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1
Chen, Chun-Mei. „Phonetic structures of Paiwan“. ZAS Papers in Linguistics 34 (01.01.2004): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.34.2004.201.
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This study focuses upon a detailed description and analysis of the phonetic structures of Paiwan, an aboriginal language spoken in Taiwan, with around 53,000 speakers, Paiwan, a member of the Austronesian language family, is not typologically related to the other languages such as Mandarin and Taiwanese spoken in its geographically contiguous districts, Earlier work on phonological features of Paiwan (Chang, 1999; Tseng, 2003) sought an account in terms of segments and isolated facts about reduplication and stress, without accounting for the possible roles of phrase-level and sentence-Ievel prosodic structures, Government Teaching Material (1993) listed 25 consonants and 4 vowels, without any description of phonetic features and phonological rules, Chang's (2000) reference grammar included 22 consonants and 4 vowels, with a very brief description of 5 phonological rules on single words, Regional diversity and 25 consonants have been mentioned in Pulaluyan's (2002) teaching material; however, no description of phonological rules was found in his material.
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Lancaster, Alia, und Kira Gor. „Abstraction of phonological representations in adult nonnative speakers“. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 1 (12.06.2016): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v1i0.3725.
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Perception of nonnative contrasts by adult second language (L2) learners is affected by native language phonology. The current study contrasted predictions from two models of L2 phonological acquisition that focus on different representational levels as the origin of native language transfer: the abstract categorization level from the Perceptual Assimilation Model for L2 learners (PAM-L2; Best & Tyler, 2007) and the phonetic level from the Automatic Selective Perception model (ASP; Strange, 2011). The target phonemes were pairs of Arabic consonants that were equally similar on the abstract categorization level but unequally similar on the phonetic level—voiced and voiceless pharyngeal fricatives /ʕ/, /ħ/ and uvular fricatives /χ/, /ʁ/. Twenty intermediate-level English-speaking Arabic L2 learners and 10 Arabic native speakers (NS) completed auditory identification and discrimination tasks. We first conducted a discriminant analysis (DA) to quantify ASP predictions based on phonetic variables. L2 learners were generally more accurate when perceiving the pharyngeal consonants compared to the uvulars and when perceiving the voiced phonemes compared to the voiceless. These findings, and L2 learners’ perceptual variation across contexts, predicted by the DA, suggest that L2 speakers were able to track phonetic cues during L2 perception and thus favor the ASP. These results support the interpretation that L2 learners attend to the phonetic detail in nonnative segments; however, they do not build nativelike phonological representations for the segments with weaker phonetic cues. This ability to process low-level phonetic cues opens the possibility for learners to create more robust phonological representations.
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Lagutina, Anna, und Tat'yana Lalova. „Phonological peculiarities (segmental level) of the French language in Pondicherry (India)“. Филология: научные исследования, Nr. 5 (Mai 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.5.35603.
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This article is dedicated to examination of phonological peculiarities of segmental level of the French language in Pondicherry, one of the regions of the Republic of India. This region is a former trading post of the Fifth Republic, and currently is part of the preserved so-called “French India”. The goal of this research consists in determination of phonetic peculiarities of the French language of the population of Pondicherry in comparison with the central norm of pronunciation in France. The authors conducted an auditory analysis of the text recorded by the broadcasters, as well as thoroughly analyzed its results. In the course of research, the authors examined the level of realization of phonological oppositions within the system of vowels; as well as peculiarities of pronunciation of consonants, preservation or non-preservation of the phenomenon of “binding”, along with the instances pronunciation or fall out of [ə] caduc. The main conclusion consists in confirmation of the assumption on the causes of certain difficulties in realization of the French norm of pronunciation among the residents of Pondicherry. The differences in phonological systems of the French and Tamil languages (native to the population of Pondicherry) are the cause of the emergence distortions or replacements of certain French phonetic sounds. The conducted determined the pronunciation characteristics of French language of the population of Pondicherry, which were affected by their native Tamil language.
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Cho, Taehong, Dong Jin Kim und Sahyang Kim. „Prosodic strengthening in reference to the lexical pitch accent system in South Kyungsang Korean“. Linguistic Review 36, Nr. 1 (23.02.2019): 85–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2018-2008.
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Abstract Theories of the phonetics-prosody interface suggest that prosodic strengthening that arises with prosodic structuring is not simply a low-level phonetic phenomenon, but it serves as a phonetic hallmark of a higher-order prosodic structure in reference to linguistic (phonological) contrast. The present study builds on this theoretical premise by examining acoustic realization of the phonological tonal contrast in the lexical pitch accent system of South Kyungsang (SK) Korean. Results showed that phonetic realization of F0 and the degree of glottalization (as reflected in spectral tilt measures such as H1-A1c and H1-A3c) of vowels in vowel-initial words were systematically modulated by the higher-order prosodic structure, and that the prosodic-structural modulation gave rise to distinct prosodic strengthening effects as a function of the source of prosodic strengthening. In particular, the prominence-induced strengthening (due to focus) entailed a phonetic polarizing effect on the F0 contrast in a way that enhances the phonological High vs. Low tone contrast. The boundary-induced strengthening effect, on the other hand, could be better understood as enhancing the phonetic clarity of prosodic junctures. The distinct prosodic strengthening effects were further evident in the way that glottalization was fine-tuned according to prosodic structure and phonological (tonal) contrast. Prosodic strengthening effects were also found to interact with intrinsic vowel height, implying that the low-level phonetic effect may be under speaker control in reference to higher-order prosodic and phonological contrast systems of the language. Finally, the results informed a theoretical debate regarding whether the Low tone that contrasts with the High tone in word-initial position should be considered lexically specified vs. post-lexical assigned.
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Fretheim, Thorstein. „Phonetically Low Tone–Phonologically High Tone, and Vice Versa“. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 10, Nr. 1 (Juni 1987): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001566.
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The phonological Highs and Lows of prosodic feet in East Norwegian utterances do not always coincide temporally with the phonetic Highs and Lows associated with the pitch contours characteristic of Accent 1 and Accent 2. This paper accounts for two distinct types of discrepancy between actual pitch level and perceived pitch level, i.e. phonological pitch level, in certain prosodically well-defined cases where pitch peaks appear to occur “too late”. In order to determine what is phonologically High or Low in a given prosodic foot, you often have to consider phonetic aspects of the pitch contours of the immediately preceding or the immediately following foot.
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Pouplier, Marianne, Stefania Marin und Susanne Waltl. „Voice Onset Time in Consonant Cluster Errors: Can Phonetic Accommodation Differentiate Cognitive From Motor Errors?“ Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2014): 1577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-12-0412.
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Purpose Phonetic accommodation in speech errors has traditionally been used to identify the processing level at which an error has occurred. Recent studies have challenged the view that noncanonical productions may solely be due to phonetic, not phonological, processing irregularities, as previously assumed. The authors of the present study investigated the relationship between phonological and phonetic planning processes on the basis of voice onset time (VOT) behavior in consonant cluster errors. Method Acoustic data from 22 German speakers were recorded while eliciting errors on sibilant-stop clusters. Analyses consider VOT duration as well as intensity and spectral properties of the sibilant. Results Of all incorrect responses, 28% failed to show accommodation. Sibilant intensity and spectral properties differed from correct responses irrespective of whether VOT was accommodated. Conclusions The data overall do not allow using (a lack of) accommodation as a diagnostic as to the processing level at which an error has occurred. The data support speech production models that allow for an integrated view of phonological and phonetic processing.
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Gordon, Matthew. „A Phonological and Phonetic Study of Word‐Level Stress in Chickasaw“. International Journal of American Linguistics 70, Nr. 1 (Januar 2004): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/422264.
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8
van de Vijver, Ruben, und Fabian Tomaschek. „Special Issue: Phonological and phonetic variation in spoken morphology“. Morphology 31, Nr. 2 (24.02.2021): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11525-021-09376-8.
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AbstractIn recent years, more and more evidence is accumulating that there is a great deal of variation as a result of morphological complexity, both at the level of phonology and at the level of phonetics. Such findings challenge established linguistic models in which morphological information is lost in comprehension or production. The present Special Issue presents five studies that investigate the phenomenon in more detail, centered around the following questions: How do morphological relations affect articulatory and phonological properties of complex words? How do articulatory and phonological properties of complex words reflect their morphological relations? What do these two questions imply about theories that address morphological relatedness at the level of sounds?
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Heydarova, Maya. „Compiling of Phonetic Database Structure“. Path of Science 7, Nr. 4 (30.04.2021): 4001. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.69-6.
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The voice corpus of language is the essential part of the linguistic resources, and it contains the phonetic database. A phonetic database is a structured collection of software-delivered speech fragments. Nowadays, phonetic database or voice corpus became like a new element in speech technologies, and much investigation has taken place according to this event. The investigators' interest in voice corpus is related to the development of a speech recognition system. Today it is enough to experience in preparation of a phonetic database. Equipped with unique information on the preparation and usage of everyday speech corpus, the development level of speech technologies and the increasing power of computer technologies allow for the investigation of various language materials, largescale, and statistical phonetic research. These developed directions of linguistics were investigated in this article. Speech corpora are a valuable source of information for phonological research and the study of sound patterns. The study of speech corpora is in its infancy compared to other field studies in linguistics. Existing speech corpora form the part of the world's languages and do not fully represent all the dialects and speech forms by phonological aspect. The article analyses the history, structure, and importance of developing speech corpses, a branch of corpus linguistics and has developed in recent years. The article also lists the main features to be considered in the design of the speech corpus.
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Gerhold, Kayla, Catherine Torrington Eaton, Rochelle S. Newman und Nan Bernstein Ratner. „Early Phonological Predictors of Toddler Language Outcomes“. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 72, Nr. 6 (22.10.2019): 442–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503230.
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<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Several studies have explored relationships between children’s early phonological development and later language performance. This literature has included a more recent focus on the potential for early phonological profiles to predict later language outcomes. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The present study longitudinally examined the nature of phonetic inventories and syllable structure patterns of 48 typically developing children at 7, 11, and 18 months, and related them to expressive language outcomes at 2 years of age. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Findings provide evidence that as early as 11 months, phonetic inventory and mean syllable structure level are related to 24-month expressive language outcomes, including mean length of utterance and vocabulary diversity in spontaneous language samples, and parent-reported vocabulary scores. Consonant inventories in particular differed at 11 and 18 months for 2-year-olds with lower versus higher language skills. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Limited inventories and syllable repertoires may add to risk profiles for later language delays.
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Nadeu, Marianna. „Phonetic and phonological vowel reduction in Central Catalan“. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 46, Nr. 1 (07.12.2015): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002510031500016x.
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In Central Catalan, phonological vowel reduction causes the stressed seven-vowel system to reduce in number in unstressed position, where only the three reduced vowels [iəu] can occur. Exceptionally, full vowels (typically expected in a stressed syllable only) can appear in unstressed syllables in certain contexts. This study explores the acoustic characteristics of phonologically unreduced vowels found exceptionally in unstressed position in Central Catalan and compares them to stressed full vowels and corresponding unstressed (phonologically reduced) vowels. Results show that, contrary to traditional descriptions, presumably phonologically unreduced vowels in verb + noun compounds sporadically undergo phonological vowel reduction. When they do not, they are shorter than stressed vowels and more centralized in the F1*F2 vowel space. In addition, stressed full vowels do not differ in accented vs. unaccented contexts in duration or vowel quality, indicating that vowels are hyperarticulated under lexical stress, but not when they receive intonational pitch accent. The findings contribute to a body of cross-linguistic research dealing with the influence of prosody at the segmental level.
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James, Allan R. „Prosodic structure in phonological acquisition“. Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 3, Nr. 2 (Dezember 1987): 118–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765838700300203.
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This article discusses the acquisition of the prosodic characteristics of a second language in the light of the development of a target language phonological grammar. Prosodic characteristics are conventionally taken to refer to the intonation and accent patterns in a phonological system. However, nonlinear theories of phonology view the pitch and stress values of a language as defining a separate representation or component in a phonological grammar, i.e. the prosodic structure. A 'metrical' type model of prosodic structure is presented, in which the structural layers of a phonological hierarchy are characterized by the occurrence of particular contrastive (paradigmatic) features and particular phonetic (syntagmatic) effects at each unit-level. The course of acquisition of the prosodic structure of a second language is then shown to be describable in terms of the gradual development of target language values per unit-level of the hierarchy. Data from the L2 English of two L 1 Dutch speakers are examined by way of illustrating some of the claims of the model.
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Kazanskaya, Natalia V. „General problems of teaching phonetics of the Russian language to Northwest Caucasian students: Overcoming and eliminating phonetic interference in the bilingual education conditions“. Rhema, Nr. 3, 2018 (2018): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2018-3-136-151.
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The subject of the present article is overcoming phonetic interference. The main goal of the paper is to analyze and illustrate how the phonological systems of Russian and Northwest Caucasian languages distinguish, and then develop the strategy of lessening and avoiding mother tongue interference in pronunciation of Russian sounds. The paper examines approaches that help the teacher make the process of teaching and learning Russian as a second language (RSL) more productive and efficient for L2 students. This review focuses on using general language teaching methods and techniques based on innovations, such as visual means of learning that allow the elimination of interference on phonological level.
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Al-Rubaat, Atalah Mohammad, und Hammad Ali Alshammari. „Analysis of Phonetic and Phonological Constraints of Saudi EFL Learners“. English Language Teaching 13, Nr. 1 (11.12.2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n1p63.
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This study explores the pronunciation difficulties experienced by Saudi EFL learners at Jouf University (JU) in the north of Saudi Arabia. To achieve this purpose, two main instruments were implemented: an experiment of pronunciation sensitivity response and two interview formats. The sample of this study was selected randomly and consisted of (n=20) students studying English major in their sixth level at JU, and (n=10) English language instructors from the same institution. A mixed-method approach was employed to find out the phonetic and phonological difficulties that participants encountered during the implementation of the experiment of pronunciation sensitivity response, and to interpret participant's responses to the interview formats. The findings revealed that EFL learners experienced six phonetic and phonological problematic patterns related to mispronunciation of: initial consonant cluster, final consonant cluster, multi-syllabic words, unfamiliar sounds, vowels, and voiced or voiceless phonemes. It was also found that EFL learners and instructors had different views regarding these phonetic and phonological issues. The limited time for practice, the lack of authentic materials and tasks, and the need for immersion classes, and effective instruction and learning were all found to be responsible about the phonetic and phonological problems EFL learners encountered and at the same time they were found to be the motives for overcoming these issues. It is believed that the implications and recommendations included in this study would improve the performance of Saudi EFL speaking abilities once they are incorporated effectively in their English learning settings.
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Mel’nik, Yuliya A. „Foreign Language Accent in Russian Speech of the Mongols As a Result of Interference of Language Systems“. Review of Omsk State Pedagogical University. Humanitarian research, Nr. 30 (2021): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36809/2309-9380-2021-30-72-76.
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The article analyses the most typical phonetic and intonational mistakes that arise in the speech of the Mongols when mastering the Russian language. Such mistakes create a specific foreign accent, and can be an obstacle to successful communication. Phonetic and intonational differences in the speech of the Russian-speaking Mongols are due to the influence of the phonological system of their native language, as well as the diverse structure of the compared languages (consonant and vocal), the discrepancy of articulation bases, and the peculiarities of the organization of the super-segment level. The practice shows that Mongol students experience significant difficulties in mastering the phonetics and intonation of the Russian language; the formed accent is very stable and difficult to correct, so it is important to work on pronunciation at the initial stages of language learning. The most effective, according to the author, is a comparative methodology based on a comparative description. The given material can be useful for practicing teachers working in a Mongolian-speaking audience, who are interested in correct pronunciation, who want to get an idea of the phonetic systems of the compared languages to prevent typical mistakes and correct them.
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Murashkina, O. V. „To the Issue of Communicative Teaching Foreign Languages“. Язык и текст 7, Nr. 2 (2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2020070206.
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The article deals with the issue of teaching foreign languages with the usage of methods communicative. Communicative approach and communicative method are two interrelated concepts. Language competence developed in social context is the basis for successful communication in the target language. The article deals with the problem of the formation of phonological hearing in the process of teaching Spanish as a foreign language. The problem of learning the correct pronunciation is key in learning Spanish at the initial stage due to the diverse dialectal variability of the Spanish language. The main difficulty in mastering Spanish phonetics is the variety of national variants and dialects, which at the level of sounding speech represent a motley allophonic picture. In this regard, the task of forming phonological hearing in the process of teaching Spanish as a foreign language is a priority. The difference between phonetic systems and phonological structures of the native and the studied foreign languages is the main reason for linguistic interferences, therefore it is important to determine the allophonic picture when teaching the phonetics of the Spanish language.
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Xie, Xin, und Emily Myers. „Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus Sensitivity to Phonetic Competition in Receptive Language Processing: A Comparison of Clear and Conversational Speech“. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, Nr. 3 (März 2018): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01208.
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The speech signal is rife with variations in phonetic ambiguity. For instance, when talkers speak in a conversational register, they demonstrate less articulatory precision, leading to greater potential for confusability at the phonetic level compared with a clear speech register. Current psycholinguistic models assume that ambiguous speech sounds activate more than one phonological category and that competition at prelexical levels cascades to lexical levels of processing. Imaging studies have shown that the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) is modulated by phonetic competition between simultaneously activated categories, with increases in activation for more ambiguous tokens. Yet, these studies have often used artificially manipulated speech and/or metalinguistic tasks, which arguably may recruit neural regions that are not critical for natural speech recognition. Indeed, a prominent model of speech processing, the dual-stream model, posits that the LIFG is not involved in prelexical processing in receptive language processing. In the current study, we exploited natural variation in phonetic competition in the speech signal to investigate the neural systems sensitive to phonetic competition as listeners engage in a receptive language task. Participants heard nonsense sentences spoken in either a clear or conversational register as neural activity was monitored using fMRI. Conversational sentences contained greater phonetic competition, as estimated by measures of vowel confusability, and these sentences also elicited greater activation in a region in the LIFG. Sentence-level phonetic competition metrics uniquely correlated with LIFG activity as well. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the LIFG responds to competition at multiple levels of language processing and that recruitment of this region does not require an explicit phonological judgment.
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CUTLER, ANNE. „Representation of second language phonology“. Applied Psycholinguistics 36, Nr. 1 (Januar 2015): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716414000459.
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ABSTRACTOrthographies encode phonological information only at the level of words (chiefly, the information encoded concerns phonetic segments; in some cases, tonal information or default stress may be encoded). Of primary interest to second language (L2) learners is whether orthography can assist in clarifying L2 phonological distinctions that are particularly difficult to perceive (e.g., where one native-language phonemic category captures two L2 categories). A review of spoken-word recognition evidence suggests that orthographic information can install knowledge of such a distinction in lexical representations but that this does not affect learners’ ability to perceive the phonemic distinction in speech. Words containing the difficult phonemes become even harder for L2 listeners to recognize, because perception maps less accurately to lexical content.
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Blazhevich, Yuliya. „Phonetic Peculiarities of the French Language of Cameroon“. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2019): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.4.17.
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Phonetic peculiarities of the territorial variant of the French language in Cameroon have been considered in the article. Audio- and video recordings of French-speaking Cameroonians have been used for the study. Significant divergences between the phonetic systems of the French language of the former metropolis and its Cameroonian version have been detected in the systems of vowels and consonants as well as on the prosodic level. The analysis proves that local Cameroonian languages being L1 of the speakers interfere with the French language of Cameroon as articulation habits of mother tongues are transferred into their speech in the French language. In the vowel system we have detected the following phonological phenomena: substitution of French sounds by the L1 ones, denasalization, diphthongization of vowels, change of sound length and use of epenthesis. In the consonant system such phenomena as substitution, devoicing, voicing, palatalization, sound opposition attenuation and consonant cluster simplification have been detected. Alterations are also observed on the prosodic level where L1 interference manifests in the form of excess tone marking transferred into French which is characteristic of most indigenous African languages. Four groups of accents spoken in Cameroon are also singled out and their main characteristics are described in the article.
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Solé, Maria-Josep. „New Ways of Analyzing Sound Change“. Sound Change 9 (01.01.1994): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.9.03sol.
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Abstract. Synchronic and diachronic sound change may involve (1) the phonologization of an effect of phonetic implementation, or (2) the lexicalization of phonetic or phonogical processes. This paper seeks to determine the phonologization and lexicalization of phonetic and phonological effects on the basis of their behaviour across different speaking rates. To illustrate the phonologization of phonetic effects, cross-linguistic data on aspiration and vowel nasalization across different speech rates are presented. The data show that phonological effects adjust to variations in speech rate, so as to keep a constant perceptual distance across rates, whereas phonetic effects, which originate at a lower level, remain constant across rates or present rate-correlated changes which can be accounted for by the general principles of speech motor control. Speech rate might also allow us to distinguish between phonetic effects which do not involve a change in the underlying representation, and effects which have been lexicalized. Connected speech processes, such as assimilation, are known to depend on factors such as speaking rate and speaking style. Consequently, low level assimilatory processes are expected to show continuous variation with changes in rate, as a result of increased gestural overlap. On the contrary, if assimilatory processes have been lexicalized as a distinct lexical representation or as an alternative style-dependent form, then the lexicalized form will exhibit a rate-invariant pattern. A variety of experimental data which provide support for this new way of analyzing sound change is presented. It is argued that part of the synchronic variation in present-day speakers is due to sound change, i.e. a discrete, categorical change in the speaker's grammar.
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Schwartz, Geoffrey, Anna Balas und Arkadiusz Rojczyk. „Phonological Factors Affecting L1 Phonetic Realization of Proficient Polish Users of English“. Research in Language 13, Nr. 2 (30.06.2015): 180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2015-0014.
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Acoustic phonetic studies examine the L1 of Polish speakers with professional level proficiency in English. The studies include two tasks, a production task carried out entirely in Polish and a phonetic code-switching task in which speakers insert target Polish words or phrases into an English carrier. Additionally, two phonetic parameters are studied: the oft-investigated VOT, as well as glottalization vs. sandhi linking of wordinitial vowels. In monolingual Polish mode, L2 interference was observed for the VOT parameter, but not for sandhi linking. It is suggested that this discrepancy may be related to the differing phonological status of the two phonetic parameters. In the code-switching tasks, VOTs were on the whole more English-like than in monolingual mode, but this appeared to be a matter of individual performance. An increase in the rate of sandhi linking in the code-switches, except for the case of one speaker, appeared to be a function of accelerated production of L1 target items.
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BULLOCK, BARBARA E., und CHIP GERFEN. „The preservation of schwa in the converging phonological system of Frenchville (PA) French“. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8, Nr. 2 (14.07.2005): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728905002178.
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The phonological system of the French of Frenchville, Pennsylvania (USA) demonstrates a dramatic case of transfer in the latest (and last) generation of bilingual French–English speakers: the mid front round vowels, [œ] and [ø], have often been replaced by the English rhoticized schwa as found in the word sir. However, French schwa, which is arguably phonetically non-distinct from the mid front round vowels, does not participate fully in this merger. This result is unexpected given both the phonetic identity of schwa and [ø], and the fact that our speakers are not literate in French and, as such, have no access to the differential orthographic representations manifest between schwa and the mid front round vowels. The data argue strongly that schwa is, in some sense, “real” for these speakers. Based on a phonetic analysis of the vowels under consideration, we argue that transfer between two sound systems cannot be perceived as a simple case of phonetic replacement. Instead, transfer or convergence with English must be viewed as a systemic process that preserves contrast in unexpected ways. In the case at hand, the data suggest that the traditional separation between the phonetic and phonological levels of grammar cannot be maintained as each level contributes to both provoking merger and maintaining contrast in bilingual speech.
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CRASBORN, ONNO, und ELS VAN DER KOOIJ. „The phonology of focus in Sign Language of the Netherlands“. Journal of Linguistics 49, Nr. 3 (11.04.2013): 515–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226713000054.
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Signed languages are similar to spoken languages in the overall organisation of their grammars, displaying a prosodic level of organisation that is not isomorphic to the syntactic organisation. Their rich inventory of manual and non-manual features allows for a prolific range of functions if used prosodically. New data from Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT, Nederlandse Gebarentaal) are discussed to demonstrate that focused constituents are not marked by a single prosodic feature, but rather by multiple properties that can also have other functions in the prosodic phonology of the language. These findings are integrated in an overall model of sign language prosody that emphasises the distinction between phonetic appearance and phonological representation and that allows for the interaction of linguistic and paralinguistic cues in visual communication.
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Natcheewan, Mekratankulpat, Nina Fedotova und Tatiana Lypkan. „Identification of Thai students’ level of phonetic sensitivity in the imitation of Russian syllables“. SHS Web of Conferences 55 (2018): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185504002.
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The article deals with the role of phonological sensitivity in the development of skills in a foreign language. In psycholinguistic terms, verbal communication in non-native language is a language contact. It is important that, in learning environments, the interaction of contacting languages should not be spontaneous, it should be taken into account in the modeling of verbal communication. Since the formation of mechanisms that ensure the speech activity of an individual in the language under study occurs under the influence of interference, it is necessary to study the manifestation of the specifics contacting linguistic systems in the perception of speech in a non-native language. To make the right decision – whether or not an incorrect perception of the phonemic composition of words occurs in the natural conditions of communication in a foreign language – is not possible. This requires a special phonetic experiment. The authors describe the results of an experiment aimed at revealing the phonetic sensitivity of native speakers of Thai. The material of the experiment was 260 syllables having the structure CV (consonant + vowel). Subjects who had not previously studied the Russian language had to listen to audio recordings of syllables pronunciation and reproduce them. Thus, the implementation of Russian vowels and consonants in the composition of syllables was analyzed. The authors succeeded in revealing the similarity and difference in the articulatory characteristics of the interacting languages’ sounds. It was found that when imitating Russian syllables the Thais are not aware of the opposition of consonants on the grounds of “hardness-softness” and “voiceless-voiced”. In this connection special work is required to produce soft sounds and to develop skills for distinguishing sounds from voiceless-voiced. During the study, it was confirmed that the influence of the native language is clearly manifested if it is functionally prevalent.
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Glushchenko, Volodymyr. „PAVLO ZHYTETSKYI AND THE TYPOLOGY OF THE SLAVONIC LANGUAGES“. Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2021, Nr. 32 (2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2021-32-3.
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P. H. Zhytetskyi’sbook «Очерк звуковой истории малорусского наречия» became a valuable contribution into Ukrainian and Slavonic studies. Zhytetskyi is credited with posing the problem of the relationship between vocalism and consonantism in the history of the Ukrainian language, and thus in the history of the Slavonic languages in general. Zhytetskyi’s thesis about «the poor» vocalism combining with «the rich» consonantism and vice versa in the Slavonic languages and in their history set the grounds of the historical typology of the Slavonic languages (on the phonological level) and proved to be really effective in the XXth ct. linguistics. It provided the principles of the Slavonic languages division into two types – a vocal and a consonant ones, which were interpreted both synchronically and diachronically (A. V. Isachenko, K. V. Horshkova, V. V. Ivanov, V. V. Kolesov). Zhytetskyi reconstructed the systems of archytypes and the systems of phonetic rules with the similar mechanism (united by a common cause). This resulted in Zhytetskyi’s understanding of the Ukrainian phonetic system history as a chain of causally related phonetic processes on the level of the subsystems (vocalism and consonantism) and the sound categories (strong and weak, voiced and unvoiced, hard and soft consonants). Therefore, Zhytetskyi’s concept of the relationship between vocalism and consonantism in the history of the Ukrainian language has retained its relevance in comparative and typological linguistiscs of the XX-th ct. – early XXIst ct.
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Grakholskaya, Marina. „Phonetic Characteristics of the Verbal Vocabulary in the Dystopian Novel «Fahrenheit 451» by R. Bradbury“. Izvestia of Smolensk State University, Nr. 2(50) (02.07.2020): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-50-2-103-112.
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The interaction of multi-aspect and multi-level features as well as their relationshas been the subject of a number of studies in the field of quantitative linguistics. However, these studies were conducted mainly on language material. It is interesting to apply a similar analysis aimed at establishing the ratio of the
parameters characterizing one of the linguistic levels to the speech. For example, this article discusses the phonetic features of the verbs used in the novel «Fahrenheit 451» by Ray Bradbury. Each of the verbs is assigned a number of phonetic characteristics (syllabic, accent, phonological ones). The relations of
the declared parameters at the phonetic level are revealed due to the application of statistical methods, viz. Cole’scorrelation coefficient and Jaccard’ssimilarity coefficient. The obtained data are compared with the corresponding
parameters of high-frequency verbal vocabulary. As a result, it is
noted that the verbs appearing in the novel, have their own characteristics in the space of phonetic features and it also shows their level of similarity with highfrequency lexical units in connection with the ratio of phonetic characteristics.
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Koporova, K. „PHONEMES AND THEIR PRONUNCIATION VARIATIONS IN STANDARD RUSIN LANGUAGE IN SLOVAKIA (CONSONANTS)“. Rusin, Nr. 60 (2020): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/60/11.
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Standard Rusin language in Slovakia (codified in 1995) provides space for greater linguistic research within individual levels of language; namely the phonetic and phonological level, as in this article. The study presents pronunciation variations of selected consonants in standard Rusin in Slovakia in their individual phonological realisations. The author draws on her original research into the culture of contemporary Rusin spoken in Slovakia, as well as the results by linguists who dealt with Rusin dialects in the past (Olaf Broch, Ivan Paňkevič, Georgij Gerovskij, and others), primarily the research by the phonetician and phonologist Vasi Latta, and the codifier of standard Rusin in Slovakia Vasi Jabur. The study is part of the forthcoming orthoepic norm of standard Rusin in Slovakia.
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Rouch, Megan, und Anya Lunden. „The status of word-final phonetic phenomena“. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, Nr. 1 (23.03.2020): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4730.
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The right edge of the word is a known domain for processes like phonological devoicing. This has been argued to be the effect of analogy from higher prosodic domains, rather than an in situ motivated change (Hock 1999, Hualde and Eager 2016). Phonetic word-level phenomena of final lengthening and final devoicing have been found to occur natively word-finally (Lunden 2006, 2017, Nakai et al. 2009) despite claims that they have no natural phonetic pressure originating in this position (Hock 1999). We present the results of artificial language learning studies that seek to answer the question of whether phonetic-level cues to the word-final position can aid in language parsing. If they do, it provides evidence that listeners can make use of word-level phonetic phenomena, which, together with studies that have found them to be present, speaks to their inherent presence at the word level. We find that adult listeners are better able to recognize the words they heard in a speech stream, and better able to reject words that they did not hear, when final lengthening was present at the right edge of the word. Final devoicing was not found to give the same boost to parsing.
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Nittrouer, Susan. „The Duality of Patterning in Language and Its Relationship to Reading in Children With Hearing Loss“. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 5, Nr. 6 (17.12.2020): 1400–1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_persp-20-00029.
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Purpose Duality of patterning has long been recognized as a unique design feature of human language and refers to the distinct bilevel structure in which words comprise one level (semantic) and word-internal, phonetic elements comprise the other level (phonological). This report describes this design feature and offers a perspective on why and how it should help shape reading interventions for children with hearing loss. Method Three components comprise this report. The first main section offers an overview of duality of patterning. The second main section reviews results from a longitudinal study illustrating how children with and without hearing loss acquire each level of linguistic structure and how each level contributes to reading acquisition for each group differently. The third main section of this report provides suggestions for how to incorporate this information into interventions for children with hearing loss. Results Outcomes presented illustrate that semantic structure begins to take form first, with phonological structure following. Semantic structure is related to reading comprehension, and phonological structure is related to word recognition, at least for alphabetic orthographies. Children with hearing loss acquire a less differentiated linguistic system, with structure at the phonological level only partly or coarsely acquired and with a lack of clear distinction from the semantic level of structure. Consequently, the roles of each level of structure in reading acquisition are less clearly defined for children with hearing loss. Conclusion For children with normal hearing, learning to read is compartmentalized: Emerging sensitivity to phonological structure supports development of word recognition, and semantic-level skills support reading comprehension. Hearing loss diminishes language skills overall, but especially phonological sensitivity. Children with hearing loss, especially those with cochlear implants, must rely on all language skills to learn to read, including both word recognition and reading comprehension, which creates a highly inefficient processing strategy.
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Perea, Manuel, Joana Acha und Manuel Carreiras. „Short article: Eye movements when reading text messaging (txt msgng)“. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, Nr. 8 (August 2009): 1560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210902783653.
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The growing popularity of mobile-phone technology has led to changes in the way people—particularly younger people—communicate. A clear example of this is the advent of Short Message Service (SMS) language, which includes orthographic abbreviations (e.g., omitting vowels, as in wk, week) and phonetic respelling (e.g., using u instead of you). In the present study, we examined the pattern of eye movements during reading of SMS sentences (e.g., my hols wr gr8), relative to normally written sentences, in a sample of skilled “texters”. SMS sentences were created by using (mostly) orthographic or phonological abbreviations. Results showed that there is a reading cost—both at a local level and at a global level—for individuals who are highly expert in SMS language. Furthermore, phonological abbreviations resulted in a greater cost than orthographic abbreviations.
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Nazzi, Thierry, und Anne Cutler. „How Consonants and Vowels Shape Spoken-Language Recognition“. Annual Review of Linguistics 5, Nr. 1 (14.01.2019): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011919.
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All languages instantiate a consonant/vowel contrast. This contrast has processing consequences at different levels of spoken-language recognition throughout the lifespan. In adulthood, lexical processing is more strongly associated with consonant than with vowel processing; this has been demonstrated across 13 languages from seven language families and in a variety of auditory lexical-level tasks (deciding whether a spoken input is a word, spotting a real word embedded in a minimal context, reconstructing a word minimally altered into a pseudoword, learning new words or the “words” of a made-up language), as well as in written-word tasks involving phonological processing. In infancy, a consonant advantage in word learning and recognition is found to emerge during development in some languages, though possibly not in others, revealing that the stronger lexicon–consonant association found in adulthood is learned. Current research is evaluating the relative contribution of the early acquisition of the acoustic/phonetic and lexical properties of the native language in the emergence of this association.
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Jones, Noel K. „Development of morphophonemic segments in children’s mental representations of words“. Applied Psycholinguistics 12, Nr. 2 (Juni 1991): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009152.
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ABSTRACTThis study explores the development in children of dual-level phonological processing. Evidence suggesting that 6-year-olds form underlying representations composed of morphophonemic segments was obtained by asking children to imitate complex words, omit specified portions, and discuss the meaning of the resulting word parts. Trial items represent a variety of instances in which phonetic forms differ from underlying representations. Although language-advanced first graders produced stronger evidence suggesting morphophonemic segments than language-delayed age-mates, and young adults supplied stronger evidence than either first-grade group; strength of evidence leads to the interpretation that even language-delayed 6-year-olds form morphophonemic segments. Differences in performance between groups probably derive from differences in metalinguistic abilities and linguistic experience rather than from differences in units of phonological processing.
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Saito, Kazuya, und Xianghua Wu. „COMMUNICATIVE FOCUS ON FORM AND SECOND LANGUAGE SUPRASEGMENTAL LEARNING“. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 36, Nr. 4 (23.05.2014): 647–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263114000114.
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The current study examined how form-focused instruction (FFI) with and without corrective feedback (CF) as output enhancement facilitated second language (L2) perception of Mandarin tones at both the phonetic and phonological levels by 41 Cantonese learners of Mandarin. Two experimental groups, FFI only and FFI-CF, received a 90-min FFI treatment designed to encourage them to notice and practice the categorical distinctions of Mandarin tones through a range of communicative input and output activities. During these activities, the instructors provided CF only to students in the FFI-CF group by recasting and pushing them to repair their mispronunciations of the target features (i.e., output enhancement). The control group received comparable meaning-oriented instruction without any FFI. The effectiveness of FFI was assessed via a forced-choice identification task with both trained and untrained items for a variety of tonal contrasts in Mandarin (high-level Tone 1 vs. mid-rising Tone 2 vs. high-falling Tone 4). According to statistical comparisons, the FFI-only group attained significant improvement in all lexical and tonal contexts, and such effectiveness was evident particularly in the acquisition of Tone 1 and Tone 4—supposedly the most difficult instances due to their identical phonological status in the learners’ first language, Cantonese. The FFI-CF group, however, demonstrated marginally significant gains only under the trained lexical conditions. The results suggest that FFI promotes learners’ attentional shift from vocabulary to sound learning (generalizable gains in trained and untrained items) and facilitates their access to new phonetic and phonological categories. Yet the relative advantage of adding CF to FFI as output enhancement remains unclear, especially with respect to the less experienced L2 learners in the current study.
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McMahon, April, Paul Foulkes und Laura Tollfree. „Gestural representation and Lexical Phonology“. Phonology 11, Nr. 2 (August 1994): 277–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001974.
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Recent work on Articulatory Phonology (Browman & Goldstein 1986, 1989, 1991, 1992a, b) raises a number of questions, specifically involving the phonetics–phonology ‘interface’. One advantage of using Articulatory Phonology (henceforth ArtP), with its basic units of abstract gestures based on articulatory movements, is its ability to link phenomena previously seen as phonological to those which are conventionally described as allophonic, or even lower-level phonetic effects, since ‘gestures are... useful primitives for characterising phonological patterns as well as for analysing the activity of the vocal tract articulators’ (Browman & Goldstein 1991: 313). If both phonetics and phonology could ultimately be cast entirely in gestural terms, the phonetics–phonology interface might effectively cease to exist, at least in terms of units of analysis.
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Kochetov, Alexei, und Yoonjung Kang. „Supralaryngeal implementation of length and laryngeal contrasts in Japanese and Korean“. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 62, Nr. 1 (16.01.2017): 18–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2016.39.
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AbstractThis article investigates supralaryngeal characteristics of Japanese and Korean length and laryngeal contrasts in stops and affricates. Electropalatography data collected from five Japanese and five Korean speakers revealed similar differences among the consonants in the degree of linguopalatal contact and duration of the closure. Japanese (voiceless) geminate and Korean fortis obstruents were most constricted and had the longest duration (although considerably longer in Japanese). Japanese voiced and Korean lenis obstruents were least constricted and had the shortest duration. Japanese voiceless (singleton) and Korean aspirated obstruents showed intermediate degree of contact and duration. Both stops and affricates showed a positive correlation between degree of contact and duration. The results show that the two very different sets of phonological contrasts are implemented similarly at the supralaryngeal level. These cross-language similarities and cross-category differences are proposed to result from the application of independently-motivated phonetic enhancement rules to distinct phonological representations of laryngeal/length contrasts in the two languages.
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Kent, Ray D., Giuliana Miolo und Suzi Bloedel. „The Intelligibility of Children’s Speech“. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 3, Nr. 2 (Mai 1994): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0302.81.
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Summary descriptions are included for 19 procedures that have been, or could be, used to assess the intelligibility of pediatric subjects. Most procedures can be placed in one of the following categories, depending on the emphasis of the analysis: phonetic contrast analysis, phonological process analysis, word identification tests, phonetic indices derived from continuous speech scoring, scaling of continuous speech, and traditional word-level analysis of continuous speech. The general discussion includes an examination of the major issues to be considered in intelligibility testing and a set of criteria to be applied in test selection.
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Kraska-Szlenk,, Iwona, und Marzena Żygis,. „Phonetic and lexical gradience in Polish prefixed words“. Cognitive Linguistics 23, Nr. 2 (25.05.2012): 317–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2012-0010.
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AbstractThe article focuses on the gradient phonetic effects occurring at the prefix-stem boundary in Polish and their phonological interpretation. The environment of a consonant-final prefix followed by a vowel-initial stem exhibits remarkable variation as to the presence of specific phonetic cues, ranging from their being completely absent or very weak to the presence of strong ones, such as the occurrence of a glottal stop combined with partial devoicing of the prefix-final consonant and full glottalization of the stem-initial vowel. A significant correlation is observed between the number of the phonetic cues marking the morphological boundary and the lexical frequency, as well as certain other factors. The gradient character of the prefix-stem juncture in Polish is independently motivated by the speakers' attitudes as revealed in a psycholinguistic test, which demonstrates that the low-level phonetic features contribute to the mental representation of language grammar. The discussion of the data is conducted in the larger context of Polish sandhi, phonotactics and neighbourhood density effects, providing a functional explanation of the analysed problem and of certain prefix-suffix asymmetries. All the evidence in the article points to the importance of language usage criteria in shaping a language grammar and to the necessity of recognizing this fact in linguistic analysis.
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Chan, Ricky KW, und Janny HC Leung. „WHY ARE LEXICAL TONES DIFFICULT TO LEARN?“ Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42, Nr. 1 (16.09.2019): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263119000482.
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AbstractL2 sounds present different kinds of challenges to learners at the phonetic, phonological, and lexical levels, but previous studies on L2 tone learning mostly focused on the phonetic and lexical levels. The present study employs an innovative technique to examine the role of prior tonal experience and musical training on forming novel abstract syllable-level tone categories. Eighty Cantonese and English musicians and nonmusicians completed two tasks: (a) AX tone discrimination and (b) incidental learning of artificial tone-segment connections (e.g., words beginning with an aspirated stop always carry a rising tone) with synthesized stimuli modeled on Thai. Although the four participant groups distinguished the target tones similarly well, Cantonese speakers showed abstract and implicit knowledge of the target tone-segment mappings after training but English speakers did not, regardless of their musical experience. This suggests that tone language experience, but not musical experience, is crucial for forming novel abstract syllable-level tone categories.
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López, Verónica González. „Spanish and English word-initial voiceless stop production in code-switched vs. monolingual structures“. Second Language Research 28, Nr. 2 (April 2012): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658312439821.
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The present study examines the production outcomes of late second language (L2) learners in order to determine if the mechanisms that allow the creation of phonetic categories remains available during the lifespan, as the Speech Language Model (SLM) claims. In addition, the study focuses on the type of interaction that exists between the first language (L1) and L2 phonological subsystems. Given the participants’ proficiency level, L1 influence on the L2 is expected, while a bidirectional L1–L2 interaction is unlikely. The main tool used to examine language interaction and category development is VOT (voice onset time) production in monolingual and code-switched (CS) sentences. Participants, then, serve as their own control against which production in CS sentences is compared. The results confirm the availability of L2 phonetic category formation for late L2 learners, while different patterns of L1–L2 uni- and bidirectional interaction indicate that different places of articulation may pose various levels of difficulty in terms of ease and pace of acquisition.
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Magomedova, T. I. „Phonetic Correlations of the Russian and Slovak Languages: Vocalism“. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 162, Nr. 5 (2020): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2020.5.239-248.
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The correlation analysis of vocal systems of the Russian and Slovak languages, in which phonological spaces are determined by the number and set of phoneme-forming differential characteristics of vowels, was performed. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the conscious assimilation of the Russian and Slovak languages is favorable at all levels of the language systems because of their kinship and proximity. However, even in this case, there are difficulties leading to active interference, especially at the phonetic level. For the first time, a correlation description of the phonemes composition of the Russian and Slovak vowels was carried out. It is correlative linguistics that has some advantages in terms of solving the practical problems of comparative linguistics. The study was performed in order to update the phonetic similarities in a closely related language environment, where the fact of kinship of languages often leads to the fact that the learner pays attention only to similarities, thereby ignoring differences in the similarities themselves. The terms of correlative linguistics were used: antecedent, correlate, and correspondence. As a result of the study, the following findings were made: five relatively complete correspondences with common phoneme-forming signs, five partial matches stating the absence of certain properties characteristic of the phoneme of the correlate, six zero matches indicating the presence of an antecedent sign, which is not typical for the phonetic system of the correlate and vice versa. It was revealed that the index of the degree of vocalism conformity in the Russian and Slovak languages is 0.25.
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Pejaković, Sanela Kovačević. „Maritime English Language – General Features“. European Journal of Language and Literature 3, Nr. 1 (30.12.2015): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v3i1.p112-117.
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The aim of this paper is to point out at the real role of English for specific purposes and its importance for the development of modern society (where English for specific purposes is accepted as the international language) and that the essential characteristics of English of maritime profession - as simultaneously creative and limited professional language are clearly and accurately defined. Under the linguistic creativity is primarily implied the ability of any natural language to create from a limited resource of linguistic units an unlimited number of linguistic units at all levels- the phonetic, phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactic and semantic level. Thus, limitation of linguistic units accompanied by linguistic unlimited creativity allows linguistic functionality, respectively the ability of language to respond to all challenges of civilization, man and society. With its creativity language transcends all boundaries and is ready to respond to any new accomplishment, invention or appearance of the modern age.
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Huszthy, Bálint. „Italian preconsonantal s-voicing is not regressive voice assimilation“. Linguistic Review 38, Nr. 1 (01.02.2021): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2021-2058.
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Abstract In the literature of laryngeal phonology Romance languages are considered voice languages, exhibiting a binary distinction between a voiced lenis and a voiceless fortis set of obstruents. Voice languages are characterised by regressive voice assimilation (RVA) due to the phonological activity of [voice]. Italian manifests a process similar to RVA, called preconsonantal s-voicing; that is, /s/ becomes voiced before voiced consonants. Since /sC/ is the only obstruent cluster in Italian phonotactics, Italian seems to fulfil the requirements for being a prototypical voice language. However, this paper argues that s-voicing is not an instance of RVA, at least from a synchronic phonological point of view. RVA and Italian preconsonantal s-voicing essentially differ at every level of a synchronic comparison: in the input, in the trigger, in the domain of application and in the frequency of the processes. In Italian only sibilant fricatives may undergo voicing before consonants; however, other obstruents (which mostly appear in loanwords) do not assimilate for [voice]. Italian preconsonantal s-voicing does not take place at the word boundary or at morpheme boundaries, and it seems to be optional is new loanwords; thus, it is not a postlexical process like RVA. The synchronic differences between the two phenomena are analysed in Classical Optimality Theory. The laryngeal system of Italian prefers faithfulness over markedness, which means that non-/sC/ obstruent clusters surface with underlying voice values; while the voicing of /s/ before voiced consonants is seen as phonetic and not phonological.
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Kawahara, Shigeto, und Aaron Braver. „Durational properties of emphatically lengthened consonants in Japanese“. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 44, Nr. 3 (25.11.2014): 237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100314000085.
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Languages can make use of phonetic duration to signal two kinds of meanings. The first is a lexical, phonological contrast. For example, in Japanese [kata] with a short [t] means ‘frame’ and [katta] with a long [tt] means ‘bought’. This sort of contrast is usually limited to a binary distinction, and its phonetic properties have been well studied for many diverse languages. The other use of phonetic duration is to express pragmatic emphasis. Speakers of some languages can use lengthening to express emphasis, as in the English exampleThank you sooooooo much. This lengthening can employ multiple degrees of duration, beyond the more standard binary contrast. This second use of duration has been understudied, and this paper attempts to fill that gap. To that end, this paper reports the first experimental documentation of the consonant lengthening pattern in Japanese, which expresses pragmatic emphasis. The results show that at least some speakers show six levels of durational distinctions, while other speakers show less clear-cut distinctions among different levels of emphatically lengthened consonants. Nevertheless, all but one speaker showed a linear correlation between duration and level of emphasis.
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Simonet, Miquel, und Mark Amengual. „Increased language co-activation leads to enhanced cross-linguistic phonetic convergence“. International Journal of Bilingualism 24, Nr. 2 (10.02.2019): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006919826388.
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Purpose: This study investigates the effects of bilingual language modes (or settings) on the speech production patterns of a group of early Catalan/Spanish bilinguals from Majorca, Spain. Our main research question was as follows: are bilingual speech patterns modulated by the level of (co-)activation of a bilingual’s two languages? Design: Bilingual participants were classified as a function of their linguistic experience (or dominance), from Catalan- to Spanish-dominant. Subsequently, we recorded their speech in two experimental settings: a unilingual setting in which only Catalan words were uttered, and a bilingual setting in which both Catalan and Spanish words (cognates) were produced in random order. Data and analysis: The study examined the acoustic realization of Spanish and Catalan unstressed /a/, which surfaces as [a] in Spanish but is reduced to schwa, [ə], in Catalan. The acoustic characteristics of unstressed /a/ were explored across the two languages and the two experimental settings. Findings: Catalan unstressed /a/, which was similarly reduced to schwa in the speech of all participants, became slightly more similar to Spanish unstressed /a/ (i.e., it had a higher first formant) when produced alongside Spanish words (bilingual setting) than when produced in a Catalan unilingual setting. There were no effects of linguistic experience, and the effects of setting did not interact with experience. Originality: Very few studies have reported the effects of dynamic cross-linguistic interference in phonetic production, and even fewer have reported them with a phonetic variable resulting from a language-specific phonological process (unstressed vowel reduction) rather than a phonemic contrast. Implications: These findings suggest that cross-linguistic interaction is dynamic and modulated by language activation, and that an absence of dominance effects does not necessarily entail an absence of online cross-linguistic phonetic influence.
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Kharlamov, Viktor, Kenneth Campbell und Nina Kazanina. „Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence for Early and Automatic Detection of Phonological Equivalence in Variable Speech Inputs“. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, Nr. 11 (November 2011): 3331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2011.21606.
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Speech sounds are not always perceived in accordance with their acoustic–phonetic content. For example, an early and automatic process of perceptual repair, which ensures conformity of speech inputs to the listener's native language phonology, applies to individual input segments that do not exist in the native inventory or to sound sequences that are illicit according to the native phonotactic restrictions on sound co-occurrences. The present study with Russian and Canadian English speakers shows that listeners may perceive phonetically distinct and licit sound sequences as equivalent when the native language system provides robust evidence for mapping multiple phonetic forms onto a single phonological representation. In Russian, due to an optional but productive t-deletion process that affects /stn/ clusters, the surface forms [sn] and [stn] may be phonologically equivalent and map to a single phonological form /stn/. In contrast, [sn] and [stn] clusters are usually phonologically distinct in (Canadian) English. Behavioral data from identification and discrimination tasks indicated that [sn] and [stn] clusters were more confusable for Russian than for English speakers. The EEG experiment employed an oddball paradigm with nonwords [asna] and [astna] used as the standard and deviant stimuli. A reliable mismatch negativity response was elicited approximately 100 msec postchange in the English group but not in the Russian group. These findings point to a perceptual repair mechanism that is engaged automatically at a prelexical level to ensure immediate encoding of speech inputs in phonological terms, which in turn enables efficient access to the meaning of a spoken utterance.
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Łukaszewicz, Beata. „The dynamical landscape: phonological acquisition and the phonology–phonetics link“. Phonology 38, Nr. 1 (Februar 2021): 81–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675721000051.
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During acquisition children internalise adult-based phonological patterns and alternately adopt and discard child-specific patterns reflecting their unskilled production. The child-specific patterns are often assumed to be low-level phonetic effects, and so, in a classical modular feedforward grammar, they should not interfere with the higher-level adult-based phonology. This paper reports an interaction in which the application of a categorical adult-based process (Voice Assimilation) is conditioned by a gradient child-specific process (fricative devoicing). Acoustic analyses of longitudinal data from a Polish-speaking child reveal variable Voice Assimilation effects in target voiced fricative–stop/stop–fricative clusters (voicing and devoicing), correlated with the extent of voicing in fricatives in non-assimilatory contexts. I analyse this phonology–phonetics trade-off by appealing to symbol-like dynamical representations, expressed in the language of non-linear mathematics. Such representations offer a non-derivational link between the qualitative and quantitative aspects of speech. Variability ensues as a natural consequence of grammar change.
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Kirkova-Naskova, Anastazija. „Second language pronunciation: a summary of teaching techniques“. Journal for Foreign Languages 11, Nr. 1 (30.12.2019): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/vestnik.11.119-136.
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The aim of the paper is to give a critical summary of the traditional and more alternative techniques and activities for pronunciation practice recommended in the literature. In the past few decades the theoretical approaches to teaching pronunciation have changed considerably, from giving a strong focus on the accurate production of individual speech sounds to shifting the focus onto the greater communicative relevance of connected speech and intelligibility. Approaching L2 pronunciation teaching is not an easy task, and it needs to be systematically dealt with. The paper discusses several decisions teachers need to make when choosing activities for pronunciation practice: selecting the type of phonological structure to practice, deciding on the speech mode, determining the structural level of practice, focusing on a particular type of instruction, establishing the degree of control of the structure that is practiced, and choosing which cognitive skill to enhance while practicing. With regard to the various techniques for teaching pronunciation, the analysis shows they have adapted accordingly in line with the different trends. Hence, while traditional activities such as automatic repetition, ear-training and explicit phonetic instruction are still considered effective, additional priority is given to activities for raising phonological awareness, communicative activities and techniques that adopt an interdisciplinary approach.
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Morris, Jonathan. „Social Influences on Phonological Transfer: /r/ Variation in the Repertoire of Welsh-English Bilinguals“. Languages 6, Nr. 2 (25.05.2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020097.
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It is well known that cross-linguistic interactions can exist between the two languages in a bilingual speaker’s repertoire. At the level of phonetics and phonology, this interaction may result in the transfer of a feature from one language to the other or the ‘merging’ of phonetic properties between languages. Although there are numerous studies of bilingual speakers which show such interactions, relatively little is known about the nature of transfer in communities of long-term bilingualism. The current study investigates phonological transfer of /r/ in Welsh-English bilinguals’ speech in north Wales. Specifically, it compares the influence of speaker gender, home language, and speech context on the production of /r/ in both English and Welsh in two communities which differ in the extent to which Welsh is spoken as a community language. It is commonly assumed that the alveolar trill [r] and alveolar tap [ɾ] are the variants of /r/ in Welsh. In English, the alveolar approximant [ɹ] is typical across Wales, but the trill and tap are reported in areas where a high proportion of the population speaks Welsh. Data in both languages were collected from 32 Welsh-English bilinguals (aged 16–18) via sociolinguistic interview and wordlist tasks. The sample was stratified equally by speaker gender, home language, and area (predominantly Welsh-speaking vs. predominantly English-speaking). The results show areal differences in the production of /r/ in both languages, which, I argue, could be attributed partly to differing social structures in the communities under investigation. Consequently, the results showed evidence of bi-directional phonological transfer, which is community-specific and influenced by a number of social factors.
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Rasier, Laurent. „De Prosodie Van De Tussentaal Van Tweede-/Vreemde- Taalleerders“. Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 71 (01.01.2004): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.71.12ras.
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In SLA research, the study of prosody suffers from a considerable under-representation. Indeed, most work devoted to L2 pronunciation has hitherto focussed on 'lower level phenomena', such as the phonemes of the target language. This paper gives an overview of the research on the acquisition of a foreign accent system and pinpoints some research questions that have not been explored yet. More specifically, it discusses the phonetic, phonological and functional aspects of the accent system of second/foreign language learners. Attention is also paid to the studies dealing with the teaching of sentence stress to second/foreign language learners. Although more research is needed, this paper provides a better understanding of the way a new accent system is acquired/learnt and can be taught.
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Sandler, Wendy, Gal Belsitzman und Irit Meir. „Visual foreign accent in an emerging sign language“. Special Issue in Memory of Irit Meir 23, Nr. 1-2 (30.10.2020): 233–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.00050.san.
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Abstract In the study of sign language phonology, little attention has been paid to the phonetic detail that distinguishes one sign language from another. We approach this issue by studying the foreign accent of signers of a young sign language – Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL) – which is in contact with another sign language in the region, Israeli Sign Language (ISL). By comparing ISL signs and sentences produced by ABSL signers with those of ISL signers, we uncover language particular features at a level of detail typically overlooked in sign language research. For example, within signs we find reduced occlusion (lack of contact), and across phrases there is frequent long distance spreading of the nondominant hand. This novel study of an emerging language in a language contact environment provides a model for comparative sign language phonology, and suggests that a community’s signature accent is part of the evolution of a phonological system.