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Sandul, G. O., O. G. Sandul und A. O. Bulgakov. „On the Nuclear Decision-Making Theory“. Nuclear and Radiation Safety, Nr. 4(80) (03.12.2018): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2018.4(80).10.
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The study is devoted to the decision-making theory, its philosophical foundations and certain algorithms of practical activities. The paper is focused on activities in the field of nuclear industry.
The functioning of a technologically complex and large enterprise, for example, a nuclear power plant, is impossible without a complex management system, and the decision-making process is one of its elements. This paper is the primary description of the topic and its goal is to formulate approaches to several questions: why do we need a decision-making theory in general, how do we evaluate the correctness of an already made decision.
The significance of mathematical calculations in decision-making theory is described. The paper defines the basic terms that are used or will be used in the future, such as: methodology, technology, process, risk, human factor. The theoretical (philosophical) foundations that formed the basis of the decision-making doctrine are described, an attempt is made to answer the question why it is needed and by whom this theory is used and for what purpose. The connection between decision-making with the human factor is formulated. The distinction between the concepts of “decision” (as already existing) and “making decision” (as a complex process, a system of management actions, forecasting options and choosing between them) is described.
Certain procedures are presented in the implementation of the decisionmaking process in order to show possible approaches, stages and decisionmaking techniques, as well as the readiness to implement a specific solution. The dependence (efficiency) of the management organization on the decisions made and their implementation is indicated. Besides, the paper sets forth the logic of making the “right” decisions based on “information”.
The authors conclude about the importance of applying the decisionmaking theory during the safety analysis and predicting the likely extreme situations at nuclear power facilities and the need to continuously improve the management structures.
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Murali, Komal Patel. „End of Life Decision-Making: Watson’s Theory of Human Caring“. Nursing Science Quarterly 33, Nr. 1 (03.12.2019): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894318419881807.
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The phenomenon of end-of-life (EOL) decision-making is a lived experience by which individuals or families make decisions about care they will receive prior to death. A postmodern philosophical approach suggests EOL decision-making is a varied contextual phenomenon that is highly influenced by subjectivity. Thus, there is no specific definition for the phenomenon of EOL decision-making. Watson’s theory of human caring complements a postmodern approach in guiding the nursing process of caring for individuals as they experience EOL decision-making.
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Morozov, Vladimir Alexandrovich. „Neuroeconomics in operational and managerial decision-making: a philosophical aspect“. Management and Business Administration, Nr. 3 (18.10.2021): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/2075-1826-2021-3-04-09.
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This article is devoted to a philosophical discussion of the emerging field of neuroeconomics, which is the study of neural mechanisms involved in decision-making and their economic significance. Separate concepts of rational and irrational decision-making in philosophy, economics and psychology are presented. In the interdisciplinary field of neuroeconomics, through logic and individual examples, it explores approaches in the theory of decision-making. Neuroeconomical accounting of irrationality is characterized, and it is confirmed that a person does not always make rational decisions. It is noted that because of his brain activity, decisions can be predetermined in advance, creating the so-called «illusion of choice».
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Beary, Alina. „Dual Process Theory: A Philosophical Review“. American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 96, Nr. 2 (2022): 317–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/acpq202221250.
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From experience, we know that some cognitive processes are effortless and automatic (or nearly automatic), while others are hard and deliberate. Dual process (DP) accounts of human cognition explain these differences by positing two qualitatively distinct types of cognitive processes within the human mind—types that cannot be reduced to each other. Because DP constructs are bound to show up in discourse on human cognition, decision-making, morality, and character formation, moral philosophers should take DP accounts seriously. Here, I provide an overview of the current state of DP accounts—their basic tenets, major concepts, and the various models of the DP framework—and note some of its more salient criticisms from the psychological research community. Finally, I show that DP accounts’ commitment to a real qualitative distinction between rational and non-rational human behavior puts them at odds with a Thomistic/Aristotelian view of practical rationality.
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Boichenko, N. M., und N. A. Fialko. „Legitimation of Euthanasia Decisions: A Philosophical Assessment of the Assisted Life Termination“. Anthropological Measurements of Philosophical Research, Nr. 24 (29.12.2023): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/ampr.v0i24.295295.
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The purpose of this article is to find out whether philosophical and anthropological studies of human nature affect the legitimization of decisions about human life and death, using the example of a philosophical analysis of the problem of euthanasia. Theoretical basis. Philosophically and anthropologically based situational analysis in bioethics is chosen as the research methodology, which reveals the legitimation of euthanasia as a complex and highly responsible moral decision, which should be based on both the consideration of all the patient’s special circumstances and the competent and adequate application of fundamental knowledge about the human being. Originality. From a philosophical point of view, it would be correct to legalize euthanasia, but under the condition of significantly limiting the cases of its application, clearly defining the conditions for its provision and strict control over its implementation. It is morally unacceptable to justify either murder or torture, so euthanasia appears as an attempt to avoid both at the same time. Conclusions. Specific solutions to practical problems often indicate the necessary direction for solving theoretical difficulties. Thus, making proper moral decisions about euthanasia requires reliance on fundamental knowledge about human beings, but at the same time it provides arguments "for" and "against" artificial termination of life. The basic principles of bioethics – autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and respect for the dignity of human life – serve as criteria for making balanced ethical decisions both in theory and in practice. These principles should be complemented by a coherent ethical, legal and philosophical position on euthanasia, which is achieved through legitimation procedures. Decisive for making a decision on euthanasia should be the strong desire of the patient himself.
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Moskovsky, A. „Institutionalism: Theory, Decision-making Basis, Method of Criticism“. Voprosy Ekonomiki, Nr. 3 (20.03.2009): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-3-110-124.
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The author analyzes the state of institutional economics in contemporary Russia. It is characterized by arbitrary confusion of the ideas of «old», «new» and «mathematical» versions of institutionalism which results in logical inconsistency and even eclectics to be observed in the literature. The new and mathematical versions of institutionalism are shown to be based on legal, political and mathematical determinism tightly connected with the so-called «economic approach» (G. Becker). The main attention is paid to the discussion of theoretical and practical potential of the contemporary classical («old») institutionalism. The author focuses on its philosophical grounds and its technological imperative, the institution of science, the method of criticism, the opportunity of using classical institutionalist ideas as the ideology of economic reforms in Russia.
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Cheng, Chung-Ying. „The “C” Theory: and a Chinese Philosophical Approach to Management Decision-Making“. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 19, Nr. 2 (10.02.1992): 125–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-01902001.
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CHENG, CHUNG-YING. „THE "C" THEORY: A CHINESE PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT AND DECISION-MAKING“. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 19, Nr. 2 (Juni 1992): 125–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6253.1992.tb00115.x.
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Swaminathan, Shivprasad. „What the Centipede Knows: Polycentricity and ‘Theory’ for Common Lawyers“. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 40, Nr. 2 (2020): 265–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqaa005.
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Abstract For Michael Polanyi, ‘polycentricity’ was a method of decision making—of which he saw the common law as a prime exemplar—where numerous decision makers mutually adjust their decisions to their expectations of what will pass muster with the community of decision makers, without the use of any common blueprint. This article argues that Polanyi’s idea of polycentricity—once disentangled from Lon Fuller’s borrowed, but unrelated, use of the term—has the potential to illuminate much for the legal theorist. First, from several elements in the common law’s functioning that are liable to come across as ‘muddling through’, polycentricity helps us glean a sophisticated philosophical method primed to cut through difficult moral problems. Secondly, the idea of polycentricity helps locate—and address—the incongruity between the functioning of the common law and the theoretical model typically used to construct ‘theory’ in various areas, especially private law, which manifests in practitioners’ wariness of theory.
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Ullmann-Margalit, Edna. „Big Decisions: Opting, Converting, Drifting“. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 58 (März 2006): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100009358.
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I want to focus on some of the limits of decision theory that are of interest to the philosophical concern with practical reasoning and rational choice. These limits should also be of interest to the social-scientists' concern with Rational Choice.Let me start with an analogy. Classical Newtonian physics holds good and valid for middle-sized objects, but not for the phenomena of the very little, micro, sub-atomic level or the very large, macro, outer-space level: different theories, concepts and laws apply there. Similarly, I suggest that we might think of the theory of decisionmaking as relating to middle-sized, ordinary decisions, and to them only. There remain the two extremes, the very ‘small’ decisions on the one hand and the very ‘big’ decisions on the other. These may pose a challenge to the ordinary decision theory and may consequently require a separate treatment.
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Ullmann-Margalit, Edna. „Big Decisions: Opting, Converting, Drifting“. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 58 (Mai 2006): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246106058085.
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I want to focus on some of the limits of decision theory that are of interest to the philosophical concern with practical reasoning and rational choice. These limits should also be of interest to the social-scientists’ concern with Rational Choice.
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Cheng, Chung Ying. „The C-Theory: on Chinese philosophical approach to decision making, leadership and management“. International Journal of Business and Systems Research 4, Nr. 5/6 (2010): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbsr.2010.035073.
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DePree, Chauncey M., und C. Terry Grant. „Earnings Management and Ethical Decision Making: Choices In Accounting for Security Investments“. Issues in Accounting Education 14, Nr. 4 (01.11.1999): 613–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.1999.14.4.613.
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General Electric, Matell, NationsBank, and W. R. Grace are among companies recently under scrutiny for managing their earnings. This case uses a fictitious data set to simulate a decision environment in which earnings are managed in the context of accounting for investments in marketable securities. Decisions are made from the perspective of management interests and other stakeholders, the FASB's conceptual framework, and GAAP. These competing interests may lead to inconsistent conclusions. As a result, proper analysis of the issues and framing of defensible positions requires more than application of professional accounting standards. Resolution of conflicts of interest is made using appropriate ethical analysis based upon a philosophical framework of Utilitarian-Theory, Rights-Theory and Justice-Theory.
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Amesbury, Richard. „Political Theology between Reason and Will“. Journal of Law, Religion and State 6, Nr. 1 (10.03.2018): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22124810-00601003.
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Contemporary practitioners of political theology make use of Carl Schmitt’s account of sovereignty to criticize liberal political theory. But whereas Schmitt focused on “states of exception,” the new decisionism holds that decision-making is a quotidian feature of jurisprudence: the interpretation of law depends upon judicial decisions that serve to impose meaning on otherwise semantically indeterminate norms. Ironically, it is possible to detect in the contemporary decisionist critique of liberal theory, with its focus on law’s meaning, a liberalizing tendency: by insisting on the ubiquity of decision-making, the exception is made to seem unexceptional. In this way, Schmitt is tamed, and sovereignty is diffused into the mundane world of administrative governance. I want to resist this normalizing account on philosophical grounds: if one is to appreciate the exceptional character of the decision, it is important to retain some background of regularity with which it can be contrasted.
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Raikhert, Kostiantyn. „THE INSTRUMENTAL PHILOSOPHICAL HEURISTICS“. Doxa, Nr. 1(37) (05.07.2023): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281823.
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The study surveys the conceptions of philosophical heuristics of J. Baggini and P. S. Fosl, D. Dennett, A. Hájek, and R. Nozick. All conceptions surveyed in the study are instrumental. R. Nozick’s philosophical heuristics and A. Hájek’s philosophical heuristics ought to be considered “authentic” because R. Nozick and A. Hájek called them “the philosophical heuristics.” Those philosophical heuristics aim to solve (philosophical) problems and are rooted in the Decision theory. D. Dennett’s “philosophical heuristics” according to the A. H?jek’s classification is the so-called “hand tools of the mind,” consisting of intuitive pumps and other kinds of thought experiments, analogies, examples, labels, metaphors, and staging. The purpose of D. Dennett’s “philosophical heuristics” is to deliver non-precise instruments for thinking. The “philosophical heuristics” of Baggini and P. S. Fosl is a part of the so called “philosophers’ toolkit” and is represented by heuristic devices that are used to find out interesting things from which you can learn new knowledge. At the same time, the devices imply the use of some method of knowledge not for its intended purpose.
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Hakli, Raul, Kaarlo Miller und Raimo Tuomela. „TWO KINDS OF WE-REASONING“. Economics and Philosophy 26, Nr. 3 (12.10.2010): 291–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267110000386.
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People sometimes think in terms of ‘we’ referring to a group they belong to. When making decisions, they frame the decision problem as: ‘What should we do?’ instead of ‘What should I do?’. We study one particular approach to such ‘we-reasoning’, economist Michael Bacharach's theory of ‘team reasoning’, and relate it to philosopher Raimo Tuomela's distinction between ‘I-mode’ reasoning and ‘we-mode’ reasoning. We argue that these theories complement each other: Tuomela's philosophical theory provides a conceptual framework augmenting Bacharach's theory, and Bacharach's mathematical results support Tuomela's view on the irreducibility of the we-mode to the I-mode. We-mode reasoning can explain some kinds of human cooperative behaviour left unexplained by standard game theory. Standard game theory is not well-equipped to deal with we-mode reasoning but it can be extended by the methods developed by Bacharach. However, we argue that both standard game theory and Bacharach's theory require more attention to the information-sharing stages that precede actual decision making, and we describe a stage-based model of we-reasoning.
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Burns, Margie, Jill Bally, Meridith Burles, Lorraine Holtslander und Shelley Peacock. „Constructivist Grounded Theory or Interpretive Phenomenology? Methodological Choices Within Specific Study Contexts“. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 21 (Januar 2022): 160940692210777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16094069221077758.
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Constructivist research methodologies are useful in discerning meanings of experience to subsequently inform and improve healthcare practice. For researchers who philosophically align with the constructivist paradigm, numerous methodologies are available from which to choose to address research questions. However, it can be challenging for researchers, especially novice ones, to choose the most appropriate methodology that aligns with the current state of knowledge of the identified topic, proposed research question, and the study purpose. To reduce the confusion faced by health researchers when choosing an appropriate methodology for a specific study, this paper compares two popular qualitative health research approaches: constructivist grounded theory and interpretive phenomenology. Philosophical underpinnings and the epistemological and ontological evolution of each methodology are explored with similarities and differences highlighted. Manifestation of the philosophical foundations of constructivist grounded theory and interpretive phenomenology are described in relation to data collection, analysis, and the research findings. To illustrate distinctions of each approach and support researchers in the navigation of methodological decision-making, a specific healthcare study context is presented: the rural family members’ experiences of a relative’s interhospital transfer for advanced critical care services. This study context is increasingly being recognized as an important area of healthcare research and practice. However, gaps in knowledge persist, specifically in relation to the experiences of rural family members when a critically ill relative requires an interhospital transfer to a distant urban center for advanced critical care services. Improved understanding of such experiences is necessary to inform the care provided to rural family members, potentially mitigating short and long-term negative consequences for these individuals. Within this example, the importance of the research purpose and research question within a specific study context is underscored as central to appropriate methodological decision-making.
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Mongin, Philippe. „La théorie de la décision et la psychologie du sens commun“. Social Science Information 50, Nr. 3-4 (31.08.2011): 351–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018411411019.
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Taking the philosophical standpoint, this article compares the mathematical theory of individual decision-making with the folk psychology conception of action, desire and belief. It narrows down its topic by carrying the comparison for Savage’s system and his technical concept of subjective probability, which, like Ramsey’s, is referred to the basic model of betting. The argument is organized around three philosophical theses: (i) decision theory is nothing but folk psychology stated in formal language (Lewis), (ii) the former substantially improves on the latter, but is unable to overcome its typical limitations, especially its failure to separate desire and belief empirically (Davidson), (iii) the former substantially improves on the latter and, through these innovations, overcomes some of the limitations. The aim of the article is to establish (iii) not only against the all too simple thesis (i), but also against the subtle thesis (ii).
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Okasha, Samir, und John A. Weymark. „AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM ON RATIONAL CHOICE AND PHILOSOPHY“. Economics and Philosophy 32, Nr. 2 (26.05.2016): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267115000450.
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This symposium contains a selection of the papers that were presented at a conference we organized on Rational Choice and Philosophy that was held at Vanderbilt University on 16 and 17 May 2014. The aim of the conference was to provide an inter-disciplinary forum for philosophical work that uses ideas and tools from rational choice theory, understood broadly to include decision theory, game theory and social choice theory.
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Martin, J. Wesley. „Practical Theory: Teaching Political and Economic Citizenship“. PS: Political Science & Politics 43, Nr. 02 (April 2010): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096510000223.
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How can philosophical instruction inform practical analysis and decision making among college students in a way that demonstrably benefits them as individual members of our polity and economy? I pose this question because each year, I introduce classic political theory to first- and second-year college students who simultaneously confront a fiscal crisis in the American state and profound financial challenges as individuals, and I want to ensure that the concepts and analytical strategies we study as theory can meet their most pressing practical needs during the first decade that they are out of college.
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Demirska, Inna. „APPLICATION OF ARGUMENTATION IN PROCESSES DECISION MAKING“. Politology bulletin, Nr. 88 (2022): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2022.88.138-148.
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Making a decision is the most important cognitive procedure that accompanies every human life and plays a significant role in the history of human culture as a whole. The entire history of mankind can, in a certain sense, be considered as the history of making certain decisions — right or wrong, rational or purely intuitive — that lead to the preservation of the existing state of affairs or to its change. However, the theory of decision-making arose and began to be developed only in the middle of the 20th century, and at first — as a theory of operations in the field of military technology. True, it was soon realized that it has a much wider application. So that at present it has turned into an interdisciplinary one that uses the methods of mathematics, psychology, sociology, political science, management and many other sciences, and is applied in various fields. Philosophical research aimed at elucidating the epistemological and logical foundations of the decision-making procedure is also being conducted in this field. The article emphasizes that a rational decision is based on a choice based not on intuition or previous experience, but on a rational analysis of the situation. Models of argumentation in decision-making are considered. The essence of logical, cognitive, and rhetorical approaches is clarified. The stages of the process of making a rational decision are explained. Conclusions. The most important difference between decision-making theory and argumentation theory is that decision-making is the basis of action/inaction in a given situation, whereas the process of argumentation is limited to substantiating a thesis/refutation of an antithesis.
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Akabayashi, Akira, Eisuke Nakazawa und Hiroyasu Ino. „Decision-Making Capacity to Refuse Treatment at the End of Life: The Need for Recognizing Real-World Practices“. Clinics and Practice 12, Nr. 5 (22.09.2022): 760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract12050079.
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End-of-life decision making is a troublesome ethical dilemma. These decisions should be made in trustful patient–doctor relationships. We aimed to propose a balanced approach when discussing this complex issue. We categorized the research into four approaches and suggest that a multidisciplinary approach may be appropriate. We also analyzed the pitfalls of the multidisciplinary approach. Our conclusion is two-fold. First, discussions in this field should be based on real-world practice. If this is not the case, the proposal may be armchair theory, which is not effective in a clinical setting. Second, interdisciplinary researchers should not stick to their position too firmly and should listen to others. Otherwise, proposals made will be paternalistic or philosophically biased. Therefore, when philosophical collaboration is applied to the topic of clinical bioethics, it is necessary to thoroughly examine different positions and carry out careful discussions with consideration for medical care settings. Researchers must also understand what is needed for a trustful patient–doctor relationship. By making such efforts, clinical bioethics will contribute to the wellbeing of patients.
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Трошихин, Владимир, und Vladimir Troshikhin. „Philosophy and theory of management in the society and economy of knowledge“. Russian Journal of Management 1, Nr. 5 (01.10.2013): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1807.
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The article studies the scope of questions disclosing ultimate
foundations of the theory of management not only as a set of
disciplines, which constitute and interpret it, but as an integral
philosophical and methodological approach inscribed in modern
world outlook. Alongside with this, the article discloses such function
of management as decision making in the conditions of risk and
substantiates the necessity of developing the national model of management.
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Weber, James, und Leandra I. Díaz. „Assessing Gender-Influenced Group Decision-Making in a Course Simulation“. Journal of Business Ethics Education 18 (2021): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jbee2021187.
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The business ethics education literature provides many in-depth explorations looking at the impact of ethics education and occasionally the influence of gender. Yet, research exploring decision making is primarily focused at the individual level, often omitting important influences that might occur when decision making occurs within a group setting. This paper utilizes a classroom simulation, the Corporate Policy Simulation, in a Business, Government and Society course to assess student group decision-making. We rely on theoretical principles found in Social Role Theory and two philosophical ethics of moral reasoning to assess the impact of gender within a group decision-making environment. Specifically, we assess if males in our study are better able to process financial decisions more effectively than females in our study, and if females in our study tend to process socially responsible or ethical decisions more effectively than males in our study. Our results support the expectations that all-female groups generally are able to make better socially responsible or ethical decisions, whereas there is no significant gender difference among any of the groups when focusing on financially orientated decisions. Possible explanations and the implications of this research on workplace practice and business ethics education are discussed.
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ANGLBERGER, ALBERT J. J., NOBERT GRATZL und OLIVIER ROY. „OBLIGATION, FREE CHOICE, AND THE LOGIC OF WEAKEST PERMISSIONS“. Review of Symbolic Logic 8, Nr. 4 (28.07.2015): 807–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020315000209.
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AbstractWe introduce a new understanding of deontic modals that we callobligations as weakest permissions. We argue for its philosophical plausibility, study its expressive power in neighborhood models, provide a complete Hilbert-style axiom system for it and show that it can be extended and applied to practical norms in decision and game theory.
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TIMOSHINA, Elena, und Arseny KRAEVSKY. „Law and Logic: E. Bulygin’s Deductive Pattern of Judicial Reasoning“. WISDOM 1, Nr. 1 (10.12.2021): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v1i1.673.
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In the twentieth century, the debate over the possibilities and limits of logic in law became particularly acute with the emergence of judicial realism, a philosophical and legal trend that denied the deductive nature of judicial decision-making. This compromised the theory of the judicial syllogism, assuming that a judicial decision could be deduced as a logical consequence from the premises - norms and facts, and generally provoked a sceptical attitude towards logic in law. The subject of the article is the deductive model of the justification of judicial decisions proposed by the outstanding legal philosopher Eugenio Bulygin. The aim of the article is to show Bulygin’s contribution to the improvement of the deductive model of judicial reasoning. The main innovations Bulygin brought to the deductive model of judicial reasoning are: 1) justifying, based on logical analysis and open texture of language theory, the analytical character of the court interpretative sentences; 2) distinguishing the individual and the generic subsumptions, etc. At the same time, the authors conclude that Bulygin’s improved deductive theory is not free from criticism, as the Argentine jurist does not succeed in complete eliminating doubts about the logical deducibility of at least some categories of decisions from general rules.
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Rebelo, Miguel. „A Ética dos Deveres Prima Facie, de David Ross, será uma Forma Credível de Deontologia?“ Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy 21, Nr. 42 (2013): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philosophica2013214231.
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W.D. Ross’s contribution to normative ethics is a remarkable attempt to bring together ethics, understood as a philosophical discipline, and the pre-philosophical intuitions which guide the daily decision processes of the average moral agent. Ross achieves this result by assuming intuitionist epistemic foundations as the building blocks of his prima facie duties deontology. Even though such a consideration for the most common ethical intuitions may seem an advantage as a starting point for ethical theory, I attempt to demonstrate in this paper that the main flaws of Ross’s deontology are present precisely in the epistemic principles which serve as its foundation.
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Popov, Lubomir, und Lubomir Popov. „A Generic Process Model for Sociocultural Data Collection and Decision Making in Facility Programming“. International Journal of Social Sciences 10, Nr. 2 (20.09.2021): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52950/ss.2021.10.2.003.
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This is the third paper in a trilogy of papers that started with developing the philosophical and theoretical foundations for the study of sociospatial interactions. In the second paper, we created a guiding framework for facilities programming information collection and decision making. In this paper, we use that guiding framework and develop a process model for the programming process. Our methodology involves systems theory, activity theory, and task analysis. We present a generic model of the data collection process in facilities programming. This model delineates process steps, their sequence, and their content. The intent of this model is to provide structure and content suggestions for developing project-specific facilities programing research designs for information collection, processing, and programmatic decision-making. It is a plan for action, articulated and explicated so that professional programmers can use it as a template for organizing their work. This process model is tentative and general, intended as a guide for creating customized process designs for each programming project, considering the specifics of the building type and the programming situation.
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Schauer, Frederick. „Positivism Before Hart“. Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 24, Nr. 2 (Juli 2011): 455–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900005270.
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Many contemporary practitioners of analytic jurisprudence take their understanding of legal positivism largely from Hart, and the debates about legal positivism exist largely in a post-Hartian world. But if we examine carefully the writings and motivations of Bentham and even Austin, we will discover that there are good historical grounds for treating both a normative version of positivism and a version more focused on legal decision-making as entitled to at least co-equal claims on the positivist tradition. And even if we conceive of the inquiry in philosophical and not historical terms, there are reasons to doubt the view that a theory of the nature of law is the exclusive understanding of the core commitment of legal positivism. Positivism as a descriptive theory of the nature of law is important, but so too is positivism as a normative theory about the preferable attitude of society or theorists, and so too is positivism as a normative or descriptive theory of adjudication and other forms of legal decision-making. Those who understand positivism and the positivist tradition as being more normative or more adjudication-focused than the contemporary understanding allows are thus committing neither historical or philosophical mistakes, and little would be lost were we to recognize the multiple important contemporary manifestations of the legal positivist tradition.
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Orts, Eric W., und Alan Strudler. „The Ethical and Environmental Limits of Stakeholder Theory“. Business Ethics Quarterly 12, Nr. 2 (April 2002): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857811.
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Abstract:We argue that though stakeholder theory has much to recommend it, particularly as a heuristic for thinking about business firms properly as involving the economic interests of other groups beyond those of the shareholders or other equity owners, the theory is limited by its focus on the interests of human participants in business enterprise. Stakeholder theory runs into intractable philosophical difficulty in providing credible ethical principles for business managers in dealing with some topics, such as the natural environment, that do not directly involve human beings within a business firm or who engage in transactions with a firm. Corporate decision-making must include an appreciation of these ethical values even though they cannot be captured in stakeholder theory.
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Petik, Yaroslav. „MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN ETHICS“. Sophia. Human and Religious Studies Bulletin 13, Nr. 1 (2019): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/sophia.2019.13.14.
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Paper views the possibility of application of mathematical methods such as matrix algebra and game theory to analyzing the ethical contexts. Philosophical problems of usage of formal systems in humanities are described in general and analogies with economical mathematics and historical processes modeling are drawn. The moral dimension is proposed to be introduced for some famous scenarios in game theory and the potential of cooperation of this part of mathematics and philosophical ethics is studied. The moral estimation of players and connected hypotheses are then proposed to be introduced. The main new idea of the first chapter of the paper is that it is possible to provide an additional matrix which will estimate the moral events happening in the scenario (at least for some of the scenarios). Every decision of a player will cause not only the changes in strategies of other players and outcomes of the game but also certain precise moral evaluation of the particular action. The famous game theory scenario called prisoner's dilemma is given as a working example of such an approach. Consequently now we can use not only the gradation of players according to their initial strategies but also their "moral type". Paper than centers on exploring of how the moral influences the "material" strategies and decisions and also proposes the basic classification of moral types of players. A separate attention is given to one of such types which should be a mathematical encompassing of the negative sides of human nature in social activites. The paper will be useful for everyone who is interested in ethics, philosophical methodology of ethics, philosophy of mathematics and general relations between formal systems and humanities.
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Browar, Lisa, und Marvin J. Taylor. „EDITORS' NOTE“. RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 2, Nr. 2 (01.09.2001): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rbm.2.2.196.
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There are among us skeptics who insist that academic critical theory has nothing to do with the core activities of special collections librarians—the acquisition, preservation, and accessibility of primary research materials. For those adhering to the more traditional philosophical underpinnings of special collections librarianship an alternative intellectual posture may threaten to disturb ideas thought inviolate. Proponents of the critical theory argument believe that every action and decision is informed by a set of epistemological acts to which the more general term of “theory” is applied. Lacking the familiar and tangible practicality, this becomes a disquieting and controversial position. And, . . .
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Dolgorukov, Vitaly V., und Vera A. Shumilina. „What Is Formal Philosophy?“ Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 58, Nr. 1 (2021): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202158120.
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The paper focuses on the review of current literature on formal philosophy. Special attention is paid to the review of the book «Introduction to Formal Philosophy» [Hansson, Hendricks, 2018]. The book is a consistent introduction to the problems of formal philosophy, a research tradition that relies on the precise mathematical tools in order to study traditional philosophical problems. The methods of formal philosophy are successfully applied not only to the problems of ontology, epistemology and philosophy of language but also relevant for the problems of ethics, axiology and social philosophy. The book demonstrates that it is not correct to identify formal philosophy with another area of study – philosophical logic, since formal philosophy uses not only logical methods of analysis, but also uses the tools of game theory, decision theory, probability theory, Bayesian statistics, and other theories. Although the book has a propaedeutic character, it also contains some open problems. These problems include the aggregation of the opinions of the group under the condition of a conflicting base of premises in the theory of public choice, there are still open problems in the interpretation of Arrow’s impossibility theorem and others. Certainly, formalization in itself is not a general solution to the particular philosophical problem, but only a tool that allows to formulate a problem in a more rigorous and precise way, which sometimes allows to reveal some unexpected consequences, some implicit contradictions and new solutions. Despite the importance of the concept of coherence in ethics, decision theory, philosophy of law, Bayesian epistemology, philosophy of science, the existing formalizations of the concept of coherence are highly specialized for epistemology, researchers recognize the lack of the relevant explanatory models. Overall, the book is an excellent introduction in to the field of formal philosophy, which provides a general overview of different aspects of formal philosophy and the opportunity to study particular research topics by means of an extensive bibliography accompanying each of the chapters.
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Plotnitsky, Arkady. „On “Decisions and Revisions Which a Minute Will Reverse”: Consciousness, The Unconscious and Mathematical Modeling of Thinking“. Entropy 23, Nr. 8 (09.08.2021): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23081026.
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This article considers a partly philosophical question: What are the ontological and epistemological reasons for using quantum-like models or theories (models and theories based on the mathematical formalism of quantum theory) vs. classical-like ones (based on the mathematics of classical physics), in considering human thinking and decision making? This question is only partly philosophical because it also concerns the scientific understanding of the phenomena considered by the theories that use mathematical models of either type, just as in physics itself, where this question also arises as a physical question. This is because this question is in effect: What are the physical reasons for using, even if not requiring, these types of theories in considering quantum phenomena, which these theories predict fully in accord with the experiment? This is clearly also a physical, rather than only philosophical, question and so is, accordingly, the question of whether one needs classical-like or quantum-like theories or both (just as in physics we use both classical and quantum theories) in considering human thinking in psychology and related fields, such as decision science. It comes as no surprise that many of these reasons are parallel to those that are responsible for the use of QM and QFT in the case of quantum phenomena. Still, the corresponding situations should be understood and justified in terms of the phenomena considered, phenomena defined by human thinking, because there are important differences between these phenomena and quantum phenomena, which this article aims to address. In order to do so, this article will first consider quantum phenomena and quantum theory, before turning to human thinking and decision making, in addressing which it will also discuss two recent quantum-like approaches to human thinking, that by M. G. D’Ariano and F. Faggin and that by A. Khrennikov. Both approaches are ontological in the sense of offering representations, different in character in each approach, of human thinking by the formalism of quantum theory. Whether such a representation, as opposed to only predicting the outcomes of relevant experiments, is possible either in quantum theory or in quantum-like theories of human thinking is one of the questions addressed in this article. The philosophical position adopted in it is that it may not be possible to make this assumption, which, however, is not the same as saying that it is impossible. I designate this view as the reality-without-realism, RWR, view and in considering strictly mental processes as the ideality-without-idealism, IWI, view, in the second case in part following, but also moving beyond, I. Kant’s philosophy.
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Purkey, David, Marisa Escobar Arias, Vishal Mehta, Laura Forni, Nicholas Depsky, David Yates und Walter Stevenson. „A Philosophical Justification for a Novel Analysis-Supported, Stakeholder-Driven Participatory Process for Water Resources Planning and Decision Making“. Water 10, Nr. 8 (31.07.2018): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10081009.
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Two trends currently shape water resources planning and decision making: reliance on participatory stakeholder processes to evaluate water management options; and growing recognition that deterministic approaches to the evaluation of options may not be appropriate. These trends pose questions regarding the proper role of information, analysis, and expertise in the inherently social and political process of negotiating agreements and implementing interventions in the water sector. The question of how one might discover the best option in the face of deep uncertainty is compelling. The question of whether the best option even exists to be discovered is more vexing. While such existential questions are not common in the water management community, they are not new to political theory. This paper explores early classical writing related to issues of knowledge and governance as captured in the work of Plato and Aristotle; and then attempts to place a novel, analysis-supported, stakeholder-driven water resources planning and decision making practice within this philosophical discourse, making reference to current decision theory. Examples from the Andes and California, where this practice has been used to structure participation by key stakeholders in water management planning and decision-making, argue that when a sufficiently diverse group of stakeholders is engaged in the decision making process expecting the discovery of the perfect option may not be warranted. Simply discovering a consensus option may be more realistic. The argument touches upon the diversity of preferences, model credibility and the visualization of model output required to explore the implications of various management options across a broad range of inherently unknowable future conditions.
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Brasovan, Nicholas S. „Action Theory in the Respective Hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer and Chung-ying Cheng“. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 48, Nr. 4 (13.12.2021): 392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-12340040.
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Abstract This article advances a dialogue between the philosophical hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer and the ontological hermeneutics of Chung-ying Cheng. This discussion draws into relief a question of whether or not these respective theories provide us with decision-making procedures for determining appropriate or right action in any given situation. In other words, we are inquiring into whether or not these respective hermeneutical theories incorporate forms of ethics. Following this line of questioning, we turn to Cheng’s philosophy of the Yijing and Gadamer’s analysis of Aristotle’s ethics.
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Fonseca, Sérgio T., Christina D. C. M. Faria, Juliana M. Ocarino und Marisa C. Mancini. „Ecological approach to perception and action: Fundaments for motor behavior“. Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior 2, Nr. 1 (23.03.2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v2i1.12.
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The objective of the present study is to introduce the philosophical position and the core concepts of the Ecological Approach to Perception and Action, emphasizing its principles and its uniqueness in relation to other theories related to motor behavior. The Ecological Approach, as opposed to other approaches, assumes the direct realism as its philosophical standpoint. Thus, the Ecological Approach to Perception and Action proposes the concepts of specificity, direct perception and affordance. By assuming the direct realism, the Ecological Approach to Perception and Action commits to the mutuality animal environment and perception and action, and proposes that the dualism, commonly found in other theories, does not contribute to the understanding of human motor behavior. The choice of a given theory, during the process of scientific investigation, implies in a commitment to the philosophical views and to the principles and assumptions in which it is based. The knowledge about the core concepts of the Ecological Approach may support the decision making process about accepting or rejecting the ideas advanced by James Gibson and, consequently, direct the use of this theory to the development of investigations on perception and action.
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Dunwoody, Philip T. „Theories of truth as assessment criteria in judgment and decision making“. Judgment and Decision Making 4, Nr. 2 (März 2009): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500002540.
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AbstractHammond (1996) argued that much of the research in the field of judgment and decision making (JDM) can be categorized as focused on either coherence or correspondence (C&C) and that, in order to understand the findings of the field, one needs to understand the differences between these two criteria. Hammond’s claim is that conclusions about the competence of judgments and decisions will depend upon the selection of coherence or correspondence as the criterion (Hammond, 2008). First, I provide an overview of the terms coherence and correspondence (C&C) as philosophical theories of truth and relate them to the field of JDM. Second, I provide an example of Hammond’s claim by examining literature on base rate neglect. Third, I examine Hammond’s claim as it applies to the broader field of JDM. Fourth, I critique Hammond’s claim and suggest that refinements to the C&C distinction are needed. Specifically, the C&C distinction 1) is more accurately applied to criteria than to researchers, 2) should be refined to include two important types of coherence (inter and intrapersonal coherence) and 3) neglects the third philosophical theory of truth, pragmatism. Pragmatism, as a class of criteria in JDM, is defined as goal attainment. In order to provide the most complete assessment of human judgment possible, and understand different findings in the field of JDM, all three criteria should be considered.
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Karianga, Indra, Haikal Arsalan, Lidya Yubagyo und Cavita Ezra. „PENCABUTAN HAK POLITIK TERPIDANA KORUPSI DALAM PERSPEKTIF SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY“. Arena Hukum 14, Nr. 3 (31.12.2021): 500–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2021.01403.5.
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This research aim is to provide a theoretical basis to permanently remove the political rights of a former prisoners of corruption as an alternative to achieve the purpose of criminal law. This normative research uses conceptual, statute and philosophical approach method. This research result indicate that based on the social contract theory, corruption is a criminal act which has injured the volonte generale and in this regard, a new concept is offered. The new concept is permanent revocation of political rights for a former coruption convicts that in line with peines infarmantes principle but does not apply automatically and must go through a court decision and be apllied for life (restitutio in integrum).
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Nurhadi, Nurhadi. „IMPLEMENTASI PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI NOMOR 46/PUU-VIII/2010 TENTANG ANAK DI LUAR KAWIN“. Jurnal Yudisial 11, Nr. 2 (30.08.2018): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.29123/jy.v11i2.66.
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ABSTRAKPutusan Nomor 329 K/AG/2014 terkait kedudukan anak di luar kawin yang berinisial MIR. MIR tidak diakui oleh ayahnya. Ibunya yang berinisial AM mengajukan gugatan isbat nikah (pengesahan perkawinannya) yang dikumulasikan dengan pengesahan kedudukan anaknya berdasarkan pada Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010. Putusan tersebut menolak seluruh gugatan AM dengan pertimbangan pengadilan agama tidak berwenang mengesahkan perkawinan yang terjadi setelah berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974, dan permohonan pengesahan kedudukan anak di luar kawin bukan kewenangan pengadilan agama. Dari beberapa permasalahan yang ditemui, penelitian ini mengulas tiga rumusan masalah. Pertama, apakah dalam Putusan Nomor 329 K/AG/2014 sudah tercermin aspek yuridis, aspek sosiologis, dan aspek filosofis. Kedua, apakah pertimbangan hukum dalam Putusan Nomor 329 K/AG/2014 telah mengimplementasikan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUUVIII/2010? Ketiga, bagaimana kondisi petitum tentang anak di luar kawin apabila ditinjau menurut teori keadilan, teori perlindungan, teori kewenangan, teori hukum progresif, dan teori mashlahah? Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam putusan tersebut lebih mengutamakan aspek yuridis, sedangkan aspek sosiologis dan filosofis cenderung diabaikan. Putusan tersebut tidak mengimplementasikan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010. Berdasarkan teori keadilan, teori perlindungan hukum, teori kewenangan, teori hukum progresif, dan teori mashlahah, petitum tentang anak di luar kawin dapat dikabulkan.Kata kunci: anak di luar kawin, anak biologis, Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, Putusan Mahkamah Agung.ABSTRACTThe Supreme Court Decision Number 329 K/AG/2014 concerns on the case of an out-of-wedlock status with the initials MIR who was disowned by her father. The mother of the child initials AM, filed a lawsuit related to itsbat marriage (marriage ratification) which was accumulated with the ratification of her child’s status based on the Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010. The decision completely rejected the lawsuit considering that the Religious Court was not authorized to ratify a marriage that occurred after the enactment of Law Number 1 of 1974, and the request to legalize the status of an extramarital child was not the authority of the religious court. Of the several problems encountered, in this analysis three formulations of the problem were discussed. First, has the Decision Number 329 K/AG/2014 reflected the juridical, sociological, and philosophical aspects? Second, have these legal considerations of Decision Number 329 K/AG/2014 implemented the Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010? Third, how is the condition of petitum related to extramarital children viewed from the theory of justice, protection theory, authority theory, progressive legal theory, and mashlahah theory? The method used in this research is descriptive-analysis. The results showed that the decision prioritize the juridical aspect. Meanwhile, the sociological and philosophical aspects tend to be neglected. The decision does not seem to implement the Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010. Based on the theory of justice, legal protection, authority, progressive law and mashlahah, petitum regarding extramarital children can be granted.Keywords: extramarital children, biological child, Constitutional Court Decision, Supreme Court Decision.
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Czarnocka, Małgorzata. „Instrumental Reason and Science—Max Horkheimer’s View“. Dialogue and Universalism 32, Nr. 2 (2022): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du202232234.
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The paper analyses today partly forgotten Max Horkheimer’s conception of instrumental reason which presents this reason differently from the definition widespread today (claiming that it consists in adopting suitable means to set ends). Horkheimer relates instrumental reason to subjective one, seeing the former as a degenerate form of the latter. His theory is far more philosophical than the dominating today conceptions which do not consider the problem of instrumental reason philosophical any longer and instead move it step by step to the domain of a nonphilosophical decision theory. The paper analyses in particular Horkheimer’s beliefs claiming that 1) it is science which founds instrumental reason, and therefore 2) it is science which is the main source of oppressiveness and degradation of the contemporary civilization. It is shown among other things that Horkheimer misunderstands some properties of science and its operations and this leads to his incorrect presentation of the role of instrumental reason.
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Gutschmidt, Rico. „Transformative Experience in Skepticism. The External Standpoint and the Finitude of the Human Condition“. Philosophy 95, Nr. 4 (11.06.2020): 395–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819120000145.
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AbstractAccording to its quietist readings, skepticism can be dissolved by demonstrating that the notion of ‘absolute objectivity’ is confused. The dissolution of this confusion is supposed to lead us to acquiesce in our finite and plain everyday life without being bothered anymore about the supposed need for objective knowledge. In contrast, I want to propose a transformative reading of skepticism according to which the philosophical practice of skepticism can be ‘epistemically transformative’. To this end, I will transpose L.A. Paul's notion of ‘epistemically transformative experience’ from decision theory to the realm of philosophical practice and argue that the modern skeptical problem of an external standpoint can evoke transformative experiences that lead to a new, albeit non-propositional, insight into the finitude of the human condition.
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Mendes, David José Murteira, Irene Pimenta Rodrigues, Carlos F. Baeta und Carlos Solano-Rodriguez. „Extended Clinical Discourse Representation Structure for Controlled Natural Language Clinical Decision Support Systems“. International Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare 4, Nr. 2 (April 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrqeh.2015040101.
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To support an end to end Question and Answering system to help the clinical practitioners in a cardiovascular healthcare environment, an extended discourse representation structure CIDERS is introduced. This extension of the well-known DRT (Discourse Representation Theory) structures, go beyond single text representation extending them to embrace the general clinical history of a given patient. Introduced is a proposed and developed ontology framework, Ontology for General Clinical Practice, enhancing the currently available state-of-the-art ontologies for medical science and for the cardiovascular specialty, It's shown the scientific and philosophical reasons of its present dual structure with a deeply expressive (SHOIN) terminological base (TBox) and a highly computable (EL++) assertions knowledge base (ABox).
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Ulph, Cassandra. „“Under the Existing Rules”: Anne Lister and the Halifax Literary and Philosophical Society“. Nineteenth-Century Literature 73, Nr. 4 (01.03.2019): 462–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2019.73.4.462.
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Cassandra Ulph, “‘Under the Existing Rules’: Anne Lister and the Halifax Literary and Philosophical Society” (pp. 462–485) Anne Lister’s membership in the Halifax Literary and Philosophical Society is considered here as an early example of a woman admitted to such a society. Lister’s membership in this Society, and the Society’s decision to admit her, illuminates much about women’s participation in civic and intellectual life in this period, and more particularly about Lister’s particular status in her hometown of Halifax. This essay investigates the extent to which Lister’s membership in the Society constituted true participation and how it intersected with, and compared to, other formal and informal kinds of intellectual and associational activities available to women in the period. It also explores the ways in which such institutions themselves imagined their role in society extending beyond their membership through largely patriarchal models of diffusion.
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Ndu, Mary. „Examining Bourdieu’s Concepts of Capital, Habitus, and Field in Women’s Health Research in Nigeria: A Feminist Perspective“. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 21 (Januar 2022): 160940692211367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16094069221136765.
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Global health’s persistent focus on women’s health-seeking behaviour necessitates a philosophical understanding of the meaning behind women’s health decision-making. In studying health-seeking behaviour, researchers use philosophical paradigms to explicate and understand complex social concepts that continue to maintain health inequities and injustices. A commonly used theory is Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice. This paper examines the scholastic application of Bourdieu’s theory of practice to theorize women’s health-seeking behaviour in qualitative research to understand the rationale behind using health services. The theory of practice consists of four concepts: practice, habitus, field, and capital. Each concept conceptualizes the theory to find a logical meaning for social practices. The theory uses a relational approach between agency and structure to account for social life. The goal is to develop a theoretical framework from a feminist perspective to understand how women seek care with contextual factors that can inhibit or outrightly limit their agency. Researchers limit cultural capital’s role in linking health-seeking behaviour to economic capital in health disparities. Additionally, in formulating women’s health policies without adequate consideration of women’s experiences and preferences, such policies become patriarchal, where men assume an expert knowledge of women’s health, failing to recognize the diversity of experiences. In our quest to develop new theories as feminist researchers, we must acknowledge these taken-for-granted assumptions and address them.
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Singh, Shaminder, und Andrew Estefan. „Selecting a Grounded Theory Approach for Nursing Research“. Global Qualitative Nursing Research 5 (Januar 2018): 233339361879957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333393618799571.
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Grounded theory is a commonly used research methodology. There are three primary approaches to grounded theory in nursing research: those espoused by Glaser, Strauss and Corbin, and Charmaz. All three approaches use similar procedures, yet there are important differences among them, which implies that researchers need to make careful choices when using grounded theory. Researchers new to grounded theory need to find the most appropriate approach that fits their research field, topic, and researcher position. In this article, we compare the three grounded theory approaches. Choices of a grounded theory approach will depend on the researcher’s understanding of the philosophical underpinnings of all three approaches. Practical aspects of grounded theory approaches should match the information processing styles and analytical abilities of the researcher and the intended use of the theory. We illustrate key aspects of decision making about which method to select by drawing upon the first author’s experiences in his doctoral research.
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Yapijakis, Christos. „Philosophical Management of Stress: An Introduction“. Conatus 7, Nr. 2 (31.12.2022): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/cjp.31823.
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All human needs are compromised by everyday stressful conditions, which may be objectively devastating or subjectively augmented due to idiosyncratic way of thinking. Unmanaged acute stress can affect emotions, thinking and behavior and chronic stress can result in several severe health problems. Philosophy may provide a frame of thinking that may help in managing everyday stress. There are personal dimensions in the philosophical management of stress based on examples of Aristotle’s eudaimonia consisted of morality and pleasure, Plato’s transcendence aiming to join with the supreme good, Pyrrho’s serenity through suspension of judgement and the Stoics’ rational attachment to virtue. Furthermore, there are social dimensions of philosophical management of stress, since there is abundant scientific evidence that stress affects moral decision-making and therefore an ethical theory of life may not be sufficient in stressful conditions. In this context, such social aspects include the relationship of eudaimonia with community life, the artistic practice and the virtual eroticism in the contemporary world of digital media as a stress relief from physical confrontation with other persons in real life, the empathy and care as a crucial quality for stress relief and social change, as well as the Epicurean approach of stress management that may have both personal and social utility. Intervention programs of stress management combining many lifestyle techniques have been shown to enhance resilience and decrease stress for a period of time, based on systematic behavioral change. Two successful novel empirical pilot studies of pure philosophical management of stress based on cognitive psychotherapy and modification of mentality have been presented, both of them realized in the COVID-19 pandemic period: a three-month positive psychology intervention combined with Epicurean and Stoic concepts was provided to adolescent students and a month-long philosophical management of stress program based on Science and Epicurean Philosophy was offered to public sector professionals.
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Utami, Febby Nanda, Vivi Usmayanti, Yosi Fahdillah, Yossinomita Yossinomita, Johni Paul Karolus Pasaribu und Yulia Dwi Kartika. „Theory of Reasoned Action : Purchasing Behavior of Batik Jambi“. JPPM (Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat) 10, Nr. 2 (14.11.2023): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jppm.v10i2.64128.
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One uniqueness that can be identified as a historical heritage in Indonesia is Batik. Almost every region in Indonesia has its characteristics, including motifs, color patterns, and philosophical meanings. In Jambi, Batik is always worn on formal occasions and has even become the community's uniform at various events. On the other hand, in terms of sales, MSMEs must maintain their brand quality and compete competitively in the market. Therefore, this study investigates consumers' brand image, attitude, and intention to buy Batik and the decision of consumer behavior to buy Batik as an implementation of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). One hundred eighty-eight participants from Jambi province participated in filling out this online questionnaire. Then, the data that has been collected is tested using PLS-SEM. The results showed that all elements of TRA had a positive effect on the buying behavior of Batik in Jambi.
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Orenstein, Daniel G., und Y. Tony Yang. „From Beginning to End: The Importance of Evidence-Based Policymaking in Vaccination Mandates“. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, S1 (2015): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12228.
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Used appropriately, reliance on science distinguishes public health from policymaking driven more by theory and opinion and enhances trust in public health interventions. Evidence-based vaccine policymaking aims to control communicable disease by urging decision makers to base policies on the best available evidence rather than politics or personal views. The results of this approach, such as smallpox eradication, have been dramatic. Historically, mandatory childhood vaccination has been perhaps the most successful evidence-based tool in combating many epidemics. Philosophically, vaccination mandates correspond to the legal system’s dual role in codifying what society deems undesirable behavior (non-vaccination) and declaring beneficial social norms and values consistent with understandings of the social contract. Despite their effectiveness and philosophical grounding, vaccination mandates present serious legal and ethical questions. Public health policymakers have a continuing responsibility to rely on evidence not only as a basis for generating policy, but also for evaluating and improving elements of its legal design.
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Roberts, Richie, und Craig Edwards. „Overcoming Resistance to Service-Learning’s Use in the Preparation of Teachers for Secondary Agricultural Education: A Reframing of the Method’s Diffusion Challenges“. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 27, Nr. 1 (19.01.2020): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2020.27102.
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Although service-learning (SL) has shown promise, its adoption as a method of instruction in secondary agricultural education remains tentative. As such, this philosophical investigation examined how resistance to SL might be uniquely manifested in the context of teacher preparation and the implications for agricultural education if viewed through the lens of Rogers’ (2003) diffusion of innovations theory. After synthesizing related research and theory, we argue the method of instruction’s barriers to adoption include not only a misalignment between teacher educators’ beliefs and practices, but also result from a lack of knowledge, including (a) awareness, (b) how-to, and (c) principles (Rogers, 2003). We also posit that contextual influences at three levels – personal, institutional, and societal – drive or constrain teacher educators’ knowledge of SL during the innovation-decision process. By reframing the problem in this way, implications emerge regarding the difficulties teacher educators may experience as they cross contextual borders and attempt to overcome the knowledge deficiencies likely to influence their pedagogical decision-making. In this regard, we offer an expansion to Rogers’ (2003) innovation-decision process so teacher educators can forecast, isolate, and address better the contextual challenges and knowledge-related problems likely foregrounding their resistance to adopting SL as a method of instruction. Keywords: Diffusion of Innovations theory; innovation-decision process; resistance; service learning; teacher preparation