I suggest therefore that small-displacement mirror-like fault surfaces developed in dolostone gouge layers represent markers of seismic slip. In-situ shattered dolostones similar to those found within the FFZ (i.e. rock fragments up to a few millimeters in size elongated in the stress wave loading direction, incipient zones of microfracturing down to the micrometer scale) were formed during uniaxial compression tests only above strain rates of ~ 200 s-1. The association of in-situ shattered dolostones cut by discrete mirror-like fault surfaces is interpreted to record the propagation of multiple earthquake ruptures within the shallow crustal portions of the FFZ.
Lastly, the structural complexity of the studied fault zones in terms of three-dimensional geometry of the fault-fracture network, fault rock spatial distribution, fault orientation and kinematics, compares favorably to the predicted damage distribution in three-dimensional earthquake rupture simulations, as well as the structure of active seismic sources hosted in carbonate rocks as illuminated by seismological techniquesIn molte regioni sismiche dell’area Mediterranea, tra cui l’Italia e la Grecia, gran parte dei terremoti, anche distruttivi, enucleano e propagano in sequenze di rocce carbonatiche della crosta superiore (terremoto dell’Aquila, 2009, Mw 6.1). Questo è vero soprattutto per le sequenze di foreshock e aftershock. Le indagini sismologiche, geofisiche e geodetiche forniscono dei parametri fondamentali per la caratterizzazione delle sorgenti sismiche (momento sismico, caduta di sforzo statico, energia elastica irradiata) ma non hanno risoluzione spaziale sufficiente per descrivere in maniera dettagliata la geometria delle sorgenti sismiche e i processi chimico-fisici attivi nelle zone di faglia durante un terremoto. Questi aspetti limitano fortemente la nostra conoscenza della fisica dei terremoti. In questa tesi la struttura interna e le proprietà meccaniche di zone di faglia sismogenetiche in rocce carbonatiche sono state studiate utilizzando un approccio multidisciplinare e complementare rispetto a quello classico basato su dati sismologici principalmente ricavati dall’inversione delle onde sismiche. I metodi utilizzati sono: (i) il rilevamento strutturale di dettaglio di zone di faglia esumate in carbonati con tecniche di terreno e di telerilevamento (ad es. utilizzo di un drone per ottenere immagini ad alta risoluzione di grandi affioramenti), (ii) la realizzazione di prove meccaniche su roccia (e polveri di roccia) in condizioni di deformazione rilevanti per il ciclo sismico (utilizzo di apparati di tipo rotary, pressa uniassiale e Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar), (iii) lo studio mineralogico-microstrutturale (microscopia ottica e a scansione elettronica, microsonda elettronica, diffrazione a raggi X su polveri, catodoluminescenza, microtomografia a raggi X, interferometria in luce bianca, analisi di immagine) di rocce di faglia naturali e sperimentali per vincolare i processi chimico-fisici attivi in carbonati durante un terremoto. Sono state selezionate due zone di faglia in dolomie: la zona di faglia del Passo della Borcola (BPFZ) e la zona di faglia di Foiana (FFZ). Entrambe le zone di faglia sono esumate da profondità < 3 km e affiorano nel settore delle Alpi Meridionali (Italia). L’architettura interna delle due zone di faglia è fortemente controllata dalla riattivazione di strutture ereditate come sistemi di giunti a scala regionale e superfici di strato. La BPFZ è una faglia secondaria trascorrente appartenente al sistema della Linea Schio-Vicenza. La presenza all’interno della BPFZ di zone di scivolamento estremamente localizzate e spesso organizzate in livelli cataclastici ed ultracataclastici con bordi irregolari (a lobi e cuspidi), iniettati lungo fratture estensionali e caratterizzati da una forte selezione granulometrica ha suggerito l’attivazione di fenomeni di fluidizzazione durante la propagazione di rotture sismiche in un ambiente ricco in fluidi. La FFZ è una faglia transpressiva sinistra a scala regionale che presenta sistematiche variazioni nella propria struttura interna (e.g. spessore della zona di faglia, orientazione e cinematica delle faglie minori) lungo la direzione e l’immersione della faglia. La zona di faglia esposta è caratterizzata dalla presenza di dolomie frantumate senza evidenze significative di deformazione per taglio (dolomie frantumate in-situ) associate a faglie con piccoli rigetti (< 0.5 m) e superfici a specchio con clasti troncati. L’assenza di vene o fratture sigillate indica che la fagliazione è avvenuta in un ambiente povero in fluidi. L’origine delle faglie con superfici a specchio e delle dolomie frantumate in-situ della FFZ è stata investigata attraverso esperimenti eseguiti (1) con un apparato di tipo rotary imponendo basse ed alte velocità (0.0001-1 m/s) di scivolamento su polveri di dolomia e (2) con un pressa uniassiale e una Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar imponendo basse ed alte velocità di deformazione (quasi-statiche 10-3 s-1, dinamiche > 50 s-1) su cilindri di dolomia. Applicando le condizioni di sforzo normale e rigetto stimate per le faglie della FFZ, superfici a specchio simili a quelle naturali in termini di rugosità delle superfici e di microstrutture (presenza di clasti troncati lungo le superfici di faglia), sono state prodotte negli esperimenti di tipo rotary solo a velocità di scivolamento cosismiche (v ≥ 0.1 m/s). Inoltre dolomie frantumate in-situ con microstrutture simili a quelle descritte lungo la FFZ (frammenti di roccia con dimensioni fino a qualche millimetro allungati nella direzione di applicazione del carico e zone di microfratturazione incipiente) sono state prodotte negli esperimenti con la Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar solo a ratei di deformazione > 200 s-1 : tali ratei di deformazione sono in genere associati alle perturbazioni di sforzo dovute al passaggio di una rottura sismica. Pertanto l’associazione di dolomie frantumate in-situ tagliate da faglie discrete con superfici a specchio è stata interpretata come il risultato della propagazione di rotture sismiche nelle porzioni superficiali della FFZ. Infine, a livello qualitativo, la complessità strutturale delle due zone di faglia studiate in termini di geometria del network di faglie e fratture, distribuzione spaziale delle rocce di faglia, orientazione e cinematica delle faglie, è confrontabile sia con la distribuzione del danneggiamento di faglia predetta da simulazioni di rotture sismiche, sia con la struttura di sorgenti sismogenetiche attuali in carbonati desunta da osservazioni sismologiche
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Haines, Thomas J. „The evolution of petrophysical properties across carbonate hosted normal fault zones“. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225315.
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Jeanne, Pierre. „Architectural, petrophysical and hydromechanical properties of fault zones in fractured-porous rocks : compared studies of a moderate and a mature fault zones (France)“. Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4016.
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Bien que les zones de failles représentent un très petit volume de la croute terrestre, elles influencent grandement ses propriétés hydromécaniques. Ce travail compare des analyses multidisciplinaires, de hautes précisions, de deux zones de failles aux propriétés contrastées : l’une est une zone de failles mature de plusieurs kilomètres de long, l’autre s’étend seulement sur quelques centaines de mètres. Leurs propriétés architecturales, hydromécaniques et de résistance mécanique ont été caractérisées dans le but d’améliorer la compréhension des couplages entre l’évolution de leurs propriétés hydromécaniques et leur potentiel de réactivation. Un protocole de caractérisation in-situ des propriétés hydrauliques et mécaniques a été mis au point. Il intègre des analyses microstructurales, des descriptions détaillées des propriétés pétrophysiques à plusieurs échelles. Les deux zones de failles étudiées montrent toutes deux des relations entre leurs histoires diagénétiques, les propriétés initiales des formations sédimentaires et leurs propriétés actuelles hydromécaniques. Il a été mis en évidence que le paramètre le plus important gouvernant le comportement hydromécanique des zones de failles est la continuité de sa zone d’endommagement. Une zone de failles mature aura une zone d’endommagement relativement continue alors qu’une zone de failles non-mature aura une zone d’endommagement hétérogène caractérisée par une alternance de niveaux fracturés et non-fracturés. Ces contrastes architecturaux dépendent des propriétés initiales de la roche intacte. Au sein de la série sédimentaire, les variations de la résistance à la compression (σc) de la roche intacte induisent différents mécanismes d’accommodations des déformations. Il en résulte une architecture de zone de failles présentant de fortes variations d’épaisseur, caractérisée par une alternance de niveaux très perméables et très déformables avec des niveaux imperméables et peu déformablesAlthough fault zones represent a very small volume of the crust, they highly influence the crust’s mechanical and fluid flows properties. This work compares high definition trans-disciplinary analyses of two fault zones with highly contrasted properties. One is a mature fault zone of plurikilometer length, and the other is a small fault zone of a few hundred meters length. We have characterized the architectural, hydromechanical and strength properties of these faults to improve the understanding of the coupling between fault zones hydromechanical properties and their potential activation. A protocol to characterize in the field (on outcropping segments) the faults hydraulic and mechanical properties has been conducted through the coupling of micro-structural analyses, detailed rock physical descriptions at the rock mass several scales. The two studied fault zones despite their different sizes display some similarities. Both show a strong coupling between the fault zone diagenetic history, the initial properties of the sedimentary layers and the fault zone current hydraulic and mechanical properties. We show that the most important parameter governing the hydromechanical behaviors of fault zones is the continuity of the damage zones. A mature fault zone will have a relatively continuous damage zone while a small fault zone will contain a more heterogeneous damage zone characterized by an alternation of fractured and un-fractured layers. These architectural contrasts of damage zones also depend on the initial intact rock properties of the sedimentary series. Contrasted initial intact rock strengths (σc) induce contrasted strain accommodation mechanisms in the fault zone compartments, and an associated fault zone architecture that displays large thickness variations, characterized by alternate high-permeable-low-stiff and low-permeable-high-stiff layers in the damage zone
Bücher zum Thema "Physical properties of fault zones"
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Minor, Scott A. Regional survey of structural properties and cementation patterns of fault zones in the northern part of the Albuquerque basin, New Mexico--implications for ground-water flow. Reston, Va: U.S. Geological Survey, 2006.
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(Editor), David D. Bruhn, und Luigi Burlini (Editor), Hrsg. High-Strain Zones: Structure and Physical Properties. Geological Society of London, 2005.
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J, Wibberley C. A., Hrsg. The internal structure of fault zones: Implications for mechanical and fluid-flow properties. London: Geological Society, 2008.
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Ben-Zion, Yehuda, und Antonio Rovelli. Properties and Processes of Crustal Fault Zones: Volume I. Birkhäuser, 2014.
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Ben-Zion, Yehuda, und Antonio Rovelli. Properties and Processes of Crustal Fault Zones: Volume II. Springer, 2015.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Physical properties of fault zones"
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Yamashita, Teruo, und Akito Tsutsumi. „Fluid-Flow Properties of Fault Zones“. In Involvement of Fluids in Earthquake Ruptures, 51–71. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56562-8_3.
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Rácz, Zoltán. „Continuum Description of Active Zones“. In Fractals’ Physical Origin and Properties, 193–203. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3499-4_8.
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Finzi, Yaron, Elizabeth H. Hearn, Yehuda Ben-Zion und Vladimir Lyakhovsky. „Structural Properties and Deformation Patterns of Evolving Strike-slip Faults: Numerical Simulations Incorporating Damage Rheology“. In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1537–73. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_2.
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Rockwell, Thomas, Matthew Sisk, Gary Girty, Ory Dor, Neta Wechsler und Yehuda Ben-Zion. „Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Pulverized Tejon Lookout Granite Adjacent to the San Andreas and Garlock Faults: Implications for Earthquake Physics“. In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1725–46. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_9.
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Hsu, Ya-Ju, Jean-Philippe Avouac, Shui-Beih Yu, Chien-Hsin Chang, Yih-Min Wu und Jochen Woessner. „Spatio-temporal Slip, and Stress Level on the Faults within the Western Foothills of Taiwan: Implications for Fault Frictional Properties“. In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1853–84. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_14.
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Ogita, N., Y. Kito, T. Kimizu und R. Yatabe. „Physical properties of clay from landslides in large fracture zones“. In Slope Stability Engineering, 1229–32. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203739600-105.
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Bilek, Susan L., und Thorne Lay. „Comparison of Depth Dependent Fault Zone Properties in the Japan Trench and Middle America Trench“. In Seismogenic and Tsunamigenic Processes in Shallow Subduction Zones, 433–56. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8679-6_3.
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Bouckaert, L. P., R. Smoluchowski und E. P. Wigner. „Theory of the Brillouin Zones and Symmetry Properties of Wave Functions in Crystals“. In Part I: Physical Chemistry. Part II: Solid State Physics, 416–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59033-7_40.
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Ruzhich, Valery V., und Evgeny V. Shilko. „A New Method for Seismically Safe Managing of Seismotectonic Deformations in Fault Zones“. In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 45–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_3.
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AbstractThe authors outline the results of long-term interdisciplinary research aimed at identifying the possibility and the methods of controlling tangential displacements in seismically dangerous faults to reduce the seismic risk of potential earthquakes. The studies include full-scale physical and numerical modeling of P-T conditions in the earth’s crust contributing to the initiation of displacement in the stick-slip regime and associated seismic radiation. A cooperation of specialists in physical mesomechanics, seismogeology, geomechanics, and tribology made it possible to combine and generalize data on the mechanisms for the formation of the sources of dangerous earthquakes in the highly stressed segments of faults. We consider the prospect of man-caused actions on the deep horizons of fault zones using powerful shocks or vibrations in combination with injecting aqueous solutions through deep wells to manage the slip mode. We show that such actions contribute to a decrease in the coseismic slip velocity in the fault zone, and, therefore, cause a decrease in the amplitude and energy of seismic vibrations. In conclusion, we substantiate the efficiency of the use of combined impacts on potentially seismically hazardous segments of fault zones identified in the medium-term seismic prognosis. Finally, we discuss the importance of the full-scale validation of the proposed approach to managing the displacement regime in highly-stressed segments of fault zones. Validation should be based on large-scale tests involving advanced technologies for drilling deep multidirectional wells, injection of complex fluids, and localized vibrational or pulse impacts on deep horizons.
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Hashimoto, Chihiro, und Mitsuhiro Matsu’ura. „3-D Simulation of Earthquake Generation Cycles and Evolution of Fault Constitutitve Properties“. In Earthquake Processes: Physical Modelling, Numerical Simulation and Data Analysis Part II, 2175–99. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8197-5_2.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Physical properties of fault zones"
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Vaas, Christian, Marc Roeschlin, Panos Papadimitratos und Ivan Martinovic. „Poster: Tracking Vehicles Through Encrypted Mix-Zones Using Physical Layer Properties“. In 2018 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vnc.2018.8628387.
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Michie, E. A. H., T. J. Haines, D. Healy, J. Neilson, G. I. Alsop und N. E. Timms. „Fracture Patterns in Carbonate Fault Zones and their Influence on Petrophysical Properties“. In 3rd EAGE International Conference on Fault and Top Seals. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20143034.
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ter Heege, J. H., B. B. T. Wassing, S. B. Giger und M. B. Clennell. „Numerical Modelling of the Mechanical and Fluid Flow Properties of Fault Zones – Implications for Fault Seal Analysis“. In 2nd EAGE International Conference on Fault and Top Seals - From Pore to Basin Scale 2009. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20147195.
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Al-Jumah, Ali, Melih Gokmen, Ameera Harrasi, Ibrahim Abri, Salim Buwaiqi und Gerardo Urdaneta. „Field Application of the Autonomous Inflow Control Device AICD for Optimized Heavy Oil Production in South Sultanate of Oman“. In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200279-ms.
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Abstract This paper summarizes the results and learnings from the Autonomous Inflow Control Device (AICD) deployment and installation in multiple heavy oil fields in south Oman, allowing for swift utilization in other fields with similar characteristics. Those AICDs were mainly deployed and tested in those oil fields comprehensively, in horizontal producers, and the results were supported by rigorous lab tests was conducted to understand their behavior. This paper is a continuation of the work in reference [1]. In recent decades, horizontal drilling for producing wells became a widely known and used technology, this is due to the fact they improve the overall recovery, efficiency of production, drainage of the reservoir, as well as delay unwanted fluids (e.g. gas & water). However, this solution was not perfect, as due to highly fractured and heterogeneous reservoirs, premature water and gas production can and will take place, causing remaining oil to be bypassed, and hence, reducing the reservoir's recovery and eventually the profitability [2]. In south Sultanate of Oman, many fields have been developed with the use of the horizontal well technology, but together with its advantages, the geological nature of the formations and the physical properties of the produced fluids, have introduced important challenges regarding production optimization. One of the assets in question comprises of naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs drained through long horizontal open-hole completions. It has been developed with water flood and GOGD system. The main production optimization challenge faced for that asset is the fracture-dominated inflow, which leads to either high water or gas production. On the other hand, another asset where the trial took place comprises of shallow sandstone reservoirs of heavy oil, with strong bottom aquifers and high level of reservoir heterogeneities; fractures, faults and high permeability streaks are characteristic of these reservoirs. A horizontal well usually has a much higher capacity–as compared to a vertical well–for producing fluids at the same drawdown, hence, when talking on critical rates that do not disturb the oil-water-contact, horizontal wells will definitely have a higher critical rate than those of vertical wells, but even so, the capacity of moving fluids are bigger, causing faster movement of bottom water towards the horizontal well regardless [3]. Another field of the trial fields had produced heavy oil, with viscosities in the range of 600 cP to 1000 cP. The permeability is variable and in the range of 100mD to 10D. This makes the mobility ratio very favorable to water production. Some wells have started production with less than 10 % WC, but a sudden increase of WC has been observed up to above 90 %. Most of the wells have been completed with inflatable packers (EZIPs), creating 2 to 3 segments at the horizontal reservoir section. The AICD technology is suitable for being applied in this case of very low oil mobility and segments at the sand-face. The last trial field comprises of multi-stacked reservoirs, isolated by shale barriers, with production potential of oil from two main layers. The oil is light, ~ 42 API and 0.9 cp viscosity. Around 13 wells are closed-in due to various reasons including high water cut and low productivity. This field is producing since 1998 from 9 stacked reservoir zones-commingled, which provides a challenge to production allocation. Performing Production Logging Tests–PLTs-have not helped to improve the allocation issues. Water shut off is challenging when it comes to the point of deciding the zone required to be closed. Mechanical water shut off is an option to choke back the non-allocated water zones and allow more oil production. Although this field does not include horizontal wells, the total perforated length of the proposed well and the hydraulic natural isolation between the producing zones makes the application of the technology attractive for this field. An interventionless/wireless technology, which promotes uniform production along the entire length of a horizontal well, delaying the production of unwanted fluids (water or gas) from high productivity zones along the well path and promoting increased oil production from other compartments of the formation, would definitively represent a key aspect of the production optimization for these Petroleum Development Oman fields.
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Camus, A. Sánchez, R. Ramos und L. Bianchi. „Latest Advances in 3-D and 4-D FEM Simulation for Comprehensive Geomechanical and Geophysical Analysis of Unconventional Reservoirs, from Field Data to Numerical Models: Case Study Fm. Vaca Muerta, Argentina“. In Offshore Technology Conference Brasil. OTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32775-ms.
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Abstract The prime goal of the comprehensive characterization of unconventional reservoirs (organic-rich mudrocks) is to build 3-D and 4-D FEM numerical models for geomechanical and geophysical studies, such as seismic full-wave propagation, AVO or AVAz analysis, seismic inversion, well stability, hydraulic fracture propagation, cement shield and casing integrity, well to well interaction, choke management for optimal well production, tests for different landing zones, fault and layer reactivation risk cubes and other geomechanical attributes. The current technologies for the acquisition and processing of seismic data, well logs and well testing such as walkaround and walkaway VSPs, multicomponent (3C) seismic, microseismic, crossed dipole sonic logs, DFITs, etc., together with laboratory core measurements and modern rock physics models allow performing a mechanical characterization of the reservoir anisotropy, its strength properties and the stress field. This work presents a 3-D/4-D orthorhombic poroelastic geomechanical model of a vertical well in the Vaca Muerta formation (Neuquén Basin, Argentina), located in the oil generation window. The developed procedure starts from a mechanical (anisotropic) and petrophysical model, including a stress field characterization; at that point the initial reservoir conditions are reproduced. Then, a full-wave propagation synthetic seismogram (wave conversion modes), an AVO and an AVAz analysis are carried out, validating the direct model built. After that, the drilling process, casing and cement shield integrity, hydraulic fracturing and well production are simulated. As shown in this paper, these types of numerical simulations allow testing different scenarios, which helps to reduce uncertainty and anticipates issues that could affect hydrocarbon production or well integrity during the exploitation of the reservoir, leading to an increase in the return on the initial investment, which in unconventional reservoirs is very high.
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Aubert, I., P. Léonide, J. Lamarche und R. Salardon. „Diagenetic Impact on Polyphase Fault Zones Drain Properties in Micro-Porous Carbonates (Urgonian – SE France)“. In Fifth International Conference on Fault and Top Seals. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902326.
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Feijoo Calle, Ernesto Patricio, Andrés Nicolás Aguirre Larriva und Bernardo Andrés Feijoo Guevara. „Influence zones generated by physical properties for the characterization of rock material in the field“. In VIII Congreso Internacional de Investigación REDU. Medwave, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2022.s1.ci29.
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Joshi, Heet S., Tejas Turakhia, Mehul R. Pandya und Rajesh R. Iyer. „Investigation of Optical and Physical Properties of Aerosol Over Different Sub-Zones of Ahmedabad, India“. In 2023 IEEE India Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (InGARSS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ingarss59135.2023.10490420.
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Zhang, Tiansheng, und Haiying Huang. „Physical Properties and Fracture Network Characteristics of Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks“. In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0951.
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ABSTRACT Mineral carbon storage in mafic and ultramafic rocks is a novel concept for CO2 sequestration. In contrast to carbon sequestration in sedimentary formations, where structural and residual trappings are the primary mechanisms of storage, solubility and mineral trappings are expected to be the dominant storage mechanisms in mafic and ultramafic rocks. Mafic and ultramafic rocks are rich in calcium, magnesium and iron. Mineral carbonation occurs when these rocks are exposed to an environment with CO2 and water. Feasibility of mineral carbon storage has been demonstrated in field trials in Iceland and eastern Washington state. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive literature review on the properties of mafic and ultramafic rocks such as basalt, gabbro and peridotite. We examine the ranges of material properties and their correlations as well as rock mass characteristics and their implications in terms of carbon sequestration. Comprehensive knowledge of intact rocks and rock mass properties will be essential for research and development of carbon storage in these rocks. INTRODUCTION Mineral carbon storage in mafic and ultramafic rocks is a novel concept for CO2 sequestration. In contrast to carbon sequestration in sandstone formations, where structural and residual trappings are the primary mechanisms of storage, solubility and mineral trappings are expected to be the dominant storage mechanisms in mafic and ultramafic rocks. Mafic and ultramafic rocks are rich in calcium, magnesium and iron. Mineral carbonation occurs when these rocks are exposed to an environment with CO2 and water. Pilot field studies have been previously conducted - the Wallula Project in eastern Washington state (McGrail et al., 2017) and the CarbFix and CarbFix2 Project in southwest Iceland (Matter et al., 2016; Clark et al., 2020; Ratouis et al., 2022). These projects aimed at capturing CO2 permanently through mineral carbonation in basalt. Nearly 1,000 tons of supercritical CO2 were injected over a three-week period in summer 2013 in the Wallula Project. Two permeable basalt interflow reservoir zones with a combined thickness about 20 m within a layered basalt sequence at a depth of 830 − 890 m below the surface were chosen as the target zone. Field monitoring and characterization were carried out over a two-year period post injection. Isotope analysis of carbonate minerals from side-wall cores sampled post injection showed isotopic signatures of injected CO2. Presence of free-phase CO2 was detected from wireline logging at the top of the two injection interflow zones, likely due to buoyancy driven flow. But no vertical migration of CO2 above the injection zones was observed. These evidences suggest that storage and rapid mineralization of CO2 in a suitable basalt formation are feasible.
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Agosta, Fabrizio, Manika Prasad und Atilla Aydin. „Rock physical properties of carbonate fault rocks, Fucino Basin (central Italy)“. In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2004. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1845166.
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Shroba, R. R., D. R. Muhs und J. N. Rosholt. Physical properties and radiometric age estimates of surficial and fracture-fill deposits along a portion of the Carpetbag fault system, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juli 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6970125.
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Hayward, N., und V. Tschirhart. A comparison of 3-D inversion strategies in the investigation of the 3-D density and magnetic susceptibility distribution in the Great Bear Magmatic Zone, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331954.
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The inversion of new compilations of aeromagnetic data and gravity data are employed to investigate the 3-D physical property (magnetic susceptibility and density) distribution within the Great Bear magmatic zone. The application of two different software suites (Geosoft VOXI and UBC GIF MAG3D and GRAV3D) affords a comparison of approaches and results. The magnetic susceptibility results are broadly compatible, but Geosoft VOXI enabled more detailed definition of shallow sources. The density results were markedly different in how the model responded to the low-resolution gravity data in characterization of the near-surface. GRAV3D extrapolated shallow sources to surface, whereas Geosoft VOXI smoothed and closed the top of shallow sources below surface. The different magnetic susceptibility and density models can be used to assess the physical property distribution and relationships across the region. One approach, applied here, is to combine the near-surface magnetic susceptibility and density results to identify zones of coincidently high physical properties, a common physical proper relationship associated with IOCG mineral deposits. These integrated models highlight many of the region's known mineral occurrences and reveal other zones for further analysis.
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Dinovitzer, Aaron. PR-214-144500-R05 Weld Hydrogen Cracking Susceptibility Characterization. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Juli 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011495.
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Hydrogen cracking has been and continues to be observed in both heat-affected zones and weld metals. High carbon equivalent weldment heat-affected zones (HAZ) combined with rapid cooling have been related to the development of hydrogen cracking susceptible microstructures. Weld metal cracking is observed in both high and low strength weldments and is a particular concern for root passes due to the use of cellulosic electrodes, parent metal dilution, applied load, and weld fault stress riser effects promoting cracking. The risk of HAZ and weld cracking are increased for repair and in-service welds and/or welds deposited on older generation materials (e.g., pipe or fittings) and this can pose a significant risk to the integrity of welded connections. This report presents the result of research in the application and extension of the "Slow Bend" testing technique used to quantify the hydrogen cracking susceptibility of a weldment. This testing is being used to quantify the susceptibility of a microstructure to hydrogen cracking by defining the critical combinations of strain and hydrogen concentration (i.e. hydrogen embrittlement curves) that result in cracking in a given material. The testing and modelling results have been used to define relationships between the hydrogen embrittlement curve parameters (i.e. ductility and hydrogen embrittlement indices) and the properties of the deposited weld metal. These preliminary relationships were defined separately for cellulosic and basic SMAW electrodes providing insight to the factors that make a weld material susceptible to hydrogen cracking.