Dissertationen zum Thema „Philippine Crimes against humanity“
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1
Diaz-Barreto, Yolday. „Crimes against humanity in Chile a test of "towards a criminology of crimes against humanity" /“. Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/2181903.
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2
Dubler, Robert Edward. „Crimes against humanity in international law“. Thesis, Faculty of Law, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5306.
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3
Carlsvärd, Isabella. „Crimes against Humanity : The Obligation to Prevent“. Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76524.
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4
Al, Awadi Abdulrahim Yousif M. S. „Implementing crimes against humanity in the United Arab Emirates“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439870.
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5
Fournet, Caroline I. „Crimes against humanity : "the accumulated evil of the whole"“. Thesis, University of Leicester, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31081.
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This thesis is a study of international 'core crimes', namely, crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes, and crimes against peace. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that all these crimes share striking similarities, not only in respect of their qualifying elements, but also as regards the legal regime of individual responsibility attached to them. While focusing on these similar features, this thesis will highlight the defects of the rules applicable to genocide, war crimes and crimes against peace respectively, defects which might ultimately impede effective punishment of these particular crimes. In order to avoid such a risk, it is here submitted that, in fact, all these crimes should be considered as crimes against humanity. Such a re-qualification, it is argued, would indeed have the advantage of securing appropriate prosecution for these most heinous crimes thanks to the wider scope of application of the concept of 'crimes against humanity'. The purpose of this work is certainly not to erase the existence of different international crimes from the legal sphere, as it does not presuppose that the definitions of international crimes are malleable, not that the notion of 'crimes against humanity' is a stretchable one. Rather, it is merely to re-qualify the 'core crimes' against international law as 'crimes against humanity', notion which would then encompass a wider array of offences, all of which overlap considerably. This proposal is based on the assumption that prosecutions for international crimes have remained much too rare, and that, accordingly change and improvement are necessary. The re-qualification of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against peace as crimes against humanity could be a first step towards a better respect of international legal norms.
6
Lawson, Cecil Bryant. „Leviathan's Rage: State Sovereignty and Crimes Against Humanity in the Late Twentieth Century“. Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/13/.
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7
Ngachi, Sarah Mutseo. „Recruitment and use of juvenile pirates as crimes against humanity“. University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7086.
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Magister Legum - LLMPiracy attacks off the coast of the Horn of Africa have been on the rise in the recent years. According to a report by Ocean without Borders, although no vessels were hijacked by pirates off the coast of Somalia in 2017, 8 seafarers who were captured in 2016 were still being held in captivity. So far, 545 seafarers have been subjected to piracy attacks.1 The west coast of Africa has also experienced its fair share of piracy attacks. There has been an increase in piracy attacks off the coast of West Africa, two thirds of these attacks occurred off the coast of Nigeria.2The law governing maritime piracy is founded in the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea (UNCLOS).3Article 101 of the Convention defines piracy as; (a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed: i. on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft; ii. against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State; (b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft; (c) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a) or (b). In addition to the UNCLOS, the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful acts of Violence against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (herein after referred to as SUA Convention) also criminalises acts related to maritime piracy but which hinder the safe navigation of ships.4 The determining factor for crimes under the SUA Convention is whether the offence is a threat to the safe navigation or is likely to endanger the safe navigation of ships.5 The SUA Convention, however, differs from the UNCLOS in several aspects. First, the Convention does not require that the offence be committed for private ends. Second, the two ships requirement under Article 101 (a) of the UNCLOS is not applicable in the SUA Convention. The offences created in Article 3 of the SUA Convention imply that they may be committed by a perpetrator who is in the same ship with the victim. The SUA Convention does not provide for application of the principle of universal jurisdiction, a State can only exercise jurisdiction over the crimes if it is a party to it.6 Both the SUA Convention7 and the UNCLOS8 provide that the offence must be committed outside a State’s territorial waters. Article 4 of the SUA Convention however further limits the application of the Convention. The Convention does not apply to instances where the ship was not scheduled to navigate out of the territorial waters of the State. This limitation is not applicable under the UNCLOS.
8
Matsiko, Samuel. „The need for a comprehensive international convention on crimes against humanity“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5192.
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Magister Legum - LLMIn the field of international law three core crimes generally make up the jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals: war crimes; genocide; and crimes against humanity. Only two of these crimes (war crimes and genocide) are the subject of a global convention that requires States to prevent and punish such conduct and to cooperate among themselves toward those ends. By contrast, there is no such convention dedicated to preventing and punishing crimes against humanity. An international convention on prevention, punishment and inter-State cooperation with respect to crimes against humanity appears to be a key missing piece in the current framework of international law. The offence of crimes against humanity is a jus cogens and there is an erga omnes for states to prosecute and extradite offenders of crimes against humanity. This can be achieved by having international obligations founded on a specialised convention.
9
Byron, Christine Jane. „War crimes and crimes against humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court“. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400404.
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10
Montoya, Vivanvo Yván, Vásquez Julio Rodríguez, Nakandakari Pamela Morales und Bertha Prado. „Sterilizations during the Alberto Fujimori’s government: family planning policy or intentional crimes and crimes against humanity?“ IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122371.
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Given the unresolved status of the cases of victims of forced sterilizations during the government of Alberto Fujimori, this report aims to identify criterias of rationality from criminal doctrine and jurisprudence developed over the years, that will enable judicial officers to get a fair decision, consistent with a Constitutional Democracy, when determining criminal responsibility.Also, with the review of Salomon Lerner and Yvan Montoya, renowned lawyers defenders of human rights and knowledgeable in the subject.Ante la situación irresuelta de las denuncias de las victimas deesterilizaciones involuntarias durante el gobierno de Alberto Fujimori, el presente informe pretende identificar criterios de racionalidad provenientes de la doctrina y jurisprudencia penal que le permitan a los operadores judiciales obtener una decisión justa y acorde a una Democracia Constitucional, al momento de determinar la responsabilidad penal.Asimismo, se cuenta con los comentarios del Dr. Salomón Lerner y Dr. Yvan Montoya, reconocidos abogados defensores de los derechos humanos y entendidos en el tema.
11
Mugemangango, Paul. „Immunity from prosecution for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes: the case of heads of state“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1088.
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"It is an accepted norm of international law that sitting heads of state have immunity from criminal prosecutions. A head of state is normally entitled to immunity from prosecution anywhere, even after he or she is no longer the head of state. However, in recent years we have witnessed the dramatic shift from this customary international law principle where some jurisdictions have been arresting, or threatening to arrest, former and sitting heads of state in order to institute criminal prosecutions against them. There is, however, no uniformity in the application of this action. Those jurisdictions that determine who is to be arrested or prosecuted are so selective that not all those alleged to have committed these crimes are arrested or prosecuted. On the other hand, existing jurisprudence on this subject is not firm in its application. This problem, therefore, calls for harmonisation of the application of the principle of immunity for heads of state in order to make international law reflect the real consent of states. ... The study is divided into four chapters. Chapter one addresses the background on which the study is premised, outlines the statement of the problem, objectives and their significance and the literature review. Chapter two discusses the principle of immunity as developed by prominent international lawyers, courts decisions and other generally applied principles in international law. Chapter three takes the practical application of the principle of head of state immunity against criminal prosecution in interantional law. This involves an examination of the application of the principle from selected national jurisdictions and by the International Court of Justice. Chapter four concludes the discussion and provides for necessary recommendations on the way forward." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Henry Onoria at the Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Kayamba, Musaputa Emery. „The causes of armed conflict and human rights abuses in Central Africa and the impact on the Democratic Republic of Congo /“. Abstract Full Text (HTML) Full Text (PDF), 2008. http://eprints.ccsu.edu/archive/00000492/02/1948FT.htm.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2008.Thesis advisor: Timothy Rickard. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in International Studies." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-124). Also available via the World Wide Web.
13
Hirsh, David. „The coming of age of cosmopolitan law : crimes against humanity and their prosecution“. Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55823/.
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In the era of globalization many writers (e.g. Hannah Arendt, David Held, Robert Fine) have argued that the ideology of nationalism is being challenged by the growth of cosmopolitan developments, ideas and institutions. This thesis takes off from the evolution of 'cosmopolitan criminal law' out of international law. It argues that implicit in the elaboration and use of the 'crimes against humanity' charge at Nuremberg and at the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda (ICTY and ICTR), is the admission that genocide and ethnic cleansing are the business of the whole of humanity and that perpetrators may no longer hide behind the principle of national sovereignty. I argue that the establishment of the principle of individual criminal responsibility for such crimes is not simply a legal fiction. I further argue that the greatly expanded role for short-term instrumental rationality which prevails in modem society (e.g.Zygmunt Bauman) does not limit social actors to a choice of either complicity in or a stepping out of society. The evidence shows that perpetrators do make choices for which they may be held responsible and are not simply puppets of rational structures. The thesis looks at three responses made by the international community to ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia: the peace at all costs policy, which allowed ethnic cleansing to go unhindered in Bosnia; the bombing policy which failed to stop but reversed some of the effects of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo; and the establishment of the ICTY which is judging some of the perpetrators. I use the trials of Dusko Tadic and of Tihomir Blaskic as case studies to investigate the working of the first international criminal tribunal. I also investigate the trial of Andrei Sawoniuk, held in London in 1999, for his actions during the Holocaust in Belarus, and the libel trial in which David Irving sued Deborah Lipstadt. Using these four cases, I examine the functioning of cosmopolitan criminal trials, the different contexts in which they are held, their use of evidence and law, the extent and limits of the justice they achieve, and their role in the production of authoritative cosmopolitan narratives.
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Fata, Muminovic. „Turkey and crimes against humanity : A case study on Turkish treatment of civilian population“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100655.
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Despite the developments in the international arena to ensure and protect human rights, evidence from around the world showcase examples of organized and systematic violations of human rights in the form of war crimes, genocides, and crimes against humanity. Turkey is one of the countries that has shown decline in the last ten years when it comes to respect for human rights. Aftermath of the Coup d’etat from 2016, involvement in Syrian civil war, and Kurdish question raised concern within the international community regarding human rights. Consequently, this research aims to provide a deeper understanding of how Turkish government treats the civilian population in these three cases in order to assess if there is a risk of Turkish government committing crimes against humanity. Furthermore, in order to get a more objective view of the happenings, this paper will also examine Turkish actions through the lenses of Realism. A qualitative research with an abductive approach with case study design was conducted. Analytical framework, that presents 10 risk factors for committing atrocities and crimes against humanity, developed by Dieng and Welsh was utilized to make sense of gathered data. Realism, with focus on national interest and security, was used to examine Turkish actions. Findings suggest that all 10 risk factors are presented in each case through different indicators. Journalists, lawyers, professors, refugees, and Kurds face systematic threat of mostly arbitrary detentions and imprisonments. Furthermore, findings show that Turkish actions can be explained through national interest expressed through security and unitary national identity.
15
Chipeta, W. „Is ‘the policy element’ a legal requirement under international criminal law for crimes against humanity?“ University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4438.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe precise legal definition of crimes against humanity has always been elusive since their first codification in the IMT Charter in 1945. Jurisprudence applying the definition has reflected the uncertainty especially with regard to the contextual element that requires that crimes against humanity should be committed pursuant to some form of a policy of a state or organisation: The Policy Element. In the 1990s the ICTY in its early Decisions exhibited an inclination to broaden the scope of the application of crimes against humanity by downgrading the Policy Element to cover states and non-state actors in asymmetric armed conflicts. In 2002, this tendency culminated in the complete abandonment of the Policy Element requirement. Eminent international criminal law scholars are divided whether the ICTY was correct or not. At the same time, Article 7(2) (a) of ICC Statute has expressly provided for a downgraded Policy Element that somehow resonates with the ICTY as it covers states and organisations. In 2010, the Situation in the Republic of Kenya presented the ICC with a question whether the concept of organisation in Article 7(2) (a) of the Statute covers organisations generally or only state-like organisations. The Majority Decision resonated with the more recent jurisprudence of the ICTY and held that it covered all organisations. The Dissenting Opinion, however, restricted the Policy Element to only state-like organisations. This Research agrees with the recent ICTY position that has been reflected by the Majority Decision and postulates that the Policy Element should not be a requirement for crimes against humanity.
16
Rich, Samantha. „State actions and response following instances of politicide“. Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5624.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 12, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
17
Kuschnik, Bernhard. „Der Gesamttatbestand des Verbrechens gegen die Menschlichkeit : Herleitungen, Ausprägungen, Entwicklungen /“. Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018760824&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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18
Brown, Molly. „Drifting in-and-out of mass murder the utility of drift theory in explaining crimes against humanity /“. Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2010. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/2181912.
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Thesis (Honors paper)--Florida State University, 2010.Advisor: Prof. Daniel Maier-Katkin, Florida State University, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Includes bibliographical references.
19
Gebreselassie, Yonas Debesai. „The United Nations and the African Union in the prevention of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide in Africa: lessons from Rwanda“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1084.
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"Although the concept of human rights is not new, it has never attracted more attention than today. However, contrary to the tremendous growth of concern for the international protection of human rights, Rwanda was visited by three main deplorable waves of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. Therefore, while the study is based on the premise that the primary duty of preventing these international crimes lies with the state, it will be argued that the secondary duty lies with international organisations like the UN and the AU. Both organisations could have averted or minimised the atrocities that occurred in Rwanda. Accordingly the study aims to address four issues. First, it attempts to review the weaknesses of the UN and OAU in their human rights monitoring and promotional fucntion derived from international human rights instruments. Second, it seeks to investigate the shortcomings and the failures of these two organisations in intervening to stop the Rwandan genocide. Third, it attempts to examine the UN's and AU's current handling of the cases of genocide as a preventive mechanism against gross human rights violations in Rwanda. Finally, the study will attempt to see if the failures seen in Rwanda are reflected in the current responses of the UN and the AU. The study presupposes that the 1994 Rwandan genocide, although not altogether inevitable, would not have been so comprehensive had the UN and the OAU/AU not developed a culture of impunity in the genocide of 1963 and 1973. One way assume, too, that the suffering could even have been minimized had there been active measures taken by these two organisations. This thesis proceeds on the premise of a problem that the vacuum that still exists under the Rwandan situation, both pre- and post-1994 genocide, as well as the weakness of the response from the UN and AU, is also abetting the current genocide in Sudan and countries with a volatile situation, like the Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/llm1.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
20
Namwase, Sylvie. „The use of excessive force in riot control : law enforcement and crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute“. Thesis, University of East London, 2017. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/5899/.
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This thesis explores state-sanctioned violence used as part of law enforcement in riot control with a view to determine whether the definition of crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute effectively criminalises the use of force by state actors in riot control contexts. It analyses tensions arising from criminalising the use of lethal force against a ‘civilian population’ under the Rome Statute, while recognising the responsibility of states to enforce law and order through force, including through lethal force. The study is qualitative and uses doctrinal analysis to identify definitional gaps and paradoxes within relevant laws. It uses positivist theory and the Hobbesian concept of sovereignty to illuminate how the fusion of power, law and violence perpetuate circularity around the standards regulating state use of force in riot control situations, and how this in turn hinders specificity of culpability under article 7 of the ICC Statute. This study explores the effect of merging and applying without reflection, two prescriptive regimes; human rights and humanitarian law, within an international criminal law framework under the ICC Statute which is proscriptive and punitive. It also analyses definitional circularity under relevant national laws which are viable interpretive sources under the Rome Statute. The study concludes that article 7 is ineffective as a basis for criminalising excessive force in riot control contexts. The legal frameworks regulating use of force in these contexts, and those regulating crimes against humanity still operate in isolation and states retain a high level of discretion over the definition of national of standards of lawful force. The study argues that state parties never intended the application of crimes against humanity under the Statute to riot control contexts and that the internationalization of criminal liability for force used in internal riot situations is premature.
21
Olubokun, Charles Oluwarotimi. „The future of prosecutions under the International Criminal Court“. Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11075.
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This thesis examines prosecutorial challenges of the International Criminal Court (ICC/the court) in relation to the dwindling legitimacy prosecuting under Article 5 of the Rome Statute and other relevant international law principles. The study attempts a prognosis of the future shape of ICC prosecutions in light of the challenges and proposes reforms to the operations of the Court and its constitutive instrument to improve the dispensation of justice. The focus of the study is substantive international criminal law, developments in relevant case laws of international courts and tribunals, structure and procedures of the ICC and relevant principles within the context of elements of the Crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the Crime of aggression. The thesis further evaluates the role of the Court as it ensures international cooperation with domestic efforts to promote the ‘Rule of law’, uphold the principles of international humanitarian law, human rights law and combat impunity being the first permanent treaty-based international criminal court with the intent and purpose of ending impunity for perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community and thus contributes to the prevention of such crimes. Additionally, the International Criminal Court advances international criminal justice, particularly with regard to victims by providing not only legal justice but also participation in the process and restorative justice to rebuild the society after mass violence. The thesis is an analysis of the prosecutorial challenges at the International Criminal Court, using its legal framework and jurisprudence to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
22
Verlage, Christopher. „Responsibility to Protect : ein neuer Ansatz im Völkerrecht zur Verhinderung von Völkermord, Kriegsverbrechen und Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit /“. Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016710994&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Lewis, Mark. „International legal movements against war crimes, terrorism, and genocide, 1919-1948“. Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1710343761&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kochanski, Adam. „Justice Deflected: The Uses and Abuses of Local Transitional Justice Processes“. Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37046.
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In recent years, there has been a noticeable turn towards the “local” in both the practice and academic study of transitional justice, exemplified by a belief that local transitional justice processes (LTJPs) are superior because they are rooted in cultural practices and closer to the communities and people seeking justice. However, this assumption, and the existing literature on these local initiatives, pays insufficient attention to asymmetric power relations between national and local actors and to the unseen domestic political interests that shape local transitional justice processes on the ground. By taking these factors into account, this dissertation contends that LTJPs can be used paradoxically to deflect justice in ways that allow ruling parties to avoid human rights accountability and that obscure the truth about wartime events. The dissertation further argues that the principal means by which justice is deflected is not through overt manipulation by ruling parties, but rather, through more indirect processes of “distortional framing” that ruling parties use to establish discursive limits around discussions of the past and to conceal their own human rights abuses. The cases of Cambodia and Mozambique are examined in detail to reveal and to trace the processes by which distortional framing has been employed as a tactic to deflect justice. This dissertation contributes to the study of transitional justice, not only by challenging the prevailing assumption that LTJPs are inherently preferable because they are more “authentic” or closer to the people, but by providing a novel explanation of how these processes can be manipulated to subvert their own stated goal of advancing the cause of justice, and by providing a detailed account of these distortionary processes at work in two post-conflict countries located on two different continents.
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Boot-Matthijssen, Machteld. „Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crime : "nullum crimen sine lege" and the subject matter juridiction of the International criminal court /“. Antwerpen : Intersentia, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39070062m.
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Machado, Patrícia da Costa. „As supremas cortes de Brasil e Argentina frente aos crimes de lesa humanidade perpetrados pelas ditaduras“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/134209.
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Entre as décadas de 1960 e 1980, Brasil e Argentina vivenciaram ditaduras de segurança nacional. As diferentes experiências vividas por essas nações possuem alguns elos em comum: a tomada do poder pelas Forças Armadas, a aplicação da Doutrina de Segurança Nacional, suspensão de direitos e garantias fundamentais, o consequente estabelecimento do Terrorismo de Estado e, por fim, a aprovação de algum tipo de anistia ao fim desses regimes. Tendo diferentes designações, as leis aprovadas visavam um mesmo objetivo: impossibilitar a responsabilização de militares e civis pelas inúmeras violações a direitos humanos cometidas durante as ditaduras. O discurso de “virar a página e olhar para o futuro” esteve presente em ambos os países, e foi usado para propagar a ideia da pacificação nacional. A partir dos anos 2000, já em um contexto de democracias consolidadas, o quadro difere imensamente. Enquanto na Argentina, entre 2004 e 2007, a Corte Suprema de la Nación julgou inconstitucionais todos os dispositivos que representavam obstáculos ao julgamento dos crimes da ditadura (Lei de Obediência Devida, a Lei do Ponto Final e os indultos concedidos por Carlos Menem), no Brasil, o Supremo Tribunal Federal julgou improcedente, em 2010, uma ação ajuizada pela Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB) e considerou a Lei da Anistia (Lei n. 6.683/79) fruto de um acordo político e, por consequência, impossível de ser revisado. Partindo dessas premissas, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o posicionamento das Cortes Supremas de Brasil e Argentina no que diz respeito à responsabilização penal dos crimes de lesa humanidade cometidos pelas ditaduras. As decisões dos fallos Arancibia Clavel, Simón e Mazzeo, e a sentença da Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) n. 153, serão comparadas sob o viés histórico do contexto democrático nas quais foram geradas, buscando compreender a discrepância entre os entendimentos das Cortes e do quadro atual de ambos os países no que diz respeito à efetivação de mecanismos de justiça de transição.Between the decades of 1960 and 1980, Brazil and Argentina have experienced dictatorships. The different experiences for these nations have some links in common: the seizure of power by the armed forces, the application of the national security doctrine, suspension of fundamental rights and guarantees, the consequent establishment of State terrorism and, finally, the adoption of some kind of amnesty in the end of those regimes. Having different designations, the laws adopted had the same goal: make it impossible the accountability of military and civilians by the numerous human rights violations committed during the dictatorships. The speech of "turn the page and look to the future" was present in both countries, and was used to propagate the idea of “national pacification”. From the year 2000, in a context of consolidated democracies, the situation differs immensely. While in Argentina, between 2004 and 2007, the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional all devices that represent obstacles to the prosecution of crimes commited by the dictatorship ( the Due Obedience Law, the Final Point Law and pardons granted by President Carlos Menem), in Brazil, the Supreme Court dismissed, in 2010, an action filed by the Bar Association of Brazil, and considered the Amnesty Law (Law n. 6.683/79) the result of a political agreement and, consequently, impossible to review. Starting from these premises, the present study aims to analyze the positioning of the Supreme Courts of Brazil and Argentina, with regard to the criminal liability of the crimes against humanity committed by dictatorships. Decisions of “fallos” Arancibia Clavel, Simón and Mazzeo, and the sentence in the Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamentl (ADPF) n. 153 will be compared under the historical bias of the democratic context in which they were generated, seeking to understand the discrepancy between the understandings of the courts and of the current framework of both countries regarding the establishment of transitional justice mechanisms.
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Burke, Christopher Leslie. „A critical assessment of the exercise of universal jurisdiction by South African courts“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97062.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2015ENGLISH ABSTRACT : Universal jurisdiction is a relatively new concept in South Africa and a rather controversial concept in international criminal law. It is often discussed but rarely applied. Universal jurisdiction refers to the power of a State to punish certain crimes irrespective of where they were committed. Such crimes need not be connected to the State in question via the more traditional links of territory, nationality or direct State interest. These crimes are typically the worst crimes in international law such as genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The argument goes that those who commit these types of offences become hostis humani generis, or the enemies of all mankind. Therefore just like the pirate of old any nation that captures them is entitled to exercise its jurisdiction over them, on behalf of all mankind. But at the same time a feature and founding principle of international law is the sovereign equality of States. And under international law criminal jurisdiction is a prerogative of sovereign States. States have territorial jurisdiction over crimes committed within their territory, for having control over a territory is essentially what it means to be sovereign. This means that one nation’s attempt to exercise jurisdiction over persons that also fall under the jurisdiction of another nation could be perceived as the undermining of the second nation’s sovereignty. It is submitted that a proper understanding of universal jurisdiction internationally, and in South Africa, is vital because the Constitutional Court recently ordered South African authorities to investigate torture committed by Zimbabwean officials against Zimbabwean citizens that was allegedly committed in Zimbabwe. In other words the court ordered South African authorities to exercise universal jurisdiction over Zimbabwean officials. This thesis has as goal to critically examine the claims made, and authorities, cited in support of universal jurisdiction, as it is believed that these are usually theoretical and unpractical in nature. It is submitted that balance and a measure of realism is imperative to this debate. Contrary to popular opinion, it is submitted, that the history of international relations has not favored universal jurisdiction and there is no indication that this situation has fundamentally changed or will change in the near future. The thesis continues to examine, after a consideration of the likening of pirates to modern international criminals, the claim that old authorities such as Grotius and De Vattel provide support for universal jurisdiction. An analysis follows of the so-called ‘Lotus principle’, which is said to mean that any State may exercise jurisdiction over serious offences because there is no rule prohibiting it. The trials of German war criminals by the Allies, in the aftermath of WWII, is also said to have evidenced universal jurisdiction and this claim is critically examined. The same applies to the trial of Adolf Eichmann by Israel. The examination of provision for universal jurisdiction in international law continues when the jurisdictional provisions of the Genocide, War Crimes and Torture Conventions are examined and specifically applied to South Africa. The drafting process of these Conventions is carefully studied to understand the intention and circumstances prevalent at the time. In the process specific countries and international case law dealing with these Conventions is also considered. The jurisdictional triggers of the International Criminal Court are surveyed and it is questioned whether it provides for universal jurisdiction and whether it can then be said to support member States in exercising universal jurisdiction on its behalf. The research findings on universal jurisdiction and the ICC are finally applied to South Africa especially with reference to the Constitutional Court decision on the torture committed in Zimbabwe before conclusions are drawn as to what South Africa’s international and domestic duties entail.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Universele jurisdiksie is ‘n relatief nuwe konsep in Suid-Afrika en ‘n redelik kontroversiële konsep in internasionale strafreg. Dit word gereeld bespreek maar weinig toegepas. Universele jurisdiksie verwys na die bevoegdheid van ‘n Staat om sekere misdrywe te straf ongeag waar dit gepleeg is. Die betrokke Staat hoef nie enige van die traditionele verbindings soos territorialiteit, nationaliteit of direkte Staats-belang met sodanige misdrywe te hê nie. Hierdie misdade is tipies van die ergste misdade in internasionale reg, soos volksmoord, oorlogsmisdade en misdade teen die mensdom. Die argument is dat diegene wat hierdie tipe misdrywe pleeg hostis humanis generis, of vyande van die mensdom word. Daarom, net soos die seerower van ouds, is enige nasie, wat hulle in hegtenis neem geregtig om sy jurisdiksie, namens die ganse mensdom, oor hulle uit te oefen. Maar terselfde tyd is 'n kenmerk en grondbeginsel van internasionale reg die soewereine gelykheid van State. En onder internasionale reg is strafregtelike jurisdiksie 'n prerogatief van soewereine State. State het territoriale jurisdiksie oor misdade wat binne hul regsgebied gepleeg is, want om beheer oor 'n gebied uit te oefen is in wese wat soewerein wees behels. Dus kan een Staat se poging om jurisdiksie uit te oefen oor persone wat ook onder die jurisdiksie van 'n ander Staat val beskou word as die ondergrawing van die tweede Staat se soewereiniteit. Dit word aan die hand gedoen dat 'n behoorlike begrip van universele jurisdiksie, beide internasionaal, en in Suid-Afrika van uiterse belang is, veral omdat die Konstitionele Hof onlangs Suid-Afrikaanse owerhede beveel het dat marteling gepleeg in Zimbabwe, deur Zimbabwiese amptenare, teen Zimbabwiese burgers ondersoek moet word. Die hof het dus beveel dat die Suid-Afrikaanse owerhede universele jurisdiksie moet uitoefen oor Zimbabwiese amptenare. Hierdie tesis het ten doel om die gesag gewoonlik genoem, ter ondersteuning van universele jurisdiksie, krities te beskou, veral omdat dit gewoonlik teoreties en onprakties van aard blyk te wees. Hierdie tesis poog om ‘n noodsaaklike balans en mate van realisme tot die debat te voeg. Anders as wat algemeen aanvaar word ondersteun die geskiedenis van internasionale betrekkinge nie universele jurisdiksie nie en is daar ook geen aanduiding dat hierdie situasie onlangs fundamenteel verander het, of in die nabye toekoms sal verander nie. Die tesis beskou voorts, na 'n oorweging van die vergelyking van seerowers met moderne internasionale misdadigers, die bewering dat die ou skrywers soos De Groot en De Vattel hul steun verleen aan universele jurisdiksie. Hierna volg ‘n ontleding van die sogenaamde "Lotus beginsel", wat glo beteken dat enige Staat jurisdiksie mag uitoefen oor ernstige oortredings, bloot omdat daar geen reël is wat dit verbied nie. Die verhore van Duitse oorlogs misdadigers deur die Geallieerdes, na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog, word ook dikwels as bewys gebruik van universele jurisdiksie en word ook krities bekyk. Dieselfde geld vir die verhoor van Adolf Eichmann deur Israel. Die voorsiening gemaak vir universele jurisdiksie word verder ondersoek deur te let op die jurisdiksionele bepalings in die Konvensies oor volksmoord, oorlogsmisdade en marteling en dit word telkens op Suid-Afrika van toepassing gemaak. Daar word veral noukeurig gelet op die opstel proses van hierdie Konvensies ten einde te bepaal presies wat die bedoeling en heersende omstandighede toe was. In die proses word spesifieke lande en internasionale gesag wat met die Konvensies te make het oorweeg. Die Internasionale Strafhof, en of dit voorsiening vir universele jurisdiksie maak, word ondersoek ten einde te bepaal of dit enigsins gesê kan word dat die Hof lidstate aanmoedig om universele jurisdiksie te beoefen. Laastens word die bevindings oor universele jurisdiksie en die Internasionale Strafhof toegepas op Suid-Afrika, veral met verwysing na die Konstitusionele Hof beslissing oor die marteling in Zimbabwe, voordat gevolgtrekkings gemaak word oor wat presies Suid-Afrika se internasionale en plaaslike pligte behels.
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Yankulije, Hilaire. „Le contentieux international pénal dans les pays inter-lacustres d’Afrique : de la guerre froide a la cour pénale internationale“. Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0058.
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L’objectif majeur de ce travail est de dresser un bilan de l’ensemble des litiges soumis et susceptibles d’être soumis aux juges relevant du droit international pénal ayant eu lieu dans les pays inter lacustres d’Afrique. Il articule autour des quatre axes principaux. Le premier axe consiste à placer le droit international pénal dans l’ensemble du droit international moderne. Le deuxième axe consiste à situer la criminalité de masse de la sous-région des pays inter lacustres d’Afrique dans le temps et dans l’espace tout en s’attardant sur le contexte politique et social dans lequel elle a eu lieu, son ampleur et son inhumanité. Le troisième axe quant à lui, s’attarde à la démonstration de quelles formes (chapeaux des crimes, et crimes sous-jacents) les crimes contre la paix et la sécurité de l’humanité se sont manifestés dans la sous-région des pays inter lacustres d’Afrique. Le quatrième et le dernier axe étudie les modes de participation aux crimes. Autrement, Il s’agit de passer en revue de la jurisprudence pour voir sous quels types de responsabilité les criminels des pays inter lacustres d’Afrique répondaient à leurs actes. Le présent travail permet d’étudier de long en large le génocide des Tutsis au Rwanda et s’attarde sur les éléments constitutifs des massacres perpétrés contre les communautés des hutus au Burundi, au Rwanda et au Congo dont l’hypothèse du génocide est fort avancée par le monde académique et diplomatique. Cela terminé, cette recherche analyse la jurisprudence des cours et tribunaux internationaux pour étudier les éléments contextuels et les crimes sous-jacents aux crimes de guerre et des crimes contre l’humanité. Il permet de comprendre d’une manière typique et circonstanciée les groupes protégés par les conventions internationales de droit humanitaires et les scénarios dans lesquels ce droit a été violé. En dernière analyse, ce travail étudie les modes de participation aux crimes contre la paix et la sécurité de l’humanité qui ont enclenché les responsabilités des criminels des pays inter lacustres d’Afriques. Les modes collectifs tels que les entreprises criminelles communes et la responsabilité du chef hiérarchiques sont succinctement étudiés en prenant pour cas d’études les massacres ayant eu lieu dans la région susmentionnéeThis thesis aims at making an update compilation of the all crimes perpetrated in Democratic Republic of Congo, in Burundi in Uganda and in Rwanda. The above said crimes are those related to the international law judged and those to be judged by international criminal courts and tribunals. Our thesis articulates around four main sub topics. The first consist of studying the high moments of international criminal law and the place of this branch of law in international law arena. The second studies the high moments of mass killings in the inter-lacustrine region of Africa while the third identifies the crimes against the peace and security of humanity perpetrated in the above-mentioned region. These crimes include genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The fourth and final area of focus demonstrates the forms of international criminal responsibility developed by Law case in International Criminal tribunal for Rwanda and in International criminal court as well. The present research explores broadly the genocide perpetrated against Tutsi in Rwanda and focuses on the elements of the massacres perpetrated against the hutu communities in Burundi, Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo on which genocide hypothesis is highly advanced by international community and some scholars. Moreover, this research has analyzed the jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals to study contextual elements and additional infractions to war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It provides a typical and comprehensive understanding of the groups protected by the international humanitarian law conventions and the scenarios in which this right has been violated. At the end, this work examines the liability in the crimes against the peace and security of humanity that have triggered the responsibility of criminals. The collective types of participation including joint criminal enterprises and command responsibility by taking the cases of study the massacres perpetrated in the above-mentioned region
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Kuner, Janosch O. A. „The war crimes trial against German Industrialist Friedrich Flick et al - a legal analysis and critical evaluation“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1823_1363782732.
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This research paper is an analysis of the case United States v Flick et al which took place in 1947 in Nuremberg, Germany. Friedrich Flick, a powerful German industrialist, and several high ranking officials of his firm were tried by a United States military tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the Third Reich. The
proceedings and the decision itself are the subject of a critical examination, including an investigation of the factual and legal background. The trial will be regarded in the historical context of prosecutions against German industrialists after World War II. Seen from present-day perspective, the question will be raised whether any conclusions can be drawn from the Flick case in respect of the substance of present-day international criminal law.
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Gassama, Diakhoumba. „Accountability and prosecution in the Liberian transitional society: lessons from Rwanda and Sierra Leone“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_3458_1180416748.
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In the aftermath of World War Two, the International Community has shown a renewed commitment towards the protection of human rights. However, whether during wars or under dictatorial regimes, numerous human rights abuses occurred everywhere in the world, from Latin America to Eastern Europe and from Southern Europe to Africa. Countries which experienced oppressive governance or outrageous atrocities has to address the legacies of their past on the return of democratic rule or peace. In other words, they had to emerge from the darkness of dictatorship or civil war in order to establish a democracy. Today, after 14 years of civil war, Liberia is faced with the challenge of achieving a successful transition where the imperatives of truth, justice and reconciliation need to be met. The purpose of this research paper was to make some recommendations on the way the accountability process in Liberia should be shaped as far as prosecution is concerned.
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Abdulhafidh, Ali. „Elements of crimes against humanity in the recent case law of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda“. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539345.
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This thesis will try to explore general and specific elements of crimes against humanity under the recent case law of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The general elements of crimes against humanity will be discussed in Part 2 of this thesis, and Part 3 discusses the specific elements of the enumerated acts: murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, rape, persecution, and other inhumane acts. Before these, this thesis, in Part I, traces the history of crimes against humanity, which began before the Nuremberg Charter and has continued up to the present time. Finally this thesis concludes that all that is required under the recent case law is that crimes against humanity must be committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, together with knowledge of that attack. This thesis also concludes that each and every inhumane act has specific elements which must be proved in order for it to be described as a crime against humanity.
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Ojo, Victoria Olayide. „The Boko Haram violence from the perspective of International criminal law“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5175.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis paper will explore the history of the outbreak of religious related violence in Nigeria and the response of Nigeria and the African Union to the acts of the Boko Haram group both legally and procedurally. The intervention of the ICC as a viable option to combat the scourge of the group will also be examined. Other options such as trial in the Court of third States under the principle of universal jurisdiction and a special court jointly facilitated by the States involved will also be assessed.
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Hersi, Mohamed Farah. „The possibilites of international prosecution against the former Somali militry regime for human rights abuses in Somaliland from 1981 - 1991: establishing individual criminal and civil responsibility under international law“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8055.
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Since the aftermath of the brutal civil war in Somaliland, no one has systematically considered the human rights atrocities committed by one of the most brutal regimes in sub-Saharan Africa.
Therefore, it is the objective of this study, firstly, to throw light on the international rules which govern those crimes committed in Somaliland during the military regime. Secondly, the study will apply those rules to the case of Somaliland, based on the available evidence. Thirdly,
the study will establish a case for the international prosecution of those who bear the greatest responsibilities for the human rights atrocities that occurred in Somaliland. Fourthly, this study will investigate which international mechanism provides the best chance of serving as an adequate prosecutorial mechanism. Finally, the study will analyse the role of individual criminal responsibility under international criminal lawThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Frans Viljoen of the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Holm, Fanny. „Justice for victims of atrocity crimes : prosecution and reparations under international law“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138761.
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This thesis takes its starting point from the need for a comprehensive approach towards justice following atrocities, and where not only the states in which the crimes were committed have a role to play. The thesis discusses atrocity crime (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes) prosecution and reparations procedures concerning individuals as two appropriate courses of action, through which non-territorial states may contribute to atrocity prevention and justice for the victims of atrocities. The analysis addresses whether, under international law, non-territorial states are allowed to, required to, or prohibited from facilitating prosecution and reparations procedures and includes an assessment of the extent to which international law relating to reparations fails to correspond to that applicable to prosecution. The implications of the lack of correspondence are analysed in light of the historical connection and separation of the two courses of action, the procedural and substantive legal overlaps between prosecution and reparations, and the underlying aims and functions of prosecution and reparations. The study covers a wide spectrum of international legal sources, most of them to be found in human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law. The study shows that while non-territorial states are included in both conventional and customary law as regards prosecution of atrocity crimes, the same cannot be said in relation to reparations procedures. This serious deficit and inconsistency in international law, is explained by the framing of reparations, but not prosecution, as a matter concerning victims and human rights, thereby leaving the enforcement of the rules to the discretion of each state. Reparation is also considered a private matter and as such falls outside the scope of the far-reaching obligations regarding prosecution. The study suggests taking further the responsibilities of non-territorial states in relation to atrocity crimes. Most urgently, measures should be considered that bring the legal space for reparations procedures into line with that for prosecution in, for instance, future discussions by human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and in the drafting of new international victims' rights, atrocity crimes or civil procedure instruments.
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Bielen, Carter. „International Obligations and the International Criminal Court: An Analysis“. Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3021.
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Thesis advisor: David RasmussenThis thesis begins by analyzing three different philosophies on human rights. It looks to the foundations of these theories, but focuses primarily on the obligations that each system creates. It evaluates cosmopolitanism and two different institutionalist arguments, eventually settling on a tiered system of international responsibility as the strongest and most practical conception of rights. The second chapter of the thesis discusses the role of the International Criminal Court as a part of this tiered system, and as a means to promote human rights across the globe. This section evaluates the court by considering its historical foundations, its goals and responsibilities, and its actions over the past ten years. It concludes by providing recommendations for the future of the court
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Mitchell, David Scott. „Voicing the Silent War Crime: Prosecuting Sexual Violence in the Special Court for Sierra Leone“. Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1146448301.
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Adonis, Bongiwe. „Immunity for serving Heads of State for crimes under International Criminal Law: an analysis of the ICC-indictment against Omar Al Bashir“. University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2910.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis paper analyses head of state immunity, a traditional rule of international law, in relation to the indictments by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2009 against the current Sudanese President Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir. It can be agreed that the doctrine of immunity in international law attempts to overcome the tension between the protection of human rights and the demands of state sovereignty. The statutes and decisions of international criminal courts make it clear that no immunity for international crimes shall be attached to heads of states or to senior government officials. However, the case against the Sudanese President, where the jurisdiction of the ICC was triggered by the UN Security Council‟s referral of the situation in Darfur to the Court, represents the first case where a serving head of state has, in fact, been indicted before the ICC. From this case, a number of legal issues have arisen; such as the questions where the ICC‟s jurisdiction over an incumbent head of state, not party to the ICC Statute, is justified, and the obligations upon ICC state parties to surrender such a head of state to the requesting international criminal court. This paper gives an analysis of these questions.
South Africa
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Henriques, Pedro Rêgo. „A responsabilidade de proteger na prevenção de mass atrocity crimes na crise da Venezuela (2012-atualidade)“. Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19411.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações InternacionaisA responsabilidade de proteger, ou R2P, é o compromisso da comunidade internacional em proteger populações a todo momento e em todo lugar das quatro atrocidades que mais chocam a consciência humana: o genocídio, os crimes contra a humanidade, os crimes de guerra e a limpeza étnica. Ao mesmo tempo, a crise na Venezuela é prova de que a R2P ainda não alcançou seu objetivo. O regime de Nicolás Maduro emprega alguns dos crimes mais chocantes, como execuções extrajudiciais, tortura e estupro, de forma sistemática e generalizada contra grupos da população civil que identifica como seus opositores para manter o poder. Esta investigação parte, portanto, do questionamento sobre de qual forma e com que eficácia o Estado venezuelano e a comunidade internacional estão colaborando e cumprindo a responsabilidade de proteger para averiguar a hipótese de que nenhum país envolvido está cumprindo sua responsabilidade, numa postura de reação tardia em vez de prevenção. Esta dissertação parte da perspectiva idealista utópica para fazer uma análise reflexivista e interpretativista de fontes primárias e secundárias na busca de entender os interesses envolvidos e mapear as ações já tomadas. Concluímos que o Estado venezuelano não só está manifestamente falhando, como é o principal perpetrador de atrocidades, ao mesmo tempo em que divisões na comunidade internacional impedem que ela cumpra sua R2P. Por fim, propomos caminhos para o avanço da R2P no sistema interamericano e para a proteção humana na Venezuela.
The responsibility to protect, or R2P, is the commitment by the international community to protect populations at all times and everywhere from the four atrocities that most shock human consciousness: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the ethnic cleansing. At the same time, the crisis in Venezuela is proof that R2P has not yet reached its goal. Nicolás Maduro's regime employs some of the most shocking crimes, such as extrajudicial executions, torture and rape, in a systematic and widespread manner against civilian groups that it identifies as the opposition for maintaining power. Thus, this investigation starts from the question of how and how effectively the Venezuelan State and the international community are collaborating and fulfilling the responsibility to protect to ascertain the hypothesis that no country involved is fulfilling its responsibility, in a posture of late reaction instead of prevention. This dissertation starts from the utopian idealist perspective to make a reflexive and interpretative analysis of primary and secondary sources in order to understand the interests involved and map the actions already taken. We conclude that the Venezuelan state is not only manifestly failing, but is the main perpetrator of atrocities, while divisions in the international community prevent it from fulfilling its R2P. Finally, we propose ways to the advancement of R2P in the Inter-American System and to human protection in Venezuela.
N/A
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Bonn, Georg. „Communication Flow, Information Exchange and Their Impact on Human Rights Violations“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277910/.
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Although international human rights declarations exist, violations of human rights are still sad but also common facts around the world. But for repressive regimes, it becomes more and more difficult to hide committed human rights violations, since society entered the "Information Revolution." This study argues that the volume of international information exchanged influences a country's human rights record. A pooled cross sectional time series regression model with a lagged endogenous variable and a standard robust error technique is used to test several hypotheses. The findings of this study indicate that the flow of information can be related to a country's human rights index. The study also suggests that more empirical work on this topic will be necessary.
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Kulali, Yeliz. „Le noyau dur des crimes internationaux (core international crimes) commis envers les individus, particulièrement contre les membres des minorités : l'une des variables de l'essor du nouveau système international“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA019.
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Les crimes contre l’humanité, les crimes contre la paix, les crimes de guerre, le génocide constituant le noyau dur des crimes internationaux représentent les actes qui causent les dommages les plus graves à la sécurité humaine et internationale. Ils sont codifiés dans les statuts des tribunaux pénaux internationaux. Les crimes transnationaux ou les crimes de traités ne sont pas codifiés dans ces statuts ou sont codifiés d’une manière assez limitée. L’apartheid, la torture, l’esclavage, la piraterie maritime, le terrorisme sont les exemples de ces crimes. Selon les règles de transformation du système international de Morton Kaplan, une variable du système international cause des transformations ou joue un rôle dans l’essor des systèmes internationaux. Le noyau dur des crimes internationaux est abordé dans notre travail comme l’une de ces variables du système. Dans ce but, le système bipolaire (1945- 1991), le nouvel ordre mondial (1991-2001) et le nouveau système depuis les attentats de 11 septembre 2001 ont été analysés. Les Tribunaux Internationaux de Nuremberg, de Tokyo, pour l’Ex-Yougoslavie, pour le Rwanda et la CPI sont devenus les études de casCrimes against humanity, crimes against peace, war crimes and genocide constitute the hard core of most threatful acts to human and international security. They have been codified through the statutes of international criminal tribunals. Transnational crimes or treaty crimes are not codified in these statutes or they are narrowly codified. Examples of such crimes include the apartheid, torture, slavery, maritime piracy, and terrorism. According to the rules of international system transformation as defined by Morton Kaplan, one variable of the international system entails transformations and plays a role in the emergence of international systems. In this study, the hard core of international crimes is considered as one of the variables of the system. Thus, the bipolar system (1945-1991), the new world order (1991- 2001) and the new system after September 11 attacks are analysed. International Tribunals such as Nuremberg, Tokyo, for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and the International Penal Court constitute case studies
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Atbaiga, Faraj. „Les crimes contre l'humanité : entre droit et politique“. Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05D002.
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La notion de crimes contre l’humanité s’est affirmée au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale. Elle a pris une dimension nouvelle au tournant de la décennie 90. Le génocide rwandais, puis les crimes commis contre les populations civiles albanaises en ex-Yougoslavie, sont passés par là ; ils ont alimenté les débats, soulevés des inquiétudes, et semblent avoir réveillé la « conscience humanitaire » de la « communauté internationale ». Ce réveil coïncide aussi – et ce n’est pas un hasard – avec la fin d’un monde bipolaire (chute du mur de Berlin, effondrement de l’URSS et dislocation des pays du bloc de l’Est). Ainsi, la résurgence du concept de crimes contre l’humanité intervient dans un monde en rupture profonde ; une rupture qui ne manque pas de produire ses effets sur le sens, la définition et la portée du concept. Autrement dit, l’idée de crimes contre l’humanité se déploie dans un monde mouvant où le Droit, plus que jamais, se heurte à la souveraineté des États et aux intérêts stratégiques et géopolitiques des « Puissants », comme en témoigne la gestation difficile de la Cour pénale internationale (CPI). Plus concrètement, les rapports de force tiennent une place importante et continuent de gérer les relations internationales, même dans un domaine qui, en principe, devrait être consensuel : les crimes contre l’humanité. Dans ce contexte, il n’est pas surprenant de voir certains pays accusés de crimes contre l’humanité (le Soudan, la Somalie, la Serbie, la Libye…), mais pas d’autres (crimes commis dans les territoires palestiniens, tortures et crimes commis par l’armée américaine en Irak…). Cette thématique, reposant sur l’idée que la force du droit se heurte au droit de la force, pourrait justifier l’idée selon laquelle le concept de crimes contre l’humanité, tel qu’il se manifeste aujourd’hui, est loin d’être un concept tout à fait neutre. De là découle la formulation de notre hypothèse : alors que les crimes contre l’humanité apparaissent comme un concept en quête d’identité, son application s’avère difficile et à « géométrie variable »The notion of crimes against humanity asserted itself after the Second World War. It took a new dimension in the bend of the 90's, after the Rwandan genocide, then the crimes committed against the Albanian civil populations in ex-Yugoslavia. Those events fed the debates, raised anxieties, and seem to have woken the " humanitarian consciousness " of the " international community ". This awakening also coincides - and it is not a fate - with the end of a bipolar world (fall of the Berlin Wall, collapse of the USSR and dislocation of the countries of the east block). So, the resurgence of the concept of crimes against humanity intervenes in a world in deep break; a break which produce its effects on the sense, the definition and the impact of the concept. In other words, the idea of crimes against humanity spreads in an unstable world where the right, more than ever, collides with the sovereignty of States and with the strategic and geopolitical interests of "Powerful", as shows of it the difficult gestation of the International Criminal Court (CPI). More concretely, the balance of power holds an important place and continue to rule the international relations, even in a domain which, in theory, should be consensual: the crimes against humanity. In this context, it is not surprising to see certain countries accused of crimes against humanity (Sudan, Somalia, Serbia, Libya), wheras others crimes and tortures (those committed in the Palestinian territories or by the American army in Iraq...) remain unpunished. This theme, basing on the idea that the power of right collides with the law of the strongest, could justify the idea according to which the concept of crimes against humanity is far from being a completely neutral concept. From there ensues the formulation of our hypothesis: while the crimes against humanity appear as a concept in search of identity, its application turns out difficult and seems to vary according to circumstances (variable-geometry)
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Munazi, Muhimanyi Cyprien. „La répression des crimes relevant du statut de la Cour pénale internationale par les juridictions nationales et le principe de complémentarité : l’exemple de la République démocratique du Congo“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTD039.
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Au cours d’un peu plus de deux décennies, la RDC, située au cœur de l’Afrique, dans la région des grands lacs, a été le théâtre des crimes de masse les plus violents. De nombreux rapports relatent les violations à grande échelle des droits de l’homme et du doit international humanitaire commises dans ce pays démontrent. Ils démontrent l’horreur innommable infligée aux populations civiles dans la partie Est du pays. ll s'agit notamment, de Bukavu, Fizi, Uvira Mugunga, Goma, Bénie, Rusthuru,Lubero, Walikale, Kisangani, Tingi-Tingi, Makobola, Ituri, Kiwanja, Kasai, Maniema, Shaba. Dans un contexte global de conflit et de trouble persistant, d’instabilité socio-économique et de crise politique profonde, la commission des crimes graves se trouve exacerbée par la présence des centaines de groupes armés politico-militaro-affairistes, des Forces Armées de la R.D.C., tous soutenus par des troupes étrangères et multinationales. L'environnement politique et sécuritaire empêche la justice congolaise d'évaluer dans la sérénité la quasi-totalité d’éléments de crimes sur le territoire en vue d’identifier les auteurs, d’établir les responsabilités, procéder à leur répression, assurer la réparation des nombreuses victimes et la réconciliation nationale. L'association d'autres formes de justice serait plus que nécessaire, toujours à travers la logique de la complémentarité de la CPI. For almost over two decades, the DRC, located in the heart of Africa, in the Great Lakes region, has benn the scene of the most violent crimes. Tremendous public and non government organizations have reported the large-scale violations international humanitarian law and human rights committed in this country. They display the horror inflicted upon the civilian populations in the eastern part of the country. These include amonsgt others the areas of Bukavu, Fizi, Uvira Mugunga, Goma, Béni, Rusthuru, Lubero, Walikale, Kisangani, Tingi-Tingi, Makobola, Ituri, Kiwanja, Kasaï, Maniema, Shaba. In a global context of conflict and persistent turmoil, socio-economic instability and deep political crisis, the commission of serious crimes is exacerbated by the presence of hundreds of armed politico-military-mercenary groups, the Armed Forces of the DRC, all supported by foreign and multinational troops. The currently political and security environment prevents the Congolese justice system from smoothly assessing all elements of crimes on the territory in order to identify the perpetrators, establish the responsibilities, carry out investigation and prosecution as well as legal proceedings, ensure the reparations to millions of victims and the national reconciliation at large. The combination of other forms of justice would be more than ever necessary through the logic of the complementarity of the ICC
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Miquel, Marc von. „Ahnden oder amnestieren? : Westdeutsche Justiz und Vergangenheitspolitik in den sechziger Jahren /“. Göttingen : Wallstein, 2004. http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0e9n9-aa.
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Al-Zoubi, Muath Yahia Yosef. „An analysis of the crime of trafficking in persons under international law with a special focus on Jordanian legislation“. Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12138.
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This thesis analyses the crime of trafficking in persons under international law with a special focus on Jordanian legislation, arguing that efforts to address the crime of trafficking in persons require a holistic approach, but it will focus on questions of jurisdiction and legal definitions. After analysing the definitions, elements, forms, and typologies of the crime of trafficking in persons under the Trafficking in Persons Protocol (TIPP) as the main legal international instrument, this thesis further examines whether or not Jordanian legislation is in line with international standards. Then, under the holistic approach to addressing the crime of trafficking in persons, this thesis examines trafficking in persons as a transnational organised crime. Subsequently, it examines trafficking in persons as a crime against humanity by examining whether or not the International Criminal Court (ICC) might be regarded as an effective organ for addressing trafficking in persons as a crime against humanity. Later, the thesis examines the efforts made in Jordan to address the crime of trafficking in persons. Accordingly, this thesis concludes that trafficking in persons is a multi-dimensional problem and that long-term success will not be achieved by taking a disjunctive approach to addressing its many facets. Therefore, achieving a unified approach will lead to a permanent solution or will at least make a major contribution to addressing the problem.
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Torrens, Shannon Maree. „Interrogating International Criminal Law through the Lens of Justice as Process: From Justice Beliefs to Justice Legacies“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21862.
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International criminal law is at a crucial juncture in its history and progression. The year 2019 marks 26 years since the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (‘ICTY’) and the commencement of the modern international criminal law project. In surveying the expanse of international criminal law at this time, it is clear that this project is at a crossroads, marked by a sense of transition and crisis. This stands in stark contrast to the jubilation and optimism that accompanied the creation of the ICTY. This thesis seeks to examine, analyse, and ultimately account for the forces that have driven international criminal law to this point. It does so using a unique methodological framework, which centres around an understanding of justice as a process. This process involves taking abstract beliefs about what is just (which we might term ‘justice beliefs’), focusing these into concrete aims for a particular international criminal tribunal (‘justice aims’), and embodying those aims in particular models and techniques to deliver justice (‘justice models’ and ‘justice techniques’), in order to deliver practical outcomes that ensure lasting legacies of justice (‘justice legacies’). Analysing the purposes and practices of the international criminal tribunals (‘ICTs’) through the lens of this ‘justice progression’, by examining the operation of the ICTs at each stage of this process, offers new insights into the operation of the ICTs, and reveals some of the hidden causes of the systemic problems they face. In particular, it reveals that at each stage of this ‘justice progression’ the ICTs fail to live up to the standards (beliefs, aims, models, techniques and legacies) that they set for themselves. This is due both to practical difficulties in implementation and, perhaps more significantly, flaws and assumptions implicit in those standards themselves, which skew the operation of the ICTs in particular, often problematic, ways.
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Beltrame, Priscila Akemi. „A tutela penal dos direitos humanos e o expansionismo punitivo“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-11082015-143100/.
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A expansão do direito penal pelos direitos humanos tem no direito penal internacional um privilegiado campo de estudo. Entre as tendências expansivas dos direitos humanos, motivadas pela luta contra a impunidade, e a necessária contenção mecanismo punitivo, princípios, estruturas de aplicação e fundamentação entram em choque, quando se pensava que os direitos humanos e o direito penal originaram-se da mesma matriz liberal de contenção do poder estatal. O tema ganha especial impulso diante da perspectiva expansionista por que passa o direito penal na modernidade, dos influxos da globalização. As decisões dos tribunais penais internacionais, de Nuremberg a Haia, dos tribunais de direitos humanos (europeu e interamericano), fornecem um panorama de como essa relação tem sido construída, favorecendo a aplicação da norma punitiva e flexibilizando garantias clássicas penais e processuais penais. A discussão empreendida busca matizar a luta contra a impunidade que seja tributária dos avanços jurídicos do sistema de garantias, também conquistas sociais e políticas para a efetiva proteção dos direitos humanos. Nesse contexto, alerta-se para o fato de que se estaria produzindo um direito especial motivado pela luta contra os mais graves crimes contra a paz e a segurança mundiais. Finalmente, expõe-se as dificuldades de validação do conteúdo preventivo das normas em direito penal internacional, do déficit democrático de sua produção desconectada da base social sobre a qual atua, e do efeito simbólico de seus enunciados à custa das máximas garantias.The international criminal law features a special condition for the critical analysis of the expansion of criminal law through human rights. Between the expansive tendencies of human rights, motivated by the fight against impunity, and the necessary containment of punitive mechanism, stands the international criminal law, whose principles, implementation structures and grounds clash, despite the fact that human rights and criminal law originated from the same liberal matrix for the containment of state power. The debate gained particular momentum with the expansionist perspective experienced by the criminal law in modern times of globalization inflows. The decisions of international criminal courts, from Nuremberg to The Hague, human rights tribunals (European and Inter-American), provide an overview of how this relationship has been built, favoring the application of criminal provisions and easing criminal and criminal procedural classical guarantees. The discussion undertaken shades the fight against impunity, that shall be paved by the legal achievements for the effective protection of human rights, warning to the fact that it is producing a special law, away from the legal domestic law principles, motivated by the fight against the most serious crimes against peace and world security. Finally, sets up the difficulties in accepting the preventive content of international criminal provisions, the democratic deficit of its production disconnected of the social contexts in which operates, and the symbolic effect of its legal provisions at the expense of the maximum guarantees.
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Кучевська, С. П., und S. P. Kuchevska. „Проблеми гармонізації законодавства України про кримінальну відповідальність та Статуту Міжнародного кримінального суду: дисертація“. Thesis, ЛьвДУВС, 2009. http://dspace.lvduvs.edu.ua/handle/1234567890/756.
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Кучевська С.П. Проблеми гармонізації законодавства України про кримінальну відповідальність та Статуту Міжнародного кримінального суду: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.08. – кримінальне право та кримінологія; кримінально-виконавче право / Кучевська Світлана Петрівна.- Львів: ЛьвДУВС, 2009.- 331 с.У роботі проведено порівняльно-правовий аналіз низки положень КК та Статуту МКС, визначено зміст окремих міжнародно-правових понять та проведено їхнє порівняння з закріпленими у КК, з’ясовано гармонізуюче значення деяких ознак. За результатами дослідження констатовано низку невідповідностей між КК та Статутом МКС і запропоновано конкретні гармонізаційні заходи задля узгодження законодавства України про кримінальну відповідальність зі Статутом МКС. При цьому враховані традиції і стиль викладу обох документів, самі ж висновки є продуктом компромісу: з одного боку – досягнути точності викладу міжнародних положень у вітчизняному законі, з іншого – зберегти традиції побудови вітчизняного кримінального закону. Констатовано, що більшість з таких заходів вирішують не лише питання гармонізації КК та Статуту МКС, але й сприяють приведенню законодавства України про кримінальну відповідальність у відповідність до інших міжнародних договорів, чинних для держави. The comparative analysis of the Criminal Code and Statute of ICC provisions has been carried out; the content of some international notions revealed and their comparative analysis with those fixed in the Criminal Code made; the harmonizing meaning of some features established. The author ascertains some discrepancies between the Criminal Code and Statute of ICC and proposes harmonizing measures to bring the corresponding laws of Ukraine in conformity with Statute of ICC. Concurrently the traditions and wording of the both documents are taken into account, the conclusions are considered the product of compromise: on the one hand – to attain express wording of international provisions in native law, on the other hand – to preserve the traditions of native criminal law making. It is asserted that most of these measures resolve not only the issue of harmonization of the Criminal Code and Statute of ICC but also promote bringing criminal laws in accordance with other international agreements, already ratified by Ukraine.
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BORSATO, ALESSANDRA DEBORAH. „La responsabilità internazionale dell'individuo per crimini commessi contro i bambini“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/20192.
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The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze rules that attribute international criminal responsibility to the individual for crimes committed against children. The analysis is carried out also considering the jurisprudence of the international criminal tribunals, namely the International Military Tribunal (so-called Nuremberg Tribunal), the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Court. The research identifies serious gaps and open problems as regards international crimes committed against children, such as: the lack of a uniform definition of ‘child’; the failure to take account of “child victims” as a separate category; the need to establish a presumption of absence of consensus in case of crimes committed against children; the lack of a specific aggravating circumstance applying to crimes committed against a child.
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Mugero, Jesse. „Uganda's response to the phenomenon of enforced disappearances and the transitional justice response in Uganda“. University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6278.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure)Enforced disappearances are a heinous violation of numerous human rights enshrined in many international conventions. However, they have not been adequately addressed in many jurisdictions. This crime is very common within countries on the continent of Africa, which despite having plenty of conflicts, under report cases of enforced disappearances. This research paper investigates the transitional justice mechanisms implemented in Uganda to deal with the phenomenon of enforced disappearances. It analyses the mechanisms implemented by the Government of Uganda and those by Non- Governmental Organisations. The paper examines also how the phenomenon of enforced disappearances has been dealt with in other countries such as Morocco, Kenya and South Africa. The paper suggests several recommendations to Uganda after having made a comparison with the selected countries on how to deal with the crime of enforced disappearances.
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Grossman, Naima. „Präglad av det förflutna : Berättade minnen av folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten“. Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för etnologi, religionshistoria och genusvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-194902.
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Denna studie undersöker hur minnen av folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten artikuleras, förvaltas och kommer till uttryck. Traumatiska erfarenheter av folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten gör avtryck på en människas minne och minnena traderas och ärvs över generationsgränser. Omfattande studier har gjorts om berättande, folkmord och minne, där flertalet fokuserar på efterdyningarna av Förintelsen och effekterna för överlevande såväl som deras barn. Detta har lämnat ett kunskapsglapp kring minnesprocesser från folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten utanför Europa, vilket osynliggör de som har sådana erfarenheter. Med intervju som metod undersöker denna studie egna och ärva minnen från skilda geografiska och historiska skeenden. Berättelser om minnen från dessa händelser analyseras med hjälp av tidigare minnesforskning samt narrativanalys. Materialet visar på att smärtsamma minnen ärvs tillsammans med strategier för att förvalta dem, att de positioneras i relation till gängse historiografi och binds till andras minnen, samt att minnen kommer till uttryck genom minnesbärarnas identitetsprocesser och vägval. Genom att undersöka detta hoppas författaren ge bredare kunskap om minnesprocesser kring folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten, synliggöra dess förekomst i Sverige samt dess inverkan på människors livsvillkor.