Zeitschriftenartikel: „Pestalotiopsis theae“

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Wang, Z. H., Z. X. Zhao, N. Hong, Dejiang Ni, L. Cai, W. X. Xu und Y. N. Xiao. „Characterization of Causal Agents of a Novel Disease Inducing Brown-Black Spots on Tender Tea Leaves in China“. Plant Disease 101, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2017): 1802–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-17-0495-re.

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A novel disease characterized by small brown-black spots (1 to 2 mm in diameter) on tender tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) has been observed in many regions of Hubei Province, China, which severely affects the yield and quality of tea. Tea leaf samples with typical symptoms were collected from three major tea-cultivation regions of Hubei, and were subjected to pathogen isolation for etiological analysis. As a result, 34 Pestalotiopsis isolates were obtained from 20 samples, and they were identified as Pestalotiopsis theae (14 isolates), P. camelliae (12), and P. clavispora (8), determined by morphologies and phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer, and partial β-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1-alpha genes. Pathogenicity tests on detached tea leaves showed that no matter what mycelial discs or conidium suspensions were used, inoculation of the Pestalotiopsis fungi could result in small brown-black spots (1 to 2 mm in diameter) on wounded leaves, similar to those observed in the field in the sizes and colors. It also revealed that only P. theae had pathogenicity on unwounded tea leaves, and P. theae and P. clavispora showed significantly higher virulence than P. camelliae. Inoculation test with conidium suspension on intact tea leaves in the field further confirmed that P. theae as the pathogen of brown-black spots. Reisolation of the pathogens from diseased leaves confirmed that the symptom was caused by the inoculation of Pestalotiopsis fungi. The P. theae isolates responsible for brown-black spots were also compared with those for tea gray blight disease in growth rate, pathogenicity, and molecular characteristics in parallel. To our knowledge, this is the first report that the Pestalotiopsis fungi cause brown-black spot disease on tender tea leaves. The results provide important implications for the prevention and management of this economically important disease.

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Permana, Erwin Irawan, und Farriza Diyasti. „Surveilans Insidensi Penyakit Gugur Daun Karet Pestalotiopsis sp. di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat“. AGROSCRIPT: Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences 4, Nr. 1 (16.06.2022): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36423/agroscript.v4i1.971.

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Kejadian penyakit gugur daun karet (GDK) Pestalotiopsis sp. yang ditemukan menyerang Sumatera pada tahun 2019 membuat perhatian banyak pihak karena serangan penyakit ini mampu menurunkan produktivitas karet hingga 80%. Berbagai informasi dikumpulkan terkait penyebaran serangan di Indonesia dan teknik pengendalian guna memperoleh pendekatan yang tepat dalam pengelolaan penyakit GDK Pestalotiopsis sp. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengkonfirmasi keberadaan Pestalotiopsis sp. penyebab penyakit GDK, dan mengetahui kejadian penyakit di wilayah Kalimantan Barat sebagai kantong serangan penyakit. Pengambilan sampel dilaksanakan pada sentra produksi karet di Kalimantan Barat, dengan metode survei kilat dengan cara mengamati secara intensif, mengidentifikasi gejala, dan menemukan/mendeteksi semua OPT yang ditemukan. Data luas serangan diperoleh dengan melakukan pengamatan langsung dan dengan metode wawancara dengan pemilik kebun. Hasil surveilans menunjukkan penyakit GDK Pestalotiopsis sp. telah menyerang hampir di seluruh wilayah sentra tanaman karet dan wilayah lainnya di Kalimantan Barat, meliputi 9 (sembilan) kabupaten yaitu Sintang, Melawi, Sanggau, Landak, Kapuas Hulu, Mempawah, Bengkayang, Kubu Raya, dan Singkawang dengan hasil sekuensing DNA menunjukkan spesies Pestalotiopsis theae, dan Pseudopestalotiopsis theae. Faktor iklim dan cara budidaya petani diduga memengaruhi tingkat keparahan penyakit. Untuk menurunkan serangan penyakit dilakukan teknik pengendalian pada kantong serangan dalam bentuk kegiatan demplot sehingga diharapkan dapat mencegah perluasan serangan GDK pada wilayah lain.

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Nagata, Tadahiro, Yasuo Ando und Akira Hirota. „Phytotoxins from Tea Gray Blight Fungi,Pestalotiopsis longisetaandPestalotiopsis theae“. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 56, Nr. 5 (Januar 1992): 810–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.56.810.

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Shimada, A., I. Takahashi, T. Kawano und Y. Kimurab. „Chloroisosulochrin, Chloroisosulochrin Dehydrate, And Pestheic Acid, Plant Growth Regulators, Produced By Pestalotiopsis Theae“. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 56, Nr. 8 (01.08.2001): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2001-0813.

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New plant growth regulators, named chloroisosulochrin, chloroisosulochrin dehydrate and pestheic acid, have been isolated from the culture filtrate of Pestalotiopsis theae grown on a Raulin-Thom medium. Their structures have been established by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The biological activities of these compounds have been examined using bioassay methods with lettuce and rice seedlings

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Yang, Xiaoping, und Huiqing Zhang. „Synergistic interaction of tea saponin with mancozeb against Pestalotiopsis theae“. Crop Protection 40 (Oktober 2012): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.04.013.

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Tuset, J. J., C. Hinarejos und J. L. Mira. „First Report of Leaf Blight on Sweet Persimmon Tree by Pestalotiopsis theae in Spain“. Plant Disease 83, Nr. 11 (November 1999): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.11.1070c.

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During July 1998, a leaf blight caused by Pestalotiopsis theae (Saw.) Stey. was observed at an incidence of 18 to 20% in sweet persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.fil.) orchards in Huelva Province (southwestern Spain). Symptoms appeared on leaves as large grayish brown circular ringspots. Usually, they were solitary, but occasionally, two to three spots occurred on an affected leaf. In severe cases, lesions developed on more than one-third of the leaf, resulting in defoliation. Small black acervular conidiomata were visible in the surface of spots. These conidiomata produced fusiform conidia that were straight or rarely curved, four five-celled euseptate, including three olivaceous or dark brown median cells, and hyaline apical and basal cells with appendages that were slightly constricted at septa. Conidiomata were up to 240 μm in diameter; conidiogenous cells were 6 to 13 × 1.2 to 2.8 μm; conidia were 24.7 × 7.8 μm; three median cells were 16.7 μm long; two to three apical appendages (rarely four) were 28.3 μm long; and straight basal appendage was 5.7 μm. P. theae was consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar from diseased leaves and conidiomata. To confirm pathogenicity, both mycelial plugs and a conidial suspension (1.5 × 106 conidia per ml) of the fungus were used as inocula. Young completely developed leaves from persimmon tree cvs. Sharon and Hanafuyu were inoculated in the laboratory and maintained in a moist chamber for 5 days. Lesions resembling symptoms that occurred in the field were observed on leaves after 5 days. Symptoms were not observed on control leaves inoculated with agar media or sprayed with water. The fungus reisolated from diseased leaves was identical to the original isolates. Based on the morphological characteristics of conidiomata and conidia as well as pathogenicity, the fungus was identified as P. theae (1). This is the first report of this fungus as a pathogen of D. kaki in Europe. Possibly the introduction of P. theae to Spain has been through young imported persimmon plants. Unusual climatic conditions (heavy rainfalls during 1997 in southwestern Spain) have been favorable for disease development. The hot and dry conditions that usually occur during flowering, growing, and maturation of persimmon fruits normally prevent dissemination of inoculum and infection of leaves. For these reasons, the wet areas of southwestern Spain could be more favorable for “grey blight” of persimmon trees. Reference: (1) T.-H. Chang et al. Korean J. Plant Pathol. 12:377, 1996.

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Akone, Sergi Herve, Mustapha El Amrani, Wenhan Lin, Daowan Lai und Peter Proksch. „Cytosporins F–K, new epoxyquinols from the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis theae“. Tetrahedron Letters 54, Nr. 49 (Dezember 2013): 6751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.005.

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Liu, Shun-Zhi, Guang-Xin Xu, Feng-Ming He, Wei-Bo Zhang, Zhen Wu, Ming-Yu Li, Xi-Xiang Tang und Ying-Kun Qiu. „New Sorbicillinoids with Tea Pathogenic Fungus Inhibitory Effect from Marine-Derived Fungus Hypocrea jecorina H8“. Marine Drugs 20, Nr. 3 (17.03.2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20030213.

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Four new dimeric sorbicillinoids (1–3 and 5) and a new monomeric sorbicillinoid (4) as well as six known analogs (6–11) were purified from the fungal strain Hypocrea jecorina H8, which was obtained from mangrove sediment, and showed potent inhibitory activity against the tea pathogenic fungus Pestalotiopsis theae (P. theae). The planar structures of 1–5 were assigned by analyses of their UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, and NMR spectroscopic data. All the compounds were evaluated for growth inhibition of tea pathogenic fungus P. theae. Compounds 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 exhibited more potent inhibitory activities compared with the positive control hexaconazole with an ED50 of 24.25 ± 1.57 µg/mL. The ED50 values of compounds 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 were 9.13 ± 1.25, 2.04 ± 1.24, 18.22 ± 1.29, 1.83 ± 1.37, and 4.68 ± 1.44 µg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the effects of these compounds on zebrafish embryo development were also evaluated. Except for compounds 5 and 8, which imparted toxic effects on zebrafish even at 0.625 μM, the other isolated compounds did not exhibit significant toxicity to zebrafish eggs, embryos, or larvae. Taken together, sorbicillinoid derivatives (6, 9, and 10) from H. jecorina H8 displayed low toxicity and high anti-tea pathogenic fungus potential.

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KIMURA, Yasuo, Ayumi KOUGE, Kazuto NAKAMURA, Hiroyuki KOSHINO, Jun UZAWA, Shozo FUJIOKA und Tsuyoshi KAWANO. „Pesthetoxin, a New Phytotoxin Produced by the Gray Blight Fungus,Pestalotiopsis theae“. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 62, Nr. 8 (Januar 1998): 1624–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.62.1624.

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Chen, Y., W. X. Wang, A. F. Zhang, X. Yang und Y. L. Xu. „First Report of Pestalotiopsis theae on Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) in Anhui Province of China“. Plant Disease 97, Nr. 4 (April 2013): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-12-0710-pdn.

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Loquat, Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., is an important fruit that is widely planted and used as an ornamental in Jingxian, Anhui Province, China. Loquat branches with severely spotted leaves and fruits were observed in this region in 2012. Symptoms on leaves consisted of small (0.5 to 1.2 cm in diameter), circular to oblong, greenish-brown lesions that coalesced to form isolated or confluent, dark brown spots. On fruit, the disease appeared as circular to elongated, sunken spots. Expanding lesions spread over the surface resulting in death of the fruit. Acervuli were observed within lesions. Isolations from symptomatic tissue onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium consistently yielded white fungal colonies of sparse aerial mycelium with acervuli containing black, slimy spore masses on the surface. The colony reached 8.0 cm diameter after 7-day culture on PDA at 24°C. Conidia produced in the culture were five-celled, narrow fusiform, straight or slightly curved, with a tapering base and 2 to 4 hyaline appentages (apical appentages measured 15 to 34 μm long and a single basal appentage was 5 to 9 μm long). Conidia were 24 to 32 × 5 to 8 μm with median cells 15 to 20 μm and two hyaline, cylindrical to conical apical cells typical of Pestalotiopsis spp. (3). A total of 12 isolates were obtained by isolation from the diseased fruit or leaves. Genomic DNA from the fungal isolates was purified using a DNA Gel Extraction Kit (AxyPrep, Hangzhou, China), and applied to a DNA Engine System PTC-200 (BIO-RAD, Watertown, MA) with ITS1 and ITS4 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) universal primers. The amplified sequences (533 bp) were analyzed together with other Pestalotiopsis sequences (1). ITS from all 12 of the fungal isolates were identical (99.5% similarity) to each other and to isolates of Pestalotiopsis theae, which infects tea trees in China (2). To demonstrate pathogenicity, suspensions (prepared in distilled water) of 106 conidia ml–1 of each isolate were sprayed on the loquat leaves in vivo and mature fruits in vitro. Distilled water was used as the control. More than 20 leaves and 10 mature fruits were sprayed for the treated and control plants, respectively, and the inoculation tests were repeated twice. The inoculated plants and fruit were kept in a humidity chamber for 7 days. Approximately 50% of the inoculated leaves and fruits developed blight symptoms similar to natural infections. P. theae was reisolated from diseased plants to complete Koch's postulates. Control plants sprayed with distilled water remained symptomless. There is a previous study reporting that P. guepini infected loquat in Argentina (4); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. theae causing leaf and fruit spots on loquat in China. References: (1) R. Jeewon et al. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 25:378, 2002. (2) J. Y. Lu. Diagnosis of plant diseases. Page 194 in: Pestalotiopsis. J. Y. Lu, Z. G. Xu, Y. X. Chen, D. R. Shen, X. B. Zheng, and Y. Q. Cao, eds. China Agriculture Press, Beijing, 1995. (3) T. R. Nag Raj. Coelomycetous Anamorphs with Appendage-Bearing Conidia. Mycologue Publications, Waterloo, Canada, 1993. (4) A. E. Perelló and S. Larran. Plant Dis. 83:695, 1999.

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Mukhtar, I., H. Li, X. Quan, T. Chou, S. Jiang, B. Chen, Z. Wen und B. Xie. „First Report of Pestalotiopsis theae Causing Leaf Spot of Ixora chinensis in China“. Plant Disease 103, Nr. 2 (Februar 2019): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-18-1030-pdn.

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GUO, Long-Fang, Gao-Ran LIU und Ling LIU. „Caryophyllene-type sesquiterpenoids and α-furanones from the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis theae“. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 18, Nr. 4 (April 2020): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30032-7.

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Marimuthu, Subbagounder, Chinnusamy Karthic, Ashraf A. Mostafa, Nouf Mohammed Al-Enazi, Neveen Abdel-Raouf und Essam Nageh Sholkamy. „Antifungal activity of Streptomyces sp. SLR03 against tea fungal plant pathogen Pestalotiopsis theae“. Journal of King Saud University - Science 32, Nr. 8 (Dezember 2020): 3258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.08.027.

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Akone, Sergi Herve, Mustapha El Amrani, Wenhan Lin, Daowan Lai und Peter Proksch. „ChemInform Abstract: Cytosporins F-K, New Epoxyquinols from the Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis theae.“ ChemInform 45, Nr. 16 (03.04.2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201416233.

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Liu, Shun-Zhi, Xia Yan, Xi-Xiang Tang, Jin-Guo Lin und Ying-Kun Qiu. „New Bis-Alkenoic Acid Derivatives from a Marine-Derived Fungus Fusarium solani H915“. Marine Drugs 16, Nr. 12 (03.12.2018): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16120483.

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Fusarium solani H915 is a fungus derived from mangrove sediments. From its ethyl acetate extract, a new alkenoic acid, fusaridioic acid A (1), three new bis-alkenoic acid esters, namely, fusariumester A1 (2), A2 (3) and B (4), together with three known compounds (5–7), were isolated. The structures of the new compounds were comprehensively characterized by high resolution electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Additionally, the antifungal activities against tea pathogenic fungi Pestalotiopsis theae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were studied. The new compound, 4, containing a β-lactone ring, exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against P. theae, with an MIC of 50 μg/disc. Hymeglusin (6), a typical β-lactone antibiotic and a terpenoid alkaloid, equisetin (7), exhibited potent inhibitory activities against both fungal species. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their effects on zebrafish embryo development. Equisetin clearly imparted toxic effect on zebrafish even at low concentrations. However, none of the alkenoic acid derivatives exhibited significant toxicity to zebrafish eggs, embryos, or larvae. Thus, the β-lactone containing alkenoic acid derivatives from F. solani H915 are low in toxicity and are potent antifungal agents against tea pathogenic fungi.

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Guo, Longfang, Jie Lin, Shubin Niu, Shuchun Liu und Ling Liu. „Pestalotiones A–D: Four New Secondary Metabolites from the Plant Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis Theae“. Molecules 25, Nr. 3 (22.01.2020): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030470.

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Two new xanthone derivatives, pestalotiones A (1) and B (2), one new diphenyl ketone riboside, pestalotione C (7), and one new diphenyl ether, pestalotione D (8), along with five known compounds isosulochrin dehydrate (3), 3,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (4), isosulochrin (5), chloroisosulochrin (6), and pestalotether D (9), were isolated from the crude extract of the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis theae (N635). The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously deduced by HRESIMS and 1D/2D-NMR spectroscopic data. Compound 6 showed modest cytotoxicity against the HeLa cell line with an IC50 value of 35.2 μM. Compound 9 also showed cytotoxic to the HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines, with IC50 values of 60.8 and 22.6 μM, respectively. Additionally, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH radical with IC50 values of 54.2 and 59.2 μg/mL, respectively.

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Zhang, Yuqian, Feiyan Wang, Lijie Wang, Lingyun Zhang, Richard V. Espley, Kui Lin-Wang und Fanrong Cao. „The Response of Growth and Transcriptome Profiles of Tea Grey Blight Disease Pathogen Pestalotiopsis theae to the Variation of Exogenous L-Theanine“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, Nr. 6 (20.03.2024): 3493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063493.

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Tea grey blight disease is one of the most destructive diseases that infects tea and is caused by the pathogen Pestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Steyaert. L-theanine is a unique non-protein amino acid of the tea plant. Different concentrations of L-theanine exhibit significant inhibitory effects on the growth and sporulation ability of the pathogen causing tea grey blight disease. To understand the effect mechanism of L-theanine on P. theae, transcriptome profiling was performed on the pathogenic mycelium treated with three different concentrations of L-theanine: no L-theanine treatment (TH0), 20 mg/mL theanine treatment (TH2), and 40 mg/mL theanine treatment (TH4). The colony growths were significantly lower in the treatment with L-theanine than those without L-theanine. The strain cultured with a high concentration of L-theanine produced no spores or only a few spores. In total, 2344, 3263, and 1158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected by RNA-sequencing in the three comparisons, Th2 vs. Th0, Th4 vs. Th0, and Th4 vs. Th2, respectively. All DEGs were categorized into 24 distinct clusters. According to GO analysis, low concentrations of L-theanine primarily affected molecular functions, while high concentrations of L-theanine predominantly affected biological processes including external encapsulating structure organization, cell wall organization or biogenesis, and cellular amino acid metabolic process. Based on KEGG, the DEGs of Th2 vs. Th0 were primarily involved in pentose and glucuronate interconversions, histidine metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. The DEGs of Th4 vs. Th0 were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, amino sugar, and nucleotide sugar metabolism. This study indicated that L-theanine has a significant impact on the growth and sporulation of the pathogen of tea grey blight disease and mainly affects amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and cellular structure-related biosynthesis processes of pathogenic fungi. This work provides insights into the direct control effect of L-theanine on pathogenic growth and also reveals the molecular mechanisms of inhibition of L-theanine to P. theae.

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Suwannarach, Nakarin, Kanaporn Sujarit, Jaturong Kumla, Boonsom Bussaban und Saisamorn Lumyong. „First report of leaf spot disease on oil palm caused by Pestalotiopsis theae in Thailand“. Journal of General Plant Pathology 79, Nr. 4 (10.05.2013): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10327-013-0453-7.

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CHAKRABORTY, B. N., P. BASU, R. DAS, A. SAHA und U. CHAKRABORTY. „Detection of cross reactive antigens between Pestalotiopsis theae and tea leaves and their cellular location“. Annals of Applied Biology 127, Nr. 1 (August 1995): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1995.tb06647.x.

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Shimada, A., I. Takahashi, T. Kawano und Y. Kimura. „ChemInform Abstract: Chloroisosulochrin, Chloroisosulochrin Dehydrate, and Pestheic Acid, Plant Growth Regulators, Produced by Pestalotiopsis theae.“ ChemInform 32, Nr. 51 (23.05.2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200151023.

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Niu, Siwen, Xi-Xiang Tang, Zuowang Fan, Jin-Mei Xia, Chun-Lan Xie und Xian-Wen Yang. „Fusarisolins A–E, Polyketides from the Marine-Derived Fungus Fusarium solani H918“. Marine Drugs 17, Nr. 2 (20.02.2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17020125.

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Five new (fusarisolins A–E, 1 to 5) and three known (6 to 8) polyketides were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Fusarium solani H918, along with six known phenolics (9 to 14). Their structures were established by comprehensive spectroscopic data analyses, methoxyphenylacetic acid (MPA) method, chemical conversion, and by comparison with data reported in the literature. Compounds 1 and 2 are the first two naturally occurring 21 carbons polyketides featuring a rare β- and γ-lactone unit, respectively. All isolates (1 to 14) were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against tea pathogenic fungus Pestalotiopsis theae and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase gene expression. Compound 8 showed potent antifungal activity with an ED50 value of 55 μM, while 1, 8, 13, and 14 significantly inhibited HMG-CoA synthase gene expression.

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Liu, Ling, Yu Han, Junhai Xiao, Li Li, Liangdong Guo, Xuejun Jiang, Lingyi Kong und Yongsheng Che. „Chlorotheolides A and B, Spiroketals Generated via Diels–Alder Reactions in the Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis theae“. Journal of Natural Products 79, Nr. 10 (12.10.2016): 2616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00550.

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Harikamal, Barman, Roy Aniruddha und Kumar Das Shaon. „Evaluation of plant products and antagonistic microbes against grey blight (Pestalotiopsis theae), a devastating pathogen of tea“. African Journal of Microbiology Research 9, Nr. 18 (06.05.2015): 1263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2015.7391.

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Zheng, Shiqin, Zhenghua Du, Xiaxia Wang, Chao Zheng, Zonghua Wang und Xiaomin Yu. „Metabolic Rewiring in Tea Plants in Response to Gray Blight Disease Unveiled by Multi-Omics Analysis“. Metabolites 13, Nr. 11 (01.11.2023): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13111122.

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Gray blight disease, which is caused by Pestalotiopsis-like species, poses significant challenges to global tea production. However, the comprehensive metabolic responses of tea plants during gray blight infection remain understudied. Here, we employed a multi-omics strategy to characterize the temporal transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in tea plants during infection by Pseudopestalotiopsis theae, the causal agent of gray blight. Untargeted metabolomic profiling with ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOFMS) revealed extensive metabolic rewiring over the course of infection, particularly within 24 h post-inoculation. A total of 64 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified, including elevated levels of antimicrobial compounds such as caffeine and (−)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, as well as oxidative catechin polymers like theaflavins, theasinensins and theacitrins. Conversely, the synthesis of (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, oligomeric proanthocyanidins and flavonol glycosides decreased. Integrated omics analyses uncovered up-regulation of phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, lignin biosynthesis and down-regulation of photosynthesis in response to the pathogen stress. This study provides novel insights into the defense strategies of tea plants against gray blight disease, offering potential targets for disease control and crop improvement.

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Luo, Haiyu, Qiuyan Zhou, Yecheng Deng, Zhiyong Deng, Zhen Qing und Wenbin Sun. „Antifungal Activity of the Extract and the Active Substances of Endophytic Nigrospora sp. from the Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plant Stephania kwangsiensis“. Natural Product Communications 12, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2017): 1934578X1701201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701201219.

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To exploit a new source from medical plants for finding bioactive products, endophytic fungi DBR-5 identified as Nigrospora sp., was isolated from the root tubers of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Stephania kwangsiensis Lo. The antifungal activities of the extract from its fermentation liquids were determined. The ethyl acetate extract of DBR-5 exhibited high and broad antifungal activities against plant pathogenic fungi, and showed high toxicity to Exserohilum turcicum, Bipolaris maydis, Ceratocystis paradoxa, Alternaria oleracea and Cochliobolus miyabeanus with EC50 values respectively at 0.01 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mL and 0.04 mg/mL. By a bioassay guided fractionation, three antifungal secondary metabolites were isolated from liquid culture of DBR-5, and identified as griseofulvin, deoxybostrycin and austrocortirubin on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. In vitro antifungal assay showed that griseofulvin displayed significant inhibition against the hypha growth of tested plant pathogenic fungi with EC50 values ranging from 0.0013 mg/mL to 0.0202 mg/mL, and showed the highest toxicity to E. turcicum and C. paradoxa with EC50 values both at 0.0013 mg/mL. Compared with the broad spectrum fungicide carbendazim, except that the toxicity of griseofulvin to Diaporthe citri and Pestalotiopsis theae was lower, the toxicity to the other eight pathogenic fungi was much higher. The inhibitory rates of griseofulvin against spore germination of A. olerace, C. paradoxa and P. theae were 100%, 100% and 94.39% respectively, at a concentration of 0.01 mg/mL. The other two compounds deoxybostrycin and austrocortirubin exhibited only weak antifungal activities. The results indicate the potential of Nigrospora sp. DBR-5 as a source of griseofulvin and also support that griseofulvin is a natural compound with high potential bioactivity against plant pathogenic fungi.

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He, Yunqiang, Yan Li, Yulin Song, Xingming Hu, Jinbo Liang, Karim Shafik, Dejiang Ni und Wenxing Xu. „Amplicon Sequencing Reveals Novel Fungal Species Responsible for a Controversial Tea Disease“. Journal of Fungi 8, Nr. 8 (26.07.2022): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8080782.

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Amplicon sequencing is a powerful tool for analyzing the fungal composition inside plants, whereas its application for the identification of etiology for plant diseases remains undetermined. Here, we utilize this strategy to clarify the etiology responsible for tea leaf brown-black spot disease (LBSD), a noticeable disease infecting tea plants etiology that remains controversial. Based on the ITS-based amplicon sequencing analysis, Didymella species were identified as separate from Pestalotiopsis spp. and Cercospora sp., which are concluded as the etiological agents. This was further confirmed by the fungal isolation and their specific pathogenicity on diverse tea varieties. Based on the morphologies and phylogenetic analysis constructed with multi-loci (ITS, LSU, tub2, and rpb2), two novel Didymella species—tentatively named D. theae and D. theifolia as reference to their host plants—were proposed and characterized. Here, we present an integrated approach of ITS-based amplicon sequencing in combination with fungal isolation and fulfillment of Koch’s postulates for etiological identification of tea plant disease, revealing new etiology for LBSD. This contributes useful information for further etiological identification of plant disease based on amplicon sequencing, as well as understanding, prevention, and management of this economically important disease.

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Douanla-Meli, Clovis, und Ewald Langer. „Pestalotiopsis theae (Ascomycota, Amphisphaeriaceae) on seeds of Diospyros crassiflora (Ebenaceae)“. Mycotaxon 107, Nr. 1 (31.03.2009): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/107.441.

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Kumhar, Kishor Chand, Azariah Babu, Mitali Bordoloi, Priyanka Benarjee und Hirakjyoti Rajbongshi. „Comparative Bioefficacy of Fungicides and Trichoderma spp. against Pestalotiopsis theae, Causing Grey Blight in Tea (Camellia sp.): An In Vitro Study“. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 3, Nr. 4 (06.04.2016): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2016.304.004.

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„Pestalotiopsis theae. [Distribution map].“ Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, Nr. 4) (01.08.1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20046500284.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Steyaert. Hosts: Tea (Camellia sinensis), Camellia spp., persimmon (Diospyros kaki) and others. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Comoros, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Asia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Anhui, Fuijian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Georgia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Java, Sumatra, Irian Jaya, Iran, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, peninsular, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Caucasus, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, Australasia & Oceania, Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Europe, Azores, Ukraine, Central America & West Indies, Honduras, Jamaica, South America, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Chile, Ecuador, Peru.

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„Pestalotiopsis theae (grey: tea blight)“. CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (07.01.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.39785.

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HERLIYANA, ELIS NINA, PRADHIPTA OKTAVIANTO und ULFAH JUNIARTI SIREGAR. „Identification and characterization of Pestalotiopsis spp. causing leaf spot and leaf blight on jabon (Neolamarckia spp.) in Indonesia“. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 23, Nr. 12 (01.01.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d231253.

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Abstract. Herliyana EN, Oktavianto P, Siregar UJ. 2022. Identification and characterization of Pestalotiopsis spp. causing leaf spot and leaf blight on jabon (Neolamarckia spp.) in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 6547-6556. Jabon (Neolamarckia spp.) is one of the fast-growing trees with high economic value for industrial plantations. Its monoculture planting system is faced with certain problems, such as the leaf spot and leaf blight diseases caused by Pestalotiopsis sp. Therefore, the aim of this research was to describe the morphology of Pestalotiopsis species through macroscopic and microscopic observations, followed by the identification of fungus using DNA barcoding causing leaf spot and leaf blight on the tree. A total of 11 Pestalotiopsis isolates were used for this research. The morphology was identified by observing mycelium colonies and fungal conidia, while DNA barcoding was initiated after DNA isolation using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method, amplification with ITS 1 and 4 primers, followed by sequencing process. The results of DNA barcoding showed that 5 species of Pestalotiopsis, namely Pseudopestalotiopsis theae, Pestalotiopsis microspora, Pestalotiopsis palmarum, Neopestalotiopsis clavispora, and Pestalotiopsis virgatula were found associated with leaf spot and blight disease. All the five species were further classified into 3 clades using phylogeny according to their median cells and apical appendage shape. The clade X consisted of P. palmarum, N. clavispora, and P. virgatula with versicolorous median cells, whereas clade Y included P. microspora with concolorous median cell, and clade Z consisted Ps. theae with concolorous median cell and knobbed apical appendage.

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Liu, Gaoran, Ruiyun Huo, Yanan Zhai und Ling Liu. „New Bioactive Sesquiterpeniods From the Plant Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis theae“. Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (31.03.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.641504.

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Three new secondary metabolites pestalothenins A–C (1–3), including two new humulane-derived sesquiterpeniods (1 and 2) and one new caryophyllene-derived sesquiterpeniod (3), together with five known compounds (4–8) were isolated from the crude extract of the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis theae (N635). Their structures were elucidated by the extensive analyses of HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of 1–3 were determined by comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. The cytotoxic effects of these compounds were evaluated in vitro. Compound 6 showed moderate cytotoxicity against T24 and MCF7 cell lines. In addition, compounds 1–8 were also evaluated for antibacterial activity.

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Peredo, Hernán L., und Eduardo Valenzuela F. „Nuevas determinaciones de hongos patógenos forestales en Chile“. Boletín Micológico 3, Nr. 4 (24.04.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.22370/bolmicol.1988.3.4.1554.

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A partir de material vegetal con diferentes síntomas colectados en el Centro Regional de Recolección y Diagnóstico Valdivia, se determinaron los hongos causales. De los organismos, enfermedades o sustratos no determinados válidamente para el país, se describe brevemente la morfología de Pestalotia paeoniae, Pestalotiopsis theae, Harknessia americana, Cladosporium sphaerospermum y Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Conjuntamente con las descripciones, se entrega sintomatología y sustrato para cada especie fúngica

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Adhikari, Karun, Anupam Raj Khadka und Kailash Shrestha. „In vitro Antagonism of Trichoderma Isolates and Efficacy of Chemical Fungicides against Mycelial Growth of Pestalotiopsis theae“. Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, 25.08.2023, 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v37i1.56968.

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Grey leaf blight, one of the most important fungal foliar diseases of tea is caused by Pestalotiopsis spp. An in vitro study was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Pakhribas to evaluate bio-efficacy of two Trichoderma isolates namely Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum using dual culture technique. Similarly comparative efficacy of five fungicides viz. Copper Oxychloride 50% WP, Carbendazim 50% WP, Metalaxyl 8% WP + Mancozeb 64 % WP, Carboxin 37.5% WS + Thiram 37.5% WS and Hexaconazole 5% EC at four different concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 500 ppm was tested using poisoned food technique. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment and a control. Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum exhibited 66.64% and 62.32% growth inhibition respectively against Pestalotiopsis theae. Growth inhibition by fungicides ranged from 35% to 100%. Hexaconazole exhibited complete mycelial growth inhibition (100%) regardless of concentration. This complete inhibition (100%) in colony growth was recorded at 200 ppm and 500 ppm of Carboxin + Thiram and then in Metalaxyl + Mancozeb at 500 ppm. While least (35.62%) inhibition on mycelial growth of P. theae was observed with Copper Oxychloride at 50 ppm. There was significant reduction in colony growth of P. theae with each treatment at all concentration in comparison to control. This study indicated significant results by fungicides even at lower concentration and by both Trichoderma spp. This study established Trichoderma spp as a successful alternative and hence recommends use of an integrated approach with both effective fungicides at low concentration and bio-control agents in further managing grey leaf blight of tea plant after subsequent field trials.

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Sharma, Hemant, Arun Kumar Rai, Rajen Chettri und Poonam Singh Nigam. „Bioactivites of Penicillium citrinum isolated from a medicinal plant Swertia chirayita“. Archives of Microbiology, 02.08.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02498-x.

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AbstractEndophytes associated with plants have the property to produce active biomolecules with their possible applications in agro-industrial sectors. This study provides a project work on analyzing various activities of fungal endophytes isolated from Swertia chirayita of Sikkim Himalayan region. Among several fungal endophytes screened, isolate UTCRF6 was found most active with the secretion of enzymes protease, cellulase, amylase and chitinase, as well as other metabolites Indoleacetic acid and siderophores. This endophyte was found active in restricting the growth of phyto-pathogens, including strains of Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria alternata, Pestalotiopsis theae and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Morphological and molecular studies of this endophytic fungus showed similarity with Penicillium citrinum. Graphic abstract

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Borgohain, Parismita, Purnima Barua, Jagadish Mahanta und Lakhi Ram Saikia. „Pestalotioid fungi: A rare agent of onychomycosis among agriculture workers“. Current Medical Mycology, 23.05.2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/cmm.6.2.2839.

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Background and Purpose: Pestalotioid fungi are ubiquitous environmental molds that have received considerable attention in recent times not only because of their role as a plant pathogen but also owing to their high frequency of retrieval from human diseases. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to investigate onychomycosis caused by pestalotioid fungi, commonly considered important phytopathogens causing grey blight disease in Camellia sinensis. Materials and Methods: A total of 122 agriculture workers were enrolled from Assam, India. Direct microscopic examination was carried out using 40% KOH to determine the presence of any fungal element. Further processing of the specimens for the isolation of fungi was performed using the standard protocol. In addition, the keratinolytic potential of the isolates was evaluated by means of the in vitro hair perforation test. Results: Out of 103 culture-positive samples, non-dermatophyte and dermatophyte molds constituted 82.52% (n=85) and 6.79% (n=7) of the samples, followed by yeasts (n=1, 0.9%) and sterile hyphae (n=10, 9.7%). With regard to the isolated non-dermatophyte molds (82.69%), 4 cases belonged to pestalotioid fungi, such as Neopestalotiopsis piceana (n=1), Pestalotiopsis species (n=1), and Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (n=2). The keratinolytic activity of Pestalotiopsis species showed perforation by disrupting the hair cortex; furthermore, macroconidia were found to be present inside the human hair. Conclusion: A high rate of NDM isolation may be attributed to constant exposure to adverse environmental and occupational hazards. This study highlighted the importance of “pestalotioid fungi” as the rare etiologic agent of onychomycosis. Another remarkable finding was the keratinolytic potential of Pestalotiopsis species, which is unique in this study.

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Lei, Zhi-Wei, Jianmei Yao, Huifang Liu, Chiyu Ma und Wen Yang. „Synthesis and Bioactivity of Novel Sulfonate Scaffold-Containing Pyrazolecarbamide Derivatives as Antifungal and Antiviral Agents“. Frontiers in Chemistry 10 (22.06.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.928842.

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Novel pyrazolecarbamide derivatives bearing a sulfonate fragment were synthesized to identify potential antifungal and antiviral agents. All the structures of the key intermediates and target compounds were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The single-crystal X-ray diffraction of the compound T22 showed that pyrazole carbamide is a sulfonate. The in vitro antifungal activities of the target compounds against Colletotrichum camelliae, Pestalotiopsis theae, Gibberella zeae, and Rhizoctonia solani were evaluated at 50 μg/ml. Among the four pathogens, the target compounds exhibited the highest antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani. The compound T24 (EC50 = 0.45 mg/L) had higher antifungal activity than the commercial fungicide hymexazol (EC50 = 10.49 mg/L) against R. solani, almost similar to bixafen (EC50 = 0.25 mg/L). Additionally, the target compounds exhibited protective effects in vivo against TMV. Thus, this study reveals that pyrazolecarbamide derivatives bearing a sulfonate fragment exhibit potential antifungal and antiviral activities.

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Xu, Guangxin, Feng Ying, Huangming Wu und Xixiang Tang. „Biocontrol potential of two deep-sea microorganisms against gray blight disease of tea“. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 33, Nr. 1 (15.05.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00701-3.

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Abstract Background Gray blight is among the most destructive diseases that affect tea plants worldwide. In this study, microorganisms from deep-sea sediment samples for those with antagonistic effects were screened against gray blight caused by Pestalotiopsis theae. Results Thirty-two and twenty-eight morphologically different deep-sea bacteria and fungi were isolated, respectively. Isolates B5 and A65 clearly inhibited the pathogens in vitro and were prepared as wettable agent powders for evaluation in micro-plot field trials. Foliar application of the 48-h culture of B5 (1 × 108, 2 × 107, 1 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml) significantly reduced the incidence of gray blight disease. Compared to the untreated control, spraying with B5 inhibited gray blight disease by 78.57%. Isolate B5 was identified as Bacillus subtilis B5 in morphological and 16S rDNA sequence analyses. The foliar application of 7-day cultures of A65 (1 × 108, 2 × 107, 1 × 107 CFU/ml) significantly reduced the incidence of gray blight disease. A65 (108 CFU/ml) inhibited gray blight disease by 75.46% and was identified as Paecilomyces lilacinus A65 in morphologically and internally transcribed spacer sequence analyses. Conclusions These candidate microbial pesticides may inhibit gray wilt in tea, replace chemical pesticides’ use without causing environmental pollution, and promote the development of green agriculture.

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Ma, Wanli, Ming Liu, Lu Liu, Zixuan Tang, Yurou Dan, Xinyan Cui und Fuqiang Yin. „First Report of Pseudopestalotiopsis theae Causing Leaf Spot on Euonymus japonicus in China“. Plant Disease, 03.10.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-22-1722-pdn.

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Euonymus japonicus Thunb., an evergreen shrub, is popular for landscaping in China. In 2021, leaf spot was observed on E. japonicus (about 150 trees) leaves with 40 to 50% disease incidence in Wanzhou urban forest (30°45′N; 108°27′E) of Chongqing, the infected plants were between 5 and 6 years old. The symptoms started to occur from June to July and approximately 30 to 40% of the leaves exhibited leaf spot symptoms from August to September. Initial symptoms appeared as yellow spots of 1.2 to 4.9 mm in diameter, and then expanded to become large and irregular lesions, having white center surrounded by a brown halo. Under humid conditions, black dots appeared in the central part of the spots. In later stage, split and fall of the tissues occurred from the infected spot. To identify the causal agent, infected tissues from 20 samples (from 5 trees) were cut into small pieces (5 mm2), surface-sterilized for 30 s in 75% ethanol and 3 minutes in 3% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed three times in sterile water, placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with streptomycin sulfate (50 μg/ml) and incubated at 25°C in dark conditions. Purified eight fungal colonies were white with undulating margins and light cream on the reverse side, measuring 85 mm diameter after 7 days, dark brown to black conidiomata were irregularly scattered and Conidia were observed in 20 days old colonies. Conidia were spindle‐shaped, 4.5 to 6.8 × 15.2 to 23.5 μm (n=50), with 4 diaphragms, the three median cells were light to dark brown and the two end cells were colorless. 1 to 3 accessory filaments (5.2 to 22.5 μm long) protrude from theapical cell while a short stalk (3.5 to 5.5 μm long) was attached to the basal cell, these morphological features suggested that the isolates were most likely Pestalotiopsis. sp. Eight colonies were confirmed to be identical based on morphological characteristics. For molecular identification, DNA was extracted from representative strains (YF‐5, YF‐13, YF‐24). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, β‐tubulin (TUB2), the translation elongation factor-1 alpha gene (TEF1), genes were amplified using primers ITS5/ITS4, TUB2F/TUB2R, and EF‐526F/EF‐1567R, respectively (White et al.1990; Glass & Donaldson 1995; O’Donnell & Cigelnik 1997; Carbone &, Kohn.1999). The sequences were deposited in NCBI GenBank YF-24, [ITS; ON204233: TUB2; ON304156: TEF1; ON400075]: YF-5, [ITS; OP379570: TUB2; OP413495: TEF1; OP413496]: YF-13, [ITS; OP379589: TUB2; OP413494: TEF1; OP413497]. Which revealed a 95% similarity to the Ps. theae NTUCC 18-067 [ITS; MT322086: TUB2; MT321888: TEF1; MT321987] ex‐type sequences. Based on morphology and multilocus phylogenetic analysis, representative strains were identified as Pseudopestalotiopsis theae. For Koch's postulates, wiped the leaves of six healthy plants of E. japonicus (two-year-old) grown in pots with sterile water, 10 μL of spore suspension (106 spores/ mL) was brushed on five leaves per plant (three plants in total) with a sterile brush, and the other three plants were treated with sterile water instead of spore suspension as control, the plants were placed in a greenhouse at 28°C and 95±1% relative humidity. Seven days after inoculation, brown lesions appeared, similar to those observed in infected plants. Black dots surrounded by a brown halo reappear on the lesions after 12 days, whereas control plants remained healthy. Ps. theae culture was re-isolated from the infected leaves and identified using morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analysis. To our knowledge, Ps. theae can cause diseases on tea plants and has been found in Japan, Thailand and China, this is the first report of leaf spot infection of E. japonicus caused by Ps. theae in China. This disease is reducing the ornamental value of E. japonicus. Our results will contribute to the prevention and cure of leaf spot disease in E. japonicus.

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BORA, POPY, L. C. BORA und R. P. BHUYAN. „Evaluation of some botanicals and microbial bioformulations against grey blight disease of tea (Camellia sinensis)“. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 91, Nr. 1 (02.03.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v91i1.110925.

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Grey blight disease of tea (Camellia sinensis) is considered as a major threat to tea plantation owing to adverse affect on yield and quality parameters in tea. In the present study, an effort was made to explore some botanicals and microbial formulations for management of grey blight disease under field condition in the pretext of growing demand of organic tea. Seven botanicals at three concentrations (5.0, 10.0 and 15.0%) and four microbial bioformulations were screened in vitro against Pestalotiopsis theae, the grey blight pathogen. Of the botanicals, significant inhibition was recorded by water extract of Xanthium strumarium and Pongamia pinnata at 15% concentration. Biogreen 5 (Formulation of Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisoplae) and Bioveer (T. viride) among the bioformulations recorded highest reduction in mycelial growth of pathogen. The two most effective botanicals and bioformulations screened in vitro were further evaluated individually and in combination under field condition for two consecutive seasons. Lowest percent disease incidence (5.23%) was recorded with combination of Biogreen 5 and Bioveer followed by Bioveer alone (7.79%) at 150 days of spray. Foliar spray of X. strumarium and P. pinnata in combination also showed satisfactory reduction in grey blight incidence with PDI of 17.97%. The study revealed that both bioagents and botanicals could be an ecofriendly and sustainable solution for grey blight disease management under organic tea production system.

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