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1
Mejeha, Obioma Kelechi. "Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils co-contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals derived from petroleum." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3391.
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The biodegradation of sites co-contaminated by organic pollutants and Heavy Metals is often a challenge due to the inhibition of microbial activities. Microbes play important role in the mineralization of petroleum hydrocarbons to CO2 by utilizing petroleum hydrocarbons as a carbon/ energy source. Heavy metals are often constituents of petroleum. Petroleum spills may result to the release associated metals (e.g. Ni, Cd, Pb, As) into the environment. Subsequent spills may cause an increase in metal concentrations in soils that may build to concentrations above intervention values. This may result to the inhibition of important biological activities such as the biodegradation of organic contaminants. This research investigates the effects of Ni, Cd and Pb contamination on biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in complex soil system using a microbiological approach combined with geochemical approach. Such an approach will provide a more detailed understanding of the patterns of oil degradation under different and increasing metal stresses and how microbial communities change in such environments. Results indicated that Ni has stimulatory or no effects on biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils depending on the chemical form of added Ni. The stimulatory effect was observed in Ni-Porphyrin contaminated soils and declined with increasing Ni concentration. In NiO soils, no effects occurred at low concentrations and increased concentration of Ni resulted to increased inhibition of biodegradation. This is unlike NiCl2 amended soils where Ni effects on biodegradation were neutral irrespective of Ni concentration. The microbial diversity study of the microbial soil community indicated that there was a selective enrichment of species in the soil communities. Phylogenetic study indicated that the dominant microorganism in the community is a strain of Rhodococcus (100%), which was closely related to most Rhodococcus strains isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated environments, metal contaminated environments and extreme environments. Results indicated that Cd inhibited biodegradation of crude oil in soils, irrespective of Cd form or concentrations. The inhibitory effect increased with increasing concentrations. Also, the microbial diversity study of the microbial soil community indicated that there was a selective enrichment of species in the soil communities. Similar to Ni, Phylogenetic study indicated that the dominant microorganism in the community is a strain of Rhodococcus. Also biodegradation of petroleum was significantly reduced in crude oil degrading short-term Pb contaminated soils, irrespective of Pb form or concentration. However, in long-term Pb contaminated soils, while maximal rate of petroleum degradation reduced at high- Pb concentration, no effect was observed at low lead concentration. Also, the microbial diversity study of the microbial soil community indicated that there was a selective enrichment of species in the soil communities. Two dominating specie were identified in Pb-soils depending on soil. Both are closely related to a strain belonging to Bacillales that were originally isolated Rock, Scopulibacillus darangshiensis strain (98%) and oil contaminated soil Bacillus circulans (99%). While the former dominated in Pb -short-term contaminated soils as well as Pb-long term contaminated soil at high concentration, the later dominated long-term-Pb contaminated soil at low concentration.
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Leamon, Gregory Robert Petroleum Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Petroleum well costs." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Petroleum Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30599.
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This is the first academic study of well costs and drilling times for Australia???s petroleum producing basins, both onshore and offshore. I analyse a substantial database of well times and costs sourced from government databases, industry and over 400 recent well completion reports. Three well phases are studied - Pre-Spud, Drilling and Completion. Relationships between well cost factors are considered, including phase time, phase cost, daily cost, rig day rate, well depth, basin, rig type, water depth, well direction, well objective (e.g. exploration), and type of completion (P&A or producer). Times and costs are analysed using scatter plots, frequency distributions, correlation and regression analyses. Drilling times are analysed for the period 1980 to 2004. Well time and variability in well time tend to increase exponentially with well depth. Technical Limits are defined for both onshore and offshore drilling times to indicate best performance. Well costs are analysed for the period 1996 to 2004. Well costs were relatively stable for this period. Long term increases in daily costs were offset to some extent by reductions in drilling times. Onshore regions studied include the Cooper/Eromanga, Surat/Bowen, Otway and Perth Basins. Offshore regions studied include the Carnarvon Basin shallow and deepwater, the Timor Sea and Victorian Basins. Correlations between regional well cost and well depth are usually high. Well costs are estimated based on well location, well depth, daily costs and type of completion. In 2003, the cost of exploration wells in Australia ranged from A$100,000 for shallow coal seam gas wells in the Surat/Bowen Basins to over A$50 million for the deepwater well Gnarlyknots-1 in the Great Australian Bight. Future well costs are expected to be substantially higher for some regions. This study proposes methods to index historical daily costs to future rig day rates as a means for estimating future well costs. Regional well cost models are particularly useful for the economic evaluation of CO2 storage sites which will require substantial numbers of petroleum-type wells.
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Costanza, David (David Nicholas). "100% petroleum house." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79129.
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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2013.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 126).<br>I am designing a Case Study House to be sponsored by Royal Dutch Shell which utilizes the by-product of oil extraction, petroleum gas, to produce a zero waste, 100% petroleum based house. The motivation of the Case Study House is to address the housing shortage in Iraq, and demonstrate the capacity of petrochemicals as a building material. In the Western hemisphere an abundance of trees provides wood, an easy to work with construction material. In contrast, Iraq currently lacks a pervasive natural resource for construction. However, Iraq does boast one of the largest reserves of oil in the world. During the oil production process natural gas is trapped underground with the petroleum. Because of the pressure change during extraction, natural gas will surface with the crude oil. This type of natural gas is known as associated petroleum gas; it is released as a byproduct or waste product of petroleum extraction. With the right facilities in place these associated gases can be harnessed for energy, and become a feedstock for petrochemical industries. I am interested in using Basra, Iraq's second most populous city, as a case study for improving the housing need in Iraq. There are several key reasons why Basra will serve as both a strategic and necessary site to develop this idea. Basra's crucial location on the southern tip of Iraq, and at the intersection of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, has made it Iraq's main port and a gateway into the country. This access to various kinds of transportation through primary ports, as well as rail lines to Baghdad, coupled with a rapidly growing economy stemming from, oil and downstream petroleum based industries, makes Basra an opportune location for a housing intervention. In conclusion, Iraq has the capacity to produce vast amounts of building material domestically from petroleum gas, a by-product of oil, its primary export. With plastics beginning to emerge as viable building materials in the construction industry, Iraq could likely be on the forefront of making the use of plastics as building materials mainstream.<br>by David Costanza.<br>M.Arch.
4
Sousa, Bruno Rangel de 1985. "Análise de teste em poços inclinados." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263149.
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Orientador: Rosângela Barros Zanoni Lopes Moreno<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T10:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Sousa_BrunoRangelde_M.pdf: 2665889 bytes, checksum: d124b91d0b604845255264f303b44b22 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2012<br>Resumo: Apresenta-se nesta dissertação um estudo sobre o comportamento transitório da pressão em poços inclinados submetidos a teste de poço. A partir de referências disponíveis na literatura, são apresentadas soluções analíticas e semi-analíticas, onde é adotado o modelo de escoamento uniforme como condição de contorno no poço. Neste estudo é considerado um reservatório de extensão radial infinita com limites verticais impermeáveis. A partir da solução analítica são apresentadas curvas típicas para diferentes ângulos de inclinação do poço e espessura adimensional da formação. As análises das curvas típicas indicam três regimes de escoamento: radial inicial, radial de transição e radial infinito, onde, no melhor conhecimento deste autor, o regime de escoamento radial de transição é introduzido nesta dissertação. A partir da solução semi-analítica, derivada no domínio de Laplace, são desenvolvidas assíntotas para tempo-curto e tempo-longo. Esta dissertação ainda apresenta um procedimento alternativo para interpretar os dados transitórios da pressão em poços inclinados. O desenvolvimento deste procedimento foi baseado na técnica TDS (Tiab's Direct Synthesis), onde é possível interpretar os dados de pressão através de uma análise direta da curva de derivada. As soluções aqui apresentadas fornecem uma alternativa acessível à completa modelagem numérica - utilizada em pacotes comerciais para interpretação de teste de pressão<br>Abstract: A study on the transient pressure behavior it is presented in this dissertation for slanted well test analysis. From references available in the literature, analytical and semi-analytical solutions are presented for the uniform flow boundary condition at the well. In this study is considered an infinite radial extent reservoir limited with vertical impermeable boundaries. Type curves are presented for different slant angles of the well and dimensionless formation thickness. From the analysis of type curves are observed three flow regimes: early time radial flow, transition radial flow and late time infinite-acting radial flow. For the best knowledge of the author, the transition radial flow regime is introduced in this dissertation for the first time. From the semi-analytical solution, derived in the Laplace domain, asymptotic solutions are developed for early-time and late-time. It is also presented an alternative procedure for interpreting pressure transient data in slanted wells. The development of this procedure was based on the TDS (Tiab's Direct Synthesis) technique, by where it is possible to interpret the pressure data through a direct analysis of the derived curve. The solutions presented here provide a feasible alternative to full numerical modeling - used in commercial packages for the interpretation of pressure tests<br>Mestrado<br>Reservatórios e Gestão<br>Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Allinson, Jonathan Matthew. "The control of petroleum composition on the stability of petroleum emulsions." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443109.
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Itsekor, Lucky Ubini. "Mitigating Petroleum Product Shortages in the Nigerian Downstream Petroleum Supply Industry." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5088.
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In Nigeria, almost every business enterprise relies on petroleum products for power or transportation. Shortages of petroleum products cripple business activities and undermine development of the Nigerian economy. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore supply chain management strategies needed by petroleum business leaders to mitigate shortages and sustain business development in Nigeria. The sample for the study included 10 senior leaders from 2 private-sector Nigerian downstream petroleum supply companies located in the Niger Delta region, who had successfully implemented strategies for petroleum supply. The resource based view theory served as the conceptual framework for the study. Data collection included semistructured face-to-face interviews and review of operational and policy documents from the supply companies. Data were transcribed, analyzed, and validated through member checking and triangulation, resulting in the identification of 6 themes: appropriate allocation of resources to all segments of the supply value chain for efficiency, efficient banking and foreign exchange operations, engaging appropriate human capital for operational efficiency, technology application in both operational and nonoperational segments, maintaining good organization reputation in the industry, and investment in Nigerian crude oil refining and infrastructures. Findings may be used by petroleum business leaders and investors to create effective and efficient supply chain management, leading to product availability, employment opportunities, poverty reduction, and economic development.
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Honoré, Maurice. "Geostatistics of petroleum reserves." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0025/MQ34376.pdf.
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Carelse, Grant Julian. "Heavy petroleum feed upgrading." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ34947.pdf.
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Koval, Igor Y. "Petroleum and the peso." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Lucach, Sandra Ortega. "Phenols in petroleum systems." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273711.
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Mendelson, J. D. (James D. ). "Petroleum source rock logging." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15126.
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Hassinger, Elaine, and Jack Watson. "Storage of Petroleum Products." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146419.
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2 pp.<br>Liquid petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, and kerosene must be stored safely to prevent leaks and spills. These products can pollute both underground and surface water sources. This publication lists several questions to help you determine whether your petroleum products storage and handling practices may pose a risk to groundwater.
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Heckel, Kyle Christopher. "PETROLEUM CONTAMINATED AQUIFER REMEDIATION." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192479.
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Glanfield, Thomas H. 1980. "Energy required to produce petroleum products from oil sand versus other petroleum sources." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29589.
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Odnoletkova, Natalia. "Improving Energy Efficiency in Petroleum Industryby Effective Utilization of Associated Petroleum Gasin Remote Areas." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210219.
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In this thesis the analysis of the oil and gas industry was carried out in terms of possibilities of improving its energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction potential. The largest potential is concentrated in pipeline transportation and petroleum extraction (upstream) sectors. Different possibilities of improving energy efficiency in upstream sector were analyzed, as this sector has large energy saving and energy efficiency improving potential due to effective associated petroleum gas (APG) utilization. Calculation model of application of different as novel, as already existing APG utilization methods for remote oil fields was proposed, as remote oil fields especially face to the problem of absence of infrastructure, reliable energy supply and effective APG utilization methods. Calculation was conducted for three APG utilization methods on the remote oil fields: INFRA GTL conversion of APG into synthetic oil, the use of Capstone turbines for APG utilization, and comparison of these two effective methods with APG flaring. Developed calculation model can be used to give fast initial estimate of economic viability of using particular APG utilization energy supply method and carbon emission reduction potential, depending on oil field parameters (gas/oil ratio, energy supply, etc.) and<br>I denna avhandling analysen av olje- och gasindustrin genomfördes i form av möjligheter att förbättra sin energieffektivitet och koldioxid utsläppsminskning potential. Den största potentialen är koncentrerad till transport pipeline och petroleumutvinning (uppströms) sektorer. Olika möjligheter att förbättra energieffektiviteten i uppströms sektorn analyserades, eftersom denna sektor har stor energibesparing och energieffektivitet förbättra potential på grund av effektiv associerad petroleumgas (APG) utnyttjande. Beräkningsmodell för tillämpning av olika som roman, såsom redan existerande APG utnyttjandemetoder för fjärroljefält slogs, som avlägsna oljefält speciellt ansikte mot problemet med frånvaron av infrastruktur, tillförlitlig energiförsörjning och effektiva APG utnyttjandemetoder. Beräkning utfördes under tre APG utnyttjandemetoder på de avlägsna oljefält: INFRA GTL omvandling av APG till syntetisk olja, användning av Capstone turbiner för APG utnyttjande, och jämförelse av dessa två effektiva metoder med APG fackling. Utvecklade beräkningsmodell kan användas för att ge snabb initial uppskattning av ekonomiska bärkraften för användning särskilt APG utnyttjande och energiförsörjning metod och kol potential att minska utsläppen, beroende på oljefältsparametrar (gas / oljeförhållande, energiförsörjnings, etc.)
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Peng, B. "Molecular modelling of petroleum processes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515182.
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Cash, A. A. J. "Thermal analysis of petroleum materials." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233909.
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SOUZA, EDUARDO ESTRELLA DE. "LOCATION PROPOSAL FOR PETROLEUM PLATFORMS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18539@1.
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Este trabalho descreve uma sistemática para localização de plataformas de petróleo baseado em um algoritmo de localização. Como critério principal será considerada a maximização do valor presente líquido das receitas do projeto. Devido ao elevado grau de incerteza na determinação da vazão inicial de cada poço e arbitrando-se valores de vazão para cada um dos poços de produção envolvidos, será adotado um percentual que vai estabelecer níveis mínimos e máximos de vazão, procurando corrigir possíveis erros relativos ao processo inicial de coleta e interpretação de dados. Além disso, um fator randômico será introduzido no cálculo da vazão inicial com o objetivo de aumentar a confiabilidade na determinação da possível localização da plataforma. A partir destas vazões iniciais e também das vazões ao longo do tempo de vida estabelecido para os poços, será calculado o valor presente líquido das receitas de cada poço e consequentemente o percentual de participação destes poços na proximidade com a plataforma. Este percentual representa o peso de cada poço na determinação da localização final da plataforma de petróleo. Por hipótese, a superfície do fundo do mar é semelhante a um plano, portanto não são considerados obstáculos nas ligações entre os vários poços e a plataforma. Para testar a sistemática, um problema exemplo será solucionado.<br>This paper describes a system for locating oil rigs based on a general location algorithm. The problem consists in maximizing the net present revenue value of the project arbitrating discharge values for each of the production wells involved. Due to the high degree of uncertainty in determining the initial flow rate of each well it is assumed a percentage that will establish minimum and maximum levels of flow, trying to correct possible errors related to the initial collection and interpretation of data. In addition, a random factor is introduced when calculating the initial flow in order to increase reliability in determining the possible location of the platform. From these initial flow rates and also the flow over the lifetime established for the wells, the net present revenue value of each well and consequently the percentage of participation of these wells in proximity to the platform will be calculated. This percentage represents the weight of each well in determining the final location of the oil platform. The surface of the seabed is assumed similar to a plan, so no barriers are considered on the links between the various wells and the platform. A sample problem is solved to test the system described.
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Kean, Van Alexander. "The Petroleum Disruption Response System." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41502.
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The petroleum disruptions experienced in 1973 and 1979
demonstrated to the Department of Defense (DoD) that, for
numerous reasons, the normal support for DoD requirements
could rapidly deteriorate. Crude oil shortages caused DoD's
historical supplier to prorate or completely cease deliveries
under existing contracts, and it became difficult for the
Defense Fuel Supply Center (DFSC) to secure replacement or
follow-on contracts for fuels. In order to sustain necessary
peacetime activities, the services were forced to dip into the
war reserves. The effect was a decrease in the wartime
sustainability of our forces until the war reserves were
reconstituted.
<p>As a result of DoD "Supply Assurance" initiatives
prompted by the 1979 disruption, numerous policy options have
been developed to help the Office of the Secretary of Defense
(OSD) more effectively deal with future shortage situations. The key to avoiding the problems of 1973 and 1979 is early
identification of shortage situations and selection of
appropriate policy options designed to ensure a steady supply
of military fuels during energy emergencies.
<p>The Petroleum Disruption Response System (PDRS) is a
decision support system designed to assist DFSC energy
analysts and planners in preparing recommendations for the
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (OASD) energy
policy staff on appropriate policy options to ensure adequate
petroleum supplies for the national defense.
<p>This paper contains a conceptual model of PDRS that is
based on a network optimization distribution model. The model would optimize the resupply distribution network in terms of
minimum cost solution.<br>Master of Science
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Rudraraju, VRS Raju. "Ultrasonic Data Communication through Petroleum." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1271703312.
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Masood, Hossain Masood Masood Hossain. "International arbitration of petroleum disputes." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2004. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU185710.
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This thesis is concerned with the international arbitration of petroleum disputes arising within long term contractual relationships for the exploration, production and development of petroleum, between host countries and foreign oil companies. This relationship is inherently unstable since the underlying objectives of the two parties are not only different but are also, at times, conflicting. Host countries are interested in making use of foreign investment to develop their natural resources for the benefit of national economic progress, while foreign companies are generally profit-motivated and interested in maximising their investment with the least risk. The lengthy duration of these agreements makes them particularly vulnerable to the impact of political or economic influences which are unpredictable at the time of the agreements' conclusion, such as changes in oil prices, and international politics and events. In such complex relationships, disputes are inevitable. When such a relationship falls apart, the parties may choose to resolve their disputes by negotiation, litigation or arbitration. If the parties have not chosen arbitration to settle their contractual disputes, and negotiations are unsuccessful, litigation will result. However, because of the State party's unwillingness to submit itself to the court of another State and the private party's fear of the presumed partially of the host State's court, parties often choose arbitration. The extremely conflicting attitudes towards the appropriate method for petroleum dispute resolution have resulted in arbitration becoming a practical option due to the necessity to compromise in such situations. Therefore, the investigation principally focuses on whether arbitration can satisfy the needs and expectations of both parties for profit, security, protection and stability, as well as ensure fairness and justice. In order to reach satisfactory conclusions, the thesis is divided into seven chapters. Chapter One introduces the subject and outlines the key issues that will be dealt with in the thesis. Chapter Two describes the historical evolution of agreement that have dealt with the exploration and development of petroleum, from the early concessions in the Arabian Gulf and North African Countries to the modern arrangements. This Chapter also discusses the legal nature of petroleum agreements in order to show whether such agreements are in the nature of public or private law. In Chapter Three the hostile attitude of developing countries towards the arbitration of petroleum disputes is explored. This Chapter also looks into the reasons behind the enthusiasm of oil companies in favouring arbitration as a method of settling petroleum disputes. Chapter Four examines the formal and substantial requirements for the validity of arbitration agreements. It also discusses the law governing arbitration agreements, and closes with an investigation of the doctrine of the severability of the arbitration agreement. Chapter Five critically examines the law applicable to the substantive issues and to arbitration procedures. Chapter Six deals with the enforcement of an arbitral award made against a State or State entity. This Chapter examines the doctrines of sovereign immunity and act of state, and the extent to which they can prevent enforcement of foreign arbitral awards made against a State. Chapter Seven summarises the major findings of the study.
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Lee, Tai-yong Seinfeld John H. "Estimation of petroleum reservoir properties /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 1987. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-03012008-135126.
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FERRARETTI, Denis. "Data Mining for Petroleum Geology." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389427.
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In petroleum geology, exploration and production wells are often analysed
using image logs, because they provide a visual representation of the
borehole surface and they are fundamental to retrieve information on
bedding and rocks characteristics. Aim of this Ph.D. work was to define and
implement a suite of automatic and semi-automatic tools for interpretation
of image logs and large datasets of subsurface data coming from geological
exploration.
This led to the development of I2AM (Intelligent Image Analysis and
Mapping), a semi-automatic system that exploits image processing
algorithms and artificial intelligence techniques to analyse and classify
borehole images. More in detail, the objectives of the I2AM approach are:
(1) to automatically extract rock properties information from all the different
types of data recorded/measured in the wells, and visual features from image
logs in particular; (2) to identify clusters along the wells that have similar
characteristics; (3) to predict class distribution over new wells in the same
area.
The main benefits of this approach are the ability to manage and use a large
amount of subsurface data simultaneously. Moreover, the automatic
identification of similar portions of wells by hierarchical clustering saves a
lot of time for the geologist (since he analyses only the previously identified
clusters). The interpretation time reduces from days to hours and
subjectivity errors are avoided. Moreover, chosen clusters are the input for
supervised learning methods which learn a classification that can be applied
to new wells. Finally, the learned models can also be studied for a cluster
characterization, in a descriptive approach.
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Subai, Pereowei. "Towards a functional petroleum industry in Nigeria : a critical analysis of Nigeria's petroleum industry reform." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2672.
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This thesis seeks to enquire into the role of law in the reform programme for the Nigerian petroleum industry (NPI), in order to determine the extent to which it can be utilised to actualise a functional petroleum industry. The thesis will seek to test the hypothesis that an effectively managed petroleum industry will be efficiently regulated, have a significant local content, and will invariably be dependent on how sustainable and efficient petroleum revenues are distributed. My significant contribution to knowledge is that Nigeria should seek to develop local content and industry regulation, and aim to effectively distribute petroleum revenues, by pursuing industry reforms as an integrated whole. To that extent, it would require a coherent legal framework, and the development of policies that recognise the interconnectedness and interdependency of several factors in the petroleum industry. To that extent, a suitable and strategic legal architecture should be erected in Nigeria: one that will give room for co-operation without stifling independence and innovation. This thesis also notes that the development of a viable National oil company is imperative and should be anchored around which other industry reforms should revolve. Such a firm should however be privatised in a manner that guarantees its performance and promotes good corporate governance, whilst limiting avenues for external interference. It advocates that Nigeria should seek a national oil company model that is deliberately tailored to restrain ‘external interference’ in the daily workings of the NOC. Finally, this thesis argues that for an efficient regulation and management of the industry will require the active participation of all actors in the industry, and that the government should not have prerogative over the industry, especially in the light of past failures to effectively turn the industry around. There should thus be a deliberate effort to restrain government interference in the NOC, empower citizens in regulation and encourage the development of indigenous petroleum exploration and production companies (PEPCs), while in utilization of petroleum resources; there should be direct citizenship participation.
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Belaid, Abdulmonem. "Petroleum geology of the Murzuq Basin, SW-Libya geochemical characterization and numerical petroleum systems modelling." Aachen Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/999883720/04.
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Alsaidi, Abdullah Mohammed. "Petroleum arbitration : applicable law and appropriate arbitral forum (a study of petroleum disputes in Arab countries)." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2004. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1844.
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Petroleum maintains a primary role in the world energy market as well as in the daily life and livelihood of Arab petroleum countries, since these countries are highly dependent upon revenues from the exploitation and export of this resource. Therefore, the petroleum industry is fraught with conflicts of interests, primarily between developing petroleum exporting countries and petroleum companies sustained by their home states, most of which are developed countries. The majority of disputes have been settled by arbitration, most of which have been controversial. The question of the applicable law to the merits of a dispute is intimately related to the controversies surrounding arbitral tribunals. The prevailing perspective of western scholars during the 20`h century, and still to an extent today, was that host state law was inadequate, and host state courts were partial. Therefore, these scholars held any dispute arising between a host state and a petroleum company should be dealt with as an international dispute and should be settled far away from the host state's court and governed by laws or rules other than that of the host state. This thesis examines the past and present of petroleum arbitration, the perceptions and the practice, and aims to suggest a modified method of determining the applicable law to petroleum disputes. It argues that contrary to the previous allegations, the legal infrastructure of host states has developed over the years and today offers an adequate law to govern the merits of petroleum disputes. It further suggests a semi-localisation approach. The thesis focuses only on arbitration as a method of resolving such disputes, and limits itself to Arab petroleum countries. The thesis argues that petroleum contracts have their own characteristics and therefore should not automatically be subject to the ICSID Convention or to other principles of investment arbitration. The time is ripe for the establishment of a specialised institution to undertake the settlement of disputes arising out of petroleum transactions.
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Chapman, James Lawson. "The modern great game in Central Asia oil, terrorism, and human rights /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12152006-214828/.
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Wilde, Michael John. "On the bicyclic acids of petroleum." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/5321.
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The identification of petroleum acids, also known as ‘naphthenic’ acids (NA), has been an analytical challenge for over 140 years. However, most recent interest in NA has arisen due to concerns over their presence and apparent associated toxic effect in oil platform produced waters and oil sands process waters (OSPW), respectively. Understanding the toxicity, transformations during biodegradation and remediation treatments and predicting the fate of NA in the environment will be aided by the identification of individual NA. However the elucidation of individual acid structures by standard chromatographic techniques, such as GC-MS, has so far been limited by the extreme complexity of the NA mixtures. Recent analysis of NA as the methyl ester derivatives, by multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS), has resulted in the identification of several tri- to pentacyclic, aromatic and sulphur-containing acids as well as tricyclic diacids. Therefore the current investigation focused on the identification of the abundant bicyclic acids in petroleum and OSPW acid extracts, utilising the unparalleled chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection offered by GC×GC-MS. Analysis of fractionated NA as methyl esters, resulted in the first identification of several bicyclic acids in OSPW including several novel bridged bicyclic acids, several fused bicyclic acids, as well as some terpenoid-derived drimane and labdane acids. However, identifications were limited somewhat by a lack of reference mass spectra and lack of availability of reference compounds for co-chromatography. A complementary method, based on an historical approach, involving reduction of NA esters to hydrocarbons, was modified and substantially improved. Analysis of the hydrocarbons resulting from the reduced acids, by GC×GC-MS, and comparison of the hydrocarbon mass spectra with the more abundant reference spectra available for petroleum hydrocarbons, resulted in the identification of over 40 individual bicyclic acids including fused, bridged and terpenoid-derived acids. The study provides the most comprehensive analysis of one of the major classes of NA (the bicyclic acids) to date. The methods developed were applied to the structural elucidation of NA in commercial NA and OSPW NA and resulted in the identification of numerous alicyclic, aromatic and sulphur-containing acids, supporting and extending previous identifications. There is clear potential for this method to be used for the identification of other unknown acids and functionalised biomarkers in complex matrices. The new knowledge of the acid structures in petroleum and OSPW NA can now be used to inform future research into the environmental monitoring and toxicity of NA.
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Yacob, Shahrakbah, and n/a. "Metal-reducing microorganisms in petroleum reservoirs." University of Canberra. Resource & Environmental Science, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061112.102729.
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Metal-reducing microorganisms reduce a variety of metals in metabolic processes
coupled to the oxidation of organic compounds. These bacteria play an important role
in the biogeochemical cycling of metals and organic matter in anaerobic aquatic and
sediment ecosystems. It has been proposed recently that metal-reducing
microorganisms also are active in deep subsurface environments such as petroleum
reservoirs. Only two metal-reducing bacteria have been isolated from petroleum
reservoir fluids, Shewanella putrefaciens and Deferribacter thermophilus. This project
studied the occurrence and distribution of metal-reducing microorganisms in petroleum
reservoirs. The research focused on the isolation, characterisation and identification of
anaerobic bacteria from petroleum reservoirs that were capable of reducing metals and
the potential roles of these isolates in the microbial ecology and biogeochemical cycling
of petroleum reservoirs.
Petroleum reservoirs were selected for this study on the basis of physio-chemical
conditions such as temperature, salinity, pH and the presence of organic and inorganic
compounds, that were likely to provide a suitable environment for anaerobic bacteria
capable of reducing metals. Factors such as the stratigraphic features of the
sedimentary basin, age of reservoir and past oil field practices also were considered in
choosing the reservoir for study. Seven petroleum reservoirs in the USA and
Azerbaijan were chosen for extensive investigations. The physico-chemical conditions
in these reservoirs varied substantially.
A systematic study of the production water from these petroleum reservoirs revealed a
consistent presence of iron- and manganese-reducing microorganisms. It was found
that salinity and temperature play a significant and defining role in the occurrence and
distribution of these metal-reducing microorganisms. Biotic metal reduction was
detected from production waters from all but one of the oil wells sampled. It was
significant that the water from this well (Neftcala #1074) was the most saline (78 g/l
NaCI). Metal-reducing activity was detected at temperatures up to 70°C.
Two pure cultures, strains RED1 for Redwash petroleum reservoir (USA) and NEF1
from the Neftcala petroleum reservoir (Azerbaijan) were isolated and characterized.
The strains had diverse physiological and metabolic properties including the ability to
oxidize a wide range of carbon compounds and reduce a variety of metals. Their
temperature, salinity and pH optima varied markedly. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S
rRNA of strain RED1 showed that the strain represented a new species of a new genus
in the domain Bacteria. The bacterium most closely related to strain RED1 is the
fermentative Fe(III)-reducer, Pelobacter acetylenicus (similarity value, 92.8%). Strain
NEF1 possesses a unique combination of phenotypic traits and a low mol % G+C.
From preliminary analyses and comparative biochemistry, NEF1 appears to be a novel
metal-reducing bacterium of the Flexistipes group.
The bacteria isolated in this study were able to grow at temperatures and salinities
consistent with the reservoir from which they were isolated. This indicated that
petroleum reservoirs are a new source of physiologically diverse, novel, metal-reducing
microorganisms. The bacteria isolated also demonstrated a number of characteristics
that would enable them to survive and persist in extreme subsurface conditions and
develop a selective ecological advantage in petroleum reservoir environments.
Significantly, the metal-reducing bacteria isolated were able to utilize an array of
metabolic products produced by bacteria indigenous to petroleum reservoirs. This has
resulted in a new proposed model for the ecological succession of bacteria in petroleum
reservoirs.
30
Currie, Carolyn Ann. "Petroleum salts, alternatives for soil reclamation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20822.pdf.
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31
Asomaning, Samuel. "Heat exchanger fouling by petroleum asphaltenes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25011.pdf.
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32
Kwan, Kwok-wing, and 關國榮. "Marketing strategies for liquefied petroleum gas." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31264967.
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Woods, William Eric. "Copper migration through petroleum-treated soils." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722463.
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The purpose of the project was to determine the effect of various petroleum amendments on the migration rate of Cu. The petroleum amendments used in this research are frequently added to the soil surface in petroleum landfarming. Such petroleum wastes often contain significant amounts of Cu and other metals.Soil columns were amended with citric acid, used crankcase oil and Illinois crude oil. Each amendment was spiked (treated) with three different concentrations of Cu and each treatment was replicated three times. The columns were leached once per week, for ten weeks, with distilled water acidified to pH 4.5 to simulate acid rain. Leachate from the soil columns was analyzed weekly for total Cu. At the end of the ten week period, the soil was analyzed for Cu and TOC content at 7 cm intervals to determine the amount of migration by Cu and the organic amendments, resectively. The soil (a Glynwood silt loam) and the organic amendments were each analyzed for total Cu to determine background levels. The soil was analyzed for pH, TOC, electrical conductivity and soil texture.Analysis of the leachate and soil showed differential migration of Cu through the soil columns. Significant levels of Cu leached in the columns amended with citric acid (as high as 85.3 mg/L) in the first 3 weeks of the study. The Cu content of the leachate from columns amended with crude petroleum were at approximately background levels (5.5 mg/L) as was the leachate from columns amended with crankcase oil (0.2 mg/L). In the later weeks of the research, as the petroleum amendments were broken down by microorganisms, some Cu was chelated to small fragments of the petroleum and leached through the soil columns. Most of the Cu appeared to remain on the surface of the columns, bound to the petroleum amendments. Analysis of the soil, for total Cu content with depth, showed very little Cu accumulation at any depth in the soil column, beyond the soil surface. In most cases Cu levels remained near the background levels found in the control columns.Moderate correlation was found (r2 = .59 for crude oil; r2 = - .54 for crankcase oil; r2 = .85 for citric acid) between Cu levels and TOC levels in the soil columns with depth.From the results of the current study it can be inferred that practices such as petroleum landfarming and land disposal of some hazardous materials may allow for the migration of both the applied petroleum wastes and any metals which may be contained within.<br>Department of Natural Resources
34
Bigge, M. Ashley. "Investigations of petroleum-bearing fluid inclusions." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364805.
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Horsfield, Mark Andrew. "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in petroleum engineering." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334172.
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FALCAO, FLAVIA DE OLIVEIRA LIMA. "GEOMECHANICAL EFFECTS ON PETROLEUM RESERVOIR SIMULATIONS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2002. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=3122@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>FINANCIADORA DE ESTUDOS E PROJETOS<br>Simuladores de escoamento em reservatórios são ferramentas
importantes na otimização do desenvolvimento de um campo de
petróleo. Estes simuladores modelam o escoamento
multifásico através de meios porosos compressíveis, levando
em conta as equações de equilíbrio de fases, as leis de
fluxo e a variação volumétrica do meio poroso associada à
variação da pressão de poros do sistema. As tensões in situ
são consideradas através da aplicação de tensões constantes
no contorno do reservatório. Este trabalho descreve a
utilização de um simulador convencional de reservatório,
baseado em diferenças finitas com e sem um módulo
geomecânico, e a utilização de um simulador acoplado, que
resolve as equações de escoamento e de tensão num mesmo
código de elementos finitos. Nesta dissertação são feitas
comparações entre os modelos geomecânicos aproximado e
rigoroso oferecidos pelos simuladores comerciais, além de
ser apresentada uma análise de situações em que esta última
forma deve ser realmente considerada. O objetivo deste
trabalho é analisar a influência das tensões in situ em
reservatórios de petróleo com base na comparação entre
os campos de poropressões obtidos a partir da modelagem de
um mesmo sistema com os dois simuladores geomecânicos. São
apresentadas as formas de acoplamento e a formulação
utilizada em cada um dos modelos. Os modelos geomecânicos
utilizados em cada um dos simuladores são comparados. É
feita uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos pelos dois
simuladores a partir de um modelo bidimensional.<br>Numerical simulators for reservoir flow analysis are
important tools for the
optimization of oil field development. These simulators
model the multiphase flow
through compressible porous medium taking into account the
phase equilibrium
equations, flow laws and the rock volumetric change
associated to the pore
pressure change during production. Some simulators have
been associated with
stress analysis modules in order to use the pore pressure
field obtained by the
flow simulator and update the stress field within the
reservoir. This dissertation
describes the use of a conventional reservoir simulator
based on finite
differences that models multiphase flow in porous media,
with and without a
geomechanical module, and the use of a fully-coupled
simulator that solves both
the flow and stress equations in a single finite element
code. This dissertation
compares the two geomechanical modules, the approximated
and the precise,
offered by commercial simulators, and analyses the
situations in which the
rigorous form should be considered, or not. The aim of this
dissertation is to
investigate the influence of in situ stresses in petroleum
reservoirs based on the
comparison of the pore pressure fields obtained from the
modeling of the same
system with both geomechanical simulators. The coupling and
formulation used
in each model are presented. The geomechanical models of
both simulators are
described. A comparison of the simulators is made using a
bidimensional model.
37
DIAS, MARCO ANTONIO GUIMARAES. "HYBRID REAL OPTIONS WITH PETROLEUM APPLICATIONS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=6645@1.
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PETRÓLEO BRASILEIRO S. A.<br>Essa tese, metodológica e normativa, estende a teoria
moderna de avaliação
econômica de projetos de investimento sob incertezas,
conhecida por teoria das
opções reais, do ponto de vista de uma companhia de
petróleo que otimiza a
alocação de recursos e investimento. A teoria das opções
reais é combinada com
outras teorias - daí o nome opções reais híbridas - de
forma a efetuar uma análise
mais abrangente e realista de problemas complexos da
indústria de petróleo. As
duas principais combinações analisadas nessa tese são: (a)
a combinação da teoria
das opções reais e teoria dos jogos - jogos de opções
reais - de forma a
considerar de forma endógena o comportamento estratégico
das outras firmas,
especialmente no jogo de parada ótima com externalidades
positivas conhecido
por guerra de atrito, e a possibilidade de trocar esse jogo
por um jogo cooperativo
de barganha; e (b) a combinação da teoria das opções reais
com métodos
probabilísticos e de decisão estatística Bayesianos -
opções reais Bayesianas -
gerando uma nova maneira de modelar a incerteza técnica de
um projeto em
modelos dinâmicos de opções reais. Essas duas combinações
são re-combinadas
para se obter uma solução adequada que capture as
diferenças de valor da
informação nos jogos não-cooperativo e cooperativo.
Importantes variáveis tais
como o fator de chance exploratório, o volume e a qualidade
da reserva de
petróleo, são modeladas através do desenvolvimento de uma
nova teoria sobre
distribuições de revelações e medidas de aprendizagem. De
forma mais sucinta
são analisadas outras opções reais híbridas, com destaque
para a combinação da
teoria das opções reais com a teoria de computação
evolucionária - opções reais
evolucionárias - com grande potencial em aplicações
complexas de otimização
sob incerteza. O método é exemplificado com uma aplicação
usando algoritmos
genéticos para evoluir a regra de decisão de exercício
ótimo da opção real.<br>This methodological and normative thesis extends the modern
economic
valuation theory of projects under uncertainty, known as
real options theory, from
the point of view of an oil company that optimizes the
allocation of investment
and resources. The real options theory is combined with
other theories - so the
name hybrid real options - in order to perform a more
comprehensive and
realistic analysis of complex problems that arises from
petroleum industry. The
two main combinations analyzed here are: (a) the
combination of real options
theory with game theory - real options games - to consider
endogenously the
strategic behavior of other firms, especially in the
optimal stopping game with
positive externalities known as war of attrition, as well
as the possibility to change
this game by a cooperative bargain game; and (b) the
combination of real options
theory with methods from probability theory and Bayesian
statistical decision -
Bayesian real options - generating a new way to model
technical uncertainty of a
project in dynamic real options models. These two
combinations are re-combined
in order to obtain an adequate solution that captures the
value of information
differences in non-cooperative and cooperative games.
Important variables like
exploratory chance factor, volume, and quality of a
petroleum reserve, are
modeled with the development of a new theory on revelation
distribution and
measures of learning. In a more concise way, are analyzed
other hybrid real
options, highlighting the combination of real options
theory with the evolutionary
computation theory - evolutionary real options - with great
potential in complex
applications of optimization under uncertainty. This method
is exemplified with
an application using the genetic algorithms to evolve the
decision rule for optimal
exercise of a real option.
38
Herbert-Burns, Rupert. "Petroleum geopolitics : a framework of analysis." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4035.
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The playing field upon which actors, both state and non-state, develop strategies to secure existing supplies of oil and seek access to new ones is as systemically, politically and strategically complex is as it is geographically vast. In considering this activity, the terminology used by pundits and journalists to describe the significance of issues such as oil demand, the complexities of access to petroleum and concerns over security threats to supplies of oil is familiar. Juxtapositions such as the ‘geopolitics of oil', ‘energy geopolitics', the ‘geopolitics of resource wars' and the ‘geopolitics of oil and gas' are all familiar. But what do they mean when they use ‘geopolitics' in this context? Thus, by extension, can petroleum geopolitics - a hybrid conceptual construction used in this thesis - be disassembled into its component parts, analysed and systematically understood. This is the aim of this thesis. This thesis contends that the very nature of oil and gas reserves, the processes of exploration and production, and the means that govern and characterise the transportation of petroleum overland and by sea is inherently geopolitical - that some core features of geopolitical theory and key geopolitical concepts are pivotal in determining the ontology and process of the international oil business. Indeed, so central has oil been to the advancement of industrial capacity, technology, warfare, transportation and economic prosperity of states since the 20th century, it could be argued that petroleum is the single largest determinant of the geopolitics that characterises the modern international system. In order to address the interrelationship and correlations between core aspects of the petroleum industry and causal geopolitical phenomena, I begin by advancing a framework of analysis that systematically binds key geopolitical features and concepts – specifically: Spatial Phenomena; Environmental Ontology; Territorial Access; Geopolitical Features; State and Non-state Concepts; and, Strategic Resources and Geopolitics - with examples of empirical findings revealed in subsequent chapters in the thesis. Fundamentally, this process works to assess causality and correlations between geopolitical phenomena such as space and distance, sovereignty, territory, boundaries, chokepoints, resource nationalism, transnationalism, resource security and conflict, and the features and processes inherent in petroleum reserves and the exploration, production and transportation of oil and gas. The framework is followed with a sequential analysis of the three empirical foci of the project: the ontology of oil and natural gas reserves; the planning and processes of exploration and production; and, the processes of the conveyance petroleum. I have concentrated my research to activities within Eurasia, which comprises the traditional continents of Europe and Asia, and the Indo-Pacific maritime realm, which extends eastwards from the Red Sea to the western Pacific Rim. After systematically assessing the empirical findings and examining key areas of geopolitical theory, I conclude that there is an identifiable and logical correlation between geopolitical phenomena, petroleum reserves, and the means to produce and distribute oil and gas between source and market.
39
Ikeatuegwu, Chidubem Andrew. "Academic entrepreneurship in petroleum rentier states." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2016. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/academic-entrepreneurship-in-petroleum-rentier-states(7ab88a52-06ff-439f-9d9a-7f6c41753353).html.
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This thesis discusses Academic Entrepreneurship within a prism of the Triple Helix model of innovation. It unravels how the socio-economic and political institutional logics of petroleum rentier states influence commercialization of findings of academic research in oil-rich regions. The thesis argues for a sociological approach to the study of entrepreneurship. Conceptualizing Academic Entrepreneurship as a social game, and the three members of the Triple Helix as players, it unravels the mechanisms of the relations within the Triple Helix as it plays out in oil-rich rentier regions. It focuses on the resource-rich West-African state of Nigeria as case. Using data from multiple sources, it unearths the various plays and combats; conflicts and tensions, struggles and negotiations, disagreements and agreements, between the three members of the Triple Helix. The central theme of the thesis is that the structural powers that condition academic entrepreneurship are governed by interdependencies between agency and context-specific socio-politico-economic institutional logics. This is in line with, yet goes beyond the prevalent claim that institutions impose rules that constitute constraints and enablers of agency. The thesis argues that agential actions are not mere rules-compliance, rather are outcomes of strategic and pragmatic calculations, emergent from agents' internalized externalities, and contingent upon agential held convictions about what works best within given institutional dynamics. Grounded on Bourdieu's sociology, and underpinned by Critical Realist philosophy, this thesis develops and offers a new conceptual framework applicable in entrepreneurship, organizational, and regional development research. Its findings highlight points of divergence of the key players in innovation and entrepreneurship, and offers policy-makers insights into what works, what doesn’t work and what may never work regarding entrepreneurship and innovation policy. It brings to the fore, the criticality of context-specific institutional considerations in entrepreneurship and innovation policy-making.
40
Abdullah, Abdul Hamid. "Petroleum refining and air quality management." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45573.
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<p>Management of the air quality surrounding Petroleum Refineries
deserves attention because the industry contributes
almost five percent of the total emissions from all
anthropogenic sources. A document containing a complete set
of guidelines for use in the refining industry which satisfies
the current and anticipated air quality legislations and
regulations in the U.S. is necessary. In the past, several
documents have been prepared, but have not included a complete
coverage of the air quality management as currently
needed. Furthermore, due to the continuing revisions of the
Clean Air Act, a document with current, updated regulations
and air quality management principles is necessary. This
study dealt with a broad range of topics including characteristics
of emissions, control technology applied, regulations
and legislative issues, monitoring and modeling
practices, and issues of the 1980s together with future
projections and implications. Air quality regulations and
standards are periodically revised and are becoming more stringent with time. Issues like acid rain may lead to even
more stringent emission standards if investigations carried
out currently reveal that the refineries are significant
contributors. Great measures are taken to control emissions
from the refineries either by using good control equipment
or using other alternative control strategies. Small operating
refineries are closing down due to changing conditions.
An agglomeration and or expansion of the existing refining
capacity is occurringn The air quality trends associated
with this transition in the industry are discussed.
</p><br>Master of Science
41
Planting, Ronald James. "Petroleum futures trading and price volatility." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91138.
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This study investigates the effects of futures trading on petroleum price variability. Though a number of critics from various quarters claim futures markets have made petroleum prices more volatile, economic reasoning does not support this viewpoint.
A review of theoretical studies and empirical investigations of other commodities shows general support for the hypothesis that futures markets do not destabilize prices and may, in fact, add to price stability. In this study, regression analysis is used to explain the price variability of heating oil and gasoline in terms of factors that may affect this variability, including the existence of futures markets. Though the empirical tests performed are biased towards finding destabilizing effects of futures markets, no statistically significant increase in price volatility is found, and in the case of gasoline, indications of stabilizing effects are found. Thus, neither the results of other studies of futures markets nor examination of petroleum futures trading support the critics' contention that futures trading has destabilized petroleum prices.<br>M.A.
42
Vogdt, Joachim. "Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-172348/.
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Lu, Jun. "Petroleum coke slags : characterization and dissolution /." Diss., This resource online, 1997. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022007-144734/.
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De, Mattos Valeria Povoa. "Environmental management in the petroleum industry." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11262/.
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The increased awareness of the deterioration of the biophysical environment and change in ecological values are affecting the relationship of organizations with the biophysical environment. The management of green issues has been peripheral to organizations' business strategy and dealt with in a piecemeal manner. However, organizations are recognising the strategic importance of the management of green issues and are introducing internal environmental management systems to deal with such issues. The management of green issues has to be dealt with by most organizations, and virtually all industrial organizations. In this work an 'ecological complex framework' has been developed in order to systematically investigate and represent the social process associated with ecological forces and environmental controls affecting the relationship of organizations with the biophysical environment. The aim of the framework developed in this work is first to understand how and what green issues are noticed by organizations and how they respond to them. Second to bring green issues into strategic management research. To allow a coherent investigation of this issue this work has concentrated on one specific industry, the oil industry, with special focus on the refining activity. A case study of the Brazilian oil organization Petrobras was undertaken to investigate the problem. In this case study representatives of Petrobras were interviewed about their roles in the management of green issues. These representatives ranged from operational staff through to senior management at refineries and head office. In addition to the case study environmental managers from other oil organizations in the UK were interviewed and a content analysis of corporate literature of all oil organizations studied was undertaken. The findings of this investigation have shown that the management of green issues have become an important issue in oil refineries' strategies. However, due to the complexity and uncertainty of stakeholders' ecological demands, oil organisations are still learning how to recognise their relevance and strategic implications.
45
Mustafa, Karwan. "Unconventional petroleum in fine grained rocks." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47981.
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Unconventional petroleum of fine-grained rocks has become an interesting field of study and respectively source rocks turned to excellent reservoirs for petroleum generation and accumulation. Exploration and production from fine-grained rocks, such as shale, contemporaneous with technology advancement facilitated black shale use and made them cost benefit. This thesis deals with estimation of unconventional petroleum potential of Paleozoic fine-grained rocks in Poland and investigation of Purbeck rocks in southern England as natural laboratory analogues for unconventional petroleum characterisation. Geochemical results of black shale and limestone samples from the Holy Cross Mountains (HCM) in Poland were used as a proxy to estimate the unconventional petroleum potential of Paleozoic rock successions. Additionally, investigations of oil impregnated shales and limestones in Dorset provided analogues for understanding unconventional petroleum behaviour in tight limestone reservoirs. The rock samples were analysed using total organic carbon content (TOC), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Pyrolysis-GC-MS, and X-ray diffraction. Geochemical analyses indicate that the organic matter from the Polish Paleozoic samples in the HCM area were sourced mainly from marine sources and partially from terrestrial inputs that are poorly preserved and possess little potential for hydrocarbon generation. Devonian and some Silurian rocks, however, have good generation potential and can be considered as potential source rocks. The depositional conditions were mixed between oxic and anoxic and settings varied from shallow marine to deep marine along Baltica. There is a substantial change in organic contents and depositional environments across the Ordovician-Silurian boundary due to Hirnantian glacial events and subsequent deglaciation and transgressions. Organic matter increases across the boundary as a result of organic productivity caused by an upwelling system and marine transgressions subsequently changed the shallow marine environments to deeper water settings. The organic matter of the Paleozoic successions in the HCM is composed of type II or mixed type II/III kerogen that has a variable maturity ranging from marginal maturity to peak mature levels. The mineralogical composition of the studied shale and limestone samples in the HCM comprises quartz, carbonates, and clay minerals. Cambrian samples are generally poor in quartz and contain high amounts of clay minerals. Ordovician, Silurian, and Carboniferous shales contain high amounts of brittle minerals convenient for artificial stimulation although a few samples contain about 40 % clay minerals. The Devonian, one Carboniferous sample, and Permian samples are composed of carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) with small amounts of quartz. In terms of unconventional petroleum, the analysed rock samples in the outcrops and quarries cannot be considered as potential targets because TOC, maturity, mineralogy, or shale thickness would not fulfil the minimum requirement. However, the Devonian black shales could be regarded as oil shales but have limited potential due to thin nature of the beds. Existence of more interested fine-grained rocks in terms of unconventional investigations might be possible in areas, outside of the HCM, towards Carpathian Foredeep and NE of the HCM owing to the structural setting of the area. Non-impregnated black shales and limestones analysed from the Purbeck Group across Dorset, southern England indicate that there are lateral variations in distribution of organic compounds and depositional conditions. Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial organic matter was found in the samples and higher amounts of organic matter was preserved in central parts of the studied area where anoxic conditions and water column stratification were prevalent. The organic matter did not enter the oil window and exhibit immaturity or marginal maturity. Although freshwater was flowing from the west, paleosalinity was high in the west and decreased towards the east where marine incursions changed the water salinity. Freshwater and terrestrial organic materials were contributed from north and west of the studied area by the rivers and seasonal run offs from the hinterlands as a result of sea level fluctuations, local tectonic uplift, and climate changes. Some of the black shales and limestones of the Purbeck Group in Dorset were impregnated with oil and exhibit variations in oil chemistry. High amounts of oil staining were recorded in the shales with partial impregnation in the limestones, mostly along their contacts with the shales. Mixed sources of organic matter was found in the samples relating to autochthonous lacustrine (fresh-brackish water) organic materials indigenous to the Purbeck rocks and marine organic matter from migrated hydrocarbons. Two different maturity levels were found in the samples, immaturity for the autochthonous organic matter and peak oil window maturity for migrated hydrocarbons sourced from Lias rocks. Molecular characterisation revealed that there are different biodegradation levels between the shales and limestones, with moderate to heavy biodegradation levels in the shales and light biodegradation levels in the limestones, in particular for the limestones above the shale bed. Biodegradation levels increase westward across the area and at greater distances within the limestones surrounding the shales. Four different types of hosts for oil impregnation in the limestones were documented which include pores, fractures, matrix, and gastropod shells. Oil chemistry and its characteristics are different between hosts of varying sizes and volumes. Oil staining was highest in large pore spaces and large gastropod shells and was dominated by polar constituents; the limestone matrix was the least stained host in which aliphatic fractions prevailed. The oil in the hosts was biodegraded to different levels, moderate to heavy degrees in large pore spaces and fractures and light level in the matrix and small gastropod shells providing a composition more or less similar to the original composition of the migrated oil.
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Morais, Daniel Kumazawa. "Petroleum effects on soil microbial communities." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/8468.
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Previous issue date: 2015-07-29<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>O petróleo é a principal fonte de energia no Brasil, onde o consumo de óleo continua subindo desde 2013, atingindo atualmente 2.2% do total de energia consumida no mundo. A descoberta recente de petróleo nas baias do Espirito Santo, Campos e Santos, pode representar uma excelente oportunidade para atender as demandas energéticas nacionais. Entretanto, a exploração de petróleo oferece riscos a microbiota e toda a vida marinha. Microrganismos são responsáveis pela ciclagem de nutrientes, podem degradar compostos orgânicos recalcitrantes e muitas espécies são reportadas como sensíveis à contaminação por hidrocarbonetos do petróleo. Esse trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar as alterações na comunidade microbiana em solos sob a contaminação por petróleo e avaliar os efeitos do Co-produto de biodiesel (BCP) como um agente protetor da microbiota do solo perante a adição de petróleo. Foram utilizados solos da Ilha da Trindade, e da estação de pesquisa Highfield no Rothamsted Research, UK. Foram montados microcosmos com 20 gramas de solo e os tratamentos utilizaram petróleo intemperizado. Os solos foram incubados a 26° C com correção da umidade para cerca de 60% da capacidade de retenção de água dos solos. Foi utilizada a medição de evolução de CO2 para avaliar a atividade do solo, durante o período de incubação, e a extração de DNA genômico do solo, ao final do período de incubação, para avaliar as mudanças nas comunidades microbianas dos tratamentos e controles. O DNA foi submetido para o sequenciamento de amplicons de 16S rDNA para a avaliação de Bacteria e Archaea e de amplicons da região ITS1 para a avaliação de Fungos utilizando a plataforma Illumina HiSeq. Foi feita a comparação das diversidades alpha e beta e análise das alterações taxonômicas. Essa tese está dividida em dois capítulos. O primeiro descreve os efeitos do petróleo nas comunidades microbianas do solo da Ilha da Trindade. No segundo capítulo foi testado o efeito protetor do BCP sobre a microbiota dos solos da Ilha da Trindade, do campo Bare Fallow e do campo Grassland do Rothamsted Research contra a adição de óleo. O petróleo teve um grande efeito negativo sobre a diversidade microbiana da Ilha da Trindade, mas não mudou a diversidade microbiana dos solos agrícolas do Rothamsted. A comparação taxonômica mostrou aumento do filo Actinobacteria, mudanças em várias classes de Proteobacteria e redução da classe Nitrosphaerales do filo Archaea. Esse é o primeiro esforço para aquisição de conhecimento sobre o efeito da contaminação de solos de uma ilha oceânica brasileira com petróleo. Essa informação é importante para guiar qualquer futura estratégia de biorremediação que se faça necessária.<br>Crude oil is still the dominant energy source in Brazil where oil consumption keeps rising since 2013, reaching nowadays 2.2% of the world‟s energy consumption. A recent discovery of crude oil reservoirs at the Espirito Santo, Campos and Santos basins, can represent an excellent opportunity to meet the country‟s economic and energetic demands. However, offshore exploration offers risks to the microbiota and the whole sea life. Microbes are responsible for nutrient cycling can degrade recalcitrant organic compounds and several species have been reported as sensitive to petroleum hydrocarbons. This work aimed to evaluate microbial community shifts in soils under crude oil contamination and assess the effects of Biodiesel co-product (BCP) as a protecting agent of soil microbiota under crude oil addition. We used soils from the Trindade Island and from the Highfield research station at Rothamsted Research, UK. We assembled microcosms of 20 grams and contaminated the soils using weathered crude oil. Soils were incubated at 26° C with moisture correction to ca. 60% water holding capacity. We used CO2 evolution measurements to evaluate soil activity, during the incubation, and soil genomic DNA extraction, at the end of incubation period, to evaluate microbial community changes from treatments and controls. DNA was submitted to amplicon sequencing of 16S rDNA for Bacteria and Archaea and the ITS1 region for Fungi using Illumina MiSeq platform. We compared alpha and beta-diversity and taxonomic shifts. This thesis is divided in two chapters. The first describes the effects of crude oil on Trindade Island‟s soil microbial communities. In the second chapter we tested the protective effects of BCP on Trindade Island, Rothamsted‟s Bare Fallow and Grassland soils, against the amendment with crude oil. Crude oil had a major negative effect on microbial diversity for Trindade Island, but didn‟t change the diversity of Rothamsted agricultural soils. Taxonomy comparisons showed rise of the Actinobacteria phylum, shifts in several Proteobacteria classes and reduction of the Archaea class Nitrososphaerales. This is the first effort in acquiring knowledge concerning the effect of crude oil contamination in soils of a Brazilian oceanic island. This information is important to guide any future bioremediation strategy that can be required.
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Kahl, William R. (William Rust) 1975. "Numerical simulation of primary petroleum migration." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54438.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1999.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-36).<br>A numerical simulation is presented for the generation and movement of petroleum in a single layer of source rock, a process also know as primary migration. The equations governing the system are derived from principles of mass and volume conservation and are then non-dimensionalized. The result of this formulation of the problem is an equation similar in form to a diffusion equation that describes the volume and flow of oil in the system. The linear form of this equation is solved using a Crank-Nicholson finite differencing scheme, and the form of the numerical solution is compared to a steady-state solution. The effects of two non-dimensional parameters are investigated. Based on these investigations, the compressibility of the fluid and the rate at which oil is generated appear to have significant roles in this model of primary migration.<br>by William R. Kahl.<br>S.M.
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Nimpongsak, Rachadapon. "Thai petroleum concession contract proposal for revision /." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted: no access until March 27, 2014, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25981.
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Alaiyegbami, Ayodele O. "Porescale Investigation of Gas Shales Reservoir Description by Comparing the Barnett, Mancos, and Marcellus Formation." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1557534.
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<p> This thesis describes the advantages of investigating gas shales reservoir description on a nanoscale by using petrographic analysis and core plug petrophysics to characterize the Barnett, Marcellus and Mancos shale plays. The results from this analysis now indicate their effects on the reservoir quality. Helium porosity measurements at confining pressure were carried out on core plugs from this shale plays. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) imaging was done on freshly fractured gold-coated surfaces to indicate pore structure and grain sizes. Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy was done on freshly fractured carbon-coated surfaces to tell the mineralogy. Extra-thin sections were made to view pore spaces, natural fractures and grain distribution. </p><p> The results of this study show that confining pressure helium porosity values to be 9.6%, 5.3% and 1.7% in decreasing order for the samples from the Barnett, Mancos and Marcellus shale respectively. EDS X-ray spectroscopy indicates that the Barnett and Mancos have a high concentration of quartz (silica-content); while the Mancos and Marcellus contain calcite. Thin section analysis reveals obvious fractures in the Barnett, while Mancos and Marcellus have micro-fractures. </p><p> Based on porosity, petrographic analysis and mineralogy measurements on the all the samples, the Barnett shale seem to exhibit the best reservoir quality.</p>
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Williamson, Paul E. "Managing technical advice for regulation : the case of petroleum exploration and production /." Canberra : University of Canberra, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au/public/adt-AUC20070820.123307/index.html.
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Thesis (PhD) -- University of Canberra, 2007.<br>Thesis submitted to fulfil the requirements of the unit of Masters Thesis in Administration, and complete the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Administration, University of Canberra, July 2007. Bibliography: leaves 177-205.