Thematische Bibliographien / Pesticide resistance

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Zeitschriftenartikel
  2. Dissertationen
  3. Bücher
  4. Buchteile
  5. Konferenzberichte
  6. Berichte der Organisationen

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Pesticide resistance“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021
Zuletzt aktualisiert am 3. März 2023

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Pesticide resistance"

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MARQUIS, J. K. „Pesticide Resistance“. Science 227, Nr. 4687 (08.02.1985): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3969549.

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DOVER, M. J. „Pesticide Resistance“. Science 227, Nr. 4687 (08.02.1985): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3969550.

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Talukder, Farid. „Pesticide Resistance in Stored-Product Insects and Alternative Biorational Management: A Brief Review“. Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 14 (01.01.2009): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol14iss0pp9-15.

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Conventional pesticides are being used as the major tools for stored grain and food protection. Many conventional pesticides have created problems including pesticide resistance, toxic residues in the treated products, handling hazards, health hazards to operatives and pest resurgence. Among these, the incidence of pesticide resistance is a growing problem in stored product protection. Problems associated with synthetic pesticides, especially pesticide resistance, have created a worldwide interest in the development of alternative biorational strategies. Plant-derived materials, biological control agents, insect growth regulators, solar disinfestation systems, use of inert dusts and diatomaceous earth, etc., are potential viable alternatives. Most of these alternatives have low toxicity or are not toxic to humans, making them environmentally acceptable and enabling them to be incorporated in stored product protection.
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Cui, Jianxia, Changjiao Sun, Anqi Wang, Yan Wang, Huaxin Zhu, Yue Shen, Ningjun Li et al. „Dual-Functionalized Pesticide Nanocapsule Delivery System with Improved Spreading Behavior and Enhanced Bioactivity“. Nanomaterials 10, Nr. 2 (27.01.2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10020220.

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The prevention and control of pests and diseases are becoming increasingly difficult owing to extensive pesticide resistance. The synergistic use of pesticides for disease control is an effective way of slowing pesticide resistance, reducing the number of pesticide applications, and protecting the environment. In this study, a dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsule delivery system loaded with two active ingredients (AIs)—validamycin and thifluzamide—was developed to prevent and control rice sheath blight; the nanocapsule system was based on a water–oil–water double emulsion method combined with high-pressure homogenization technology. Our results showed that the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules were monodisperse spheres with a mean particle size of ~260 nm and had good storage stability. Compared with commercial formulations, the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules exhibited good foliar spread owing to their small size, which is beneficial for reducing the loss of pesticides on the leaves. The 50% median effect concentration and synergistic ratio against Rhizoctonia solani of the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules and commercial formulation were 0.0082 and 0.0350 μg/mL, and 2.088 and 0.917, respectively. These findings indicate that the bioactivity of the dual-functionalized system was significantly better than that of the commercial formulations and that the dual-functionalized system demonstrated a clear synergistic effect between the two AIs. The system presented here is simple, fast, and capable of dual-pesticide loading with significant synergistic effects. Our findings could help to facilitate the improvement of pesticides efficiency and the slowing of pesticide resistance.
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Li, Jinyang, Qingdao Huang und Bing Liu. „An SI integrated pest management model with pesticide resistance to susceptible pests“. International Journal of Biomathematics 13, Nr. 05 (28.05.2020): 2050037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524520500370.

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In this paper, epidemic diseases among pests are assumed to occur, so pests are divided into susceptible pests and infected pests, and only susceptible pests are harmful to crops. Considering spraying pesticides and releasing of natural enemies and infected pests to control pests, as well as the long-term application of the same pesticide to induce resistance, an integrated pest management with pesticide resistance is established. The pollution emission model is introduced to model the action process of pesticides, which well reflects its residual and delay effects. By using comparison theorem of impulsive differential equation and analysis method, the threshold condition for eradication of susceptible pests is obtained. Then we analyze the frequency of spraying pesticide on the success of pests control. It shows that it is not that the more frequently pesticides are applied, the better the result of the susceptible pests control is. From the sensitivity analysis, the key factors on the threshold are obtained. Finally, the strategies to control susceptible pests are given, including switching pesticides and releasing infected pests and natural enemies elastically.
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Chen, Chun-Chieh, Chun-Huang Huang, Man-Tzu Marcie Wu, Chia-Hsuan Chou, Chia-Chen Huang, Tzu-Yen Tseng, Fang-Yu Chang et al. „Multidrug Resistance 1 Gene Variants, Pesticide Exposure, and Increased Risk of DNA Damage“. BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/965729.

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The P-glycoprotein, encoded by the multidrug resistance (MDR)1gene, extrudes fat-soluble compounds to the extracellular environment. However, the DNA damage of pesticides in subjects with genetic variation inMDR1has not been investigated. In this study, the comet assay was applied to examine the extent of DNA damage in the peripheral blood of 195 fruit growers who had been exposed to pesticides and 141 unexposed controls. TheMDR1polymorphisms were identified. Questionnaires were administered to obtain demographic data and occupational history. Results showed subjects experiencing high (2.14 μm/cell,P<0.01) or low pesticide exposure (2.18 μm/cell,P<0.01) had a significantly greater DNA tail moment than controls (1.28 μm/cell). Compared to theMDR1T-129C (rs3213619) TC/CC carriers, the TT carriers had increased DNA tail moment in controls (1.30 versus 1.12 μm/cell,P<0.01). Similar results were observed in the high and low pesticide-exposed groups. Combined analysis revealed that pesticide-exposed fruit growers withMDR1-129 TT genotype had the greatest DNA damage in the subjects with the combinations of pesticide exposure andMDR1-129 genotypes. In conclusion, pesticide exposed individuals with susceptibleMDR1-129 genotypes may experience increased risk of DNA damage.
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Rangasamy, Kirubakaran, Murugan Athiappan, Natarajan Devarajan, Javid A. Parray, Nowsheen Shameem, K. N. Aruljothi, Abeer Hashem, Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi und Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah. „Cloning and Expression of the Organophosphate Pesticide-Degradingα-βHydrolase Gene in Plasmid pMK-07 to Confer Cross-Resistance to Antibiotics“. BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1535209.

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Pesticide residual persistence in agriculture soil selectively increases the pesticide-degrading population and transfers the pesticide-degrading gene to other populations, leading to cross-resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. The enzymes that degrade pesticides can also catabolize the antibiotics by inducing changes in the gene or protein structure through induced mutations. The present work focuses on the pesticide-degrading bacteria isolated from an agricultural field that develop cross-resistance to antibiotics. This cross-resistance is developed through catabolic gene clusters present in an extrachromosomal plasmid. A larger plasmid (236.7 Kbp) isolated fromBacillussp. was sequenced by next-generation sequencing, and important features such asα-βhydrolase, DNA topoisomerase, DNA polymerase III subunit beta, reverse transcriptase, plasmid replication rep X, recombination U, transposase, and S-formylglutathione hydrolase were found in this plasmid. Among these, theα-βhydrolase enzyme is known for the degradation of organophosphate pesticides. The cloning and expression of theα-βhydrolase gene imply nonspecific cleavage of antibiotics through a cross-resistance phenomenon in the host. The docking ofα-βhydrolase with a spectrum of antibiotics showed a high G-score against chloramphenicol (−3.793), streptomycin (−2.865), cefotaxime (−5.885), ampicillin (−4.316), and tetracycline (−3.972). This study concludes that continuous exposure to pesticide residues may lead to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains among the wild microbial flora.
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Seesen, Mathuramat, Roberto G. Lucchini, Somkiat Siriruttanapruk, Ratana Sapbamrer, Surat Hongsibsong, Susan Woskie und Pornpimol Kongtip. „Association between Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Insulin Resistance in Pesticide Sprayers and Nonfarmworkers“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 21 (04.11.2020): 8140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218140.

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Insulin resistance is a risk factor for various diseases. Chronic organophosphate exposure has been reported to be a cause of insulin resistance in animal models. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association between organophosphate exposure and insulin resistance in pesticide sprayers and nonfarmworkers. Participants aged 40–60 years, consisting of 150 pesticide sprayers and 150 nonfarmworkers, were interviewed and assessed for their homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) level. Organophosphate (OP) exposure was measured in 37 sprayers and 46 nonfarmworkers by first morning urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites. The DAP metabolite levels were not different in either group except for diethylthiophosphate (DETP; p = 0.03), which was higher in sprayers. No significant association was observed between DAP metabolite levels and HOMA-IR. Wearing a mask while handling pesticides was associated with lower dimethyl metabolites (95% CI = −11.10, −0.17). Work practices of reading pesticide labels (95% CI = −81.47, −14.99) and washing hands after mixing pesticide (95% CI = −39.97, −3.35) correlated with lower diethyl alkylphosphate level. Overall, we did not observe any association between OP exposure and insulin resistance in pesticide sprayers and the general population. However, personal protective equipment (PPE) utilization and work practice were associated with OP exposure level in sprayers.
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Hassan, Zaid Naji, Kassim Mohanad A und Maan Abdul Azeez Shafeeq. „Evaluation of Insecticides Resistance: Review Article“. South Asian Research Journal of Biology and Applied Biosciences 4, Nr. 4 (09.09.2022): 56–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjbab.2022.v04i04.001.

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Pesticide durability lasts to be one of the greatest significant subjects’ confrontations with agricultural output. The defy in pesticide impedance and its administration is represented by the status of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This extremely offensive pest has a considerable tendency for evolving pesticide durability as of its biotic features, and situations of impedance to furthermost categories of insecticides utilized for its organization have been perceived. In conflict with pesticide durability in the western blossom thrips, quite a few insecticide impedance supervisions (IRM) approaches have been progressing about the universe and these conversations. Effective approaches depend on non-insecticidal strategies, for instance, biotic and cultural monitoring and steward vegetable durability, to diminish inhabitants’ compressions, alternations amid pesticides of the diverse method of labor categories to maintain insecticide effectiveness, impedance observation, specimen to define the necessity for insecticide implementation and instruction to guarantee suitable operation. Further cautious insecticide utilization is conceivable by the progress of fully-initiated financial sill for extra harvesting organizations. Though cultivators will carry on to trust insecticides as a portion of western-blossom-thrips- and thrips-spread virus administration added effective administration of these pests will be accomplished by deeming their administration in the situation of complete united pest administration, through IRM being the main constituent of those complete approaches.
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ZHANG, YAN, DANDAN XU und SHAOLI WANG. „Status of abamectin resistance and mechanisms in Tetranychus urticae in China“. Zoosymposia 22 (30.11.2022): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.149.

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The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important agricultural pest worldwide. It is prone to evolve resistance to pesticides, including organophosphates, pyrethroids, and some newly developed compounds (Xu et al., 2018; Alpkent et al., 2020), due to the frequent pesticide spray and the biological characteristics of T. urticae, such as short life cycle and parthenogenesis, etc. There is no doubt that the development of pesticide resistance and unclear resistant mechanisms have impeded the chemical control and resistance management of T. urticae in the field.
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Pesticide resistance"

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Kazmierczak, Richard Francis. „Pesticide regulatory actions and the development of pest resistance : a dynamic bioeconomic model /“. Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07132007-143149/.

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Akpan, Jude. „Factors Associated with Pesticide Resistance in Culex Mosquitoes“. ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6503.

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In recent years mosquito-borne diseases have reemerged, largely because of pesticide resistance. The mosquitoes develop resistance to pesticides because of broad and repeated uses of pesticides. Preventing the development of pesticide resistance requires proper understanding of the environmental factors potentially associated with the development of the resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental factors associated with the resistance to pesticides by the Culex mosquitoes. This correlational study included the analysis of archived data samples (N = 29,794) from the Field Cage Tests results conducted between 2013 and 2017 by a large county public health department. The compartmental model was used to help understand and interpret study findings. To examine the associations between the independent variables (i.e., wind speed, temperature, humidity, time, month, and weather conditions) and the dependent variable (i.e., pesticide resistance), chi-square and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. The results showed that the odds of mosquitoes developing resistance were 2.1 times higher during high temperatures than at low temperatures [x2(1) = 346.5, p = .000]; the resistance was 1.5 times higher during high humidity than in low humidity [x2(1) = 7.23, p = .007]; and the odds of mosquitoes developing resistance to pesticides in August were 3 times higher than when sprayed in June or July [x2 (2) = 702.606, p = .000]. Study findings may be used to help with the development of more effective methods for vector control thereby reducing the numbers of nuisance and disease-carrying mosquitoes along with a possible reduction in the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases and related human morbidity and mortality.
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ROTTNER, LOBSTEIN FLORENCE. „Pyrethrinoides : mecanismes d'action et resistance“. Strasbourg 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR15003.

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Dubbeldam, Aart A. „Fitness costs of pyrethroid resistance in Heliothis virescens“. Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363656.

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Giffard, S. C. „Selection for asulam resistance in barley“. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383441.

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Schuler, Tanja H. „Laboratory studies on the effect of 'stress' on the susceptibility of the diamond moth (Plutella xylostella) and the rose-grain aphid (Metapolophium dirhodum) to insect pathogens“. Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262114.

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Grbin, Lynne C. „Sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and its natural enemy, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov : implications for resistance management“. Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg785.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 165-188. This research examines biological and behavioural interactions among the diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. A deterministic simulation model is developed describing the influence of C. plutellae on the evolution of resistance to Bt in a diamond-back moth poulation.
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Salmeron, Eloisa. „Subsídios para o manejo da resistência de Blattella germanica (L., 1767) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) a inseticidas“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-26072002-151005/.

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Bases para a implementação de um programa de manejo da resistência de Blattella germanica (L.) a inseticidas foram coletadas no presente trabalho. Técnicas de bioensaio de aplicação tópica e de contato tarsal foram comparadas inicialmente para a detecção da resistência a deltametrina e clorpirifós. O bioensaio de aplicação tópica possibilitou uma melhor discriminação entre a linhagem suscetível e as populações de campo de B. germanica testadas. Resultados do monitoramento da suscetibilidade de B. germanica a inseticidas evidenciaram a presença de variabilidade genética que confere resistência a deltametrina, clorpirifós e fipronil em populações coletadas em alguns estabelecimentos comerciais dos Estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. As razões de resistência encontradas para deltametrina e clorpirifós foram de aproximadamente 43 e 6 vezes, respectivamente. A resistência de B. germanica a deltametrina foi instável, ou seja, houve uma redução significativa na freqüência de resistência na ausência de pressão de seleção. Estudos de relações de resistência cruzada revelaram uma baixa intensidade de resistência cruzada (aproximadamente 2 vezes) entre fipronil e os inseticidas deltametrina e clorpirifós. E por último, a mistura de deltametrina e clorpirifós foi avaliada para o controle de linhagens de B. germanica resistentes a deltametrina. A mistura proporcionou um melhor controle da linhagem suscetível do que os produtos utilizados isoladamente. No entanto, a discriminação entre as linhagens suscetível e resistente a deltametrina foi evidente com a mistura nas doses recomendadas comercialmente, o que inviabilizaria o emprego desta estratégia no manejo da resistência de B. germanica a deltametrina.
Bases for implementing a resistance management program of Blattella germanica (L.) to insecticides were collected in this study. Initially, we compared the topical and residual tarsal-contact bioassays for detecting resistance to deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos. The topical bioassay gave better discrimination between susceptible and field-collected populations of B. germanica. Results from a survey of the susceptibility of B. germanica to insecticides revealed the presence of genetic variability that confers resistance to deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and fipronil in field-collected populations of B. germanica from the States of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The resistance ratios to deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos were approximately 43 and 6-fold, respectively. The resistance of B. germanica to deltamethrin was unstable; that is, a significant reduction in the frequency of resistance was detected under absence of selection pressure. Studies on cross-resistance relationships showed a low intensity of cross-resistance (approximately 2-fold) between fipronil and the insecticides deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos. And finally, the viabilility of the use of deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos mixture was evaluated for controlling deltamethrin-resistant strains of B. germanica. The use of mixtures gave better control of the susceptible strain than the use of the products by itself. However, the discrimination between susceptible and resistant strains was clear with the use of mixtures at recommended rates, which impairs the use of this strategy for managing B. germanica resistance to deltamethrin.
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Konno, Roberto Hiroyuki. „Subsídios para um programa de manejo da resistência de Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 a inseticidas na cultura do algodão“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-24052005-142415/.

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O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de coletar informações básicas para a implementação de um programa de manejo da resistência de Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 a inseticidas na cultura do algodão. Para tanto, foram caracterizadas as linhas-básicas de suscetibilidade de A. gossypii aos inseticidas carbosulfam, tiametoxam e endosulfam por meio de um bioensaio de contato residual. Posteriormente, foi realizado um monitoramento da suscetibilidade a esses inseticidas em populações de A. gossypii que foram coletadas nas regiões de Acreúna-GO, Ituverava-SP, Rondonópolis-MT e Unai-MG nas safras de algodão de 2001/2002 a 2003/2004. Em cada safra, as coletas de pulgões foram realizadas no início, meio e final do ciclo da cultura. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na suscetibilidade de populações de A. gossypii para tiametoxam e endosulfam. Por outro lado, houve redução significativa na suscetibilidade ao carbosulfam ao longo do ciclo da cultura. No entanto, foi observado um restabelecimento parcial da suscetibilidade ao carbosulfam no início da safra subseqüente, sugerindo assim a instabilidade da resistência. A razão de resistência de A. gossypii ao carbosulfam foi de 5,7 vezes. Não foi verificada a presença de resistência cruzada entre carbosulfam e os inseticidas tiametoxam e endosulfam. Estudos de dinâmica da resistência de A. gossypii ao carbosulfam realizados em condições de laboratório mostraram que a resistência é instável, ou seja, a freqüência de resistência diminui significativamente na ausência de pressão de seleção. Comparações de parâmetros biológicos entre as linhagens suscetível e resistente ao carbosulfam mostraram que há custo adaptativo associado à resistência. A linhagem resistente apresentou uma menor fecundidade, menor período reprodutivo e menor longevidade do que a linhagem suscetível. Por fim, trabalhos de avaliação da estratégia de mistura de inseticidas evidenciaram que a mistura de carbosulfam com tiametoxam ou endosulfam não é vantajoso no manejo da resistência de A. gossypii ao carbosulfam.
The objective of this research was to collect basic information for building an insecticide resistance management program of Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 in cotton crop. Baseline susceptibility data of A. gossypii to carbosulfan, thiamethoxam and endosulfan were characterized by the use of direct contact bioassay. Then, a susceptibility monitoring to these insecticides was conducted in populations of A. gossypii collected from Acreúna-GO, Ituverava-SP, Rondonópolis-MT and Unai-MG during 2001/2002 to 2003/2004 cotton growing seasons. The aphid collection was performed at the beginning, middle and end of cotton growing season. No significant differences in susceptibility to thiamethoxam and endosulfan were observed among A. gossypii populations. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in the susceptibility to carbosulfan throughout the cotton growing season. However, a partial reset to the susceptibility to carbosulfan was observed at the beginning of the following cotton season. The resistance ratio of A. gossypii to carbosulfan was 5.7-fold. No cross-resistance between carbosulfan and the insecticides thiametoxam was observed. Studies on dynamics of A. gossypii resistance to carbosulfan conducted under laboratory conditions revealed that the resistance is unstable; that is, the frequency of resistance declines significantly in the absence of selection pressure. Life-history comparisons between carbosulfan-susceptible and resistant strains showed that there is some fitness cost associated to resistance. The resistant strain showed a lower fecundity, lower reproductive period and lower longevity than the susceptible strain. And finally, studies on evaluation of the strategy by mixing insecticides showed that the mixture of carbosulfan with thiamethoxam or endosulfan was not advantageous in the management of carbosulfan resistance in A. gossypii.
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Wooster, Mark T. „Sublethal vapor-induced responses of the German cockroach to commercial pesticide formulations“. Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54466.

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The overall purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an insecticide vapor pulse on the dispersal response of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L). An apparatus was designed to expose test cockroaches to vapors from commercial pesticide formulations. Insecticide vapor-induced dispersal responses were recorded during a two hour period from different strains that had been allowed to acclimate to a harborage. The dispersal response of large nymphs from a pesticide susceptible laboratory strain (VPI) was compared to two propoxur resistant field strains (Carver, Kenly) after exposure to four propoxur formulations and their blanks. Vapors from the petroleum-based oil and aerosol formulations induced significantly more dispersal than vapors from water-based emulsifiable concentrate and wettable powder formulations. Vapors from formulations containing the toxicant generally induced a significantly faster dispersal response than did their blanks. Exposure of cockroaches to the vapors of diazinon, malathion, and cyfluthrin indicated that the class of pesticide can also influence the dispersal response. Strain differences were found in experiments with the propoxur formulations, their blanks, malathion, and cyfluthrin. Slow dispersal precluded demonstration of significant strain differences in experiments with diazinon. Exposure of mixed age groups of four strains to vapors from 1% propoxur-in-oil, an aerosol and their blanks indicated that dispersal patterns were similar to the single age class experiments. Inter- and intra-strain differences were found. Dispersal of the field strains was distinguished from that of the laboratory strain by more variable responses and differences among age classes. The strongest inter-and intra-strain differences were in response to the solvents rather than the complete formulation. The air concentration of propoxur from a 1% oil formulation was estimated at 146 pg/ml. Condensation of the toxicant onto the apparatus was also observed. Vapor pulse characteristics for the four propoxur formulations indicated that the equilibrium vaporization rate in the test apparatus was approximately 0.5 mg/min for the oil and aerosol formulations and 1.0 mg/min for the WP and EC formulations. Results suggest that effective control strategies must be tailored for each target population.
Ph. D.
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Bücher zum Thema "Pesticide resistance"

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Roush, Richard T., und Bruce E. Tabashnik, Hrsg. Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6429-0.

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Tyrone, Roush Richard, und Tabashnik Bruce E, Hrsg. Pesticide resistance in arthropods. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1990.

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1949-, Clark J. Marshall, Yamaguchi Isamu 1941- und Pan Pacific Conference on Pesticide Science (2nd : 1999 : Honolulu, Hawaii), Hrsg. Agrochemical resistance: Extent, mechanism, and detection. Washington, D.C: American Chemical Society, 2001.

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Volkert, Sjut, und Butters J. A, Hrsg. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to agrochemicals. Berlin: Springer, 1997.

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Whalon, M. E., D. Mota-Sanchez und R. M. Hollingworth, Hrsg. Global pesticide resistance in arthropods. Wallingford: CABI, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845933531.0000.

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1948-, Whalon Mark Edward, Mota-Sanchez D. 1960- und Hollingworth Robert M. 1939-, Hrsg. Global pesticide resistance in arthropods. Wallingford, UK: CABI, 2008.

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M, Mohan. Fighting pesticide resistance in arthropods. New Delhi: Westville Publishing House, 2016.

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B, Green Maurice, LeBaron Homer M, Moberg William K. 1948-, American Chemical Society. Division of Agrochemicals. und American Chemical Society Meeting, Hrsg. Managing resistance to agrochemicals: From fundamental research to practical strategies. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1990.

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Station), Resistance '91: Achievements and Developments in Combating Pesticide Resistance (1991 Rothamsted Experimental. Resistance '91, Achievements and Developments in Combating Pesticide Resistance. London: Published for SCI by Elsevier Applied Science, 1992.

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Denholm, Ian, Alan L. Devonshire und Derek W. Hollomon, Hrsg. Resistance ’91: Achievements and Developments in Combating Pesticide Resistance. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2862-9.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Pesticide resistance"

1

Frank, J. Howard, J. Howard Frank, Michael C. Thomas, Allan A. Yousten, F. William Howard, Robin M. Giblin-davis, John B. Heppner et al. „Pesticide Resistance Management“. In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2798–803. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2868.

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Tabashnik, Bruce E., und Richard T. Roush. „Introduction“. In Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, 1–3. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6429-0_1.

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Pree, David J. „Resistance Management in Multiple-pest Apple Orchard Ecosystems in Eastern North America“. In Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, 261–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6429-0_10.

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Croft, Brian A. „Developing a Philosophy and Program of Pesticide Resistance Management“. In Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, 277–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6429-0_11.

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ffrench-Constant, Richard H., und Richard T. Roush. „Resistance Detection and Documentation: The Relative Roles of Pesticidal and Biochemical Assays“. In Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, 4–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6429-0_2.

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Scott, Jeffrey G. „Investigating Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance: Methods, Strategies, and Pitfalls“. In Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, 39–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6429-0_3.

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Soderlund, David M., und Jeffrey R. Bloomquist. „Molecular Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance“. In Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, 58–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6429-0_4.

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Roush, Richard T., und Joanne C. Daly. „The Role of Population Genetics in Resistance Research and Management“. In Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, 97–152. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6429-0_5.

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Tabashnik, Bruce E. „Modeling and Evaluation of Resistance Management Tactics“. In Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, 153–82. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6429-0_6.

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Georghiou, George P. „The Effect of Agrochemicals on Vector Populations“. In Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, 183–202. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6429-0_7.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Pesticide resistance"

1

Sward, Grace. „An exploration into pesticide resistance in spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii“. In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.114081.

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Lee, Si Hyeock. „Mutation and duplication of arthropod acetylcholinesterase: Insights into pesticide resistance and tolerance“. In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105042.

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Ozawa, Rika. „Genetic variations ofTetranychus kanzawaiconferring different abilities on host plant adaptation and pesticide resistance“. In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.114026.

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Dermauw, Wannes. „A link between host plant adaptation and pesticide resistance in the polyphagous spider miteTetranychus urticae“. In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93936.

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Seong, Keon Mook. „Does timing matter in pesticide resistance? One splice form variant ofMDR49provides early, but not late, 'protection' to DDT“. In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.108777.

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Mumpuni, Restu Puji, und Akhmad Sholichudin. „The Efficacy of Several Types of Organic Pesticides against Mortality of Armyworm (<i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>)“. In The 2nd International Conference on Technology for Sustainable Development. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-l3qf81.

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Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a pest on several food crops including soybeans and corn. Armyworm control still emphasizes the use of resistant varieties and insecticides. Alternative efforts are needed to use more environmentally-friendly control methods, including the use of organic pesticides from biological materials. The control of Spodoptera frugiperda was carried out by testing the application of several types of organic pesticides at the same concentration of 50%. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of pesticide that was most effective in reducing mortality and attack from Spodoptera frugiperda. The study was started by doing mass propagation of S. frugiperda larvae, S. frugiperda larvae investment, and mortality test. The test used the Randomized Block Design (RBD) method using several organic pesticides consisting of five treatments, namely P0 (control), P1 (tobacco), P2 (shallot), P3 (garlic), and P4 (papaya leaves), P5 (blimbing wuluh leaves), P6 (Jatropa curcas fruit), P7 (lemongrass). The results of the application of organic pesticides on the mortality and attack rate of S. frugiperda had a significant effect. Organic pesticides that are most effective in reducing the mortality and attack rates of S. frugiperda are pesticides made from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). At a concentration of 50% organic pesticides made from tobacco can reduce the mortality of S. frugiperda up to 100%. Tobacco-based pesticides also received the lowest land attack rate at 46%. Organic pesticides applied to S. frugiperda larvae also affect the growth of S. frugiperda pupae.
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Kim, Ryang-Hee, und Sung-Sic Choi. „Safety Assessment of Pesticide-Barrier Protection Properties of High-Tech Material Agricultural Safety Clothing: In Vivo-Test Using the Artificial Skin“. In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/10027.

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Industrial safety clothing is supposed to have capability to adjust its inside microclimate, to protect the human body from dangerous environments, and to improve productivity. So, it is important to select proper materials, forms, and wearing methods of work-clothes. Agricultural Safety Clothing (ASC) should protect the human body from environmental conditions such as cold, heat, and humidity as well as from working conditions. Agricultural Safety Clothing should also enhance the safety, comfort, and efficiency of works. However, they have increased the use of pesticide to harvest more crops, which has caused various side effects, and insects have become resistant to pesticides. For these issues, we aimed to develop the newly agricultural safety clothing based on highly technology finish textiles, and to estimate pesticide protective performance properties. And we were to evaluate the pesticide barrier property and safety performance properties of newly designed ASC being made with high-tech proof finish spun-laced nonwoven fabrics. The results of this study were as follows: 1). New high-tech proof finished ASC has respectively negligible or sometimes inconclusive amount of pesticide residue. Hence, newly designed ASC with high-tech proof finish fabrics was evaluated as the safety ASC better than the conventional safety clothing.
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Herron, Grant A. „Resistance management of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypiiGlover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Australian cotton: From a highly pesticide reliant system to an integrated IRM and IPM strategy“. In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105155.

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Korobov, V. A., D. O. Morozov und A. E. Ivleva. „Conductometric comparative assessment of crop stress resistance to chemical pesticides“. In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-101.

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Using the conductometric method in field experiments, a positive correlation was established between the relative electrical conductivity of aqueous extracts of leaves and the yield of barley and soybeans: 0.833 and 0.994. Based on the regression equations, the threshold of stress resistance of plants to pesticides was calculated, which was 30% of the deviation of the electrical conductivity of aqueous extracts from the leaves of the treated plants from the control. A comparative assessment of 12 field crops to treatments with chemical pesticides was carried out.
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Saratovskikh, E. A. „INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE GROWTH AND MICROORGANISMS“. In The All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation and Schools of Young Scientists "Mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavorable environmental". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-319-8-1126-1134.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Pesticide resistance"

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Shtienberg, Dan, William Fry, Amos Dinoor, Thomas Zitter und Uzi Kafkafi. Reduction in Pesticide Use in Plant Disease Control by Integration of Chemical and Non-Chemical Factors. United States Department of Agriculture, Mai 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613027.bard.

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The long term goal of this research project was to improve control efficiency of Alternaria diseases while reducing fungicide use, by integration of chemical and non-chemical factors. Non-chemical factors were genotype resistance, age-related resistance and fertilizers. The Specific objectives were: 1) To quantify changes in resistance among genotypes and over time in terms of disease development and specific phases of the disease cycle; 2) To quantify the effects of fertilizers applied to the foliage alone, or in combination with a fungicide, on disease development; 3) To quantify the relative contribution of genotype resistance, age-related resistance and fungicide type to the reduction of disease development; 4) To develop a strategy for integration of chemical and non-chemical factors which will achieve optimal disease suppression. The influence of physiological age of cotton plants and of the individual leaves, on disease incidence and on the rate of lesion expansion of A. macrospora was examined on leaves sampled from the field. Both parameters increased with the physiological age of individual leaves but were not affected by the age of the whole plant. The hypothesis that enrichment of the foliage with nitrogen and potassium may enhance host resistance to Alternaria and thus reduce disease severity, was examined for potato and tomato (A. solani ) and for cotton (A. macrospora ). Under controlled environment conditions, application of urea or KNO3 resulted in some reduction in disease development; however, foliar application of both nutrients (8-10 sprays in total) did not affect Alternaria severity in the field. Systemic fungicides against Alternaria (e.g. , tebuconazole and difenoconazole) are more effective than the commonly used protectant fungicides (e.g. mancozeb and chlorothalonil). Concepts for the integration of genotype resistance, age-related resistances and fungicide for the suppression of Alternaria diseases were developed and evaluated. It was found that reduction in host resistance, with age and among genotypes, can be compensated for by adjusting the intensity of fungicide applications, i.e. by increasing the frequency of sprays and by spraying systemic fungicides towards the end of the season. In, moderately resistant cultivars protection can be achieved by spraying at longer intervals than susceptible cultivars. The concepts for integration were evaluated in field trials for cotton, potatoes and tomatoes. By following these concepts it was possible to save up to five sprays out of 8-10 in a growing season.
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Lanning, Christine, und Robert Fine. An Organophosphorus Pesticide, Chlorpyrifos, Increases the Levels of the Multidrug-Resistant Gene Product in Breast Cancer Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Juli 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada299497.

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Gera, Abed, Abed Watad, P. Ueng, Hei-Ti Hsu, Kathryn Kamo, Peter Ueng und A. Lipsky. Genetic Transformation of Flowering Bulb Crops for Virus Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575293.bard.

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Objectives. The major aim of the proposed research was to establish an efficient and reproducible genetic transformation system for Easter lily and gladiolus using either biolistics or Agrobacterium. Transgenic plants containing pathogen-derived genes for virus resistance were to be developed and then tested for virus resistance. The proposal was originally aimed at studying cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) resistance in plants, but studies later included bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). Monoclonal antibodies were to be tested to determine their effectiveness in interning with virus infection and vector (aphid) transmission. Those antibodies that effectively interfered with virus infection and transmission were to be cloned as single chain fragments and used for developing transgenic plants with the potential to resist virus infection. Background to the topic. Many flower crops, as lily and gladiolus are propagated vegetatively through bulbs and corms, resulting in virus transmission to the next planting generation. Molecular genetics offers the opportunity of conferring transgene-mediated disease resistance to flower crops that cannot be achieved through classical breeding. CMV infects numerous plant species worldwide including both lilies and gladioli. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. Results from these for future development of collaborative studies have demonstrated the potential transgenic floral bulb crops for virus resistance. In Israel, an efficient and reproducible genetic transformation system for Easter lily using biolistics was developed. Transient as well as solid expression of GUS reporter gene was demonstrated. Putative transgenic lily plantlets containing the disabled CMV replicase transgene have been developed. The in vitro ability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CMV to neutralize virus infectivity and block virus transmission by M. persicae were demonstrated. In the US, transgenic Gladiolus plants containing either the BYMV coat protein or antisense coat protein genes have been developed and some lines were found to be virus resistant. Long-term expression of the GUS reporter gene demonstrated that transgene silencing did not occur after three seasons of dormancy in the 28 transgenic Gladiolus plants tested. Selected monoclonal antibody lines have been isolated, cloned as single chain fragments and are being used in developing transgenic plants with CMV resistance. Ornamental crops are multi-million dollar industries in both Israel and the US. The increasing economic value of these floral crops and the increasing ban numerous pesticides makes it more important than ever that alternatives to chemical control of pathogens be studied to determine their possible role in the future. The cooperation resulted in the objectives being promoted at national and international meetings. The cooperation also enabled the technology transfer between the two labs, as well as access to instrumentation and specialization particular to the two labs.
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Gurevitz, Michael, William A. Catterall und Dalia Gordon. Learning from Nature How to Design Anti-insect Selective Pesticides - Clarification of the Interacting Face between Insecticidal Toxins and their Na-channel Receptors. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697101.bard.

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Structural details on the interacting faces of toxins and sodium channels (Navs), and particularly identification of elements that confer specificity for insects, are difficult to approach and require suitable experimental systems. Therefore, natural toxins capable of differential recognition of insect and mammalian Navs are valuable leads for design of selective compounds in insect control. We have characterized several scorpion toxins that vary in preference for insect and mammalian Navs, and identified residues important for their action. However, despite many efforts worldwide, only little is known about the receptor sites of these toxins, and particularly on differences between these sites on insect and mammalian Navs. Another problem arises from the massive overuse of chemical insecticides, which increases resistance buildup among various insect pests. A possible solution to this problem is to combine different insecticidal compounds, especially those that provide synergic effects. Our recent finding that combinations of insecticidal receptor site-3 toxins (sea anemone and scorpion alpha) with scorpion beta toxins or their truncated derivatives are synergic in toxicity to insects is therefore timely and strongly supports this approach. Our ability to produce toxins and various Navs in recombinant forms, enable thorough analysis and structural manipulations of both toxins and receptors. On this basis we propose to (1) restrict by mutagenesis the activity of insecticidal scorpion -toxins and sea anemone toxins to insects, and clarify the molecular basis of their synergic toxicity with antiinsect selective -toxins; (2) identify Nav elements that interact with scorpion alpha and sea anemone toxins and those that determine toxin selectivity to insects; (3) determine toxin-channel pairwise side-chain interactions by thermodynamic mutant cycle analysis using our large collection of mutant -toxins and Nav mutants identified in aim 2; (4) clarify the mode of interaction of truncated -toxins with insect Navs, and elucidate how they enhance the activity of insecticidal site-3 toxins. This research may lead to rational design of novel anti-insect peptidomimetics with minimal impact on human health and the environment, and will establish the grounds for a new strategy in insect pest control, whereby a combination of allosterically interacting compounds increase insecticidal action and reduce risks of resistance buildup.
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Cytryn, Eddie, Mark R. Liles und Omer Frenkel. Mining multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria for biocontrol activity and biologically-active compounds. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598174.bard.

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Control of agro-associated pathogens is becoming increasingly difficult due to increased resistance and mounting restrictions on chemical pesticides and antibiotics. Likewise, in veterinary and human environments, there is increasing resistance of pathogens to currently available antibiotics requiring discovery of novel antibiotic compounds. These drawbacks necessitate discovery and application of microorganisms that can be used as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and the isolation of novel biologically-active compounds. This highly-synergistic one year project implemented an innovative pipeline aimed at detecting BCAs and associated biologically-active compounds, which included: (A) isolation of multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria and root-associated bacteria from medicinal plants; (B) invitro screening of bacterial isolates against known plant, animal and human pathogens; (C) nextgeneration sequencing of isolates that displayed antagonistic activity against at least one of the model pathogens and (D) in-planta screening of promising BCAs in a model bean-Sclerotiumrolfsii system. The BCA genome data were examined for presence of: i) secondary metabolite encoding genes potentially linked to the anti-pathogenic activity of the isolates; and ii) rhizosphere competence-associated genes, associated with the capacity of microorganisms to successfully inhabit plant roots, and a prerequisite for the success of a soil amended BCA. Altogether, 56 phylogenetically-diverse isolates with bioactivity against bacterial, oomycete and fungal plant pathogens were identified. These strains were sent to Auburn University where bioassays against a panel of animal and human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogenic strains such as A. baumannii 3806) were conducted. Nineteen isolates that showed substantial antagonistic activity against at least one of the screened pathogens were sequenced, assembled and subjected to bioinformatics analyses aimed at identifying secondary metabolite-encoding and rhizosphere competence-associated genes. The genome size of the bacteria ranged from 3.77 to 9.85 Mbp. All of the genomes were characterized by a plethora of secondary metabolite encoding genes including non-ribosomal peptide synthase, polyketidesynthases, lantipeptides, bacteriocins, terpenes and siderophores. While some of these genes were highly similar to documented genes, many were unique and therefore may encode for novel antagonistic compounds. Comparative genomic analysis of root-associated isolates with similar strains not isolated from root environments revealed genes encoding for several rhizospherecompetence- associated traits including urea utilization, chitin degradation, plant cell polymerdegradation, biofilm formation, mechanisms for iron, phosphorus and sulfur acquisition and antibiotic resistance. Our labs are currently writing a continuation of this feasibility study that proposes a unique pipeline for the detection of BCAs and biopesticides that can be used against phytopathogens. It will combine i) metabolomic screening of strains from our collection that contain unique secondary metabolite-encoding genes, in order to isolate novel antimicrobial compounds; ii) model plant-based experiments to assess the antagonistic capacities of selected BCAs toward selected phytopathogens; and iii) an innovative next-generation-sequencing based method to monitor the relative abundance and distribution of selected BCAs in field experiments in order to assess their persistence in natural agro-environments. We believe that this integrated approach will enable development of novel strains and compounds that can be used in large-scale operations.
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Gurevitz, Michael, Michael E. Adams, Boaz Shaanan, Oren Froy, Dalia Gordon, Daewoo Lee und Yong Zhao. Interacting Domains of Anti-Insect Scorpion Toxins and their Sodium Channel Binding Sites: Structure, Cooperative Interactions with Agrochemicals, and Application. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585190.bard.

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Integrated pest management in modern crop protection may combine chemical and biological insecticides, particularly due to the risks to the environment and livestock arising from the massive use of non-selective chemicals. Thus, there is a need for safer alternatives, which target insects more specifically. Scorpions produce anti-insect selective polypeptide toxins that are biodegradable and non-toxic to warm-blooded animals. Therefore, integration of these substances into insect pest control strategies is of major importance. Moreover, clarification of the molecular basis of this selectivity may provide valuable information pertinent to their receptor sites and to the future design of peptidomimetic anti-insect specific substances. These toxins may also be important for reducing the current overuse of chemical insecticides if they produce a synergistic effect with conventional pesticides. Based on these considerations, our major objectives were: 1) To elucidate the three-dimensional structure and toxic-site of scorpion excitatory, "depressant, and anti-insect alpha toxins. 2) To obtain an initial view to the sodium channel recognition sites of the above toxins by generating peptide decoys through a phage display system. 3) To investigate the synergism between toxins and chemical insecticides. Our approach was to develop a suitable expression system for toxin production in a recombinant form and for elucidation of toxin bioactive sites via mutagenesis. In parallel, the mode of action and synergistic effects of scorpion insecticidal toxins with pyrethroids were studied at the sodium channel level using electrophysiological methods. Objective 1 was achieved for the alpha toxin, LqhaIT Zilberberg et al., 1996, 1997; Tugarinov et al., 1997; Froy et al., 2002), and the excitatory toxin, Bj-xtrIT (Oren et al., 1998; Froy et al., 1999; unpublished data). The bioactive surface of the depressant toxin, LqhIT2, has been clarified and a crystal of the toxin is now being analyzed (unpublished). Objective 2 was not successful thus far as no phages that recognize the toxins were obtained. We therefore initiated recently an alternative approach, which is introduction of mutations into recombinant channels and creation of channel chimeras. Objective 3 was undertaken at Riverside and the results demonstrated synergism between LqhaIT or AaIT and pyrethroids (Lee et al., 2002). Furthermore, negative cross-resistance between pyrethroids and scorpion toxins (LqhaIT and AaIT) was demonstrated at the molecular level. Although our study did not yield a product, it paves the way for future design of selective pesticides by capitalizing on the natural competence of scorpion toxins to distinguish between sodium channels of insects and vertebrates. We also show that future application of anti-insect toxins may enable to decrease the amounts of chemical pesticides due to their synergism.
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Levy, Maggie, Raymond Zielinski und Anireddy S. Reddy. IQD1 Function in Defense Responses. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699842.bard.

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The main objective of the proposed research was to study IQD1's mechanism of action and elucidate its role in plant protection. Preliminary experiments suggest that IQD1 binds CaM in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner and functions in general defense responses. We propose to identify proteins and genes that interact with IQD1, which may provide some clues to its mechanism of action. We also plan to dissect IQD1's integration in defense pathways and to study and modulate its binding affinity to CaM in order to enhance crop resistance. Our specific objectives were: (1) Analysis of IQD1's CaM-binding properties; (2) Identification of IQD1 targets;(3) Dissection of IQD1 integration into defense signaling pathways. Analysis of IQD1's CaM-binding properties defined four potential classes of sequences that should affect CaM binding: one is predicted to raise the affinity for Ca²⁺-dependent interaction but have no effect on Ca²⁺-independent binding; a second is predicted to act like the first mutation but eliminate Ca²⁺-independent binding; a third has no predicted effect on Ca²⁺-dependent binding but eliminates Ca²⁺-independent binding; and the fourth is predicted to eliminate or greatly reduce both Ca²⁺-dependent and Ca²⁺-independent binding. Following yeast two hybrid analysis we found that IQD1 interact with AtSR1 (Arabidopsis thalianaSIGNALRESPONSIVE1), a calcium/calmodulin-binding transcription factor, which has been shown to play an important role in biotic and abiotic stresses. We tested IQD1 interaction with both N-terminal or C-terminal half of SR1. These studies have uncovered that only the N-terminal half of the SR1 interacts with the IQD1. Since IQD1 has an important role in herbivory, its interaction with SR1 suggests that it might also be involved in plant responses to insect herbivory. Since AtSR1, like IQD1, is a calmodulin-binding protein and the mutant showed increased sensitivity to a herbivore, we analyzed WT, Atsr1 and the complemented line for the levels of GS to determine if the increased susceptibility of Atsr1 plants to T. ni feeding is associated with altered GS content. In general, Atsr1 showed a significant reduction in both aliphatic and aromatic GS levels as compared to WT. In order to study IQD1's molecular basis integration into hormone-signaling pathways we tested the epistatic relationships between IQD1 and hormone-signaling mutants. For that purpose we construct double mutants between IQD1ᴼXᴾ and mutants defective in plant-hormone signaling and GS accumulation. Epitasis with SA mutant NahG and npr1-1 and JA mutant jar1-1 suggested IQD1 function is dependent on both JA and SA as indicated by B. cinerea infection assays. We also verified the glucosinolate content in the crosses siblings and found that aliphatic GSL content is reduced in the double transgenic plants NahG:IQD1ᴼXᴾ as compare to parental lines while the aliphatic GSL content in the npr1-1:IQD1ᴼXᴾ and jar1-1: IQD1ᴼXᴾ double mutants was intimidated to the parental lines. This suggests that GSL content dependency on SA is downstream to IQD1. As a whole, this project should contribute to the development of new defense strategies that will improve crop protection and reduce yield losses and the amount of pesticides required; these will genuinely benefit farmers, consumers and the environment.
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Fridman, Eyal, und Eran Pichersky. Tomato Natural Insecticides: Elucidation of the Complex Pathway of Methylketone Biosynthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696543.bard.

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Plant species synthesize a multitude of specialized compounds 10 help ward off pests. and these in turn may well serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental damage and health risks to humans. The general goal of this research was to perform a genetic and biochemical dissection of the natural-insecticides methylketone pathway that is specific to the glandular trichomes of the wild species of tomato, Solanumhabrochaites f. glabratum (accession PI126449). Previous study conducted by us have demonstrated that these compounds are synthesized de novo as a derivate pathway of the fatty acid biosynthesis, and that a key enzyme. designated MethylketoneSynthase 1 (MKS 1). catalyzes conversion of the intermediate B-ketoacyl- ACPs to the corresponding Cn-1 methylketones. The approach taken in this proposed project was to use an interspecific F2 population. derived from the cross between the cultivated lV182 and the wild species PIl26449. for three objectives: (i) Analyze the association between allelic status of candidate genes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway with the methylketone content in the leaves (ii) Perform bulk segregant analysis of genetic markers along the tomato genome for identifying genomic regions that harbor QTLs for 2TD content (iii) Apply differential gene expression analysis using the isolated glands of bulk segregant for identifying new genes that are involved in the pathway. The genetic mapping in the interspecific F2 population included app. 60 genetic markers, including the candidate genes from the FAS pathway and SSR markers spread evenly across the genome. This initial; screening identified 5 loci associated with MK content including the candidate genes MKS1, ACC and MaCoA:ACP trans. Interesting observation in this genetic analysis was the connection between shape and content of the glands, i.e. the globularity of the four cells, typical to the wild species. was associated with increased MK in the segregating population. In the next step of the research transcriptomic analysis of trichomes from high- and 10w-MK plants was conducted. This analysis identified a new gene, Methy1ketone synthase 2 (MKS2), whose protein product share sequence similarity to the thioesterase super family of hot-dog enzymes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population confirmed its association with MK content, as well as its overexpression in E. coli that led to formation of MK in the media. There are several conclusions drawn from this research project: (i) the genetic control of MK accumulation in the trichomes is composed of biochemical components in the FAS pathway and its vicinity (MKS 1 and MKS2). as well as genetic factors that mediate the morphology of these specialized cells. (ii) the biochemical pathway is now realized different from what was hypothesized before with MKS2 working upstream to I\1KS 1 and serves as the interface between primary (fatty acids) and secondary (MK) metabolism. We are currently testing the possible physical interactions between these two proteins in vitro after the genetic analysis showed clear epistatic interactions. (iii) the regulation of the pathway that lead to specialized metabolism in the wild species is largely mediated by transcription and one of the achievements of this project is that we were able to isolate and verify the specificity of the MKS1 promoter to the trichomes which allows manipulation of the pathways in these cells (currently in progress). The scientific implications of this research project is the advancement in our knowledge of hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in plants and new leads for studying a new family in plants (hot dog thioesterase). The agricultural and biotechnological implication are : (i) generation of new genetic markers that could assist in importing this pathway to cultivated tomato hence enhancing its natural resistance to insecticides, (ii) the discovery of MKS2 adds a new gene for genetic engineering of plants for making new fatty acid derived compounds. This could be assisted with the use of the isolated and verified MKS1 promoter. The results of this research were summarized to a manuscript that was published in Plant Physiology (cover paper). to a chapter in a proceeding book. and one patent was submitted in the US.
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