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Thematische Bibliographien / Phosphorus in agriculture

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Phosphorus in agriculture“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 24. Januar 2023

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Zeitschriftenartikel
Dissertationen
Bücher
Buchteile
Konferenzberichte
Berichte der Organisationen

Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Phosphorus in agriculture":

1

Hayder, Aneela, Stephen Vanderburgt, Rafael M. Santos und Yi Wai Chiang. „Phosphorous runoff risk assessment and its potential management using wollastonite according to geochemical modeling“. Open Agriculture 4, Nr. 1 (31.12.2019): 787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0075.

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AbstractLoss of phosphorus from agricultural land through water runoff causes serious detrimental effects on the environment and on water quality. Phosphorous runoff from excessive use of fertilizers can cause algal blooms to grow in nearby water systems, producing toxins that contaminate drinking water sources and recreational water. In this study, a risk analysis of the algal toxin micro-cystin-LR and the mitigation of phosphorus from agriculture runoff is discussed. A risk analysis was performed on the algal bloom toxin microcystin-LR considering the Lake Erie algal bloom event of 2011 as a case study. Toxicity risk analysis results show that relatively low concentrations of microcystin-LR compared to recent case studies pose an acute health risk to both children and adults, and a significant increase in the risk of developing cancer is suggested but subject to further study given the assumptions made. This study investigated the potential of using wollastonite to mitigate phosphorus pollution, considering thermodynamic conditions of a constructed wetland receiving influent water from agriculture runoff, by using geochemical modelling. Geochemical modelling results show that wollastonite can react with phosphorus and capture it in the stable mineral form of hydroxyapatite, offering a possible strategy for risk mitigation of phosphorous runoff. A removal efficiency of 77% of phosphorus using wollastonite is calculated with the help of geochemical modelling.

2

Haque, Shama E. „How Effective Are Existing Phosphorus Management Strategies in Mitigating Surface Water Quality Problems in the U.S.?“ Sustainability 13, Nr. 12 (09.06.2021): 6565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126565.

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Phosphorus is an essential component of modern agriculture. Long-term land application of phosphorous-enriched fertilizers and animal manure leads to phosphorus accumulation in soil that may become susceptible to mobilization via erosion, surface runoff and subsurface leaching. Globally, highly water-soluble phosphorus fertilizers used in agriculture have contributed to eutrophication and hypoxia in surface waters. This paper provides an overview of the literature relevant to the advances in phosphorous management strategies and surface water quality problems in the U.S. Over the past several decades, significant advances have been made to control phosphorus discharge into surface water bodies of the U.S. However, the current use of phosphorus remains inefficient at various stages of its life cycle, and phosphorus continues to remain a widespread problem in many water bodies, including the Gulf of Mexico and Lake Erie. In particular, the Midwestern Corn Belt region of the U.S. is a hotspot of phosphorous fertilization that has resulted in a net positive soil phosphorous balance. The runoff of phosphorous has resulted in dense blooms of toxic, odor-causing phytoplankton that deteriorate water quality. In the past, considerable attention was focused on improving the water quality of freshwater bodies and estuaries by reducing inputs of phosphorus alone. However, new research suggests that strategies controlling the two main nutrients, phosphorus and nitrogen, are more effective in the management of eutrophication. There is no specific solution to solving phosphorus pollution of water resources; however, sustainable management of phosphorus requires an integrated approach combining at least a reduction in consumption levels, source management, more specific regime-based nutrient criteria, routine soil fertility evaluation and recommendations, transport management, as well as the development of extensive phosphorus recovery and recycling programs.

3

UUSITALO, R., E. TURTOLA und J. GRÖNROOS. „Finnish trends in phosphorus balances and soil test phosphorus“. Agricultural and Food Science 16, Nr. 4 (04.12.2008): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960607784125339.

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Soil test phosphorus (P) concentration has a major influence on the dissolved P concentration in runoff from agricultural soils. Thus, trends in soil test P partly determine the development of pollution potential of agricultural activities. We reviewed the changes of soil test P and P balances in Finnish agriculture, and assessed the current setting of P loss potential after two Agri-Environmental Programs. Phosphorus balance of the Finnish agriculture has decreased from +35 kg ha1 of the 1980s to about +8 kg P ha1 today. As a consequence, the 50-yr upward trend in soil test P concentrations has probably levelled out in the late 1990s, as suggested by sampling of about 1600 fields and by a modelling exercise. For the majority of our agricultural soils, soil test P concentrations are currently at a level at which annual P fertilization is unlikely to give measurable yield responses. Soils that benefit from annual P applications are more often found in farms specialized in cereal production, whereas farms specialized in non-cereal plant production and animal production have higher soil test P concentrations. An imbalance in P cycling between plant (feed) and animal production is obvious, and regional imbalances are a result of concentration of animal farms in some parts of the country. A major concern in future will be the fate of manure P in those regions where animal production intensity is further increasing.;

4

Djodjic, Faruk. „Phosphorus, Agriculture and Water Quality“. Journal of Environmental Quality 28, Nr. 5 (September 1999): 1685–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800050041x.

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5

Kauppi, L. „The Contribution of Agricultural Loading to Eutrophication in Finnish Lakes“. Water Science and Technology 17, Nr. 6-7 (01.06.1985): 1133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0208.

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Agriculture accounts for 9 per cent of the total surface area of Finland and generates the greatest single nutrient input to Finnish watercourses. Since agricultural activity is scattered throughout the whole country its effects in lakes are less pronounced than those of domestic and industrial effluents. On the other hand, point source phosphorus loading of lakes and rivers decreased significantly during the nineteen-seventies. Phosphorus is the nutrient which primarily limits production in most Finnish lakes. The availability of phosphorus in agricultural runoff waters is therefore a crucial question in the evaluation of the eutrophicating effects of agriculture. Our results indicated that in runoff waters available phosphorus can be 60-70 per cent of the total phosphorus. However, the concentrations of available P were so low that they could be achieved in Finnish lakes of low ionic concentration through simple chemical desorption without the assistance of the algal uptake. The utilization of the spring maximum of runoff phosphorus in lakes would thus not depend on the concurrence of the maxima of loading and algal growth.

6

Oenema, O., und C. W. J. Roest. „Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agriculture into surface waters; the effects of policies and measures in the Netherlands“. Water Science and Technology 37, Nr. 3 (01.02.1998): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0167.

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The increased input of fertilizers and animal wastes after 1950 has boosted agricultural crop production to a high level in many industrialized countries, but it has also contributed to increased nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from agriculture to groundwaters and surface waters. This paper summarizes the pathways and controls of nitrogen and phosphorus losses to surface waters, and it presents estimates and predictions of the losses from agricultural soils in The Netherlands into surface waters, before and after the implementation of policies and measures to reduce nutrient losses from agriculture. Implementation of the nutrient accounting system MINAS, aiming at a step-wise lowering of nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses at farm level, will decrease the total nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses between the years 1985 and 2008 by 58 and 82%, respectively. These large decreases are the result of a strong decrease in the input via fertilizers and animal wastes, combined with only a minor decrease in the output via harvested products. Nitrogen emissions from agricultural land to surface waters will decrease by 38% between 1985 and 2008. Phosphorus emissions from agricultural land to surface waters are expected not to decrease on the short term.

7

Bochove, Eric van, Georges van Thériault, Farida Dechmi, Marie-Line Leclerc und Nadia Goussard. „Indicator of risk of water contamination by phosphorus: Temporal trends for the Province of Quebec from 1981 to 2001“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87, Special Issue (01.03.2007): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s06-067.

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An indicator of risk of water contamination by phosphorus (IROWC-P) was developed to estimate the risk of phosphorus (P) contamination in water by agriculture, and to evaluate how this risk changes over time based on the census data obtained every 5 yr. For the province of Quebec, IROWC-P is calculated with census data from 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001. In 2001, 85% of the Soil Landscapes of Canada (SLC) agricultural polygons of Quebec were in the low and moderate risk classes and the remaining 15% in the high risk class. Although agricultural production statistics show marked changes from 1981 to 2001 in livestock herd composition, area under cultivation, agricultural land use and use of inorganic phosphorus fertilizer and animal manure, no trend was observed in the estimated risk over the same period. Increased risk of P transport from agricultural fields to water is expected when agricultural soils are rich in P or have excess P relative to crop needs and have a high potential for soil erosion and surface runoff. Key words: Risk indicator, water contamination, phosphorus, soil landscapes of Canada, agriculture

8

Rashmi, I., A. K. Biswas und V. R. Ramkrishana Parama. „Phosphorus management in agriculture: a review“. Agricultural Reviews 35, Nr. 4 (2014): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00913.1.

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9

Wakelin, Steven. „Phosphorus solubilising Penicillium spp. for agriculture“. Microbiology Australia 24, Nr. 3 (2003): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma03340.

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Many Penicillium species found in soil provide vital ecosystem services such as turnover of organic matter and mineral weathering. Recently, some such species have been shown to increase the growth of plants, particularly on soils that bind phosphorus tightly. There is now interest in the exploitation of this group of Penicillium as a means to increase agricultural production. Could this be the next chapter in our exploitation of this genus?

10

Powlson, David S. „PHOSPHORUS, AGRICULTURE AND WATER QUALITY: Foreword“. Soil Use and Management 14, s4 (Juni 1998): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00629.x.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Phosphorus in agriculture":

1

Bujatzeck, Baldur. „Decision support system for alleviating phosphorus contamination“. Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22032.

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The management of natural resources has greatly improved over the past decade. Despite advances in modelling the fate of nutrients or in modelling socio-economic effects of different farm management strategies, tools that integrate the advances made in these fields are still lacking. To develop a tool to overcome this gap, this research focused on the development of a multi-objective decision support system (MODSS) to alleviate phosphorus (P) contamination from agricultural fields and small watersheds. A decision supporting framework was designed to allow technical and public users to run the MODSS. The MODSS consists of the following elements: nonpoint source pollution models, an expert system to analyse the output of a qualitative P model, a scenario creation routine, a routine to estimate percentage and load based P reduction, a cost/benefits routine and a trade off analysis routine. Throughout the development of the MODSS, it was necessary to design a modified P Index for Southern Quebec. During the design process, the risk class 'controlled subsurface drainage' was introduced into the parameter subsurface drainage. The risk class was included due to findings that suggested that subsurface drainage is an important pathway for P loss in Southern Quebec. The modified P Index was coupled with a pre-screening routine to shorten the P Index analysis. The MODSS was applied to the Castor watershed, Quebec, Canada. The analysis showed that contributing distance, modified connectivity and P application rates are most likely probable causes for P movement from the fields in the Castor watershed. Additionally, the analysis showed that if BMP to reduce P loss are adopted the farmers could generate a surplus income.
La gestion des ressources naturelles s'est considérablement améliorée pendant la décennie passée. Malgré les avances dans la modélisation du destin des nutriants ou dans le domaine de modélisation des effets socio-économiques de différentes stratégies de gestion agricole, il nous manque toujours les outils d'intégrer les avances dans ces domaines. Afin de créer un outil d'integration de ces avances, cette recherche s'est concentrée sur le développement d'un système de soutien à la décision à objectifs multiples pour alléger la contamination de phosphore (P) à partir des champs agricoles et des petites lignes de partage. Le système inclut une interface de soutien à la décision permettant aux utilisateurs techniques et au grand public d'utiliser le MODSS. Le MODSS est composé des éléments suivants: plusieurs modèles de pollution diffuse, un système spécialisé pour analyser le produit de sortie d'un modèle de phosphore qualitatif, une routine de création de scénario, une routine pour estimer la réduction du phosphore en termes de pourcentage et de charge, une routine d'analyse avantages-coûts et une routine d'analyse d'échanges. Le développement du MODSS nécessitait la proposition d'un index du phosphore adapté au sud du Québec. Une nouvelle classe de risques a été introduite dans le paramètre de drainage souterrain: le drainage souterrain contrôlé. Cette classe de risques a été ajoutée, puisque des résultats de recherche extérieurs suggéraient que le drainage souterrain constitue une voie importante de perte du phosphore dans le sud du Québec. L'index modifié du phosphore a été couplé avec une routine d'examens préliminaires afin de raccourcir l'analyse. Le MODSS a été appliqué au bassin-versant de Castor au Québec, Canada. L'analyse a démontré les causes probables du mouvement de phosphore provenant des champs du bassin-versant de Castor : la distance par rapport au point d'origine, la connectivité$

2

Cooperband, Leslie Rose. „Soil phosphorus dynamics in a humid tropical silvopastoral system /“. The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487777901660164.

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3

Cucarella, Cabañas Victor. „Phosphorus recycling from wastewater to agriculture using reactive filter media“. Licentiate thesis, KTH, Land and Water Resources Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4449.

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This thesis focused on testing the suitability of reactive filter media used for phosphorus (P) removal from wastewater as fertilizers, thus recycling P to agriculture. The work compared the P sorption capacity of several materials in order to assess their suitability as a source of P for plants. The selected materials (Filtra P, Polonite and wollastonite) were saturated with P and used as soil amendments in a pot experiment. The amendments tended to improve the yield of barley and ryegrass compared with no P addition. The amendments also increased soil pH, P availability and cation exchange capacity in the studied soils. The substrates studied here can be of particular interest for acid soils. Of the materials studied, Polonite appears to be the most suitable substrate for the recycling of P from wastewater to agriculture

4

Cucarella, Cabañas Victor. „Phosphorus recycling from wastewater to agriculture using reactive filter media /“. Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4449.

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5

Donkor, Joseph. „Evaluation of the Potential for Direct-Fed Microbials to Enhance Utilization of Phosphorus in Broiler Chickens“. Thesis, Tennessee State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10641460.

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Feed accounts for about 60–68% of the total cost of poultry production. Chicken cannot efficiently absorb organic or phytin-bound phosphorus, thus about 70–80% of dietary or plant based phosphorus is excreted in the manure of broiler chickens. The goal of this research was to identify microbes with the potential to improve utilization of a plant source of phosphorus in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broilers.

A total of 8,082 sequences were obtained using a metagenomic approach, with 61% of those sequences representing 5,030 species of various bacterial organisms. The highest proportion of bacteria was Massilia which represented 46% of the total dominant microbial population, Bacteroides (9%), Streptomyces (6%), Bacillus (6%), and 18 different species each constituting less than 5% of these dominant microbes. Three microbes Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Bifidobacterium (LEB) with the potential to hydrolyze free phosphorus were isolated and characterized. The isolated microorganisms maintained the ability to grow at all the different pH ranges (1–5), and bile concentrations of 0–3.5%. Also, the ability of the bacteria to hydrolyze free phosphorus was evaluated in-vitro. The effect of the three bacteria on performance of 400 day- old Ross broilers was evaluated during an eight-week period. The results indicated that broiler chickens fed probiotic bacteria at the rate of 100 or 150 mg/kg of feed consumed 12.0% and 17.8% more feed, respectively, and increased body weight gain by 5.9% and 8.4%, respectively, when compared with the control birds. Broiler chickens fed diets containing the probiotics at 100 or 150 mg/kg of feed retained 15.2% and 17.5% of phosphorus as against 8.6 % for the birds on the diets without the bacteria. Except for birds on dietary treatment LEB-150, which had a higher mortality (7.3%), the remaining six dietary treatments had mortality ranging from 2.0–3.3% which was less than that of the controls birds (4.5%).

6

Pierzynski, Gary Michael. „The chemistry and mineralogy of phosphorus in excessively fertilized soils /“. The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487670346875087.

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7

Creekmore, Cathy E., und J. L. Stroehlein. „Phosphorus Response in Wine Grapes“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215732.

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8

Yibirin, Humberto Peluffo. „Effects of daily applied nitrogen forms and phosphorus on corn production /“. The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487856076413367.

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9

Thompson, Christopher. „The Effect of Phosphorous Placement & Rate on Phosphorus Uptake, & Growth & Yield of Tomatoes“. TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2931.

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Research was undertaken in the summer of 1989 to determine the effect of phosphorus placement on the yield and quality of field grown tomatoes Lycopersicon esculentum. A subsequent study was undertaken in the winter of 1989 to determine the effect of phosphorus rate and placement on the early growth and phosphorus uptake of young tomatoes in the greenhouse. The purpose of this study was to attempt to find the most efficient placement and rate of supplemental phosphorus when growing tomatoes. It has been shown that placing phosphorus in a concentrated zone in contact with plant roots results in more growth and fruit yield. The current trial involved the application of phosphorus at different rates and use of different methods of application. The methods of application included broadcasting phosphorus, placing phosphorus in a concentrated band, and combinations of the two. It is of great interest to the tomato producer to know the most efficient rate and placement of fertilizer phosphorus. Availability of phosphorus is necessary for the proper development of the tomato and a good supply is needed for adequate yield and quality. If improved application methods are developed, perhaps higher yields and improved fruit quality can be realized. This could possibly result in higher production for the producer and more satisfaction for consumers. The results of the field study were not statistically significant. One reason for the lack of any yield response was the greatly reduced yields caused by hail damage and fungal disease. Surprisingly, the greenhouse study showed that significant growth increase resulted from phosphorus broadcast treatments. One explanation may be the small volume of soil used in this study. The plant roots were distributed throughout the entire soil volume in contrast to the situation with widely spaced field grown tomatoes. Thus, the broadcast treatments achieved more root-fertilizer contact in the greenhouse pot cultures.

10

Seiler, Lauren Katherine Kaye Jason P. „Exploring potential soil phosphorus movement in four organic agriculture forage systems“. [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://honors.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/EHT-44/index.html.

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Bücher zum Thema "Phosphorus in agriculture":

1

Schnug, Ewald, und Luit J. De Kok, Hrsg. Phosphorus in Agriculture: 100 % Zero. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7612-7.

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2

Thomas Sims, J., und Andrew N. Sharpley, Hrsg. Phosphorus: Agriculture and the Environment. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr46.

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3

F, Zapata, Roy R. N. 1944-, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Land and Water Development Division. und International Atomic Energy Agency, Hrsg. Use of phosphate rocks for sustainable agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2004.

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H, Tunney, Hrsg. Phosphorus loss from soil to water. Wallingford, OX: CAB International, 1997.

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5

Brogan, Jane. Developing a national phosphorus balance for agriculture in Ireland: A discussion document. Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford: Environmental Protection Agency, 2001.

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6

Foy, R. H. The contribution of agricultural phosphorus to eutrophication. Peterborough: Fertiliser Society, 1995.

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Schindler, Frank V. Manure management BMPs based on soil phosphorus. [Pierre, S.D: Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources, 2005.

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Teagasc. Phosphorus recommendations for grassland: Good agronomic practice. Wexford: Teagasc, 1996.

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Tandon, H. L. S. Phosphorus research and agricultural production in India. New Delhi, India: Fertiliser Development and Consultation Organisation, 1987.

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Syers, John K. Efficiency of soil and fertilizer phosphorus use: Reconciling changing concepts of soil phosphorus behaviour with agronomic information. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Phosphorus in agriculture":

1

Gabasawa, Alhassan Idris. „Phosphorus Cycle Enzymes to Remedy Soil Phosphorus Deficiency“. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 177–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16155-1_9.

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Kebreab, Ermias, und April B. Leytem. „Phosphorus Utilization in Animal Agriculture“. In Clinical Aspects of Natural and Added Phosphorus in Foods, 123–31. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6566-3_8.

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3

Oberson, Astrid, und Emmanuel Frossard. „Phosphorus Management for Organic Agriculture“. In Agronomy Monographs, 761–79. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr46.c24.

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Zahra, Zahra, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Arif Ali, Muhammad Qudrat Ullah Farooqi und Hyung Kyoon Choi. „Phosphorus Phytoavailability upon Nanoparticle Application“. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 41, 41–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33996-8_2.

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Jehangir, Komel, Muhammad Riaz, Rashid Mahmood und Muhammad Arif. „Biochar for Sustainable Phosphorus Management in Agroecosystems“. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 93–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16155-1_5.

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Mays, D. A., S. R. Wilkinson und C. V. Cole. „Phosphorus Nutrition of Forages“. In The Role of Phosphorus in Agriculture, 805–46. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1980.roleofphosphorus.c29.

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Haneklaus, Silvia H., und Ewald Schnug. „Assessing the Plant Phosphorus Status“. In Phosphorus in Agriculture: 100 % Zero, 95–125. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7612-7_6.

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Ipsilantis, Ioannis, Mina Karamesouti und Dionisios Gasparatos. „Beneficial Microorganisms for the Management of Soil Phosphorus“. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 53–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98914-3_3.

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Malik, Hafiza Aasia, Atta Ur Rahman, Fazal Akbar, Nisar Ahmad, Syed Shujait Ali, Muhammad Suleman, Shahid Ali et al. „Advanced Biotechnological Tools for Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency“. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 137–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16155-1_7.

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Aslam, Mehtab Muhammad, Aisha Lawan Idris, Eyalira Jacob Okal und Muhammad Waseem. „Adaptive Responses of Crop Species Against Phosphorus Deficiency“. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 69–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16155-1_4.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Phosphorus in agriculture":

1

„THE PHOSPHORUS INDEX: BACKGROUND AND STATUS“. In Animal Agriculture and the Environment, National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management White Papers . St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20262.

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Milics, G., A. Vér, L. Szekeres und J. Kauser. „Effect of variable rate phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizing on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Mezoföld, Hungary“. In 12th European Conference on Precision Agriculture. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-888-9_68.

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BRIUKHANOV, Aleksandr, Sergey KONDRATYEV, Veronica TARBAEVA, Ekaterina VOROBYEVA und Natalia OBLOMKOVA. „CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL SOURCES TO NUTRIENT LOAD GENERATED ON THE RUSSIAN PART OF THE BALTIC SEA CATCHMENT AREA“. In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.058.

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Agricultural production is one of the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorous inputs to the water bodies. Quantifying nutrient input from agriculture is needed both to develop effective environmental measures and to justify the technologies to be applied with due account for local natural and climatic conditions. Several related national studies have been conducted since 2015. Institute for Engineering and Environmental Problems in Agricultural Production (IEEP) methodology was used for this purpose. It determines the nitrogen and phosphorus content in the arable layer, including N and P amounts applied with mineral and organic fertilisers. Such factors as soil type and texture, the distance to the water bodies and the land use structure are used to estimate the nutrient input to the water bodies. In addition, the consistency of manure handling technologies with Best Available Techniques (BAT) principles is taken into account through introduction of relevant coefficients. Calculation results according to IEEP methodology were used in the follow-up general assessment of the nutrient load on the water bodies from different sources with the use of Institute of Limnology Load Model. Satisfactory correspondence between the assessment results and the values calculated using the monitoring data confirmed the adequacy of the above assessment procedure. Following its outcomes, the nutrient reduction potential of agricultural sources is approximately 10–20 %.

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Kong, Weiping, Wenjiang Huang, Lingling Ma, Lingli Tang, Chuanrong Li und Yinli Bi. „Detecting leaf phosphorus content in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-inoculated soybean using hyperspectral remote sensing data“. In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology XXII, herausgegeben von Christopher M. Neale und Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2570757.

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Magdum, Shubham Shankar, und Gopal M. Bhosale. „Studies on Application of Spent wash as a Nutrient for Agriculture waste Composting“. In 7th GoGreen Summit 2021. Technoarete, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/978-93-92106-02-6.14.

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Due to high organic loading rates, several chemicals in distillery spent wash have high B.O.D. and C.O.D. values. The cost of treating and disposing of spent wash is expensive. Hence Composting is one of the most effective methods for achieving this. Sugarcane farms agricultural waste is used as a raw material. The goal of this study is to figure out how to compost agricultural waste utilizing aerobic and windrow composting techniques. Pits should be 3m long, 1.5m wide and 1m high for aerobic composting, and 3m long, 1.5m wide, and 1.2m high for windrow composting (Composting, W.H.O Book). Turning should be done on the 5th, 17th, and 30th days of the interval for aerobic composting. For windrow composting, it should be provided after 2-4 weeks. To decompose the agricultural waste cow dung and spent wash were utilized as a media. The study research indicates that it should be cost-effective. The quality of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the mass of carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) were analyzed. The parametric values, such as nitrogen 0.8 percent, phosphorous 0.4 percent, potassium 0.4 percent, and C/N ratio = 20 to 30, are all within acceptable ranges, and the results show that the compost is ideal for plant growth.

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Ronald E Sheffield, Troy F Davis, Vinicius R Moreira und Brian D LeBlanc. „Phosphorus Removal of Dairy Wastewater via Lime Precipitation“. In International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture Conference Proceedings, 13-16 September 2010, Dallas, Texas. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32670.

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Keith E Bowers, Tianxi Zhang und Joseph H Harrison. „Phosphorus Removal by Struvite Crystallization in Various Livestock Wastewaters“. In International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture, 16-19 September 2007, Broomfield, Colorado. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23824.

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Skyba, O. I., L. Ya Fedonyuk, O. M. Yarema und K. Lesnyak-Mochuk. „DEPENDENCE OF PHOSPHATE CONTENT IN WATER ON MOBILE AND TOTAL FORMS OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOIL IN AGRICULTURAL TERRITORY OF TERNOPIL REGION (UKRAINE)“. In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-2-213-217.

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The indicators of phosphates in water, the content of mobile and total forms of phosphorus in bottom sediments and soils in the hydroecosystem of the agrarian territory, which is characterized by active agriculture and animal husbandry, have been determined and analyzed. It was found that the presence of the total form of phosphorus in soil, water and bottom sediments differs significantly in different months, and the mobile form, on the contrary, is the same. It indicates a significant mobility of mobile forms of phosphorus in the “soil-water-bottom” sediments system. It was found that in spring most of the total phosphorus is in the soil, and in summer and until the beginning of autumn, its share in bottom sediments increases. It was revealed that the content of phosphates in the studied hydroecosystem is determined by their migration in the “soil-water-bottom” sediments system and has a seasonal character.

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Dong, Wen, Tianjun Wu, Yingwei Sun und Jiancheng Luo. „Digital Mapping of Soil Available Phosphorus Supported by AI Technology for Precision Agriculture“. In 2018 7th International Conference on Agro-geoinformatics (Agro-geoinformatics). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agro-geoinformatics.2018.8476007.

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Olekhnovich, Roman. „INVESTIGATION OF HYDROGEL ON THE BASE THE PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING ACRYLIC COPOLYMER FOR USE IN AGRICULTURE“. In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b32/s13.028.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Phosphorus in agriculture":

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Cushman, D. Agriculture actions to reduce phosphorus to Lake Erie. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/299767.

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2

Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar und Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.

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Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.

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Palmborg, Cecilia. Fertilization with digestate and digestate products – availability and demonstration experiments within the project Botnia nutrient recycling. Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.25rctaeopn.

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To increase our food security in Västerbotten we will need to become more self-sufficient of both energy, feed and nutrients that are now imported to the region. Biogas production from different waste streams is one solution to this. Biogas is produced using biowaste or sewage sludge as substrate in the major cities Umeå and Skellefteå. Biogas systems offer a range of benefits to society. Biogas production is currently prized for its climate benefits when replacing fossil fuels for the production of heat, electricity and vehicle gas, but at Bothnia Nutrient Recycling we have studied how to use the digestate, i.e. the residual product of production, as fertilizer in agriculture. We have been working to improve profitability for biogas producers and develop sustainable products from recycled nutrients, like phosphorus and nitrogen. Improving the uses for digestate increases self-sufficiency in agriculture and contributes to a circular economy. We conducted three agricultural demonstration experiments in collaboration with agricultural high schools in Finland and Sweden to introduce digestate and digestate products to the future farmers in the regions. We found that it may be possible to replace cattle slurry with compost when growing maize despite the low levels of nitrogen, N, available to plants in the compost. In barley, NPK fertilizers gave the highest yield. Digestate from HEMAB and sludge biochar supplemented with recycled ammonium sulphate gave a smaller yield but higher than unfertilized crop. Digestate from a dry digestion biogas plant in Härnösand was better suited to barley than to grass because in an experiment on grass ley the viscous fertilizer did not penetrate the grass and did not increase the growth of the grass. Fertilizer effects on crop quality were small. There was no increased uptake of heavy metals in barley after fertilization with digestate or digestate products compared to NPK fertilization. These demonstration experiments show that more thorough scientific experimentation is needed as a foundation for recommendations to farmers. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous in digestate from Västerbotten that could become used as fertilizer were modelled. It showed that if sewage sludge digestate is used to make sludge biochar and ammonium sulphate and the other available digestates are used directly in agriculture, the entire phosphorous demand but only a small part of the nitrogen demand in the county, could be covered. Thus, to achieve a true circular food production, development and increase of both the waste handling sector and agriculture is needed.

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Raghothama, Kashchandra G., Avner Silber und Avraham Levy. Biotechnology approaches to enhance phosphorus acquisition of tomato plants. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586546.bard.

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Abstract: Phosphorus is one of the least available macronutrient in the soil. The high affinity phosphate transporters are known to be associated with phosphate acquisition under natural conditions. Due to unique interactions of phosphate with soil particles, up to 80% of the applied phosphates may be fixed forcing the farmers to apply 4 to 5 times the fertilizers necessary for crop production. Efficient uptake and utilization of this essential nutrient is essential for sustainability and profitability of agriculture. Many predictions point to utilization/exhaustion of high quality phosphate rocks within this century. This calls for efforts to improve the ability of plants to acquire and utilize limiting sources of phosphate in the rhizosphere. Two important molecular and biochemical components associated with phosphate efficiency are phosphate transporters and phosphatases. This research project is aimed at defining molecular determinants of phosphate acquisition and utilization in addition to generating phosphate uptake efficient plants. The main objectives of the project were; Creation and analysis of transgenic tomato plants over-expressing phosphatases and transporters Characterization of the recently identified members (LePT3 and LePT4) of the Pi transporter family Generate molecular tools to study genetic responses of plants to Pi deficiency During the project period we have successfully identified and characterized a novel phosphate transporter associated with mycorrhizal symbiosis. The expression of this transporter increases with mycorrhizal symbiosis. A thorough characterization of mutant tomato lacking the expression of this gene revealed the biological significance of LePT3 and another novel gene LePT4. In addition we have isolated and characterized several phosphate starvation induced genes from tomato using a combination of differential and subtractive mRNA hybridization techniques. One of the genes, LePS2 belongs to the family of phospho-protein phosphatase. The functionality of the recombinant protein was determined using synthetic phosphor-peptides. Over expression of this gene in tomato resulted in significant changes in growth, delay in flowering and senescence. It is anticipated that phospho-protein phosphatase may have regulatory role in phosphate deficiency responses of plants. In addition a novel phosphate starvation induced glycerol 3-phosphate permease gene family was also characterized. Two doctoral research students are continuing the characterization and functional analysis of these genes. Over expression of high affinity phosphate transporters in tobacco showed increased phosphate content under hydroponic conditions. There is growing evidence suggesting that high affinity phosphate transporters are crucial for phosphate acquisition even under phosphate sufficiency conditions. This project has helped train several postdoctoral fellows and graduate students. Further analysis of transgenic plants expressing phosphatases and transporters will not only reveal the biological function of the targeted genes but also result in phosphate uptake and utilization efficient plants.

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Schuster, Gadi, und David Stern. Integration of phosphorus and chloroplast mRNA metabolism through regulated ribonucleases. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695859.bard.

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New potential for engineering chloroplasts to express novel traits has stimulated research into relevant techniques and genetic processes, including plastid transformation and gene regulation. This proposal continued our long time BARD-funded collaboration research into mechanisms that influence chloroplast RNA accumulation, and thus gene expression. Previous work on cpRNA catabolism has elucidated a pathway initiated by endonucleolytic cleavage, followed by polyadenylation and exonucleolytic degradation. A major player in this process is the nucleus-encoded exoribonuclease/polymerasepolynucleotidephoshorylase (PNPase). Biochemical characterization of PNPase has revealed a modular structure that controls its RNA synthesis and degradation activities, which in turn are responsive to the phosphate (P) concentration. However, the in vivo roles and regulation of these opposing activities are poorly understood. The objectives of this project were to define how PNPase is controlled by P and nucleotides, using in vitro assays; To make use of both null and site-directed mutations in the PNPgene to study why PNPase appears to be required for photosynthesis; and to analyze plants defective in P sensing for effects on chloroplast gene expression, to address one aspect of how adaptation is integrated throughout the organism. Our new data show that P deprivation reduces cpRNA decay rates in vivo in a PNPasedependent manner, suggesting that PNPase is part of an organismal P limitation response chain that includes the chloroplast. As an essential component of macromolecules, P availability often limits plant growth, and particularly impacts photosynthesis. Although plants have evolved sophisticated scavenging mechanisms these have yet to be exploited, hence P is the most important fertilizer input for crop plants. cpRNA metabolism was found to be regulated by P concentrations through a global sensing pathway in which PNPase is a central player. In addition several additional discoveries were revealed during the course of this research program. The human mitochondria PNPase was explored and a possible role in maintaining mitochondria homeostasis was outlined. As polyadenylation was found to be a common mechanism that is present in almost all organisms, the few examples of organisms that metabolize RNA with no polyadenylation were analyzed and described. Our experiment shaded new insights into how nutrient stress signals affect yield by influencing photosynthesis and other chloroplast processes, suggesting strategies for improving agriculturally-important plants or plants with novel introduced traits. Our studies illuminated the poorly understood linkage of chloroplast gene expression to environmental influences other than light quality and quantity. Finely, our finding significantly advanced the knowledge about polyadenylation of RNA, the evolution of this process and its function in different organisms including bacteria, archaea, chloroplasts, mitochondria and the eukaryotic cell. These new insights into chloroplast gene regulation will ultimately support plant improvement for agriculture

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Wright, Alan L., Edward A. Hanlon und J. Mabry McCray. Fate of phosphorus in Everglades agricultural soils after fertilizer application. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juli 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1337876.

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Granot, David, Richard Amasino und Avner Silber. Mutual effects of hexose phosphorylation enzymes and phosphorous on plant development. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587223.bard.

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Research objectives 1) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in tomato and Arabidopsis plants 2) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in pho1 and pho2 Arabidopsis mutants 3) Clone and analyze the PHO2 gene 4) Select Arabidopsis mutants resistant to high and low P 5) Analyze the Arabidopsis mutants and clone the corresponding genes 6) Survey wild tomato species for growth characteristics at various P levels Background to the topic Hexose phosphorylating enzymes, the first enzymes of sugar metabolism, regulate key processes in plants such as photosynthesis, growth, senescence and vascular transport. We have previously discovered that hexose phosphorylating enzymes might regulate these processes as a function of phosphorous (P) concentration, and might accelerate acquisition of P, one of the most limiting nutrients in the soil. These discoveries have opened new avenues to gain fundamental knowledge about the relationship between P, sugar phosphorylation and plant development. Since both hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P levels affect plant development, their interaction is of major importance for agriculture. Due to the acceleration of senescence caused by the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P concentration, traits affecting P uptake may have been lost in the course of cultivation in which fertilization with relatively high P (30 mg/L) are commonly used. We therefore intended to survey wild tomato species for high P-acquisition at low P soil levels. Genetic resources with high P-acquisition will serve not only to generate a segregating population to map the trait and clone the gene, but will also provide a means to follow the trait in classical breeding programs. This approach could potentially be applicable for other crops as well. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements Our results confirm the mutual effect of hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P level on plant development. Two major aspects of this mutual effect arose. One is related to P toxicity in which HXK seems to play a major role, and the second is related to the effect of HXK on P concentration in the plant. Using tomato plants we demonstrated that high HXK activity increased leaf P concentration, and induced P toxicity when leaf P concentration increases above a certain high level. These results further support our prediction that the desired trait of high-P acquisition might have been lost in the course of cultivation and might exist in wild species. Indeed, in a survey of wild species we identified tomato species that acquired P and performed better at low P (in the irrigation water) compared to the cultivated Lycopersicon esculentum species. The connection between hexose phosphorylation and P toxicity has also been shown with the P sensitive species VerticordiaplumosaL . in which P toxicity is manifested by accelerated senescence (Silber et al., 2003). In a previous work we uncovered the phenomenon of sugar induced cell death (SICD) in yeast cells. Subsequently we showed that SICD is dependent on the rate of hexose phosphorylation as determined by Arabidopsis thaliana hexokinase. In this study we have shown that hexokinase dependent SICD has many characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD) (Granot et al., 2003). High hexokinase activity accelerates senescence (a PCD process) of tomato plants, which is further enhanced by high P. Hence, hexokinase mediated PCD might be a general phenomena. Botrytis cinerea is a non-specific, necrotrophic pathogen that attacks many plant species, including tomato. Senescing leaves are particularly susceptible to B. cinerea infection and delaying leaf senescence might reduce this susceptibility. It has been suggested that B. cinerea’s mode of action may be based on induction of precocious senescence. Using tomato plants developed in the course of the preceding BARD grant (IS 2894-97) and characterized throughout this research (Swartzberg et al., 2006), we have shown that B. cinerea indeed induces senescence and is inhibited by autoregulated production of cytokinin (Swartzberg et al., submitted). To further determine how hexokinase mediates sugar effects we have analyzed tomato plants that express Arabidopsis HXK1 (AtHXK1) grown at different P levels in the irrigation water. We found that Arabidopsis hexokinase mediates sugar signalling in tomato plants independently of hexose phosphate (Kandel-Kfir et al., submitted). To study which hexokinase is involved in sugar sensing we searched and identified two additional HXK genes in tomato plants (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006). Tomato plants have two different hexose phosphorylating enzymes; hexokinases (HXKs) that can phosphorylate either glucose or fructose, and fructokinases (FRKs) that specifically phosphorylate fructose. To complete the search for genes encoding hexose phosphorylating enzymes we identified a forth fructokinase gene (FRK) (German et al., 2004). The intracellular localization of the four tomato HXK and four FRK enzymes has been determined using GFP fusion analysis in tobacco protoplasts (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006; Hilla-Weissler et al., 2006). One of the HXK isozymes and one of the FRK isozymes are located within plastids. The other three HXK isozymes are associated with the mitochondria while the other three FRK isozymes are dispersed in the cytosol. We concluded that HXK and FRK are spatially separated in plant cytoplasm and accordingly might play different metabolic and perhaps signalling roles. We have started to analyze the role of the various HXK and FRK genes in plant development. So far we found that LeFRK2 is required for xylem development (German et al., 2003). Irrigation with different P levels had no effect on the phenotype of LeFRK2 antisense plants. In the course of this research we developed a rapid method for the analysis of zygosity in transgenic plants (German et al., 2003).

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Phillips, Donald, und Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.

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Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions

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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz und Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, Juli 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.

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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.

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Historical contributions of phosphorus from natural and agricultural sources and implications for stream water quality, Cheney Reservoir watershed, south-central Kansas. US Geological Survey, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri024021.

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