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Netragaonkar, Anjali, Isha Tambolkar und Dr Varsha Munde. „The Grave Health Concerns of Using (Rather Overusing) Pesticides.“ VIMS Health Science Journal 10, Nr. 1 (31.03.2023): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46858/vimshsj.10107.
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Considering agricultural hub Indian farmers used pesticides as plant protection agent for boosting yield. Use of pesticides causes a range of human health problems like cancers and many others. Compared to the general population, who is exposed to substantially lower amounts of pesticide residues through food and water, agricultural worker have a higher risk of developing health issues as a result of pesticides. This article will not only enable the provision of key data about the carcinogenic risk related to the duration,type & degree of pesticidal exposure in all age groups, but will also aid in determining the risk of pesticidal residues in food & water which demand timely assessments.
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Shu, Zen-hong. „PESTICIDES TOXICITY ON POLLEN GERMINATION OF `HADEN' MANGO (Mangifera indica L.)“. HortScience 28, Nr. 5 (Mai 1993): 497f—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.497f.
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It has been speculated for many years that crop yield diminution may be due to the possible adverse effects of pesticidal sprays during the blooming period on pollen germination and fruit set. To realize the toxicity of pesticides on the reproductive physiology of mango, pollen germination, both in vitro and in vivo, under the constrain of pesticides were conducted. The results showed that among all the pesticide tested, Lannate and Tamaron were the least toxic ones to mango pollens germinated on agar medium incorporated with pesticides. Pesticides when sprayed on the surface of germination medium had strong adverse effect on pollen germination. Except for Tamaron, the fertilization of mango flowers were extremely sensitive to pesticidal sprays 2 hours before or 4 hours after hand pollination. Fertilization and initial fruit set were not or less influenced by pesticides for flowers sprayed 24 hours after pollination.
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Naharki, Kushal, und Sabina Regmi. „Risk Assessment of Pesticidal Toxicity and Threats on Pollinators: A Review on Honey Bee“. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, Nr. 12 (26.12.2020): 2556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i12.2556-2561.3681.
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Pollinators play vital roles to the environment, biodiversity conservation, food security and several dimensions of global sustainable development. Honey bee is an important pollinator globally but has been exposed to increasing threats from diseases, pesticides and biotic stresses. This review paper highlights the role of honey bees as pollinators, addresses threats which influence decline of honey bees and assess pesticidal risk toxicity on non-target organisms. Decline of honey bee population is caused by several factors including habitat fragmentation, pesticidal toxicity, colony collapse disorder and climate change. Pesticidal residue and toxicity has an adverse effect which results in honey bee population decline, disturb foraging and contamination of bee products. Residues of agricultural pesticides like pyrethroid and neonicotinoid pose a serious threat on honey bee health further reducing agricultural production and diversity. Pesticidal risk assessments are carried out to study effects of pesticides on pollinators with an aim to provide measures to safeguard their abundance, diversity and health. Sustainable agriculture, effective policy and proper management can decrease pollinators' risk by helping to diversify the agriculture for pollen and nectars with reduced usage of pesticides and proper management.
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Mkindi, Angela G., Richard Coe, Philip C. Stevenson, Patrick A. Ndakidemi und Steven R. Belmain. „Qualitative Cost-Benefit Analysis of Using Pesticidal Plants in Smallholder Crop Protection“. Agriculture 11, Nr. 10 (15.10.2021): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11101007.
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Assessing the potential drivers of farmers using pesticidal plants for crop protection is essential for wider adoption. However, few studies have focused on collaborative assessments of the underlying trade-offs when using pesticidal plant extracts for pest control. Smallholder farmers in northern Tanzania involved in farmer driven research assessing pesticidal plants evaluated the costs, benefits, trade-offs and areas for future investment. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information from 77 farmers and their views on pest problems and crop protection in common bean production. This was followed by small focus group discussions (n = 9) using a participatory framework to elucidate the costs and benefits of adopting pesticidal plant technology. A multiple correspondence analysis showed that pesticidal plant use was associated with men greater than 50 years old, and synthetic pesticide use was associated with younger aged farmers and women. Farmers who used synthetics generally did not report the presence of common pest species found in common bean production, whereas farmers who used pesticidal plants were associated with more frequent reports of pest species. This participatory cost–benefit analysis highlighted that tools and processing challenges were the main costs to using pesticidal plants. The main benefit reported when using pesticidal plants was a general improvement to family health. Farmers expressed overall a positive outcome when using pesticidal plants for crop protection and recommended that future investments focus on improving access to tools and education regarding plant processing and extraction to improve uptake of the technology by smallholder farmers.
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Dheer, Reema, und Surendra Swarnkar. „Pesticidal residue analysis and phytochemical screening in leaves and roots of Barleria prionitis Linn.“ Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, Nr. 5 (12.09.2018): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5.1908.
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In the present study emphasize on phytochemical screening in leaves and roots of Barleria prionitis Linn. The extract of plant materials total ash content, extractive value, water soluble ash, and loss on drying values were identified. Medicinal plant materials are liable to contain pesticide residues, which accumulate from agriculture practices, such as spraying, treatment of soils during cultivation and administration of fumigants during storage. It is therefore recommended that every sample of medicinal plants used for such type of studies should be analyzed for the pesticidal residues. Therefore in the present study parts of the herb used for their antidiabetic potential were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, which are persistent and remain in the food chain for longer periods. The samples of leaf and root of Barleria prionitis were ground coarsely and then preceded for the extraction procedure. The sample of extracts were analysed for residues of organochlorine pesticides by Gas Chromatography (GC). Analysis were carried out on a Schimadzu Model 2010 Gas Chromatograph (GC) equipped with 63 NI electron capture detector (ECD) and a capillary column HP ultra 2. The instrument was supported by Lab Solution software. The pesticide residues detected in them in the GC were within the limits. For phytochemical screening, the ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained were prepared and subjected to various qualitative tests in order to reveal the presence or absence of common phytopharmaceuticals by using standard tests.
Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Pesticidal residues, Barleria prionitis Gas Chromatography, Ash value, extractive value.
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Shunmugadevi, C., S. Anbu Radhika und P. Palanisamy. „In silico and In vitro Tests of Phytocompounds Extracted from Leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng as Biopesticides Against Enzymes, Proteins and Selected Cell Lines of the Coleoptera Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr., 1775)“. UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 44, Nr. 23 (15.11.2023): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2023/v44i233756.
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The majority of synthetic pesticides have negative consequences on both the environment and human health, making insect pest management a global economic and ecological disaster. Crude extracts of phytocompounds from Plectranthus amboinicus were tested for their pesticidal effects on a certain enzyme cell line. An in silico molecular docking analysis of phytocompounds showed that the enzymes Glutathione S-Transferase (7RKA), Mytocontrial (5H3F), Acetylcholinesterase (7QAK), GABA receptor (7WGT), and DNA nucleotidylexotransferase (6GO4) interacted strongly with the phytocompounds. Usnic acid showed higher in-silico biopesticidal activity against Callosobruchus maculatus when compared to reference pesticide Dichlorvos and Malathion. A silica gel column chromatographic technique with appropriate solvent extract has been used to isolate the highly active components of usnic acid. In vitro studies revealed that, after 96 hours, The Usnic acid mean observed mortality percentage is 49.6% (24hr), 64.8 (48hr), 74.8% (72hr) and 87.2% (96hr). causes the maximum toxicity of Callosobruchus maculatus compared to the reference pesticides Diclorvos (84.6% & LC50 value 6.65 mg/ml) and Malathion (92% & LC50 value 5.62 mg/ml). Usnic acid exhibits promise as a pesticidal agent when compared to the reference medications. Consequently, these specific chemicals might offer substitute therapies that augment the traditional applications of the plants that are being studied.
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Prakash, Anand, Jagadiswari Rao und V. Nandagopal. „FUTURE OF BOTANICAL PESTICIDES IN RICE, WHEAT, PULSES AND VEGETABLES PEST MANAGEMENT“. Journal of Biopesticides 01, Nr. 02 (01.12.2008): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.2.154-169.
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ABSTRACT Use of botanicals is now emerging as one of the important means to be used in protection of crop produce and the environment from pesticidal pollution, which is a global problem. In this chapter, the authors focus on the future of botanical pesticides with special references to agriculture. Two main aspects of botanical pesticides , one search and exploitation of new botanicals as pesticides including isolation, identification and evaluation of the active components and another use of botanicals in agriculture in different forms like direct spray applications of the various plant materials, soil amendments for different plant parts, intercropping of biologically active plants with the main crop, botanical grain protectants, use of botanical based synthetic pesticidal formulations and also use of botanicals as synergists/ binders for synthetic pesticides.
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Enrique E. Biñas, Jr. „A Review on Tubli Plant used as Organic Pesticide: Input toward Sustainable Agriculture“. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 8, Nr. 1 (16.01.2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.8.1.12.
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The use of a botanical pesticide like tubli plant crude extracts is one of the practical methods for those farmers who are not capable to incur the expensive commercial pesticides. This contributes to the sustainability of agriculture because it has no adverse effects on the environment. This review article introduces the characteristics of tubli plant and assesses its efficacy as an organic pesticide. The most strong and effective pesticidal property of tubli plant is rotenone which controlled various pests. This had been cultivated and used as an organic pesticide all over the world. Some studies revealed that the application of tubli plants enhanced farmers’ productivity of farms and the profitability of their income. Tubli plant is adapted to be one of the inputs toward sustainable agriculture.
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Ali, M. M., M. Jesmin, S. M. A. Salam, J. A. Khanam, M. F. Islam und M. N. Islam. „Pesticidal Activities of Some Schiff Bases Derived from Benzoin, Salicylaldehyde, Aminophenol and 2,4 Dinitrophenyl Hydrazine“. Journal of Scientific Research 1, Nr. 3 (29.08.2009): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v1i3.2585.
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The pesticidal activities of three Schiff bases namely PDH [N- (1 phenyl 2 hydroxy 2 phenyl ethylidine) 2¢4¢ dinitrophenyl hydrazine], PHP [N(1-phenyl 2 hydroxy -2 phenyl ethylidine) 2¢ hydroxy phenyl imine] and HHP [N (2-hydroxy benzylidine) 2¢ hydroxy phenyl imine] derived from benzoin, salicylaldehyde, 2 aminophenol and 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine were evaluated against Tribolium castaneum. Probit mortality were studied by surface film treatment method at different doses of the compounds. The results showed that the LD50 values as recorded after 24 hours of treatment were 15.1268, 3.0922 and 3.0922 mg /cm2 for PDH, PHP and HHP, respectively as compared with 0.2416 mg/cm2 for a standard pesticide l-cyhalothrin. With Schiff base complexes of cobalt(II), copper(II) and zinc(II), the LD50 values were 1.5206, 14.8576 and 3.2829 mg/cm2 respectively. Better results were obtained when recorded with longer treatment time. These three compounds may, therefore, be considered as potent pesticides. Keywords: Pesticidal activities; Schiff bases; Surface film treatment method. © 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245(Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i3.2585 J. Sci. Res. 1 (3), 641-646 (2009)
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Kayange, C. D., S. P. Nyirenda, L. H. Mwamlima, J. F. Kamanula, C. R. Y. Munthali, D. Njera und P. Maluwa. „Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Pesticidal Plants for Bioactivity against Rape and Tomato Pests in Malawi“. Advances in Agriculture 2022 (28.05.2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2858994.
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Insect pests cause serious damage through feeding in the process and may also transmit plant diseases. Although most resource-poor farmers rely on the use of synthetic insecticides for controlling insect pests, it is generally considered too expensive for them. Plant products may be a safer alternative approach and play a significant role in insect pest management and crop protection amongst resource-poor farmers. Laboratory and field evaluation of locally available pesticidal plants were evaluated. The study was conducted at Jenda and Nchenachena in Malawi with rape and tomato to assess the efficacy of some selected pesticidal plants for the control of vegetable pests. Largely, the choice of the selected pesticidal plants was based on resource-poor farmers’ knowledge in the area. The results of the tested plant extracts suggested that some plant extracts could reduce the infestation of red mites and aphids below economic threshold levels. Under laboratory experiments, all plant species caused a significant increase in mortality of Trypanosoma evansi after 24 h. However, Dolichos kilimandscarichus, Tephrosia vogelii, Azadirachta indica, and Bedotia madagascarensis had significantly at P < 0.05 greater mite mortality than the untreated. This suggests that these pesticidal plants could be an alternative to acaricidal and insecticidal pesticides against vegetable pests. These pesticidal plants caused an impressive reduction of red mites and aphids and protected tomatoes and rapes from serious damage and hence could be incorporated into integrated management for the control of vegetable pests.
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Badawy, Mohamed E. I., Anter Kenawy und Ahmed F. El-Aswad. „Toxicity Assessment of Buprofezin, Lufenuron, and Triflumuron to the EarthwormAporrectodea caliginosa“. International Journal of Zoology 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/174523.
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Earthworms are particularly important soil macroinvertebrates and are often used in assessing the general impact of pesticide pollution in soil. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the toxicity of three insect growth regulators (IGRs) buprofezin, lufenuron, and triflumuron, at different application rates and exposure times toward mature earthwormsAporrectodea caliginosa. The effects of these pesticides on the growth rate in relation to the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) as biochemical indicators were evaluated to elucidate the mechanisms of action. Toxicity studies indicated that lufenuron was the most harmful pesticide to mature earthworms, followed in descending order by buprofezin and triflumuron. A reduction in growth rate in all pesticide-treated worms was dose-dependent over the 28-day exposure period, which was accompanied by a decrease in AChE and GST activities. Relationships between growth rate, AChE, and GST provided strong evidence for the involvement of pesticidal contamination in the biochemical changes in earthworms, which can be used as a bioindicator of soil contamination by pesticides.
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Askri, Dalel, Edward A. Straw, Karim Arafah, Sébastien N. Voisin, Michel Bocquet, Mark J. F. Brown und Philippe Bulet. „Parasite and Pesticide Impacts on the Bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) Haemolymph Proteome“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, Nr. 6 (11.03.2023): 5384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065384.
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Pesticides pose a potential threat to bee health, especially in combination with other stressors, such as parasites. However, pesticide risk assessment tests pesticides in isolation from other stresses, i.e., on otherwise healthy bees. Through molecular analysis, the specific impacts of a pesticide or its interaction with another stressor can be elucidated. Molecular mass profiling by MALDI BeeTyping® was used on bee haemolymph to explore the signature of pesticidal and parasitic stressor impacts. This approach was complemented by bottom-up proteomics to investigate the modulation of the haemoproteome. We tested acute oral doses of three pesticides—glyphosate, Amistar and sulfoxaflor—on the bumblebee Bombus terrestris, alongside the gut parasite Crithidia bombi. We found no impact of any pesticide on parasite intensity and no impact of sulfoxaflor or glyphosate on survival or weight change. Amistar caused weight loss and 19–41% mortality. Haemoproteome analysis showed various protein dysregulations. The major pathways dysregulated were those involved in insect defences and immune responses, with Amistar having the strongest impact on these dysregulated pathways. Our results show that even when no response can be seen at a whole organism level, MALDI BeeTyping® can detect effects. Mass spectrometry analysis of bee haemolymph provides a pertinent tool to evaluate stressor impacts on bee health, even at the level of individuals.
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Barathinivas, Ayyanar, Subramanian Ramya, Kooturan Neethirajan, Ramaraj Jayakumararaj, Chinnathambi Pothiraj, Paulraj Balaji und Caterina Faggio. „Ecotoxicological Effects of Pesticides on Hematological Parameters and Oxidative Enzymes in Freshwater Catfish, Mystus keletius“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 15 (03.08.2022): 9529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159529.
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Hematological parameters and changes in stress-induced functionalities of cellular enzymes have been recognized as valuable tools for monitoring fish health and determining the toxic effects of pesticides. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of selected pesticides viz., Ekalux (EC-25%), Impala (EC-55%), and Neemstar (EC-15%) on freshwater catfish Mystus keletius. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (mg/L) of the selected pesticide for a period of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Hematological parameters viz., total erythrocyte (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) packed cell volume values decreased with an increase in exposure time to pesticides, whereas the values for parameters viz., leucocytes (WBC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) increased significantly. A decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin values coupled with decreased and deformed erythrocytes as signs of anemia were also observed. The effect of pesticides on RBC content was 1.43 (million/mm3) on day 7 and reduced to 1.18 (million/mm3) on days 14 and 21. A similar trend was found for Impala on RBC, which had an initial value of 1.36 (million/mm3) on day 7 and reached a value of 1.10 (million/mm3) on day 28. In contrast, the value of Neemstar decreased from 1.59 (million/mm3) on day 7 in control to 1.02 (million/mm3) on day 28. Data indicates that the order of toxic effect of pesticides recorded a maximum for Impala followed by Ekalux and Neemstar in the selected fish model. Likewise, the overall pattern of pesticidal activity on cellular enzymes (GDH, MDH, and SDH) recorded a maximum toxic effect for Impala followed by Ekalux and Neemstar. Results indicate that Chlorpyrifos pesticide-Impala evoked maximum toxic effect on selected tissues compared to the other two pesticides tested. Statistical analysis of the summative data using two way ANOVA was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). The differences in the hematological parameters analyzed are attributed to the physiological acclimatization of the fish to the local conditions, which influences the energy metabolism and consequently determines the health status of the fish. Overall, Impala exhibited the highest pesticidal activity on cellular enzyme, followed by Ekalux and Neemstar. Results suggest that natural pesticides may be preferable for rice field application in terms of environmental safety.
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Ngegba, Patrick Maada, Gaofeng Cui, Muhammad Zaryab Khalid und Guohua Zhong. „Use of Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture as an Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides“. Agriculture 12, Nr. 5 (24.04.2022): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050600.
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Pest management is being confronted with immense economic and environmental issues worldwide because of massive utilization and over-reliance on pesticides. The non-target toxicity, residual consequence, and challenging biodegradability of these synthetic pesticides have become a serious concern, which urgently requires the alternative and prompt adoption of sustainable and cost-effective pest control measures. Increasing attention in environmental safety has triggered interest in pest control approaches through eco-friendly plant-based pesticides. Botanical pesticidal constituents are effective against myriads of destructive pests and diseases. More importantly, they are widely available, inexpensive, accessible, rapidly biodegradable, and have little toxicity to beneficiary agents. The phytochemical compositions in diverse plant species are responsible for their varying mechanisms of action against pests and diseases. However, difficulties in their formulation and insufficient appropriate chemical data have led to a low level of acceptance and adoption globally. Therefore, the review seeks to highlight the status, phytochemical compositions, insecticidal mechanisms, and challenges of plant-based pesticide usage in sustainable agricultural production.
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Pudasaini, R., R. B. Thapa und S. Tiwari. „Farmers Perception on Effect of Pesticide on Insect Pollinators at Padampur and Jutpani Vdcs, Chitwan, Nepal“. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 4, Nr. 1 (31.03.2016): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v4i1.14575.
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A survey was conducted to know the farmers perception on the effect of chemical pesticide on insect pollinators at Jutpani andPadampur VDCs, Chitwan, Nepal in 2013. Thirty households were randomly selected and semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect necessary information by face-to-face interview. Majority of the farmers (60%)applied pesticides on crops during mid day. Half of the farmers (50.00%) rankedpopulation decline as effect of pesticide on pollinators, some farmers (16.67%) also observed dead pollinators in field and hives, affecting their distribution (13.33%) and repelling them from field as mentioned by the respondents (13.33%). Majority of respondents (56.67%) perceived that misuse and overuse of chemical pesticide was the major cause of declining insect pollinators, among other causes, 16.67% farmers replied deforestation, 10.00% environmental pollution and 6.67% less cultivated area responsible for the decline. Very few farmers (6.67%) could realise the incidence of disease on pollinator due to pesticidal effects. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 64-66
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Vrščaj, Borut, Helena Baša Česnik, Špela Velikonja Bolta, Sanja Radeka und Klemen Lisjak. „Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metals in Vineyard Soils of the Karst and Istria“. Land 11, Nr. 12 (19.12.2022): 2332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122332.
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Pesticide residues and heavy metal concentrations were determined in two depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) of Chromic Cambisol in 69 vineyards in the Slovenian winegrowing region of the Karst. Similarly, pesticide residues and heavy metal concentrations were also determined in two depths of Calcaric Cambisol in 11 vineyards in the other Slovenian and Croatian winegrowing regions of Istria. The topsoil (0–20 cm) was analysed for the presence of 176 different pesticidal active substances using two multiresidue analytical methods: (a) gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and (b) liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Seven active substances (five fungicides and two insecticides) were detected in the soil samples. Their concentrations were compared with the maximum concentrations observed in the vineyards of the winegrowing regions of France, Italy, and Spain. In addition to pesticides, the soil samples were analysed for the presence of nine heavy metals commonly detected in vineyard soils. The concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, molybdenum, nickel, lead, and zinc were below the critical thresholds set by Slovenian legislation, with the exception of one soil sample in which the Cu concentration exceeded the critical threshold. Compared with the maximum concentrations measured in other vineyard soils in Spain, Italy, and France, the heavy metal concentrations in the vineyard soils of Karst and Istria were lower. Both the heavy metal concentrations and the residual concentrations of pesticidal active substances in the vineyard soils of the Karst and Istria regions were significantly lower than the concentrations that are occasionally discussed in the literature.
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Sun, Changjiao, Yan Wang, Xiang Zhao, Zhanghua Zeng, Bo Cui, Yue Shen, Fei Gao und Haixin Cui. „Properties of Avermectin Delivery System Using Surfactant-Modified Mesoporous Activated Carbon as a Carrier“. Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3038902.
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The sensitivity of avermectin to several environmental factors, especially light, causes low pesticidal activity and environmental pollution. In this study, surfactant-modified mesoporous activated carbon (MAC) was employed to absorb avermectin (Av) in order to improve its photostability and allow for sustained release of avermectin. The results suggest that sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) modified MAC has excellent absorption of avermectin, and the absorption can be represented by the Langmuir isotherm model. The Av-MAC-SDS delivery system significantly improves sustained release of avermectin and also effectively inhibits the photodegradation of avermectin. These results indicate that SDS-modified MAC can be used as a carrier for avermectin to improve its pesticidal activity and reduce pesticide residues.
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Jahan, Nazish, Nida Hussain, Syeeda Iram Touqeer, Khalil-Ur-Rahman Khalil-Ur-Rahman, Huma Shamshad und Naseem Abbas. „Formulation of Mentha piperita-Based Nanobiopesticides and Assessment of the Pesticidal and Antimicrobial Potential“. Life 14, Nr. 1 (19.01.2024): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14010144.
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The excessive use of synthetic pesticides has detrimental impacts on humans, non-target organisms, and the environment. Insect pest management strategies are shifting toward biopesticides, which can provide a feasible and environmentally friendly green solution to the pest problem. The key objective of the present research work was the preparation of Mentha piperita-based nanobiopesticides with enhanced stability, solubility, and pesticidal potential. Nanobiopesticides based on the Mentha piperita extract were prepared using the antisolvent precipitation method. The central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize different process parameters, e.g., the amounts of the stabilizer and plant extract. The nanosuspension of Mentha piperita prepared with the stabilizer SLS showed a particle size of 259 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.61. The formulated biopesticides in the form of nanosuspensions showed good antibacterial activities as compared to the Mentha piperita extract against two phytopathogenic bacterial strains, Clavibacter michiganensis and Pseudomonas syringae. The M. piperita nanosuspension had higher antifungal efficacy against A. niger and F. oxysporum than the Mentha piperita extract. The M. piperita extract and its nanosuspensions were tested for pesticidal activity against the stored-grain insects Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus oryzae. Mentha piperita-based nanobiopesticides demonstrated significantly high (p < 0.05) average mortality of 84.4% and 77.7% against Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus oryzae, respectively. Mentha piperita-based nanobiopesticides showed enhanced pesticidal potential and could be used as a good alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides.
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HAMLYN, Olivia. „Shadow Zones: Transparency and Pesticides Regulation in the European Union“. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 21 (05.11.2019): 243–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cel.2019.15.
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AbstractIn recent years, pesticides have captured the attention of both policymakers and the general public. A particular focus has been the transparency of the EU-level procedure for approving active substances, spurred by controversies surrounding the active substance glyphosate. Active substances are the ingredient in pesticides with the pesticidal effect. Once an active substance is approved at EU level, the pesticide containing that active substance must be authorised by each Member State. For this purpose, the EU's 2009 Plant Protection Product Regulation divides Member States into three zones—Northern, Central, and Southern—within which, zonal rapporteur Member States evaluate applications for authorisation. National authorisation decisions are based on these zonal evaluations. This novel system governing pesticides is under-researched. Furthermore, unlike active substance approval, the transparency of pesticide authorisation escapes public and policy scrutiny. Drawing on empirical research conducted for the European Parliament, this article evaluates the transparency of the zonal pesticide authorisation procedure. It thus contributes to the literature on transparency a detailed exploration of transparency in a highly complex, decentred, and polycentric risk regulation regime. While it finds that the zonal pesticide authorisation procedure, generally speaking, does not operate transparently, it argues further that levels of transparency within the regime as a whole may vary significantly depending on multiple different factors. It introduces the concept of ‘chiaroscuro regulation’ to characterise and understand these varying levels of transparency across different elements of the regime and considers some of its implications.
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Phambala, Kelita, Yolice Tembo, Trust Kasambala, Vernon H. Kabambe, Philip C. Stevenson und Steven R. Belmain. „Bioactivity of Common Pesticidal Plants on Fall Armyworm Larvae (Spodoptera frugiperda)“. Plants 9, Nr. 1 (15.01.2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010112.
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The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a recent invasive pest species that has successfully established across sub-Saharan Africa where it continues to disrupt agriculture, particularly smallholder cereal production. Management of FAW in its native range in the Americas has led to the development of resistance to many commercial pesticides before its arrival in Africa. Pesticide use may therefore be ineffective for FAW control in Africa, so new and more sustainable approaches to pest management are required that can help reduce the impact of this exotic pest. Pesticidal plants provide an effective and established approach to pest management in African smallholder farming and recent research has shown that their use can be cost-beneficial and sustainable. In order to optimize the use of botanical extracts for FAW control, we initially screened ten commonly used plant species. In laboratory trials, contact toxicity and feeding bioassays showed differential effects. Some plant species had little to no effect when compared to untreated controls; thus, only the five most promising plant species were selected for more detailed study. In contact toxicity tests, the highest larval mortality was obtained from Nicotiana tabacum (66%) and Lippia javanica (66%). Similarly, in a feeding bioassay L. javanica (62%) and N. tabacum (60%) exhibited high larval mortality at the highest concentration evaluated (10% w/v). Feeding deterrence was evaluated using glass-fibre discs treated with plant extracts, which showed that Cymbopogon citratus (36%) and Azadirachta indica (20%) were the most potent feeding deterrents among the pesticidal plants evaluated. In a screenhouse experiment where living maize plants infested with fall armyworm larvae were treated with plant extracts, N. tabacum and L. javanica were the most potent species at reducing foliar damage compared to the untreated control whilst the synthetic pesticide chlorpyrifos was the most effective in reducing fall armyworm foliar damage. Further field trial evaluation is recommended, particularly involving smallholder maize fields to assess effectiveness across a range of contexts.
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Khodijah, Siti, Renny Tri Anggraini, Eko Andrianto, Puji Lestari und Auliana Afandi. „The efficacy of botanical pesticides in controlling coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A meta-analysis“. Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 24, Nr. 1 (15.02.2024): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jhptt.12458-65.
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Coffee berry borer pest (CBB) is one of the main pests that has a significant impact on coffee production and quality. In Indonesia, the utilization of plant-based pesticides has promising prospects in controlling CBB. The purpose of this study is to provide information on the impact of different types of plant pesticide on CBB mortality through a measurable algorithm analysis. A literature search was performed using Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Researchgate, and ScienceDirect. A linear mixed model (LMM) was applied to evaluate the effect of botanical pesticide application on the mortality rate of CBB. A total of 14 plant families were included in meta-regression analysis for estimating the effect size of each family. The average effect of pesticide exposure to CBB analyzed using LMM was 0.039 which mean that botanical pesticidal exposure has significant effect on the mortality rate of CBB (P<0.05). The results of this study suggested that the use of botanical insecticide especially derived from plants belonging to Family Anacardiaceae was significantly effective in controlling CBB.
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Bhandari, Binus, Prem Saxena und Dipendra Khadka. „Study of Socio-Demographic Profile of Pesticidal Poisoning Cases in Tertiary Care Center“. Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 16, Nr. 2 (31.12.2018): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngmc.v16i2.24880.
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Introduction: The pesticide poisoning is a common medical emergency and leads to increase morbidity and mortality rate in developing countries due to easy accessibility and low cost. The study was conducted to study the socio-demographic profile of poisoning case to understand the possible factors responsible for poisoning episodes.
Method: A hospital based descriptive crosssectionalstudy was carried out in Nepalgunj Medical College, Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur, a tertiary care center, conducted for period of six months from October 2017 to March 2018. The socio-demographic profile of all cases of pesticidal poisoning attended in emergency department or admitted in medical ward were collected on a suitably designed pre- structured proforma and analyzed.
Results: Total 164 patients were enrolled in the study. Majority were fallen in the age group of 20-30 years with female 76.80% dominating the male 23.20%. Married couples (74.40%) were found to be more affected and house wife was more vulnerable group 42.10%. Incidence of poisoning was more common in joint family as compare to nuclear family 81.10% versus 18.90%. Organophosphorous was most common pesticides 42.70% and suicide was main manner of poisoning. Quarrel with spouse was main reason in majority 23.80% and most of events were held at evening 69.50%.
Conclusion: Pesticide poisoning was common in developing countries. More emphasis should be given on preventive measures and safety practices among the population for prevention and reduction of the pesticide poisoning.
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Kazantsev, S. A., und I. E. Pamirsky. „Application of bioinformatics methods in pesticide research and development“. Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 53, Nr. 9 (22.10.2023): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2023-9-7.
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The use of pesticides is accompanied by a number of environmental and agrotechnological problems. Many pesticides do not degrade and stay in the soil for years and have low selectivity. Massive application of pesticides with non-selective nature of action caused a gradual increase of resistance in pests due to persistent inherited changes in their DNA. This affects the efficiency of growing agricultural plants and pollution of the environment and food. Computational biology methods, which are actively developing all over the world, can help to solve this problem. Despite the fact that in Russia bioinformatics methods are used to study plant genes of animals, metagenomes of microorganisms, there are no own databases and specialized computer applications for such research and pesticide modernization. Development of domestic similar bioinformatics tools is also an urgent task. The article highlights the problem of creating new effective and environmentally friendly pesticides. The methods of bioinformatics that can be used in the research and development of pesticides are given. The stages of creating new pesticides by bioinformatics methods (review of databases, modeling of molecules, modeling of the interaction of a pesticide with a target, prediction of biological activity) are considered. A description is given of the methods for optimizing the molecular framework of pesticides, which is a change in the carbon skeleton in order to search for new active compounds and screen out many similar compounds in the chemical space. Foreign web resources used to assess the presence of pesticidal properties in substances, such as toxicity, metabolism and physico-chemical properties, and their subsequent registration as pesticides are given.
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Ebadollahi, Asgar, Masumeh Ziaee und Franco Palla. „Essential Oils Extracted from Different Species of the Lamiaceae Plant Family as Prospective Bioagents against Several Detrimental Pests“. Molecules 25, Nr. 7 (28.03.2020): 1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071556.
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On the basis of the side effects of detrimental synthetic chemicals, introducing healthy, available, and effective bioagents for pest management is critical. Due to this circumstance, several studies have been conducted that evaluate the pesticidal potency of plant-derived essential oils. This review presents the pesticidal efficiency of essential oils isolated from different genera of the Lamiaceae family including Agastache Gronovius, Hyptis Jacquin, Lavandula L., Lepechinia Willdenow, Mentha L., Melissa L., Ocimum L., Origanum L., Perilla L., Perovskia Kar., Phlomis L., Rosmarinus L., Salvia L., Satureja L., Teucrium L., Thymus L., Zataria Boissier, and Zhumeria Rech. Along with acute toxicity, the sublethal effects were illustrated such as repellency, antifeedant activity, and adverse effects on the protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents, and on the esterase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes. Chemical profiles of the introduced essential oils and the pesticidal effects of their main components have also been documented including terpenes (hydrocarbon monoterpene, monoterpenoid, hydrocarbon sesquiterpene, and sesquiterpenoid) and aliphatic phenylpropanoid. Consequently, the essential oils of the Lamiaceae plant family and their main components, especially monoterpenoid ones with several bioeffects and multiple modes of action against different groups of damaging insects and mites, are considered to be safe, available, and efficient alternatives to the harmful synthetic pesticides.
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Atalla, Akram. „Pesticidal Effects of Hyoscyamus aureus L“. Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine 3, Nr. 4 (24.12.2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jonam-16000214.
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Serial dilutions of Hyoscyamus aureus L extract were tested on three kinds of organisms; they are cockroach, red spiders and ants. The result showed that the minimum killing concentration was 62.5 mg/ml where at this concentration; the extract killed all the organisms. The experiments showed that the tropane alkoides contents in this plant have significant pesticidal effects.
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Sharma, DR, RB Thapa, HK Manandhar, SM Shrestha und SB Pradhan. „Use Of Pesticides In Nepal And Impacts On Human Health And Environment“. Journal of Agriculture and Environment 13 (10.02.2013): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v13i0.7590.
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Majority of the farmers are unaware of pesticide types, level of poisoning, safety precautions and potential hazards on health and environment. According to the latest estimate, the annual import of pesticides in Nepal is about 211t a.i. with 29.19% insecticides, 61.38% fungicides, 7.43% herbicides and 2% others. The gross sale value accounts US $ 3.05 million per year. Average pesticides use in Nepal is 142 g a.i./ha, which is very low as compared to other Asian counties. The focus of this paper is to analyze the use and application status of pesticides in Nepal to aware the society about adverse effects of chemical pesticides in the environment . Pesticidal misuse is being a serious concern mainly in the commercial pocket areas of agricultural production, where farmers are suffering from environmental pollution. Incidence of poisoning is also increasing because of intentional, incidental and occupational exposure. Toxic and environmentally persistent chemicals are being used as pesticides. Many studies showed that the chemical pollution of the environment has long-term effects on human life. It is therefore essential that manufacture, use, storage, transport and disposal of chemical pesticides be strictly regulated. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:13, Jun.2012, Page 67-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v13i0.7590
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Mogren, Christina L., und Jonathan Gary Lundgren. „In silico identification of off-target pesticidal dsRNA binding in honey bees (Apis mellifera)“. PeerJ 5 (13.12.2017): e4131. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4131.
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Background Pesticidal RNAs that silence critical gene function have great potential in pest management, but the benefits of this technology must be weighed against non-target organism risks. Methods Published studies that developed pesticidal double stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) were collated into a database. The target gene sequences for these pesticidal RNAs were determined, and the degree of similarity with sequences in the honey bee genome were evaluated statistically. Results We identified 101 insecticidal RNAs sharing high sequence similarity with genomic regions in honey bees. The likelihood that off-target sequences were similar increased with the number of nucleotides in the dsRNA molecule. The similarities of non-target genes to the pesticidal RNA was unaffected by taxonomic relatedness of the target insect to honey bees, contrary to previous assertions. Gene groups active during honey bee development had disproportionately high sequence similarity with pesticidal RNAs relative to other areas of the genome. Discussion Although sequence similarity does not itself guarantee a significant phenotypic effect in honey bees by the primary dsRNA, in silico screening may help to identify appropriate experimental endpoints within a risk assessment framework for pesticidal RNAi.
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Budhathoki, Pravin, Pushpa Gnawali, Divya Baral und Amita Gyawal. „PESTICIDAL POTENTIAL OF ETHNOBOTANICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS IN NEPAL – A REVIEW“. Acta Scientifica Malaysia 4, Nr. 2 (25.08.2020): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/asm.02.2020.69.74.
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Pests are considered a major problem in agriculture as they cause a various degree of losses. The use of synthetic pesticides to control these pests has resulted in pest resurgences, pest resistance, environmental degradation and lethal effect to non-target organisms in the agro-ecosystems. To minimize or replace the use of synthetic pesticides, botanical pesticides are important alternatives. They possess a toxic effect against pest including repellent, antifeedant and antibiosis effect against insect growth. In Nepal, among 5,345 species of flowering plants, 324 species have pesticidal properties. Some of the botanicals like Neem, Tobacco, Sweet flag, Garlic, Mint, Ginger, Artemisia, Sichuan pepper, Adhatoda, Basil, Drum-stick, Jatropha, Polygonum, Lantana, Chinaberry etc are widely used in pest management and many types of research have been done to explore the potential of these botanicals. This study aims to review the insecticidal potential of these important ethnobotanical plants. The biopesticides made from these botanicals were found to be effective against various pests. However, efficacy was found to be variable and often lower than that of synthetic pesticides.
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Kimutai Maiyo, Wilson, Phanice Wangila, Isaac KOwino und Jacqueline Makatiani. „PESTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF ALOE SECUNDIFLORA,NICOTIANA TABACUM AND TEPROSIA VOGELII AGAINST FALL ARMYWORM (SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA)“. International Journal of Advanced Research 11, Nr. 09 (30.09.2023): 388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/17543.
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The fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a recent invasive pest species that has successfully established across sub-Saharan Africa. Management of FAW in its native range in the Americas has led to the development of resistance to many commercial pesticides before its arrival in Africa. Synthetic pesticides are often associated with issues such as pest resistance, persistent residue, non-target toxicity, and environmental issues. Therefore, the research and development of novel, safe, and effective pesticides has become a focus in pesticide discovery. Pesticide use may therefore be ineffective for FAW control in Africa, so new and more sustainable approaches to pest management are required that can help reduce the impact of FAW pest. Pesticidal plants provide an effective and established approach to pest management in African smallholder farming and recent research has shown that their use can be cost-beneficial and sustainable. In this study, crude leave extracts of three plants aloe secundiflora, nicotiana tabacum and teprosia vogelii were evaluated against fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda). Two different concentrations, 30mg/L and 15mg/L were evaluated in this study against second instar FAW larvae and eggs. The results indicated that these leave extracts caused a larval and egg mortalities of different levels. On average leave extracts of aloe secundiflora, teprosia vogelii and nicotiana tabacum caused larval mortalities of 80%, 63.33% and 93.33% respectively for 30mg/L concentrations while the average larval mortalities for aloe secundiflora, teprosia vogelii and nicotiana tabacum were 26.67%, 33.33% and 80.0% respectively for the 15mg/L concentrations. The egg mortalities were relatively low compared to larval mortalities for the two concentrations used in this study. On average the leave extracts of aloe secundiflora, teprosia vogelii and nicotiana tabacum caused the egg mortalities of 16.67%, 13.33% and 43.33% respectively when 30mg/L were used while the average egg mortalities for aloe secundiflora, teprosia vogelii and nicotiana tabacum were 3.33%, 0.0% and 26.67% respectively for the 15mg/L concentrations. It follows that nicotiana tabacum showed high larval and egg mortalities for both concentrations compared to the other two leave extracts and therefore good pesticide for the control FAW larvae and eggs.
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Herkert, James R. „Organochlorine Pesticides are not Implicated in the Decline of the Loggerhead Shrike“. Condor 106, Nr. 3 (01.08.2004): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.3.702.
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Abstract I compared pesticide levels in the eggs of Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus) collected from Illinois in 1995–1996 with those reported for the state in 1971–1972. Pesticides were detected in 19 of 21 (90%) eggs from 1995–1996. DDE was the most frequently detected pesticide, occurring in 17 of 21 eggs. DDT was the second most frequent pesticide detected and was found in nine eggs. Mean DDE levels in shrike eggs from 1995–1996 were 79% lower than in eggs from 1971–1972. Unlike most bird species for which pesticide levels are known to have been reduced (whose populations have tended to increase), Loggerhead Shrike populations have declined during the period in which pesticide levels within their eggs has been reduced. These data suggest that organochlorine pesticides are likely not driving current Loggerhead Shrike declines in Illinois. Los Pesticidas Organoclorados no Están Implicados en la Disminución de Lanius ludovicianus Resumen. Comparé los niveles de pesticidas en huevos de Lanius ludovicianus colectados en Illinois entre 1995 y 1996 con los niveles de pesticidas reportados para el estado entre 1971 y 1972. Se detectaron pesticidas en 19 de 21 huevos (90%) entre 1995 y 1996. El pesticida detectado con mayor frecuencia fue DDE, el cual se detectó en 17 de 21 huevos. DDT fue el insecticida detectado con la segundo mayor frecuencia, y fue encontrado en nueve huevos. Los niveles medios de DDE encontrados en los huevos de 1994– 1996 fueron un 79% más bajos que en huevos de 1971–1972. A diferencia de la mayoría de las especies de aves para las cuales se sabe que los niveles de pesticidas se han reducido (cuyas poblaciones han tendido a aumentar), las poblaciones de L. ludovicianus han disminuido durante el período en que los niveles de pesticidas hallados dentro de sus huevos han sido reducidos. Estos datos sugieren que probablemente los pesticidas organoclorados no están causando la disminución actual de las poblaciones de L. ludovicianus.
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Bharti, Shakuntla, Ram Pratap Yadav und Ajay Singh. „Toxicological Alteration of Alphamethrin pesticide (Astra) Against Freshwater Predatory Fishes“. Archives of Ecotoxicology 5, Nr. 3 (29.12.2023): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ae.2023.5.3.70-74.
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The aim of the present studies the toxicological effects of alphamethrin (Astra) on freshwater predatory fishes. The toxicity was time as well as dose dependent. The Pesticide exposure may also fatal to many non- target organisms. Due to the hazardous effects of pesticides on aquatic organisms, it is necessary to predict pesticidal pollution in aquatic medium as soon as possible. Alphamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used as controls a wide range of pests in agriculture field and public programmme. Alphamethrin, one of the most extensively studied pesticides, may induce many significant changes body in fishes. The Alphamethrin has shown strong piscicidal activity in freshwater fish Colisa fasciatus and Mystus mystus for all the exposure periods (24 or 96h) in time as well as dose dependent manner. The LC₅₀ values decreases from 0.049 (24h) to 0.012 (96h ) in a winter season (water temp. 19⁰) and 0.043(24h) to 0.028 (96h) in a summer season (water temp. 20⁰c) against freshwater fish Colisa fasciatus and The LC₅₀ values decreases from 0.042 (24h) to 0.017 (96h ) in a winter season (water temp.19⁰) and 0.039 (24h) to 0.013 (96h) in a summer season (water temp. 20⁰c) against freshwater fish Mystus mystus.
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Dassanayake, Mackingsley Kushan, Chien Hwa Chong, Teng-Jin Khoo, Adam Figiel, Antoni Szumny und Chee Ming Choo. „Synergistic Field Crop Pest Management Properties of Plant-Derived Essential Oils in Combination with Synthetic Pesticides and Bioactive Molecules: A Review“. Foods 10, Nr. 9 (27.08.2021): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092016.
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The management of insect pests and fungal diseases that cause damage to crops has become challenging due to the rise of pesticide and fungicide resistance. The recent developments in studies related to plant-derived essential oil products has led to the discovery of a range of phytochemicals with the potential to combat pesticide and fungicide resistance. This review paper summarizes and interprets the findings of experimental work based on plant-based essential oils in combination with existing pesticidal and fungicidal agents and novel bioactive natural and synthetic molecules against the insect pests and fungi responsible for the damage of crops. The insect mortality rate and fractional inhibitory concentration were used to evaluate the insecticidal and fungicidal activities of essential oil synergists against crop-associated pests. A number of studies have revealed that plant-derived essential oils are capable of enhancing the insect mortality rate and reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration of commercially available pesticides, fungicides and other bioactive molecules. Considering these facts, plant-derived essential oils represent a valuable and novel source of bioactive compounds with potent synergism to modulate crop-associated insect pests and phytopathogenic fungi.
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Xu, Jianwei, Min Lv, Shanshan Fang, Yanyan Wang, Houpeng Wen, Shaoyong Zhang und Hui Xu. „Exploration of Synergistic Pesticidal Activities, Control Effects and Toxicology Study of a Monoterpene Essential Oil with Two Natural Alkaloids“. Toxins 15, Nr. 4 (25.03.2023): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040240.
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With the increasing development of pest resistances, it is not easy to achieve satisfactory control effects by using only one agrochemical. Additionally, although the alkaloid matrine (MT) isolated from Sophora flavescens is now utilized as a botanical pesticide in China, in fact, its pesticidal activities are much lower in magnitude than those of commercially agrochemicals. To improve its pesticidal activities, here, the joint pesticidal effects of MT with another alkaloid oxymatrine (OMT) (isolated from S. flavescens) and the monoterpene essential oil 1,8-cineole (CN) (isolated from the eucalyptus leaves) were investigated in the laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Moreover, their toxicological properties were also studied. Against Plutella xylostella, when the mass ratio of MT and OMT was 8/2, good larvicidal activity was obtained; against Tetranychus urticae, when the mass ratio of MT and OMT was 3/7, good acaricidal activity was obtained. Especially when MT and OMT were combined with CN, the significant synergistic effects were observed: against P. xylostella, the co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) of MT/OMT (8/2)/CN was 213; against T. urticae, the CTC of MT/OMT (3/7)/CN was 252. Moreover, the activity changes over time of two detoxification enzymes, carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) of P. xylostella treated with MT/OMT (8/2)/CN, were observed. In addition, by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the toxicological study suggested that the acaricidal activity of MT/OMT (3/7)/CN may be related to the damage of the cuticle layer crest of T. urticae.
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Matt Blois. „Vestaron searches for pesticidal peptides“. C&EN Global Enterprise 100, Nr. 14 (25.04.2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10014-buscon14.
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Tadros, Th F. „Disperse systems in pesticidal formulations“. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 32, Nr. 2-3 (August 1990): 205–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-8686(90)80019-v.
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Benner, Jill P. „Pesticidal compounds from higher plants“. Pesticide Science 39, Nr. 2 (1993): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780390202.
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Ayoub, Haytham A., Mohamed Khairy, Salaheldeen Elsaid, Farouk A. Rashwan und Hanan F. Abdel-Hafez. „Pesticidal Activity of Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Generation of Alternative Pesticide Formulations“. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66, Nr. 22 (14.05.2018): 5491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01600.
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Palma, Leopoldo, Leila Ortiz, José Niz, Marcelo Berretta und Diego Sauka. „Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis INTA 103-23 Reveals Its Insecticidal Properties: Insights from the Genomic Sequence“. Data 9, Nr. 3 (28.02.2024): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data9030040.
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The genome of Bacillus thuringiensis strain INTA 103-23 was sequenced, revealing a high-quality draft assembly comprising 243 contigs with a total size of 6.30 Mb and a completeness of 99%. Phylogenetic analysis classified INTA 103-23 within the Bacillus cereus sensu stricto cluster. Genome annotation identified 6993 genes, including 2476 hypothetical proteins. Screening for pesticidal proteins unveiled 10 coding sequences with significant similarity to known pesticidal proteins, showcasing a potential efficacy against various insect orders. AntiSMASH analysis predicted 13 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), including clusters with 100% similarity to petrobactin and anabaenopeptin NZ857/nostamide A. Notably, fengycin exhibited a 40% similarity within the identified clusters. Further exploration involved a comparative genomic analysis with ten phylogenetically closest genomes. The ANI values, calculated using fastANI, confirmed the closest relationships with strains classified under Bacillus cereus sensu stricto. This comprehensive genomic analysis of B. thuringiensis INTA 103-23 provides valuable insights into its genetic makeup, potential pesticidal activity, and biosynthetic capabilities. The identified BGCs and pesticidal proteins contribute to our understanding of the strain’s biocontrol potential against diverse agricultural pests.
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Fragkouli, Regina, Maria Antonopoulou, Elias Asimakis, Alexandra Spyrou, Chariklia Kosma, Anastasios Zotos, George Tsiamis, Angelos Patakas und Vassilios Triantafyllidis. „Mediterranean Plants as Potential Source of Biopesticides: An Overview of Current Research and Future Trends“. Metabolites 13, Nr. 9 (22.08.2023): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13090967.
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The development and implementation of safe natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides are urgent needs that will provide ecological solutions for the control of plant diseases, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, pests, and weeds to ensure the economic stability of farmers and food security, as well as protection of the environment and human health. Unambiguously, production of botanical pesticides will allow for the sustainable and efficient use of natural resources and finally decrease the use of chemical inputs and burden. This is further underlined by the strict regulations on pesticide residues in agricultural products and is in harmony with the Farm to Fork strategy, which aims to reduce pesticide use by 50% by 2030. Thus, the present work aims to compile the scientific knowledge of the last 5 years (2017–February 2023) regarding the Mediterranean plants that present biopesticidal effects. The literature review revealed 40 families of Mediterranean plants with at least one species that have been investigated as potential biopesticides. However, only six families had the highest number of species, and they were reviewed comprehensively in this study. Following a systematic approach, the extraction methods, chemical composition, biopesticidal activity, and commonly used assays for evaluating the antimicrobial, pesticidal, repellant, and herbicidal activity of plant extracts, as well as the toxicological and safety aspects of biopesticide formulation, are discussed in detail. Finally, the aspects that have not yet been investigated or are under-investigated and future perspectives are highlighted.
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Mostafiz, Md Munir, Errol Hassan und Kyeong-Yeoll Lee. „Methyl Benzoate as a Promising, Environmentally Safe Insecticide: Current Status and Future Perspectives“. Agriculture 12, Nr. 3 (08.03.2022): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030378.
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The widespread use of synthetic chemical pesticides beginning in the late 1930s has contributed to the development of insecticide resistance of many important species of pest insects and plants. Recent trends in pesticide development have emphasized the use of more environmentally benign control methods that take into consideration environmental, food safety, and human health. Biopesticides (e.g., naturally occurring pesticidal compounds) are alternative pest management tools that normally have no negative impact on human health or the environment. Here we review methyl benzoate, a relatively new botanical insecticide that occurs naturally as a metabolite in plants, and whose odor is an attractant to some insects. Since 2016, many studies have shown that methyl benzoate is an effective pesticide against a range of different agricultural, stored product, and urban insect pests. Methyl benzoate has several important modes of action, including as a contact toxicant, a fumigant, an ovicidal toxin, an oviposition deterrent, a repellent, and an attractant. In this review, we summarize various modes of action of methyl benzoate and its toxicity or control potential against various kinds of arthropods, including agricultural pests and their natural enemies, and pollinators. We conclude that methyl benzoate is a very promising candidate for use in integrated pest management under either greenhouse or field conditions.
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Alkali, Z. D. „Residual Content of Persistent Insecticides in the Fresh Nuts of Cola Acuminata Cohac from Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano State and Implication for Public Health“. Nigerian Journal of Entomology 36, Nr. 1 (01.09.2020): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/nje/0202/63.01.70.
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The pesticide residues in kola nut, Cola acuminata obtained from Mariri Market, Kumbotso Local Government Area, Kano state of Nigeria was investigated. The study consisted of a survey and laboratory analysis of kola nut samples. One hundred structured questionnaires were administered through an open market format in the major kola nut market in the state. In addition, 1kg sample of kola nut was collected randomly from ten major kola nut sellers in the market for analysis. A 100g sample of the kola nut was pounded into paste in a blender of which 50g was soaked in 150mL acetone for 24h. The extracted sample was filtered through anhydrous sodium sulfate while the extract was evaporated to near dryness using a rotary evaporator at 28oC in the Laboratory. Residue was redissolved in 2 mL acetone and kept in the refrigerator for GCMS Analysis. Ten pesticidal compounds were detected from a comparison of data with reference to mass spectrometry data (NIST05.LIB) and significant occurrence in kola nut sample which had a corresponding molecules affiliated to some pesticides standards were detected in the sample
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Meenakshi B. Bhattacharjee. „Biopesticides from algae and their potential for sustainable agriculture and environmental protection“. Open Access Research Journal of Biology and Pharmacy 6, Nr. 2 (30.11.2022): 029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjbp.2022.6.2.0080.
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Agricultural crops have become more resistant to synthetic pesticides and pressure mounts regarding their effect on our health and the environment. When these compounds leach into the ground waters, they become direct sources of human health hazards. Also, agricultural runoffs can cause widespread damage to flora fauna and in general affect the food chain in an ecosystem. To combat these deleterious effects, the race is on to bring biopesticides to market that are safe, effective at scale, affordable and can ensure future food security. In this present scenario there is an urgent need to look for alternate sources of similar compounds to replace synthetic pesticides that are sustainable, ecofriendly, and easily available to be mass produced. In this effort microalgae may play a very significant role as they have the capacity to produce a wide array of bioactive compounds with pesticidal properties. As a part of their daily metabolic activities through different physiological pathways they are known to produce and release compounds with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-protozoal, pesticidal, insecticidal properties. Microalgae, especially the cyanobacteria have very fast growth rates and are potent sources of raw material for the generation of these compounds therefore considered significant while considering biopesticides to replace synthetic ones. This review explores the use of microalgae driven release of biochemicals and secondary metabolites produced by microalgae, or microalgal biomass, that can serve as future promising biopesticides to replace the agrochemicals used these days in agriculture.
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Nagarkoti, Kirti, Om Prakash, Avneesh Rawat, Tanuja Kabdal, Ravendra Kumar, Ravi Mohan Srivastava, Satya Kumar und Dharmendra Singh Rawat. „Chemo-profiling of methanolic and ether oleoresins of Salvia coccinea and in vitro pesticidal evaluation with in silico molecular docking and ADME/Tox studies“. European Journal of Chemistry 14, Nr. 2 (30.06.2023): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.14.2.211-222.2416.
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The objective of the present study was to examine the chemical compositions of Salvia coccinea oleoresins prepared in methanol and petroleum ether. GC-MS analysis of Salvia coccinea methanolic oleoresin (SCMO) and Salvia coccinea ether oleoresin (SCEO) resulted in the identification of 15 and 12 constituents, comprising 84.7 and 81.2% of the total composition, respectively. Both SCMO and SCEO varied in their chemical composition in terms of quantity, namely, oleic acid (22.3-25.9%), palmitic acid (8.9-8.4%), stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one (3.4-11.8%), stigmasterol acetate (3.5-5.3%), neophytadiene (4.8-1.7%), phytol (1.6-7.8%) and phthalic acid (2.1-3.1%). In addition to the qualitative differences between SCMO and SCEO concomitantly, both oleoresins were examined for their pesticidal activities. Oleoresins demonstrated significant nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita, insecticidal activity against Lipaphis erysimi, antifungal activity against Curvularia lunata, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. For nematicidal activity, SCMO and SCEO exhibited a high mortality of 65.66±1.69 and 54.33±1.24 and egg hatching inhibition of 26.33±1.20and 33.33±1.24 at 200 μg/mL. Similarly, SCMO and SCEO exhibited excellent insecticidal activity with 94.87±1.44 % and 86.75±1.85 % mortality at 1000 μg/mL. However, both oleoresins exhibited moderate antifungal and antibacterial activities compared to standards. Due to the quantitative difference in chemical composition and the presence of several phytoconstituents that were absent in SCEO, SCMO displayed stronger pesticidal effects than SCEO. To estimate the binding energy and structure-activity relationships between chemical constituents and pesticidal activities, in silico molecular docking and ADME/Tox studies have also been performed using a web-based online tool. On the basis of the present study, it is inferred that the herb Salvia coccinea might be a good source of phytochemicals and can be used for the development of herbal-based pesticides/formulations after proper clinical trials.
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Schnepf, E., N. Crickmore, J. Van Rie, D. Lereclus, J. Baum, J. Feitelson, D. R. Zeigler und D. H. Dean. „Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Pesticidal Crystal Proteins“. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 62, Nr. 3 (01.09.1998): 775–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.62.3.775-806.1998.
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SUMMARY During the past decade the pesticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been the subject of intensive research. These efforts have yielded considerable data about the complex relationships between the structure, mechanism of action, and genetics of the organism’s pesticidal crystal proteins, and a coherent picture of these relationships is beginning to emerge. Other studies have focused on the ecological role of the B. thuringiensis crystal proteins, their performance in agricultural and other natural settings, and the evolution of resistance mechanisms in target pests. Armed with this knowledge base and with the tools of modern biotechnology, researchers are now reporting promising results in engineering more-useful toxins and formulations, in creating transgenic plants that express pesticidal activity, and in constructing integrated management strategies to insure that these products are utilized with maximum efficiency and benefit.
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Laćarac, Nikola. „Essential oils and plant extracts in the control of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi“. Biljni lekar 49, Nr. 2 (2021): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2102178l.
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Some plants contain various substances that have pesticidal properties. Since these substances are extracted from plants they are called botanical pesticides. Botanical pesticides can be used as fungicides, bactericides, viricides, herbicides, insecticides, nematicides and rodenticides. Essential oils and plant extracts are most commonly used as botanical pesticides. In the past few years, we have witnessed a tendency to reduce the use of conventional pesticides and for that reason more and more attention is paid to the testing and application of essential oils and plant extracts for this purpose. These compounds have a number of advantages over conventional pesticides, especially when it comes to preventing the occurrence of diseases caused by phytopathogenic bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi as the most common and most important causes of plant diseases. Plant extracts and essential oils can be used at a time when the application of conventional pesticides is impossible due to the observance of the waiting period, and they are also a significant weapon in integrated and organic production concept.
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Tahir, Rabia, und Abdul Ghaffar. „PESTICIDE INDUCED HEMATOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND GENOTOXIC CHANGES IN FISH: A REVIEW“. Agrobiological Records 3 (2021): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47278/journal.abr/2021.005.
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Pesticides are widely used in agricultural advancement sector of entire world for increasing crop yield. However, its exposure is not limited only to target organisms instead it is affecting various non-target organisms among which fish being the most prominent one. In severe cases acute amount of various pesticides caused death of fish while lethal changes observed in case of lower amount of these pesticides. Changes in hematological parameters like red blood cells, white blood cells or plasma and serum level alterations leading to histological changes involving liver, kidneys, gills, muscles, brain, intestine in many species of fish exposed to different pesticides. Moreover, genotoxicity was also observed in many cases induced by different categories of pesticides. Extensive and continuous usage of these toxicants affects the aquatic systems at a severe level as a result of getting bio-accumulated in the food chain. This article emphasized the pesticidal induced hematological and serum level alterations observed in fish.
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Singh Negi, Devendra, Ashok Kumar, Nisha Negi und Mahendra Lal Tamta. „Himalayan Plant Species as Pesticidal Agents“. Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 9, Nr. 2 (01.05.2012): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157019312800604670.
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Ferdosi, Malik F. H., Iqra H. Khan, Arshad Javaid, Muhammad Nadeem und Ayesha Munir. „NATURAL PESTICIDAL COMPOUNDS OF EUPHORBIA PROSTRATA“. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology 33, Nr. 2 (30.12.2021): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33866/phytopathol.033.02.0707.
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Hoyle, Russ. „EPA okays first pesticidal transgenic plants“. Nature Biotechnology 13, Nr. 5 (Mai 1995): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0595-434.
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Park, Eun Sil, In Kyung Bae, Hwang Ju Jeon und Sung-Eun Lee. „Limonoid derivatives and its pesticidal activities“. Entomological Research 44, Nr. 4 (Juli 2014): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.12059.
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