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1
Schmidt, Susanne I. „Surface water, groundwater interactions and their association with sediment fauna in a Western Australian catchment /“. Marburg : Tectum-Verl, 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2660074&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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2
Utting, Muriel. „The Perth Observatory, 1940-1962“. Thesis, Utting, Muriel (1999) The Perth Observatory, 1940-1962. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1999. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51552/.
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Following the worldwide economic depression of the 1930s and the war years of the early forties the Perth Observatory was left in a rather dilapidated state. Its principal activities during this period were the time service and seismology and the former was a valuable contribution to the war effort. However due to economic constraints the Observatory staff had been reduced to two and this was barely sufficient to maintain these essential services.
With the retirement of the second Government Astronomer for Western Australia, H.B. Curlewis, in 1940 a young surveyor Hyman Solomon Spigl, was appointed as his replacement. He faced a daunting task of reviving the fortunes of the Perth Observatory in a difficult economic climate. However, he applied himself to the task and soon succeeded in having the Perth Astrographic Catalogues printed in Europe. This was a huge task involving the analysis of hundreds of photographic plates collected over 40 years of careful study. These plates were analysed at the Royal Edinburgh Observatory as a result of Spigl’s persistence and dedication. The Perth Astrographic Catalogues are now universally recognised as a valuable contribution to astronomy and their publication kept faith with a commitment made by the first Government Astronomer, Ernest Cooke in 1896.
Spigl also succeeded in maintaining and modernising the time service and this was an essential requirement for a modem industrial society. He fought tenaciously to retain the seismology service but the Commonwealth Government eventually took over control of this from the State, partly for defence purposes. Subsequently he tried to develop some scientific work in seismology at the Observatory but this was stifled by politics and a shortage of funds.
As the economic climate improved in the fifties, Spigl directed his efforts towards developing new projects for the Perth Observatory. He negotiated with American astronomers to install a Markowitz Moon Camera on the 13” astrographic refractor. This was used to determine the Moon’s position accurately by star occultations with the aim of deriving absolute measures of latitude and longitude. The project was of considerable interest to mapping agencies in Australia and overseas and this project was part of an international effort coordinated by the United States. Spigl made several visits to the USA for consultations on this project and other international cooperative ventures.
One of these was the international satellite tracking project known as Moonwatch, which began in the late fifties. This involved collaboration between the Perth Observatory and the Astronomical Society of WA in tracking the orbits of the first Earth satellites. This was a subject of great public interest and also of significance for defence purposes. This collaboration between amateur and professional astronomers was an excellent example of how high quality astronomical research could be carried out at a minimum cost.
Through these efforts Spigl built support in the community for astronomy and the Perth Observatory began to expand again in the late fifties. New staff were appointed and plans were made for the eventual move from Kings Park to Bickley. Unfortunately, H.S. Spigl died in 1962, at the age of 51, at the height of his career, and his work was completed by his assistant B.J. Harris.
This thesis explores the role of Spigl as a scientist interacting with Government, industry and the public to maintain a complex scientific institution in a difficult economic and political climate. It examines the difficulties that he faced in dealing with agencies and leaders who had short-term priorities and a lacked understanding of the long-term needs of scientific research. The success of Spigl's efforts despite these obstacles illustrates the skill required of scientists these days in managing major research facilities.
3
Heitz, Anna. „Malodorous dimethylpolysulfides in Perth drinking water“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2162.
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The formation of an objectionable "swampy" odour in drinking water distribution systems in Perth, Western Australia, was first described by Wajon and co-authors in the mid-1980s (Wajon et al., 1985; Wajon et al., 1986; Wajon et al, 1988). These authors established that the odour, variously described as "swampy", "sewage" or "cooked vegetable" was caused by dimethyltrisulfide (DMTS) which has an odour threshold concentration of 10 nanograms per litre (ng/L). Investigations described in the present Thesis extend the work of Wajon and co-workers in attempting to establish the origin and cause of DMTS formation in Perth drinking water distribution systems.The DMTS problem appeared to be confined to water originating from a particular type of groundwater, specifically groundwater sourced from shallow, unconfined aquifers, which contain relatively high concentrations of sulfide, dissolved natural organic matter (NOM) and dissolved iron. DMTS was not present in the groundwater, but only formed in the distribution system, after treatment of groundwater via alum coagulation-filtration and oxidation processes. One objective of the present work was to determine the reasons for the observed association between DMTS formation and this specific groundwater type. A primary focus was to investigate the chemistry and biochemistry of sulfur species and NOM which might act as precursors to DMTS. The work was driven by the view that increased understanding of the problem might lead to more effective and acceptable treatment solutions than those presently in use.The observation that DMTS forms in distributed water that originates from groundwater, but not in water from surface sources has led to the hypothesis that groundwater NOM may contain precursor(s) to DMTS For example, it was proposed that methyl esters and ethers within humic substances might be a source of methyl groups that could participate in DMTS formation in distributed water (Wajon and Heitz, 1995; Wajon and Wilmot, 1992). Further, comparison of levels of reduced sulfur with levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in groundwaters feeding Wanneroo GWTP revealed that a positive correlation between these two parameters existed. This observation provided further impetus to examine the nature of NOM in these groundwater systems. In the present study (discussed in Chapter 3), NOM from two Perth drinking water sources was isolated and characterised, with the aim of identifying major differences in structure and/or functional groups that might influence DMTS formation. NOM was isolated from water samples using ultrafiltration, and characterised using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and offline- thermochemolysis/methylation (TCM). Pyrolysis of groundwater NOM yielded a high proportion of organosulfur compounds, primarily methyl thiophenes and sulfur gases, but did not yield detectable amounts of methoxy-aromatic compounds. Analysis by TCM yielded sulfur compounds tentatively identified as the methyl esters of methylthiopropanoate and methylthiobutanoate, compounds that may arise as degradation products of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), an algal odmoregulator Compounds such as DMPS could potentially undergo reactions to form DMTS in distributed water.The task of investigating the formation of nanogram-per-litre concentrations of DMTS demanded the development of new analytical procedures that could be used to determine similarly low concentrations of DMTS precursors. Evidence existed to suggest that inorganic polysulfides could be plausible precursor compounds, and since no technique existed to analyse and quantify individual polysulfide homologues a new technique needed to be developed and verified. The technique, first used in a semiquantitative manner by Wajon and Heitz (1995), utilizes methyl iodide to derivatise polysulfides in-situ. The technique was developed further and shown to be quantitative and specific for inorganic polysulfides. Further, a new procedure for the determination of d i methyl polysulfides (DMPSs; CH3SnCH3, where n = 2-5), based on purge and trap was developed. In this new procedure analytes were trapped on a "Grob" activated charcoal tube, which was integrated into a commercially available, automated purge and trap instrument. Perdeuterated analogues of the DMPS analytes were synthesized and used as internal standards. These modifications resulted in a more rapid and robust procedure than the previously used procedures, vii which were based on closed loop stripping analysis (CLSA). Validation of the precision, accuracy, linearity and robustness of the new procedures for both inorganic polysulfides and dimethylpolysulfides is described in Chapter 4.Previous authors (Wajon and Heitz, 1995; Wajon and Wilmot, 1992; Wilmot and Wajon, 1997) hypothesized that DMTS could arise in the distribution system from residual polysulfides or other reduced sulfur compounds originating from groundwater. The latter authors showed that a small proportion of sulfide in the groundwater was not completely oxidised to sulfate during the water treatment process and proposed that this residual reduced sulfur fraction, which they referred to as non-sulfide reduced sulfur (NSRS) could contain precursors to DMTS. In a review of the chemistry of sulfide oxidation (Chapter 2) it was shown that the most likely forms of sulfur comprising the NSRS that enters the Wanneroo distribution system are organosulfur compounds and elemental sulfur, probably associated with organic matter in the form of a sulfur sol.Analysis of inorganic polysulfides in treated water, using the newly described method in Chapter 4, revealed that small amounts of these compounds (20-80 ng/L) were occasionally present in some samples. However, it was concluded that, since inorganic polysulfides could not survive water treatment processes, these compounds probably arose from traces of biofilm or pipe sediment that may have entered the water during sampling. It was proposed that the presence of biofilm particulates in water samples probably also accounted for observations that DMTS appeared to form in some water samples during storage of the sample. These studies are discussed in Chapter 5.The primary method of control of DMTS formation in the distribution system has been to maintain free chlorine residuals. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs have not been studied; the effectiveness of DMTS oxidation by chlorine, or how chlorine affects microbial processes that might form DMTS is not known. These issues are addressed in the final section of Chapter 5. Experiments to determine the effectiveness of oxidation of dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) and DIVITS (5 mu g/L) by free chlorine (0.2 to 0.6 mg/L) in distributed water showed that these substances are rapidly and completely oxidised in water containing a chlorine residual of more than 0.4 mg/L. However, slow regeneration of traces of DMDS and DIVITS after dissipation of free chlorine to non-detectable levels showed that these compounds were incompletely oxidised at the lower chlorine concentrations~ This provides some rationale for field observations that DIVITS occurs even where low, but measurable, chlorine residuals appear to exist (<0.2 mg/L).As was established in a review of the chemistry of reduced sulfur compounds Chapter 2), reducing conditions not present in the oxic bulk water are required for DMTS to form and to persist. It was therefore proposed that microbial reduction processes could generate anoxic microniches in the distribution system, within which DMTS production could occur. This hypothesis was investigated in Chapter 6; the new methods for analysis of organic and inorganic polysulfides were applied to the study of biofilms and deposits of colloidal material found in distribution pipes and storage reservoirs. The study demonstrated that these materials contained concentrations of methylated and inorganic polysulfides four to six orders of magnitude higher than those ever found in the bulk water phase. The results indicated that reducing conditions most probably exist within the biofilms and pipewall deposits, where these polysulfides were formed. The iron-rich pipe slimes appeared to protect the sulfur compounds against the oxidative effects of chlorine and dissolved oxygen. It was concluded that the organic and inorganic polysulfides most probably arise through microbial sulfate reduction processes that occur in anoxic microenvironments within the slimes and deposits.Microbial processes that lead to the formation of polysulfides and dimethylpolysuifides under conditions approximately representative of those in distribution systems were investigated in work described in Chapter 7. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of biofilms in the formation of DMTS and to determine the nature of chemical precursors which might stimulate these processes. Biofilms, artificially generated on synthetic supports within chambers filled with water from Wanneroo GWTP, were exposed to compounds thought to be potential DMTS precursors. The response of the systems in terms of production of methylated sulfur compounds was monitored. Conclusions of the study were that, under the test conditions, production of DMDS and DMTS could occur via several mechanisms and that these dimethyloligosulfides could be formed even without the addition of compounds containing sulfur or methyl moieties. DMTS did not form in the absence of biofilms and it was therefore concluded that minimisation of biofilm activity was a key in preventing DMTS formation. Outcomes of the work imply that environments within distribution systems are complex and dynamic, as perhaps manifested by the intermittent nature of the DMTS problem.Finally, in Chapter 8 the conclusions to the present studies are summarised. It is shown how they underpin the rationale for proposed new treatment solutions aimed at preventing DMTS problems in the Wanneroo zone, primarily by minimising microbial activity and biofilm formation within distribution systems.
4
Heitz, Anna. „Malodorous dimethylpolysulfides in Perth drinking water“. Curtin University of Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, 2002. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=12576.
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The formation of an objectionable "swampy" odour in drinking water distribution systems in Perth, Western Australia, was first described by Wajon and co-authors in the mid-1980s (Wajon et al., 1985; Wajon et al., 1986; Wajon et al, 1988). These authors established that the odour, variously described as "swampy", "sewage" or "cooked vegetable" was caused by dimethyltrisulfide (DMTS) which has an odour threshold concentration of 10 nanograms per litre (ng/L). Investigations described in the present Thesis extend the work of Wajon and co-workers in attempting to establish the origin and cause of DMTS formation in Perth drinking water distribution systems.The DMTS problem appeared to be confined to water originating from a particular type of groundwater, specifically groundwater sourced from shallow, unconfined aquifers, which contain relatively high concentrations of sulfide, dissolved natural organic matter (NOM) and dissolved iron. DMTS was not present in the groundwater, but only formed in the distribution system, after treatment of groundwater via alum coagulation-filtration and oxidation processes. One objective of the present work was to determine the reasons for the observed association between DMTS formation and this specific groundwater type. A primary focus was to investigate the chemistry and biochemistry of sulfur species and NOM which might act as precursors to DMTS. The work was driven by the view that increased understanding of the problem might lead to more effective and acceptable treatment solutions than those presently in use.The observation that DMTS forms in distributed water that originates from groundwater, but not in water from surface sources has led to the hypothesis that groundwater NOM may contain precursor(s) to DMTS For example, it was proposed that methyl esters and ethers within humic substances might be a source of methyl groups that ++could participate in DMTS formation in distributed water (Wajon and Heitz, 1995; Wajon and Wilmot, 1992). Further, comparison of levels of reduced sulfur with levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in groundwaters feeding Wanneroo GWTP revealed that a positive correlation between these two parameters existed. This observation provided further impetus to examine the nature of NOM in these groundwater systems. In the present study (discussed in Chapter 3), NOM from two Perth drinking water sources was isolated and characterised, with the aim of identifying major differences in structure and/or functional groups that might influence DMTS formation. NOM was isolated from water samples using ultrafiltration, and characterised using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and offline- thermochemolysis/methylation (TCM). Pyrolysis of groundwater NOM yielded a high proportion of organosulfur compounds, primarily methyl thiophenes and sulfur gases, but did not yield detectable amounts of methoxy-aromatic compounds. Analysis by TCM yielded sulfur compounds tentatively identified as the methyl esters of methylthiopropanoate and methylthiobutanoate, compounds that may arise as degradation products of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), an algal odmoregulator Compounds such as DMPS could potentially undergo reactions to form DMTS in distributed water.The task of investigating the formation of nanogram-per-litre concentrations of DMTS demanded the development of new analytical procedures that could be used to determine similarly low concentrations of DMTS precursors. Evidence existed to suggest that inorganic polysulfides could be plausible precursor compounds, and since no technique existed to analyse and quantify individual polysulfide homologues a new technique needed to be developed and verified. The technique, first used in a semiquantitative manner by ++
Wajon and Heitz (1995), utilizes methyl iodide to derivatise polysulfides in-situ. The technique was developed further and shown to be quantitative and specific for inorganic polysulfides. Further, a new procedure for the determination of d i methyl polysulfides (DMPSs; CH3SnCH3, where n = 2-5), based on purge and trap was developed. In this new procedure analytes were trapped on a "Grob" activated charcoal tube, which was integrated into a commercially available, automated purge and trap instrument. Perdeuterated analogues of the DMPS analytes were synthesized and used as internal standards. These modifications resulted in a more rapid and robust procedure than the previously used procedures, vii which were based on closed loop stripping analysis (CLSA). Validation of the precision, accuracy, linearity and robustness of the new procedures for both inorganic polysulfides and dimethylpolysulfides is described in Chapter 4.Previous authors (Wajon and Heitz, 1995; Wajon and Wilmot, 1992; Wilmot and Wajon, 1997) hypothesized that DMTS could arise in the distribution system from residual polysulfides or other reduced sulfur compounds originating from groundwater. The latter authors showed that a small proportion of sulfide in the groundwater was not completely oxidised to sulfate during the water treatment process and proposed that this residual reduced sulfur fraction, which they referred to as non-sulfide reduced sulfur (NSRS) could contain precursors to DMTS. In a review of the chemistry of sulfide oxidation (Chapter 2) it was shown that the most likely forms of sulfur comprising the NSRS that enters the Wanneroo distribution system are organosulfur compounds and elemental sulfur, probably associated with organic matter in the form of a sulfur sol.Analysis of inorganic polysulfides in treated water, using the newly described method in Chapter 4, revealed that small ++
amounts of these compounds (20-80 ng/L) were occasionally present in some samples. However, it was concluded that, since inorganic polysulfides could not survive water treatment processes, these compounds probably arose from traces of biofilm or pipe sediment that may have entered the water during sampling. It was proposed that the presence of biofilm particulates in water samples probably also accounted for observations that DMTS appeared to form in some water samples during storage of the sample. These studies are discussed in Chapter 5.The primary method of control of DMTS formation in the distribution system has been to maintain free chlorine residuals. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs have not been studied; the effectiveness of DMTS oxidation by chlorine, or how chlorine affects microbial processes that might form DMTS is not known. These issues are addressed in the final section of Chapter 5. Experiments to determine the effectiveness of oxidation of dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) and DIVITS (5 mu g/L) by free chlorine (0.2 to 0.6 mg/L) in distributed water showed that these substances are rapidly and completely oxidised in water containing a chlorine residual of more than 0.4 mg/L. However, slow regeneration of traces of DMDS and DIVITS after dissipation of free chlorine to non-detectable levels showed that these compounds were incompletely oxidised at the lower chlorine concentrations~ This provides some rationale for field observations that DIVITS occurs even where low, but measurable, chlorine residuals appear to exist (<0.2 mg/L).As was established in a review of the chemistry of reduced sulfur compounds Chapter 2), reducing conditions not present in the oxic bulk water are required for DMTS to form and to persist. It was therefore proposed that microbial reduction processes could generate anoxic microniches in the distribution system, within which ++
DMTS production could occur. This hypothesis was investigated in Chapter 6; the new methods for analysis of organic and inorganic polysulfides were applied to the study of biofilms and deposits of colloidal material found in distribution pipes and storage reservoirs. The study demonstrated that these materials contained concentrations of methylated and inorganic polysulfides four to six orders of magnitude higher than those ever found in the bulk water phase. The results indicated that reducing conditions most probably exist within the biofilms and pipewall deposits, where these polysulfides were formed. The iron-rich pipe slimes appeared to protect the sulfur compounds against the oxidative effects of chlorine and dissolved oxygen. It was concluded that the organic and inorganic polysulfides most probably arise through microbial sulfate reduction processes that occur in anoxic microenvironments within the slimes and deposits.Microbial processes that lead to the formation of polysulfides and dimethylpolysuifides under conditions approximately representative of those in distribution systems were investigated in work described in Chapter 7. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of biofilms in the formation of DMTS and to determine the nature of chemical precursors which might stimulate these processes. Biofilms, artificially generated on synthetic supports within chambers filled with water from Wanneroo GWTP, were exposed to compounds thought to be potential DMTS precursors. The response of the systems in terms of production of methylated sulfur compounds was monitored. Conclusions of the study were that, under the test conditions, production of DMDS and DMTS could occur via several mechanisms and that these dimethyloligosulfides could be formed even without the addition of compounds containing sulfur or methyl moieties. DMTS did not form in the absence of ++
biofilms and it was therefore concluded that minimisation of biofilm activity was a key in preventing DMTS formation. Outcomes of the work imply that environments within distribution systems are complex and dynamic, as perhaps manifested by the intermittent nature of the DMTS problem.Finally, in Chapter 8 the conclusions to the present studies are summarised. It is shown how they underpin the rationale for proposed new treatment solutions aimed at preventing DMTS problems in the Wanneroo zone, primarily by minimising microbial activity and biofilm formation within distribution systems.
5
Stewart, Troy. „Performance evaluation of Perth PV systems“. Thesis, Stewart, Troy (2015) Performance evaluation of Perth PV systems. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/28265/.
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This paper focuses on the performance of the 56kWp PV installation of the north facing elevation of the library at the South Street campus of Murdoch University. This installation was the first step in Murdoch University’s goal to becoming the first privately owned solar power station and the largest PV installation in Perth, Western Australia [1]. In order to perform this analysis, it has been essential to gather output data for the installation from the data acquisition program, which operates around the clock recording this data from the array inverters. A crucial step was to collect weather and meteorological data from sources on the Murdoch campus, this data was used in the performance analysis in order to calculate system loss, efficiency and overall system performance.
This analysis was performed in order to gain a better understanding of the subject matter of solar generation. There are still aspects of large scale solar power generation which are yet to be studied more extensively. This report is centred around the 56kWp solar generator located at Murdoch University’s South Street campus, to enable to University to gain a better understanding of the total power being produced from the system. It is also important to recognise where there is room for improvement in design and application through the study into areas such as soiling, shading and general performance characteristics. This report will allow the University to make an educated and informed decision on any future upgrades or extensions onto the existing system.
Data acquired from the array was used to show how it performs in many different environmental conditions, through the use of modelling programs such as PVSyst and data graphing programs such as Microsoft Excel. By plotting output power data against temperature, rainfall, time of day and output voltage comparison graphs can be produced that allow readers to visualize and understand exactly how each characteristic affects the performance of PV systems in the Perth metropolitan region.
Through this project the array performance characteristics were evaluated. It was found that the array has an average performance ratio of 0.85 for 2014, and that the array does indeed perform well in the Perth region. It was also found that shading impacts the array in a very noticeable way, this shows up as a noticeable depression on the affected inverters. Following through on a soiling study it was found that the array does indeed suffer from the soiling effect, most notably during long periods of dry weather. Degradation effects were also studied during the project but no evidence of these effects were found, these effects will be more prevalent in a longer period of study.
These findings are significant because it allows for a comparison with other arrays in the Perth demographic, the typical array performance ratios in the Perth region is approximately 0.8 [2] [3], from this it can be concluded that the Murdoch array performs better than expected for the region. Shading impacts PV generation and this is evident in the array data. It can also lead to more significant issues such as hot spots and module damage and this can become a costly problem. Soiling has been proven in this scenario to reduce the overall performance of the array, this has been shown through a slow reduction in performance over a long dry period then an increase after a period of heavy rain. Degradation is the biggest issue affecting PV arrays around the world, the cells in the modules experience an aging effect and see a reduction in performance. The Murdoch array has not yet shown signs of degradation in the analysis period of this report of five years, this is indicative of the quality of the installation and the cell manufacturing quality.
6
Cole, Peter. „Urban rail perspectives in Perth, Western Australia: modal competition, public transport, and government policy in Perth since 1880“. Thesis, Cole, Peter (2000) Urban rail perspectives in Perth, Western Australia: modal competition, public transport, and government policy in Perth since 1880. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2000. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/660/.
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The decline of public transport in Western Australia is observed in four separate historical studies which narrate the political and administrative history of each major urban transport mode. Perth's suburban railway system is examined as part of the State's widespread rail network, including the extravagantly-equipped short-lived suburban railway in Kalgoorlie. Political interference in early railway operations is studied in detail to determine why Perth's rail-based public transport systems were so poorly developed and then neglected or abandoned for much of the twentieth century. The llnique events in Kalgoorlie at the turn of the century are presented as potent reasons for the early closure of Perth's urban tramway system and the fact that no purpose-built suburban railways were constructed in Perth until 1993. The road funding arrangements of the late nineteenth century are considered next, in order to demonstrate the very early basis for the present lavish non-repayable grants of money for road construction and maintenance by all three layers of government. The development of private and government bus networks is detailed last, with particular attention paid to the failure of private urban bus operators in the 1950s and the subsequent formation of a government owned and operated urban bus monopoly. The capital structure and accounting practices of public transport modes are analysed to provide a critique of popular myths concerning the merits of each. In order to obtain an impression of the changing political view of different transport modes, the attitude of politicians to public transport and the private motor car over the last one hundred and twenty years is captured in summary narrations of some of the more important parliamentary transport debates. Two possible explanations of public transport decline are discussed in conclusion; one relying a neoclassical economic theory of marginal pricing, and the other on an observation on the fate of large capital investments in the modern party-based democratic system of government.
7
Cole, Peter. „Urban rail perspectives in Perth, Western Australia : modal competition, public transport, and government policy in Perth since 1880“. Murdoch University, 2000. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20061122.125641.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The decline of public transport in Western Australia is observed in four separate
historical studies which narrate the political and administrative history of each major
urban transport mode. Perth's suburban railway system is examined as part of the State's
widespread rail network, including the extravagantly-equipped short-lived suburban
railway in Kalgoorlie. Political interference in early railway operations is studied in
detail to determine why Perth's rail-based public transport systems were so poorly
developed and then neglected or abandoned for much of the twentieth century. The
llnique events in Kalgoorlie at the turn of the century are presented as potent reasons for
the early closure of Perth's urban tramway system and the fact that no purpose-built
suburban railways were constructed in Perth until 1993. The road funding arrangements
of the late nineteenth century are considered next, in order to demonstrate the very early
basis for the present lavish non-repayable grants of money for road construction and
maintenance by all three layers of government. The development of private and
government bus networks is detailed last, with particular attention paid to the failure of
private urban bus operators in the 1950s and the subsequent formation of a government
owned and operated urban bus monopoly. The capital structure and accounting
practices of public transport modes are analysed to provide a critique of popular myths
concerning the merits of each. In order to obtain an impression of the changing political
view of different transport modes, the attitude of politicians to public transport and the
private motor car over the last one hundred and twenty years is captured in summary
narrations of some of the more important parliamentary transport debates. Two possible
explanations of public transport decline are discussed in conclusion; one relying a neoclassical
economic theory of marginal pricing, and the other on an observation on the fate
of large capital investments in the modern party-based democratic system of
government.
8
Liang, Jonathan Zhongyuan. „Seismic risk analysis of Perth metropolitan area“. University of Western Australia. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0142.
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[Truncated abstract] Perth is the capital city of Western Australia (WA) and the home of more than three quarters of the population in the state. It is located in the southwest WA (SWWA), a low to moderate seismic region but the seismically most active region in Australia. The 1968 ML6.9 Meckering earthquake, which was about 130 km from the Perth Metropolitan Area (PMA), caused only minor to moderate damage in PMA. With the rapid increase in population in PMA, compared to 1968, many new structures including some high-rise buildings have been constructed in PMA. Moreover, increased seismic activities and a few strong ground motions have been recorded in the SWWA. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the seismic risk of PMA under the current conditions. This thesis presents results from a comprehensive study of seismic risk of PMA. This includes development of ground motion attenuation relations, ground motion time history simulation, site characterization and response analysis, and structural response analysis. As only a very limited number of earthquake strong ground motion records are available in SWWA, it is difficult to derive a reliable and unbiased strong ground motion attenuation model based on these data. To overcome this, in this study a combined approach is used to simulate ground motions. First, the stochastic approach is used to simulate ground motion time histories at various epicentral distances from small earthquake events. Then, the Green's function method, with the stochastically simulated time histories as input, is used to generate large event ground motion time histories. Comparing the Fourier spectra of the simulated motions with the recorded motions of a ML6.2 event in Cadoux in June 1979 and a ML5.5 event in Meckering in January 1990, provides good evidence in support of this method. This approach is then used to simulate a series of ground motion time histories from earthquakes of varying magnitudes and distances. ... The responses of three typical Perth structures, namely a masonry house, a middle-rise reinforced concrete frame structure, and a high-rise building of reinforced concrete frame with core wall on various soil sites subjected to the predicted earthquake ground motions of different return periods are calculated. Numerical results indicate that the one-storey unreinforced masonry wall (UMW) building is unlikely to be damaged when subjected to the 475-year return period earthquake ground motion. However, it will suffer slight damage during the 2475-return period earthquake ground motion at some sites. The six-storey RC frame with masonry infill wall is also safe under the 475-year return period ground motion. However, the infill masonry wall will suffer severe damage under the 2475-year return period earthquake ground motion at some sites. The 34-storey RC frame with core wall will not experience any damage to the 475-year return period ground motion. The building will, however, suffer light to moderate damage during the 2475-year return period ground motion, but it might not be life threatening.
9
Goldsmith, John. „Recycling strategies in the Perth metropolitan area“. Thesis, Goldsmith, John (1993) Recycling strategies in the Perth metropolitan area. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 1993. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/38185/.
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Issues of waste management and recycling have taken on increased importance in recent years. Kerbside waste recycling programmes are a relatively recent development in the field of municipal waste management. Although forms of waste recycling have been practised for many years, it is only within the last decade or so that kerbside recycling has developed in the Perth Metropolitan area. In fact, many council recycling programmes are only a few years old.
The aim of the current study is to document and investigate local council municipal recycling programmes, in particular the kerbside recycling services, to determine those factors that affect the performance of recycling programmes. Data was collected on all municipal recycling programmes in the Perth Metropolitan area via a
Questionnaire. A draft questionnaire was developed and tested on two Councils, and the refined questionnaire was sent to all 26 Councils in the Perth Metropolitan area. Students from the Murdoch University course "Waste Treatment and Recycling" (N211) interviewed the Council recycling or waste management officer, collected the questionnaire and (where appropriate) directed further questions at private recycling contractors.
The questionnaire was structured in five parts and focussed on current and previous recycling programmes, financial and employment aspects of the current recycling programme, and a comments section to note special features of the programme.
The Questionnaire achieved a 100% response rate. Almost all Councils (92.4%) have some form of organised recycling, either at selected drop-off points, or a kerbside collection service. 76.9% of Councils provide a kerbside collection service for recyclables. The most common collection containers are bags (46.2%) and Mobile
Garbage Bins (19.2), with a few councils (11.5%) using crates. Two Councils (7.6%) have no recycling programmes. The most commonly recycled materials include newspaper, glass, plastics and aluminium cans. It was found that public interest in recycling is a major factor behind the establishment of local recycling programmes, in addition to Council reviews of waste management. Participation rates varied markedly, from high levels (79-93%) associated with the use of the MGB systems, to much lower levels (approximately 35%) for bag systems.
The study tested a number of hypotheses and the findings are presented below.
Hypothesis 1. Current recycling activity in the Perth metropolitan region is diverting a significant portion of waste from landfill disposal. The study found that Municipal recycling programmes are diverting significant portions of waste from the total waste stream, and in particular, the from the Municipal waste stream.
Hypothesis 2. Strong promotional campaigns for recycling are associated with high levels of waste recycling. No clear relationship was found between the number of promotional mediums used by local council and the participation rate and yield. However, the extent and frequency of promotional campaigns are probably significant factors.
Hypothesis 3. High Council charges for waste disposal are associated with high levels of household recycling. No statistically valid relationship was found between recycling rates and charges for the rubbish and recycling service. The hypothesis is not supported by the data. However, it is likely that the rate structure (ie. other than a flat rate structure, such as a volume or weight based structure) provides significant incentive to recycling. This could not be tested as all Councils charge their services on a flat rate basis.
Hypothesis 4. Recycling programmes that use the Mobile Garbage Bin container for the collection of recyclable materials performs at higher levels than other containers. The Mobile Garbage Bin clearly has the highest average participation rates overall (85.5%), the crate system performs moderately at 49%, and the bag system generally performs at low participation rates (43%). Thus the data supports the hypothesis.
Hypothesis 5. Kerbside recycling programmes that are serviced on a weekly basis perform at higher levels than fortnightly collection services. The general trend in the data shows that the weekly collection of containers is associated with higher levels of participation, recycling rates and yields. Thus, hypothesis 5 is supported by the general trend in the data.
Hypothesis 6. Recycling activity declines as the recycling programme ages. The data was consistent with the hypothesis, but the relationship was not found to be statistically significant, due to most recycling programmes being of recent origin.
The study has identified potential improvements in overall strategy and policy and these are outlined under "Recommendations". The recommendations focus on the establishment of a consolidated Government Waste and Recycling Authority, development and implementation of variable rate charging systems for rubbish and recycling programmes, improvements in the monitoring of private contractors and associated data collection, and investigations into the development of reprocessing industries within the Perth region.
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Leitao, Natalie C. „Teacher-student relationships in primary schools in Perth“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/196.
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This study investigated teacher-student relationships at Perth metropolitan schools in Western Australia. From the literature, three key social and emotional aspects that affect teacher-student relationships, namely, Connectedness, Availability and Communication, were identified as important to good, positive teacher-student relationships. Data were collected in four parts: (1) through a teacher questionnaire; (2) through a student questionnaire; (3) through teacher interviews; and (4) through student interviews. The three relationship aspects formed the structure of a teacher questionnaire in which ten stem-items were conceptualised from easy to hard - four stem-items for Connectedness, three for Availability, and three for Communication - and answered in three perspectives: (1) an idealistic attitude, this is what I would like to happen; (2) a self-perceived Capability, this is what I am capable of, and (3) Actual Behaviour, this is what actually happens, using three ordered response categories: not at all or some of the time (score 1), most of the time (score 2), and almost always (score 3). The same three aspects formed the structure of a student questionnaire in which ten stem-items were conceptualised from easy to hard and answered in two perspectives: (1)a realistic view, this is what does happen; and (2) an idealistic view, this is what I wish would happen. Questionnaire data were collected from 43 primary teachers concerning 139 teacher-student relationships and 139 primary school students. Interview data were collected from 25 primary teachers and 139 students gave either, or both, a brief written comment and some verbal answers to relationship questions.
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Dortaj, Amal. „Permeability characteristics of fibre-reinforced Perth sandy soil“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2019. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2175.
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Fibres are mixed with soils to enhance their strength and hydraulic characteristics. Fibre-mixed soils are often known as the fibre-reinforced soils. In the past, both systematically and randomly reinforced soils have been used widely in civil and geotechnical structures. Randomly reinforced-soils using fibres exhibit advantages over systematically reinforced-soils because systematic reinforcements may result in weak planes within the soil mass. Randomly distributed reinforcements are also easier to apply and maintain for some applications.
Previous researchers have studied the strength, compaction and compressibility behaviour of fibre-reinforced soil. Study on characteristics of fibre-reinforced soils when saturated, however, is limited to piping resistance improvement. One of the main reasons for collapse of some of the hydraulic structures is soil piping that takes place on the downstream side as a result of upward seepage. Fibre-reinforced soils can be a solution in sustainable watershed management as they can be used in irrigation and drainage projects, such as river levees, contour bunds, temporary canal diversion works, temporary check dams, soil structures, stream restoration, etc., for seepage and permeability control.
This study focuses on permeability characteristics of fibre-reinforced soil. Permeability characteristics can vary depending on soil, fibre and methods used. Materials used in this study are Perth sandy soil, and locally available jute and waste tyre fibres. These materials were chosen because they are abundantly available in Perth area and surroundings. As for the waste tyre fibre, it was also chosen as a green approach to use waste materials in structures and solve their disposal problems. Fibre content varied from 0 to 10% with 1% intervals for tyre fibres and from 0 to 1.5% with 0.25% intervals for jute fibres. Fibre length varied from 5 to 25 mm with 5 mm intervals for jute fibres. Fibre length was constant in all experiments for tyre fibres as they come in a mixture of different lengths and studying the effect of length of permeability characteristics was not possible. Experimental tests were conducted on fibre-reinforced specimens in a constant-head permeameter. Experimental results suggest that the coefficient of permeability increases with an increase in fibre content for both fibre types (up to 100% for jute fibres and up to about 40% for tyre fibres). Also, it is observed that the coefficient of permeability increases with an increase in fibre length for jute fibres, as a general trend. As expected, water content increases and dry and saturated unit weights decrease with inclusion of higher fibre contents and longer fibres as a general trend.
Fibre-reinforced soil specimens and the water discharge were modelled numerically using the commercial software SEEP/W in order to study the effects of fibre inclusion on permeability characteristics. The findings from the developed numerical model agree well with the experimental observations.
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Fialho, Malcolm. „Acculturative stress among Iranians in Perth Western Australia“. Thesis, Fialho, Malcolm (1992) Acculturative stress among Iranians in Perth Western Australia. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 1992. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/50603/.
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The present study investigated the experience of acculturative stress through the adoption of a holistic experiential approach. It was premised on the notion that refugees are a distinct cultural group owing to the involuntary nature of their decision to settle in Australia, the status conferred on them in accordance with United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) conventions and Australian Governmental initiatives.
The major aim of the study was to further understanding of the relationship between the process of migration and resettlement on an individual's mental health through an examination of the cultural, social and individual variables involved. The conceptual foundation of this study involved the integration of a central theory (Berry & Kim's theory of acculturative stress) with three ancillary ones (Kunz's theory on refugee adaptation. Kessler & Neighbors coping model and Tajfel & Turner's theory of social identity). The present study responded to Berry and Kim's (1987) call for further comparative studies which examine acculturative phenomena across a variety of cross-cultural dimensions. The elaborated version of Berry and Kim's model was utilised to account for and explain the differences and similarities in the psychological adjustment process between Iranian migrants (Muslim) and refugees (Baha'i) in Western Australia. A cross-sectional research design utilising the survey technique was adopted. The theoretical constructs were assessed using a battery of tests for which reliability and validity data have been presented.
Results indicated that there were no significant differences between the refugee and migrant sample on the experience of acculturative stress. There were, however, differences between the set of predictors of acculturative stress for the refugee. migrant and the total sample. Cultural, emotional and material factors together with self-esteem were the most important predictors of acculturative stress. Social support and mode of acculturation were positively correlated with acculturative stress but failed to make a significant contribution to the explained variance in stress scores. Policy implications for migrant services delivery for refugee populations per se and other small ethnic minorities have also been discussed.
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Eagles, Jonathan L. M. „The 'Chronicle of Perth': an historical and archaeological study“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2742.
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This thesis features a full transcript of NLS Advocates MS. 35.4.4, The "Chronicle of Perth". The manuscript volume was edited and published by James Maidment in 1831 for the Maitland Club of Glasgow; however, Maidment's edition represents only a partial transcription of the original volume, and the editor provided few textual notes. I have written a substantial commentary to accompany the text; my work on the "Chronicle" is intended to improve upon and replace Maidment's edition. The manuscript volume was probably compiled between c. 1590 and c. 1668, and incorporates a variety of subject matter: copies of official correspondence, a register of deaths and, chiefly, a register of historical events of local and national significance in the 16th and 17th centuries. Editorial work in this thesis includes detailed analysis of the structure and provenance of the manuscript, a study of the veracity of the historical notices, and an assessment of its place in the local literary context. The "Chronicle" is an anonymous work; but suggestions concerning the identity of its authors have been made following handwriting analysis and a comparative study of the manuscript with other documents in the Perth Burgh Records. The "Chronicle" can be dated through internal evidence, and also by study of the manuscript paper. Numerous archaeological excavations have been carried out in Perth during recent years. The results of this work have substantially augmented the historical record of life in the medieval and early modern burgh, and archaeological evidence is certainly of considerable importance to historians of Perth. This thesis seeks to assess the value of historical records for archaeologists working in the burgh. This is essentially a theoretical exercise, but it should also have practical consequences for archaeological research in Perth. It is the contention of my approach that historical sources can be used in advance of archaeological investigation to pose archaeological questions, to provide guidelines for research, and indeed to provide archaeological information. In this thesis I have sought to demonstrate that the "Chronicle of Perth" contains useful archaeological material in its own right, and that the manuscript indicates areas in which archaeological study may develop our understanding of the 17th century environment, in both town and country. The archaeological themes which emerge from the text of the "Chronicle" are developed by reference to manuscripts in the Perth Burgh Records and existing archaeological information. This thesis examines the climatic history of the Perth region in the early modem period - with particular reference to damage caused by floods, harvest failures, and the spread of infectious diseases - and the built environment of the burgh. Attention is paid to major public buildings of the town, such as the tolbooth and St. John's Kirk, and to significant structures beyond the town walls such as Lowswork and the Brig of Earn. A pervasive theme of this research is an assessment of the burgh's complicated relationship with its rural hinterland. Features of this study include the structure of the market economy in 17th century Perthshire, and the influence of large estates within the landscape. The economy of the burgh of Perth was relatively weak in the 17th century, and the "Chronicle" directs particular attention to the disruption which was caused by the Covenanting crisis of the 1640s and Cromwellian occupation of the 1650s; this thesis considers the effects of those years upon Perth's economy. The thesis is intended to form a substantial reference source for historians and archaeologists working in Perth. At both theoretical and practical levels, this study considers the value of documentary sources for archaeological research. The "Chronicle of Perth" can be used as an introduction to the quality of life which was experienced within and without Perth in the early modern period; archaeological themes which can be extracted from the text of the "Chronicle" can be developed using the Perth Burgh Records to build up a portrait of the state of the built environment in town and country. An important consequence of this research has been to demonstrate the close association which exists between historical and archaeological information.
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Verschuur, Mary Black. „Perth and the Reformation society and reform : 1540-1560“. Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236045.
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Lennie, Lindsay Ann. „The conservation of historic shopfronts in Perth and Perthshire“. Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/173.
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Nau, S. Zaung. „Determinants of public transport use in Perth, Western Australia“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2419.
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This study examines the primary determinants explaining spatial and temporal variations in public transportation use in Perth using 2009 SmartRider data. The developed robust predictive model includes land use, urban form, socio-economic characteristics and public transport availability. Land-use development integrated with sustainable transportation systems, more frequent and densely distributed feeder bus service to train stations, density of low-income resident and university student populations are highlighted as important for policy making encouraging increased public transport use.
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Mason, Leanda Denise. „Living on burrowed time: mygalomorph spiders in Perth city“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/73529.
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This invertebrate conservation study assessed threatening processes that may affect the presence and persistence of mygalomorph spiders in 42 discrete patches of urban vegetation remnants in Perth, south-western Australia. Mygalomorph spiders were used as surrogates of ‘short-range endemics’ i.e. taxa with shared traits of low dispersal capacity, low mobility, low fecundity and with an entire distribution within 10 000 km2. Effects of habitat quality, invasive grass, fire and predation on spiders was assessed.
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Fisher, Judith L. „Fundamental changes to ecosystem properties and processes linked to plant invasion and fire frequency in a biodiverse woodland“. University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0109.
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[Truncated abstract] Mediterranean southwest Australia, a global biodiversity hotspot, has nutrient deficient soils, exacting climatic conditions and is species rich with 7380 native vascular plant species, of which 49% are endemic. The region is expected to experience one of the world's highest degrees of biodiversity loss and change in the coming decades, with introduced species presenting a major threat. Limited knowledge is available on the mechanisms of ecosystem change associated with invasion and fire in this biodiversity hotspot region. Banksia woodland, an iconic complex species-rich natural ecosystem is one of the major vegetation types of the coastal sandplain, extending from 15 to 90 km inland and 400 kms along the west coast. The following hypothesis was tested to explore the ecological impacts of invasion: Is invasion of Banksia woodland by the introduced species Ehrharta calycina and Pelargonium capitatum accompanied by an alteration in ecosystem properties and processes, whereby the degree of change is related to fire frequency and abundance of introduced species? Different vegetation conditions, i.e. Good Condition (GC), Medium Condition (MC), Poor Condition invaded by Ehrharta calycina (PCe) and Poor Condition invaded by Pelargonium capitatum (PCp) were utilized for field assessments. ... In the soil seed bank, species numbers and germinant density decreased significantly for native and seeder (fire sensitive) species between GC sites and invaded sites. Surprisingly 52% of germinants at GC sites were from introduced species, with much of the introduced soil seed bank being persistent. Native species were dominated by perennial shrubs, herbs and sedges, while introduced species were dominated by perennial and annual grasses and herbs. Invasion by introduced species, associated with frequency of fire, altered the ecosystem, thus disadvantaging native species and improving conditions for even greater invasion within the Banksia woodland. Significantly higher soil phosphorus P (total) and P (HCO3) were found at PCe and PCp sites compared to GC sites. Leaf nutrient concentrations of phosphorus were significantly higher, and potassium and copper significantly lower in PCe and PCp sites, with introduced species having significantly greater concentrations than native species (except Manganese). This study demonstrated the key role of phosphorus in the Banksia woodland, in contrast to other research which identified nitrogen as the major nutrient affected by invasion. Higher levels of soil and leaf phosphorus, loss of species diversity and function, changes in fire ecology and canopy cover and a limited native soil seed bank make restoration of a structural and functional Banksia woodland from the soil seed bank alone unlikely. Without management intervention, continuing future fire is likely to result in a transition of vegetation states from GC to MC and MC to PC. The knowledge gained from this study provides a better ecological understanding of the invasive process. This enhanced understanding will enable the development of adaptive management strategies to improve conservation practices within a biodiversity hotspot and reduce the impact of the key threatening process of invasion.
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Stickells, Lee. „Form and reform : affective form and the garden suburb“. University of Western Australia. School of Architecture, Landscape and Visual Arts, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0089.
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This thesis establishes the concept of affective form as a means of examining urban design – being the intersection of architecture, planning and landscape – in relation to techniques of governance. Affective form broadly describes a built environment where people are encouraged to amend, or govern, their actions according to particular socio–political ideas. Exploration of the concept’s application as a theoretical tool is undertaken here in order to generate a means of discussing the ethical function of urban design. The emergence of notions of affective form will be located in the eighteenth century, alongside the growing confidence in the ability for humankind to effect social and cultural progress. In a series of examples, stretching throughout the twentieth century, the implicit relation of planning, architectural and landscape form to social effect is discussed. The language, and design models, used to delineate affective form are described, alongside discussion of the level of intentionality apparent in the conceptions of urban form’s social effect. Critique through affective form allows an analysis that brings together the underlying utopian elements of projects – the traces of ideology and sociological theories – with an evaluation of the formal concepts projected. As the second area of investigation, the city of Perth in Western Australia provides a contextual focus for the examination of concepts of affective form. Through a series of appropriations of urban design models a suburban archetype emerged in Perth of a planned, homogenous field of low–rise, single–family, detached dwellings within a gardenesque landscape. The process of appropriation is described as a continuing negotiation between local expectations and the implicit conceptions of affective form within the imported models. Connecting the two primary concerns of the thesis, the ability of form to influence social change and the evolution of Perth’s garden suburb ideal, is the association of that developing garden suburb model with notions of affective form. The associations are outlined through three case studies. The first is an account of the planning of the City of Perth Endowment Lands Project during the 1920s. The second describes the planning and architecture of the athlete’s village built for the VIIIth British Empire and Commonwealth Games held in Perth in 1962. The third study details the development in the 1990s of Joondalup, a satellite city in the Perth metropolitan region. The account of Perth’s garden suburb ideal is intertwined with the consideration of the varying ways in which the conceptualization of affective form has been expressed. Each case study is contextualized by a preceding chapter that discusses the particular conceptions of affective form used in its examination. Thus the main body of the thesis comprises three parts – each associated with a case study, each containing two linked chapters
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Burkett, Danny, und danny burkett@deakin edu au. „Nutrient contribution to hyper-eutrophic wetlands in Perth, Western Australia“. Deakin University. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 2005. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20071115.082506.
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This thesis investigates nutrient contribution to six hyper-eutrophic lakes located within close proximity of each other on the Swan Coastal Plain and 20 kilometres south of the Perth Central Business District, Western Australia. The lakes are located within a mixed land use setting and are under the management of a number of state and local government departments and organisations. These are a number of other lakes on the Swan Coastal Plain for which the majority are less than 3 metres in depth and considered as an expression of the groundwater as their base is below the regional groundwater table throughout most of the year. The limited amount of water quality data available for these six lakes and the surface water and groundwater flowing into them has restricted a thorough understanding of the processes influencing the water quality of the lakes. Various private and public companies and organisations have undertaken studies on some of the individual wetlands and there is a wide difference in scientific opinion as to the major source of the nutrients to those wetlands. These previous studies failed to consider regional surface water and groundwater effects on the nutrient fluxes and they predominantly only investigated single wetland systems. This study attempts for the first time to investigate the regional contribution of nutrients to this system of wetlands existing on the Swan Coastal plain. As such, it also includes new research on the nutrient contribution to some of the remaining wetlands. The research findings indicate that the lake sediments represent a considerable store of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). These sediments in turn control the nutrient status of the lake's water column. Surface water is found to contribute on an event-basis load of nutrients to the lakes whilst the groundwater surprisingly appears to contribute a comparatively low input of nutrients but governs the water depth. Analysis of the regional groundwater shows efficient denitrifying abilities as a result of denitrifying bacteria and the transport is localised. Management recommendations for the remediation of the social and environmental value of the lakes include treatment of the lakes sediments via chemical bonding or atmospheric oxidation; utilising the regional groundwaters denitrifying abilities to treat the surface water via infiltration basins; and investigating the merits of managed or artificial aquifer recharge (MAR).
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Jafary, Dargahi Hanieh. „Shale gas prospectivity studies in the Perth Basin, Western Australia“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/453.
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The Early Permian Carynginia Formation and the Late Triassic Kockatea Shale are prospective shale gas resources in the Perth Basin. Various geological studies such as visual core description and petrography were conducted to understand about the lithofacies and depositional environments in the target formations. Key geochemical parameters such as TOC, thermal maturity and RHP were identified through rock-eval pyrolysis. Petrophysical studies were applied in detecting organic richness and fracability of the under-study shale plays.
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Santoso, Binarko. „Petrology of permian coal, Vasse Shelf, Perth Basin, Western Australia“. Thesis, Curtin University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1466.
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The Early Permian coal samples for the study were obtained from the Vasse Shelf, southern Perth Basin, located approximately 200 km south- west of Perth. The selected coal samples for the study were also obtained from the Premier Sub-basin of the Collie Basin and the Irwin Sub-basin of the Perth Basin. The Early Permian coal measures are described as the Sue Coal Measures from the Vasse Shelf, the Ewington Coal Measures from the Premier Sub-basin and the coal measures from the Irwin sub-basin are described as the Irwin River Coal Measures.The Vasse Shelf coal is finely banded and the dominant lithotypes are dull and dull banded types, followed by bright banded and banded types, with minor bright types. The variation of dull and bright lithotypes represents fluctuating conditions of water table level during the growth of peat in the swamp. The maceral composition of the coal is predominantly composed of inertinite, followed by vitrinite and minor exinite and mineral matter. The coal is characterized by very low to medium semifusinite ratio and medium to high vitrinite content, supporting the deposition in anaerobic wet conditions with some degree of oxidation. The coal is classified as sub- bituminous to high volatile bituminous of the Australian classification. In terms of microlithotype group, the predominance of inertite over vitrite suggests the coal was formed under drier conditions with high degree of oxidation during its deposition. On the basis of the interpretations of lithotypes, macerals, microlithotypes and trace elements, the depositional environment of the coal is braided and meandering deltaic-river system without any brackish or marine influence.The maceral composition of the Collie coal predominantly consists of inertinite and vitrinite, with low exinite and mineral matter. The very low to low semifusinite ratio and low to medium vitrinite content of the coal indicate that the coal was formed under aerobic dry to wet conditions with some degree of oxidation. The coal is categorized as sub-bituminous according to the Australian classification. The domination of inertite and durite over vitrite and clarite contents in the coal reflects the deposition under drier conditions with fluctuations in the water table. On the basis of the interpretations of macerals, microlithotypes and trace elements distribution, the depositional environment of the coal is lacustrine, braided to meandering fluvial system, without the influence of any marine influx.The maceral composition of the Irwin River coal consists predominantly of vitrinite and inertinite, and minor exinite and mineral matter. The coal has very low semifusinite ratio and medium to high vitrinite content, suggesting the coal was deposited in anaerobic wet conditions with some degree of oxidation. The coal is classified as sub-bituminous of the Australian classification. The predominance of vitrite and clarite over inertite and durite contents in the coal indicates that the coal was formed in wetter conditions and in high water covers with a low degree of oxidation. Based on macerals and microlithotypes contents, the depositional environment of the coal is braided fluvial to deltaic, which is in accordance with the interpreted non- marine and mixed marine environment of deposition in the sub-basin.The petrological comparisons of Vasse Shelf, Collie and Irwin River coals show that the average vitrinite content of the Irwin River coal is highest (49.1%) and of the Collie coal is lowest (37.3%) of the three. The inertinite content is highest in Collie coal (49.1%), followed by Vasse Shelf (46.4%) and Irwin River (39.2%) coals. The exinite content is low in Irwin River coal (6.3%) as compared with Vasse Shelf (9.0°/,) and Collie (8.3%) coals. The mineral matter content is relatively low for all the three coals. The rank of the Vasse Shelf coal is high as compared with the Collie and Irwin River coals, either due to tectonic uplift after the deposition in post-Permian in the southern Perth Basin, or due to the average depth of burial over Vasse Shelf which is much greater than that of Collie and Irwin River coals.The comparisons of the coal from Western Australia with the selected Gondwana coals show that the predominance of inertinite over vitrinite occurs in the Western Australian coals (Vasse Shelf and Collie Basin). On the other hand, the Brazilian, eastern Australian, Indian and Western Australian (Irwin Sub-basin) coals are dominated by vitrinite over inertinite. The exinite content is highest in the Indian coals and lowest in the eastern Australian coals. The mineral matter content is highest in the Brazilian and Indian coals, and lowest in Western Australian (Vasse Shelf) and eastern Australian (Sydney Basin) coals. The rank of the coals ranges from sub- bituminous to medium volatile bituminous according to the Australian classification.
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Santoso, Binarko. „Petrology of permian coal, Vasse Shelf, Perth Basin, Western Australia“. Curtin University of Technology, School of Applied Geology, 1994. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14920.
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The Early Permian coal samples for the study were obtained from the Vasse Shelf, southern Perth Basin, located approximately 200 km south- west of Perth. The selected coal samples for the study were also obtained from the Premier Sub-basin of the Collie Basin and the Irwin Sub-basin of the Perth Basin. The Early Permian coal measures are described as the Sue Coal Measures from the Vasse Shelf, the Ewington Coal Measures from the Premier Sub-basin and the coal measures from the Irwin sub-basin are described as the Irwin River Coal Measures.The Vasse Shelf coal is finely banded and the dominant lithotypes are dull and dull banded types, followed by bright banded and banded types, with minor bright types. The variation of dull and bright lithotypes represents fluctuating conditions of water table level during the growth of peat in the swamp. The maceral composition of the coal is predominantly composed of inertinite, followed by vitrinite and minor exinite and mineral matter. The coal is characterized by very low to medium semifusinite ratio and medium to high vitrinite content, supporting the deposition in anaerobic wet conditions with some degree of oxidation. The coal is classified as sub- bituminous to high volatile bituminous of the Australian classification. In terms of microlithotype group, the predominance of inertite over vitrite suggests the coal was formed under drier conditions with high degree of oxidation during its deposition. On the basis of the interpretations of lithotypes, macerals, microlithotypes and trace elements, the depositional environment of the coal is braided and meandering deltaic-river system without any brackish or marine influence.The maceral composition of the Collie coal predominantly consists of inertinite and vitrinite, with low exinite and mineral matter. The very low to low semifusinite ratio and low to medium vitrinite content of ++the coal indicate that the coal was formed under aerobic dry to wet conditions with some degree of oxidation. The coal is categorized as sub-bituminous according to the Australian classification. The domination of inertite and durite over vitrite and clarite contents in the coal reflects the deposition under drier conditions with fluctuations in the water table. On the basis of the interpretations of macerals, microlithotypes and trace elements distribution, the depositional environment of the coal is lacustrine, braided to meandering fluvial system, without the influence of any marine influx.The maceral composition of the Irwin River coal consists predominantly of vitrinite and inertinite, and minor exinite and mineral matter. The coal has very low semifusinite ratio and medium to high vitrinite content, suggesting the coal was deposited in anaerobic wet conditions with some degree of oxidation. The coal is classified as sub-bituminous of the Australian classification. The predominance of vitrite and clarite over inertite and durite contents in the coal indicates that the coal was formed in wetter conditions and in high water covers with a low degree of oxidation. Based on macerals and microlithotypes contents, the depositional environment of the coal is braided fluvial to deltaic, which is in accordance with the interpreted non- marine and mixed marine environment of deposition in the sub-basin.The petrological comparisons of Vasse Shelf, Collie and Irwin River coals show that the average vitrinite content of the Irwin River coal is highest (49.1%) and of the Collie coal is lowest (37.3%) of the three. The inertinite content is highest in Collie coal (49.1%), followed by Vasse Shelf (46.4%) and Irwin River (39.2%) coals. The exinite content is low in Irwin River coal (6.3%) as compared with Vasse Shelf (9.0°/,) and Collie (8.3%) coals. The mineral matter content ++
is relatively low for all the three coals. The rank of the Vasse Shelf coal is high as compared with the Collie and Irwin River coals, either due to tectonic uplift after the deposition in post-Permian in the southern Perth Basin, or due to the average depth of burial over Vasse Shelf which is much greater than that of Collie and Irwin River coals.The comparisons of the coal from Western Australia with the selected Gondwana coals show that the predominance of inertinite over vitrinite occurs in the Western Australian coals (Vasse Shelf and Collie Basin). On the other hand, the Brazilian, eastern Australian, Indian and Western Australian (Irwin Sub-basin) coals are dominated by vitrinite over inertinite. The exinite content is highest in the Indian coals and lowest in the eastern Australian coals. The mineral matter content is highest in the Brazilian and Indian coals, and lowest in Western Australian (Vasse Shelf) and eastern Australian (Sydney Basin) coals. The rank of the coals ranges from sub- bituminous to medium volatile bituminous according to the Australian classification.
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Rasouli, Alireza. „Calibrating the Distance-Deterrence Function for the Perth Metropolitan Area“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/59663.
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The Perth metropolitan area and its surrounding regions have been expanding rapidly. With this rapid growth, consideration should be given to strategic modelling. Development of reliable model depends significantly on the calibrated parameters to reflect the existing situation. Deterrence functions play an important role for distribution of the trips and would simulate the trip distances. Therefore they should be calibrated for any particular models. This study aims to review the most common deterrence functions and calibrate them for the work trips.
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Wilson, Alan. „Extending the Boundaries : Portraits of Activism in Perth, Western Australia“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1998. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1698.
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For some analysts, post-industrial capitalist societies have pathological deficiencies which manifest themselves locally and further afield, in marginalisation and oppression of people and despoliation of the environment. For those who are passionately driven to challenge those consequences of the dominant paradigm, activism is deemed to be a potent force for effecting social and political change. The aim of this study was to establish how activists integrate issues, context, strategies, personal factors and other influences into a strategy for action.
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Lazenby, Victoria S. „Personal exposure of children to formaldehyde in Perth, Western Australia“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2010. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1742.
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Formaldehyde is a common air pollutant that tends to be found in elevated concentrations in indoor air. Exposure to formaldehyde has the potential to impact on respiratory health, particularly amongst sensitive individuals and populations, including children. Children spend most of their time indoors at home, however, there are very little data on the contribution of formaldehyde concentrations in homes to personal exposure in children. The principal aim of this cross sectional study was to investigate whether the domestic environment is the most significant source of personal exposure of formaldehyde in children. Forty-one primary school children (aged between 8 and 12) were recruited from two areas of Perth, Western Australia. Each child wore a personal passive formaldehyde sampler over a 24 hour period on two separate occasions, winter and summer. Samplers were also located indoors at home, outdoors at centralised locations and indoors at school for the corresponding period. A questionnaire about lifestyle and behaviour and a daily activity diary were completed for each participant. Passive samplers used filter papers impregnated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhadrazine (DNPH), with formaldehyde detected using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). In winter there was a wide range of personal exposure concentrations, with geometric mean concentrations of 9.7ppb at Duncraig and 11.5ppb at Calista. Indoor geometric mean concentrations at Duncraig were l0.lppb, with outdoor and classroom concentrations below the analytical limit of detection (4ppb). At Calista, mean indoor concentrations were 14.2ppb. The outdoor concentrations were below the limit of detection and school concentrations were 8.0ppb. Summer monitoring occurred during mild meteorological conditions and were very similar to winter results. Geometric mean personal exposure concentrations were 9.2ppb at Duncraig and 8.0ppb at Calista. Indoor geometric mean concentrations at Duncraig were 9.0ppb, with outdoor and classroom concentrations below the limit of detection (4ppb). At Calista, mean indoor concentrations were 9.9ppb, outdoor was below detection limit and school concentrations were l5.2ppb. There were strong correlations between personal exposure and domestic concentrations at both Duncraig and Calista in winter (r2 = 0.73 and 0.88, respectively) and in summer (r2 = 0.67 and 0.84, respectively). The correlation for both seasons combined was significant, with a coefficient of r2 = 0. 78. A time weighted model estimated personal exposure concentrations for each participant using stationary measures in combination with time activity data. These estimates of exposure correlated significantly with measured personal exposure concentrations, with a coefficient of r2 = 0.80 for all data combined. The indoor domestic environment was found to be the most important source of formaldehyde exposure for children. Time weighting was found to provide a stronger estimate of personal exposure than indoor air monitoring alone, although the time weighted model was not a significant improvement over the indoor measure alone.
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Yaghoubi, Mohammadjavad. „Behaviour of waste tyre fibre-reinforced cement-stabilised Perth sand“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1602.
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There are several improvement methods available for modifying soils. Cement stabilisation has been one of the popular improvement methods for cohesionless soils. Over the past three decades, many studies have been done to investigate the effects of adding synthetic and natural fibres to soil as the reinforcing material alone or with cement. Utilisation of the fibres from waste materials such as used tyres and carpets, which are available in large quantities worldwide, can be beneficial.
Though significant research has been conducted on studying the behaviour of cement-stabilised soil, the effectiveness of using waste tyre fibres (TF) with cement has received very limited attention. Therefore, the present work focuses on investigating the characteristics of local Perth sandy soil after inclusion of waste TF and cement. These wastes can be utilised in ground improvement in large quantities and could provide a cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy that avoids tyre disposal problems.
A series of laboratory tests including compaction, unconfined compression and triaxial tests were conducted to investigate the effects of adding TF and cement on the engineering behaviour of Perth sandy soil. Two types of TF namely tyre fibres A (TFA) whose particles were smaller in length and diameter than the other type called tyre fibres B (TFB) were used. The contents were varied from 0 to 3% of dried sand by weight both for cement and TF. The cemented specimens were cured in a humid room for 7 days. For the triaxial tests, the confining stresses were 50, 100 and 200 kPa.
The compaction test results indicate that the maximum dry unit weight is generally increased by adding cement and decreased by TF inclusion, while adding cement and TF results in a lower optimum water content.
The results of unconfined compression tests show that the cement addition increases the unconfined compressive strength (UCS ) of the sand and sand-TF mixtures. Furthermore, the inclusion of TF in the sand increases its UCS , whereas UCS of the sand-cement mixtures decreases with an increase in tyre fibre content, except for a slight increase at low cement contents. The highest improvement occurred when 1% TFB was added to sand + 1% cement with an increase of UCS from about 314 kPa to 338 kPa. Moreover, while adding the cement increases the modulus of elasticity ( E ), the inclusion of TFs reduces E , and the greatest reduction was observed when 3% TFB was added to sand with 3% cement ( E decreased from about 4186 kPa to 1537 kPa).
The triaxial results indicate that adding TF to sand leads to a slightly higher effective angle of friction with a reduced effective cohesion. However, overall, a marginal difference is observed in the stress-strain characteristics of unreinforced and TF-reinforced soil. Generally, it was observed that the use of TFB was slightly more efficient compared to TFA in both cemented and uncemented sand mixtures due to higher aspect ratios of TBF and accordingly, greater reinforcement effect. Overall, TF-reinforced sand, with or without cement, is a lighter material with improved strength, which can be used in some civil applications such as slope stabilisation, backfills or embankments.
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Groves, Joan. „Often treated harshly: Girls and young women in 1957 Perth“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2009. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1880.
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This thesis takes inspiration from a submission by a Western Australian seventeen year old single relinquishing mother to the 2004 Senate Inquiry into the institutionalisation of children, Forgotten Australians. It researches various aspects of life for young women and teenage girls in Perth in 1957, that contrast with the idealised youthful femininity promoted by women’s magazines such as The Australian Women’s Weekly. It discusses status offences in the context of child welfare legislation and the criminalisation of youthful sexual activity as well as the ostracism of unmarried mothers by both the community and the state. Specifically confined to the Perth locale the thesis also examines the culture of two long-standing Perth institutions for allegedly errant young women. I contend that the “tolerance, fair play and compassion for those in need” touted by then Prime Minister John Howard in 2006 as inherent Australian values did not exist in the period researched and that many young women suffered under harsh and repressive attitudes. I conclude that the promotion of a conservative political ideology promoting a mythic classless society, which was nevertheless based on middle-class values, saw the collusion of some parents in this harsh treatment of young women. I also conclude that the numbers of young women involved in “moral delinquency” were, in contrast to public perception and the concern of women police, quite small, but nevertheless served a scapegoat purpose in a time when social anxiety existed within increasing prosperity.
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Teoh, Simon. „Lesbian Tourism: ‘Perth W.A. as an attractive lesbian tourist destination’“. Thesis, Teoh, Simon (2009) Lesbian Tourism: ‘Perth W.A. as an attractive lesbian tourist destination’. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2009. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/1654/.
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In September 2008, the Lord Mayor of Perth announced her vision for Perth to be more ‘gayfriendly’. Her vision aroused some dissonance from the ultra conservatives. The aim of this thesis is to determine the attractiveness of Perth as a lesbian destination. The significance of this study is to understand local lesbian residents’ perceptions of Perth as a ‘lesbian-friendly’ destination, and to evaluate the motivation and satisfaction of lesbian-tourists to Perth. The methodology used included participation observation at the 2009 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Parade; a semi-structured focus group interview of 4 self-identified lesbian Perth residents, and a purposive sample, using snowball effect, of 112 self-identified lesbians for an on-line survey. The data was analysed using content and statistical analysis. The findings were interpreted using a social constructivist approach, within a male feminist framework.
The findings indicated that slightly over a quarter of lesbian Perth residents felt that Perth is ‘lesbian-friendly’ (27%). Whilst ‘culture and sights’ was the top motivator for a lesbian vacation (94%), ‘visiting friends and family’ was the top motivator for lesbian tourists visiting Perth (71%). Slightly over a tenth of lesbian tourists were satisfied with lesbian attractions in Perth (13%). Overall, only a small number of respondents found Perth to be their first-choice ‘lesbian-friendly’ destination (6%), with an overwhelming majority wanting to see more lesbian attractions (85%), and 5% agreeing that there are sufficient lesbian venues. These results strongly suggest that Perth is not ‘lesbian-friendly’, and lacks attractions and venues as an attractive lesbian tourist destination. Recommendations for further research arising from these findings include undertaking a comparison between Perth and other Australian cities in terms of lesbian tourism.
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Wake, David. „A Greenbelt for Perth: A strategy for managing urban growth“. Thesis, Wake, David (1997) A Greenbelt for Perth: A strategy for managing urban growth. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 1997. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41532/.
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The size and spatial organisation of cities is an important issue for urban policy. Urban sprawl is generating environmental, social and economic impacts which show it is not sustainable. Urban growth needs to be managed and contained. The greenbelt concept is important in this context.
This thesis investigates the potential of greenbelts for urban growth management. The greenbelt concept is reviewed and its relevance to managing urban growth and promoting sustainability considered. Case studies are included of cities with greenbelts or similar strategies. The potential of a greenbelt for managing growth in metropolitan Perth, Western Australia, is considered.
A greenbelt is a zone of land around a city set aside from urban development. It involves maintaining an urban growth boundary and managing rural land use around it. A greenbelt can be a strategy to limit sprawl, shape urban form and protect rural environs. To be effective a greenbelt must be integrated with other strategies to affect where and how development occurs and make cities more sustainable.
Perth is a sprawling city experiencing urban growth problems and is headed toward continued expansion. Rural landscapes and natural resources are destined to become car dependent suburbia. To avoid tWs situation growth management is needed, guided by a positive vision of a sustainable city and region wherein the environment is protected and livability enhanced.
A greenbelt could be part of that vision and an integral strategy influencing land use in metropolitan Perth. A greenbelt can set a growth boundary - a limit that challenges past growth patterns and requires more critical use of urban space. A greenbelt could help shift growth away from the fringe and focus development in defined areas within or beyond the city.
The greenbelt is a positive idea for managing change for a sustainable future. It is a radical idea given current trends, but one that should be developed further. TWs thesis raises some issues for consideration.
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Cohen, Daniel L. „Trophic studies of mesopelagic lanternfishes (Myctophidae) in the Perth Canyon“. Thesis, Cohen, Daniel L. (2019) Trophic studies of mesopelagic lanternfishes (Myctophidae) in the Perth Canyon. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/50580/.
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The diet of mesopelagic lanternfishes (Myctophidae) was investigated in the Perth Canyon off the Western Australian coast. Previous studies have investigated the abundance and diversity of larval fishes in the waters of the canyon but most components of the pelagic food web and their relationships have not yet been studied. Taking advantage of their diel migration pattern, larval Diaphus sp. (n = 80) and adult Myctophum asperum (n = 41) and Myctophum phengodes (n = 7) were captured at night using a large 1 mm mesh size surface net. Concurrent netting of zooplankton was also undertaken to assess the availability of prey using 150 µm, 500 µm and 1 mm mesh nets. The gut contents of the myctophids were identified and revealed almost no nighttime feeding among larval Diaphus sp. confirming the relationship between ontogenetic stage, eye development and an inability to feed at night. In contrast, the morphometrics of adult M. asperum and M. phengodes and the size and number of prey in the diet revealed a positive relationship between fish size and prey size, but no significant increase in the number of prey as fish size increased. Calanoid copepods were consumed by 83% of M. asperum and 100% of M. phengodes specimens and, respectively, they constituted 39% and 62% of the number of prey items in their guts. Euphausiid adults were consumed by 48% of M. asperum and 100% of M. phengodes specimens and, respectively, constituted 15% and 25% of the number of prey items in their guts. Selectivity was assessed using Ivlev’s and Chesson’s indices and, contrary to their abundance in the diet, calanoids were not typically positively selected with both Myctophum species showing a preference for euphausiids. This investigation represents the first study of the role of myctophids in the pelagic food web in the Perth Canyon and Southeast Indian Ocean and as such is an initial baseline to fill this knowledge gap.
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Karnaki, Panagiota. „Attitudes, practices and knowledge regarding cervical cancer screening among Greek women in the area of Perth“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2000. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1373.
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The purpose of this thesis is to study the attitudes, practices and knowledge of Greek women in Perth, Western Australia, regarding cervical cancer screening. This is important because no study has yet examined the cervical screening pattern of this group, despite their low participation rate in screening programs. Qualitative semi-structured interviews among 15 Greek women in Perth were used for data collection. Interviews were conducted both in English and Greek. Eight out of the 15 women interviewed did not participate in frequent screening and many had had only one Pap test in their life. Culture and religion influenced negative attitudes towards cervical screening; these combined with strong emotions of fear towards the disease and lack of knowledge about the purpose of Pap tests, to create powerful barriers to screening. Preoccupation with morality and misconceptions about heredity and the symptomatology of cervical cancer also influenced attitudes towards Pap tests. Further, women's decisions to screen were influenced by the negative behaviour of General Practitioners. A preference was expressed for specialists/gynaecologists and an unwillingness to attend women's health centres.
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com, ryno sar@bigpond, und Ryan William Falconer. „Living on the Edge: transport sustainability in Perths Liveable Neighbourhoods“. Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20090121.154046.
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Following World War Two, land use and transport policy and practice in most major Australian cities was modelled on the US experience. As such, these cities have become characterised by urban sprawl (indicated by segregated zoning and low development densities) and car dependence. In Perth, Western Australia, these characteristics are particularly evident despite, or perhaps because, the city has a strong regional planning system unlike most American cities.
Car dependence and sprawl are in turn linked to dependence on fossil fuels for transport energy. Increasingly, too, links are being found between conventional planning outcomes and public health. For example, research has linked car dependence with a variety of health conditions including respiratory illness, overweight and obesity. Moreover, research is increasingly linking sprawl and car dependence with social justice issues because people on limited income and with decreased mobility struggle to undertake their lifes work.
In response to these concerns the Western Australian planning system introduced Liveable Neighbourhoods, a new design code, which was meant to reduce car dependence and sprawl. This code has its roots in New Urbanism and appears to have been taken up more rapidly in Perth than elsewhere. No large-scale evaluation of New Urbanism has previously been conducted anywhere. This thesis reports on an extensive literature review, travel survey (n=211), perceptual study (n=992) and environmental study, which together sought to evaluate whether the Liveable Neighbourhoods (LN) design code is contributing to a sustainable transport agenda. In total, 46 neighbourhoods (11 LNs and 35 CNs) were compared. The research found that despite residents of Liveable Neighbourhoods driving less and walking more than residents of conventional neighbourhoods (CNs) (a switch of 9% with some associated health advantages), there was little else to indicate that LN is achieving its goals as transport VKT and fuel use was identical due to regional transport requirements diminishing any local walkability advantages.
There was strong supportive evidence that LNs were not significantly different to CNs. For example, there were few differences in perception of opportunity for more sustainable travel and residents of CNs actually had better access, on average, to key destinations, including shops (i.e. the average distance to key destinations was 2.2 kilometres compared with 2.5 kilometres in LNs). Also, residential lot densities were well below what were intended by LN and in both LNs and CNs the time for public transport to get people to work was over 90 minutes compared with around 30 minutes by car.
The results reveal that there must be significant revisions to the LN code and how it is applied, because there is no evidence that new neighbourhoods are improving regional transport sustainability. In particular, residential densities and land use mix appear to be too low to encourage community self-sufficiency, indicated by few neighbourhoods being anchored by key destinations. These matters are not mandated in the LN guidelines making them powerless to bring significant change. More generally, the thesis questions the extent to which New Urbanism can promote a sustainable transport agenda wherever it is applied unless it mandates real changes in land use and transit not just local walkability.
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com, hugh finn@bigpond, und Hugh Colin Finn. „Conservation Biology of Bottlenose Dolphins(Tursiops Sp.) in Perth Metropolitan Waters“. Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051103.135358.
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This thesis examines two potential conservation problems for a residential sub-population of ~75 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Cockburn Sound, a small embayment within the southern metropolitan waters of Perth, Western Australia: (1) human-induced habitat change and (2) illegal feeding (i.e. unregulated provisioning) of dolphins. The work is important because Cockburn Sound is the most intensively utilised marine environment in Western Australia and industrial, commercial, and recreational uses of the area will intensify in coming decades. These considerations, coupled with the demographic and ecological vulnerability of residential
populations of small cetaceans, suggested a risk of population decline without a more informed scientific basis for management. This study (2000 2003) complemented an earlier study of the Cockburn Sound dolphins (1993 1997) to provide a decade-long longitudinal study of the population. The original contributions of this study relate to: (a) the foraging ecology of dolphins;(b) the effects and mechanisms of human-dolphin interaction, particularly interactions based on unregulated provisioning; and (c) an integration of previous research and other information.
Studies of the foraging ecology of dolphins within Cockburn Sound were undertaken between 2000-2 to determine the areas used by dolphins and their feeding behaviours so that the implications of human-induced habitat change could be assessed. These studies used belt transect
sampling and event-specific sampling of foraging aggregations of dolphins to quantify the foraging habitat use of dolphins within the Sound and to characterise spatial and temporal patterns in aggregations of foraging dolphins. The results showed that the density of foraging
dolphins varied significantly across habitats and that foraging aggregations consistently occur in an area known as the Kwinana Shelf during the austral autumn-spring period. The studies also suggested that the foraging ecology of dolphins in Cockburn Sound reflects the consistent utilisation of both: (a) low-density prey species (i.e. individual or weakly-schooling prey) and (b)
high-density prey species (i.e. schooling species such as forage fish). These findings indicate that
ecosystem-based conservations of the population should consider the conservation requirements of dolphin prey species and the ecological integrity of key foraging habitats like the Kwinana Shelf.
Human-dolphin interactions based on the illegal feeding of dolphins in Cockburn Sound escalated between 1993 and 2003. By 2003, a total of 14 individuals exhibited behaviours indicative of conditioning to human interaction by food reinforcement, including some individuals that
engaged in provisioning interactions on a chronic (i.e. long-term) basis. Observations of the effects of unregulated provisioning indicated that: (a) provisioned dolphins sustained increased higher rates of human-induced injury than non-provisioned dolphins and (b) provisioning was associated with substantial and enduring behavioural changes including changes in ranging and association patterns. Other observations of human-induced injury in Cockburn Sound included seven instances of calf entanglement. These findings indicate that the effects of illegal feeding and other forms of direct human-dolphin interaction (e.g. entanglement) could achieve biological
significance for the population.
The possible contribution of (a) human influences, (b) social learning, and (c) behavioural
propensities (e.g. age and sex) on the acquisition of an attraction response to human provisioning was examined through logistic regression analysis using age, sex, use of high-boat density areas, and the number of close associates that were previously provisioned as predictor variables and the acquisition of an attraction response as the dependent variable. This analysis was supplemented
by behavioural observations of interactions between provisioned and naïve individuals during provisioning interactions. The results supported three findings: (1) a relatively high level of exposure to human provisioners was a significant predictor for the acquisition of an attraction response by dolphins; (2) social learning contributed to the acquisition of an attraction response in
those individuals that more frequently utilised high-boat density areas; and (3) the potential contribution of behavioural propensities relating to age and sex was uncertain. These conclusions suggest that the acquisition of an attraction response to human provisioning can best be
understood as the outcome of a complex of interacting factors.
The findings also indicate: (a) the management value of individual-specific and longitudinal data for the management of harmful human-wildlife interactions and (b) the potential for social learning to contribute to the development and persistence of these interactions.
The findings of this study indicate that population decline in Cockburn Sound could be induced by: (1) a reduction in the Sounds environmental carrying capacity or (2) mortality, injury, and behavioural changes resulting from interactions with humans. The potential for such a decline and evidence demonstrating the harmful effects of human activities on dolphins supports the
application of preventative approach to the management of illegal feeding and entanglement and a precautionary approach to environmental impact assessments of proposed developments. Mitigation of direct human-dolphins like illegal feeding requires an enforcement and education program to encourage more responsible human attitudes towards interactions with dolphins.
Research on the ecology and composition of finfish assemblages and the trophic structure of the Kwinana shelf would assist efforts to mitigate the impact of human-induced habitat change.
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Finn, Hugh C. „Conservation biology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Perth metropolitan waters“. Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051103.135358.
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Suwarna, Nana. „Petrology of Jurassic coal, Hill River area, Perth Basin, Western Australia“. Thesis, Curtin University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/675.
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The Early Jurassic coal samples for the study were obtained from CRA Exploration Pty Ltd. (CRAE), drilled in the Gairdner and Mintaja Blocks, Gairdner Range of the Hill River Area, northern Perth Basin, Western Australia. The area is located approximately 280 km north of Perth. The coal measures subcrop in a half- graben bounded by the Lesueur-Peron Fault in the west, and the Warradarge Fault in the east. The coal occurs within the shallow sequence of the Cattamarra Member which is also described as the Cattamarra Coal Measures of the Cockleshell Gully Formation. Six sub-seams of seam G, namely G1 to G6, from the six drill cores, were examined for petrological and geochemical investigation. The coal predominantly comprises of banded, dull banded, and dull lithotypes, with minor bright banded, bright and fusainous types. Based on maceral analyses, the dominant maceral groups are vitrinite and inertinite, whilst the exinite and mineral matter are in minor contents. The vitrinite content has a range between 47.2% to 73.0%, and it is composed mainly of telocollinite and desmocollinite. The inertinite is dominated by semifusinite, fusinite, and inertodetrinite, and it has a range from 10.4% to 24.8%. The exinite group varies between 7.2% to 20.8% in content, and it is represented by sporinite, cutinite, alginite and resinite.The mineral matter dominated by clays and pyrite, ranges between 4.5% to 20.6%. The microlithotype analyses shows that the vitrite plus clarite content varies from 47.0% to 70.0%, intermediates between 8.0% to 26.0%, whilst inertite plus durite content is relatively low, varying from 6.55% to 14.0%. The maximum reflectance of vitrinite has a value between 0.47% and 0.53%, which represents rank at sub-bituminous level based on the Australian rank values and corresponding to the sub-bituminous A and B rank of the ASTM classification and to the metalignitous type of the Pareek classification. On the basis of carbon and hydrogen content, the coal is categorised as per-hydrous meta- to ortho-lignitous type. The trace elements As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Th, U, V, Y, Zn, and Zr, are spectrographically analysed in the coal ash. The B content in the coal supports the presence of marine influence during peat deposition in the basin. On the basis of lithotype, maceral, microlithotype, trace element distribution, pyrite and total sulphur in the coal, the depositional environment for coal and the coal measures, is interpreted as an upper to lower delta type within a regressive phase of marine transgression.
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Suwarna, Nana. „Petrology of Jurassic coal, Hill River area, Perth Basin, Western Australia“. Curtin University of Technology, Department of Applied Geology, 1993. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15765.
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The Early Jurassic coal samples for the study were obtained from CRA Exploration Pty Ltd. (CRAE), drilled in the Gairdner and Mintaja Blocks, Gairdner Range of the Hill River Area, northern Perth Basin, Western Australia. The area is located approximately 280 km north of Perth. The coal measures subcrop in a half- graben bounded by the Lesueur-Peron Fault in the west, and the Warradarge Fault in the east. The coal occurs within the shallow sequence of the Cattamarra Member which is also described as the Cattamarra Coal Measures of the Cockleshell Gully Formation.Six sub-seams of seam G, namely G1 to G6, from the six drill cores, were examined for petrological and geochemical investigation. The coal predominantly comprises of banded, dull banded, and dull lithotypes, with minor bright banded, bright and fusainous types. Based on maceral analyses, the dominant maceral groups are vitrinite and inertinite, whilst the exinite and mineral matter are in minor contents. The vitrinite content has a range between 47.2 % to 73.0 %, and it is composed mainly of telocollinite and desmocollinite. The inertinite is dominated by semifusinite, fusinite, and inertodetrinite, and it has a range from 10.4 % to 24.8 %. The exinite group varies between 7.2 % to 20.8 % in content, and it is represented by sporinite, cutinite, alginite and resinite. The mineral matter dominated by clays and pyrite, ranges between 4.5 % to 20.6 %. The microlithotype analyses shows that the vitrite plus clarite content varies from 47.0 % to 70.0 %, intermediates between 8.0% to 26.0 %, whilst inertite plus durite content is relatively low, varying from 6.55 % to 14.0 %. The maximum reflectance of vitrinite has a value between 0.47 % and 0.53 %, which represents rank at sub-bituminous level based on the Australian rank values and corresponding to the sub-bituminous A and B rank of the ASTM classification and ++to the metalignitous type of the Pareek classification. On the basis of carbon and hydrogen content, the coal is categorised as per-hydrous meta- to ortho-lignitous type. The trace elements As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Th, U, V, Y, Zn, and Zr, are spectrographically analysed in the coal ash. The B content in the coal supports the presence of marine influence during peat deposition in the basin.On the basis of lithotype, maceral, microlithotype, trace element distribution, pyrite and total sulphur in the coal, the depositional environment for coal and the coal measures, is interpreted as an upper to lower delta type within a regressive phase of marine transgression.
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Rennie, Susan Jane. „Oceanographic processes in the Perth Canyon and their impact on productivity“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1904.
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Submarine canyons are important to continental shelf ecosystems. They have a strong influence on shelf circulation and the distribution of biota. The Perth Canyon is a long, deep canyon on the Western Australian coastline that has attracted attention as a feeding area for pygmy blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda). Despite existing on a highly oligotrophic coast, the Perth Canyon has the ability to support sufficient krill to feed these massive mammals. The aim of this study was to examine the physical processes within the Perth Canyon, and consider how these could affect productivity. Research areas included the interaction of the Leeuwin Current and Leeuwin Undercurrent with the canyon, the circulation within the canyon, the effect of wind forcing and the occurrence of upwelling. The oceanography of the Western Australian coast including seasonal productivity changes was also examined. This study utilised numerical modelling and collection of field data to develop a thorough understanding of the Perth Canyon. The numerical model ROMS (Regional Ocean Modelling System) was used to simulate a long stretch of coastline in which the Perth Canyon was centrally located. The model forced the Leeuwin Current and Undercurrent using density gradients, and the seasonal Capes Current was then generated by applying a surface wind stress. The simulations showed that primarily the Leeuwin Undercurrent interacted with the canyon. Eddies continually formed within the canyon, which enhanced vertical transport and could contribute to entrapment of passive drifters. The addition of wind had no discernible effect on canyon circulation although vertical velocities increased everywhere and shallow upwelling occurred along the shelf. The field data comprised moored temperature loggers, field cruises, and sundry data from satellite imagery, weather stations and whale observations.The temperature loggers, located on the canyon rim, indicated the range of processes that affect the canyon region. These processes included seasonal changes in the wind, the seasonal changes and meanders of the Leeuwin Current, storms, the near-diurnal sea breeze and inertial period changes, and other internal waves. The temperature loggers also indicated sporadic upwelling at the canyon rims, although this upwelling rarely extended into the Leeuwin Current. The field cruises gathered CTD, ADCP, nutrients and acoustic backscatter data. The water masses near the canyon were identified from their temperature, salinity and oxygen signatures. The deep chlorophyll maximum exhibited high spatial variability around the canyon. The circulation, in conjunction with the simulated circulation from ROMS, reiterated that eddies filled the canyon below its rims, and suggested that passive drifters would aggregate within the head. The acoustic backscatter reinforced this, showing that biota concentrated near the head of the canyon, which is where the whales were most often sighted feeding. The conclusions of this study were that the canyon is a region of enhanced productivity where upwelling is enhanced and aggregation of passive drifters is likely. Upwelling occurs more strongly when the Leeuwin Current is weakened or has meandered out of a region. Seasonal changes in productivity in the canyon conform to seasonal productivity arguments for the entire coastline, which accounts for the seasonal aggregation of blue whales. The physical processes in the Perth Canyon are variable and all are important to this marine ecosystem.
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Rennie, Susan Jane. „Oceanographic processes in the Perth Canyon and their impact on productivity“. Curtin University of Technology, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, 2005. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16438.
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Submarine canyons are important to continental shelf ecosystems. They have a strong influence on shelf circulation and the distribution of biota. The Perth Canyon is a long, deep canyon on the Western Australian coastline that has attracted attention as a feeding area for pygmy blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda). Despite existing on a highly oligotrophic coast, the Perth Canyon has the ability to support sufficient krill to feed these massive mammals. The aim of this study was to examine the physical processes within the Perth Canyon, and consider how these could affect productivity. Research areas included the interaction of the Leeuwin Current and Leeuwin Undercurrent with the canyon, the circulation within the canyon, the effect of wind forcing and the occurrence of upwelling. The oceanography of the Western Australian coast including seasonal productivity changes was also examined. This study utilised numerical modelling and collection of field data to develop a thorough understanding of the Perth Canyon. The numerical model ROMS (Regional Ocean Modelling System) was used to simulate a long stretch of coastline in which the Perth Canyon was centrally located. The model forced the Leeuwin Current and Undercurrent using density gradients, and the seasonal Capes Current was then generated by applying a surface wind stress. The simulations showed that primarily the Leeuwin Undercurrent interacted with the canyon. Eddies continually formed within the canyon, which enhanced vertical transport and could contribute to entrapment of passive drifters. The addition of wind had no discernible effect on canyon circulation although vertical velocities increased everywhere and shallow upwelling occurred along the shelf. The field data comprised moored temperature loggers, field cruises, and sundry data from satellite imagery, weather stations and whale observations.The temperature loggers, located on the canyon rim, indicated the range of processes that affect the canyon region. These processes included seasonal changes in the wind, the seasonal changes and meanders of the Leeuwin Current, storms, the near-diurnal sea breeze and inertial period changes, and other internal waves. The temperature loggers also indicated sporadic upwelling at the canyon rims, although this upwelling rarely extended into the Leeuwin Current. The field cruises gathered CTD, ADCP, nutrients and acoustic backscatter data. The water masses near the canyon were identified from their temperature, salinity and oxygen signatures. The deep chlorophyll maximum exhibited high spatial variability around the canyon. The circulation, in conjunction with the simulated circulation from ROMS, reiterated that eddies filled the canyon below its rims, and suggested that passive drifters would aggregate within the head. The acoustic backscatter reinforced this, showing that biota concentrated near the head of the canyon, which is where the whales were most often sighted feeding. The conclusions of this study were that the canyon is a region of enhanced productivity where upwelling is enhanced and aggregation of passive drifters is likely. Upwelling occurs more strongly when the Leeuwin Current is weakened or has meandered out of a region. Seasonal changes in productivity in the canyon conform to seasonal productivity arguments for the entire coastline, which accounts for the seasonal aggregation of blue whales. The physical processes in the Perth Canyon are variable and all are important to this marine ecosystem.
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Shukla, Chirayu S. „Scenario modeling for prediction of contaminant transport in Perth unconfined aquifer“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2066.
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Rapid development and growth of industrialization has brought immense enrichments in living standards of humans, however, improper planned development also brings along several environmental problems such as pollution of environment and excessive consumption of natural resources. Among all the others, uncontrolled utilization of water poses a severe threat to the coming generations. Past decades have witnessed water shortage in various countries of the world. Although about 80% of the earth’s surface is covered with water, around 97.2% of water is salty making it inappropriate for general usage. Among the rest of the 2.8%, which is present as fresh water on surface, a large proportion of it has been found to be severely polluted. The increasing demand of fresh water both for industrial and domestic usage adds great demand on the available groundwater. Moreover, the severe pollution of fresh water on the surface adds more stress on the available groundwater. In Australia, approximately 20% of water supply is from groundwater and in the case of Western Australia groundwater provides two thirds of its water supply needs. Thus, it is important to manage groundwater sources in Western Australia to achieve the optimum water utilization and maintain the water table and it is also essential to decide on an appropriate water budget. Groundwater flow modelling is an effective tool to get appropriate water distribution and, to examine effects from pumping on water levels and direction of groundwater flow paths, thereby helping in its proper management and utilization. Apart from monitoring the flow and utilization, groundwater flow modeling is also vital to keep the track of pollutant in the groundwater. Increasing surface pollution and landfill sites tend to pollute the groundwater due to leaching.The above mentioned aspects formed the basis of the present research. A groundwater flow model was developed in Visual MODFLOW Premium to study the effect of three different types of soil in and around Perth region. This study also shows the hypothetical contaminated site model for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) transport in Perth Superficial unconfined aquifer which includes three major aquifer sediments namely Bassendean Sand, Safety Bay Sand and Tamala Limestone. Among the four different contaminants it was observed that benzene is able to migrate quickly as compared to the other contaminants due to its smaller distribution coefficient.This study also explored the major soil parameters such as effect of sorption, effective porosity and hydraulic conductivity on contaminant plume configuration and contaminants concentration for the three types of aquifer sediments. A critical comparison of the behaviour of the three different types of soils was also conducted.Simulation results of sensitivity analysis have shown that sorption and hydraulic conductivity greatly affected the contaminant plume length and concentration of contaminants with much lesser effect shown by the effective porosity. The simulated results also showed that the movement of contaminant in Tamala Limestone is most rapid by comparing these three types of aquifer sediments together. Thus, it can be said that contaminated sites found in Tamala Limestone needs immediate remediation of contaminants to bring down the contaminants concentration in groundwater.In brief, the thesis explores the current groundwater scenario in and around Perth region. Based on the information a hypothetical scenario simulation has critically analyzed the various parameters affecting the water and contaminant flow for the various soil parameters. The study is considered as a building block for further research on developing a remediation technique for groundwater contaminant treatment.
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Shukla, Chirayu S. „Scenario modeling for prediction of contaminant transport in Perth unconfined aquifer“. Curtin University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119756.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Rapid development and growth of industrialization has brought immense enrichments in living standards of humans, however, improper planned development also brings along several environmental problems such as pollution of environment and excessive consumption of natural resources. Among all the others, uncontrolled utilization of water poses a severe threat to the coming generations. Past decades have witnessed water shortage in various countries of the world. Although about 80% of the earth’s surface is covered with water, around 97.2% of water is salty making it inappropriate for general usage. Among the rest of the 2.8%, which is present as fresh water on surface, a large proportion of it has been found to be severely polluted. The increasing demand of fresh water both for industrial and domestic usage adds great demand on the available groundwater. Moreover, the severe pollution of fresh water on the surface adds more stress on the available groundwater. In Australia, approximately 20% of water supply is from groundwater and in the case of Western Australia groundwater provides two thirds of its water supply needs. Thus, it is important to manage groundwater sources in Western Australia to achieve the optimum water utilization and maintain the water table and it is also essential to decide on an appropriate water budget. Groundwater flow modelling is an effective tool to get appropriate water distribution and, to examine effects from pumping on water levels and direction of groundwater flow paths, thereby helping in its proper management and utilization. Apart from monitoring the flow and utilization, groundwater flow modeling is also vital to keep the track of pollutant in the groundwater. Increasing surface pollution and landfill sites tend to pollute the groundwater due to leaching.The above mentioned aspects formed the basis of the present research. A groundwater flow model was developed in Visual MODFLOW Premium to study the effect of three different types of soil in and around Perth region. This study also shows the hypothetical contaminated site model for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) transport in Perth Superficial unconfined aquifer which includes three major aquifer sediments namely Bassendean Sand, Safety Bay Sand and Tamala Limestone. Among the four different contaminants it was observed that benzene is able to migrate quickly as compared to the other contaminants due to its smaller distribution coefficient.
This study also explored the major soil parameters such as effect of sorption, effective porosity and hydraulic conductivity on contaminant plume configuration and contaminants concentration for the three types of aquifer sediments. A critical comparison of the behaviour of the three different types of soils was also conducted.
Simulation results of sensitivity analysis have shown that sorption and hydraulic conductivity greatly affected the contaminant plume length and concentration of contaminants with much lesser effect shown by the effective porosity. The simulated results also showed that the movement of contaminant in Tamala Limestone is most rapid by comparing these three types of aquifer sediments together. Thus, it can be said that contaminated sites found in Tamala Limestone needs immediate remediation of contaminants to bring down the contaminants concentration in groundwater.
In brief, the thesis explores the current groundwater scenario in and around Perth region. Based on the information a hypothetical scenario simulation has critically analyzed the various parameters affecting the water and contaminant flow for the various soil parameters. The study is considered as a building block for further research on developing a remediation technique for groundwater contaminant treatment.
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Hannelly, Toni Maree. „Air Pollution in Metropolitan Perth and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Hospital Admissions“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/66688.
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This two-stage study analysed historical and recent air quality data in metropolitan Perth. The first stage examined historical ambient air quality and hospital admission data over a 10-year period (2001-2010) to determine whether levels of pollutants in the Perth metropolitan airshed contributed to the number of unscheduled hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory illness. The second stage consisted of monitoring ambient air quality, specifically particulate matter, and collecting samples to determine the size-specific metal composition.
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Stein, Darren M. „Psychological sense of community in Jewish adolescents of Perth, Western Australia“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2000. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1369.
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This paper explores Psychological Sense of Community (PSC) in the Jewish adolescent population of Perth. The main aim was to investigate the differences between student attending the private Jewish School (Carmel) or another school within the metropolitan area. Participants were recruited from Carmel School, W A Maccabi (Jewish sport club) and by using a snowball sampling technique. The total sample included 167 students (60 males and 107 females) in years 10, II and 12. Participants' PSC was assessed by the modified Sense of Community Index (SCI). Results showed significantly higher PSC in Carmel students (ᵽ< .05), males (ᵽ< .01) and Somewhat observant individuals (ᵽ< .0 I). No relationship was found between PSC and whether one lived in the central Jewish suburbs. The relationship between PSC and length of time lived in the community was not a positive, linear one as expected. Results that were contrary to those in the literature may be effected by the community's traditional gender stereotypes and high numbers of migrants. Limitations of the study and implications for future research are discussed.
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Finn, Hugh. „Conservation biology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Perth metropolitan waters“. Thesis, Finn, Hugh (2005) Conservation biology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Perth metropolitan waters. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/49/.
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This thesis examines two potential conservation problems for a residential sub-population of ~75 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Cockburn Sound, a small embayment within the southern metropolitan waters of Perth, Western Australia: (1) human-induced habitat change and (2) illegal feeding (i.e. unregulated provisioning) of dolphins. The work is important because Cockburn Sound is the most intensively utilised marine environment in Western Australia and industrial, commercial, and recreational uses of the area will intensify in coming decades. These considerations, coupled with the demographic and ecological vulnerability of residential populations of small cetaceans, suggested a risk of population decline without a more informed scientific basis for management. This study (2000 - 2003) complemented an earlier study of the Cockburn Sound dolphins (1993 - 1997) to provide a decade-long longitudinal study of the population. The original contributions of this study relate to: (a) the foraging ecology of dolphins;(b) the effects and mechanisms of human-dolphin interaction, particularly interactions based on unregulated provisioning; and (c) an integration of previous research and other information.
Studies of the foraging ecology of dolphins within Cockburn Sound were undertaken between 2000-2 to determine the areas used by dolphins and their feeding behaviours so that the implications of human-induced habitat change could be assessed. These studies used belt transect sampling and event-specific sampling of foraging aggregations of dolphins to quantify the foraging habitat use of dolphins within the Sound and to characterise spatial and temporal patterns in aggregations of foraging dolphins. The results showed that the density of foraging dolphins varied significantly across habitats and that foraging aggregations consistently occur in an area known as the Kwinana Shelf during the austral autumn-spring period. The studies also suggested that the foraging ecology of dolphins in Cockburn Sound reflects the consistent utilisation of both: (a) low-density prey species (i.e. individual or weakly-schooling prey) and (b) high-density prey species (i.e. schooling species such as forage fish). These findings indicate that ecosystem-based conservations of the population should consider the conservation requirements of dolphin prey species and the ecological integrity of key foraging habitats like the Kwinana Shelf.
Human-dolphin interactions based on the illegal feeding of dolphins in Cockburn Sound escalated between 1993 and 2003. By 2003, a total of 14 individuals exhibited behaviours indicative of conditioning to human interaction by food reinforcement, including some individuals that engaged in provisioning interactions on a chronic (i.e. long-term) basis. Observations of the effects of unregulated provisioning indicated that: (a) provisioned dolphins sustained increased higher rates of human-induced injury than non-provisioned dolphins and (b) provisioning was associated with substantial and enduring behavioural changes including changes in ranging and association patterns. Other observations of human-induced injury in Cockburn Sound included seven instances of calf entanglement. These findings indicate that the effects of illegal feeding and other forms of direct human-dolphin interaction (e.g. entanglement) could achieve biological significance for the population.
The possible contribution of (a) human influences, (b) social learning, and (c) behavioural propensities (e.g. age and sex) on the acquisition of an attraction response to human provisioning was examined through logistic regression analysis using age, sex, use of high-boat density areas, and the number of close associates that were previously provisioned as predictor variables and the acquisition of an attraction response as the dependent variable. This analysis was supplemented by behavioural observations of interactions between provisioned and naive individuals during provisioning interactions. The results supported three findings: (1) a relatively high level of exposure to human provisioners was a significant predictor for the acquisition of an attraction response by dolphins; (2) social learning contributed to the acquisition of an attraction response in those individuals that more frequently utilised high-boat density areas; and (3) the potential contribution of behavioural propensities relating to age and sex was uncertain. These conclusions suggest that the acquisition of an attraction response to human provisioning can best be understood as the outcome of a complex of interacting factors.
The findings also indicate: (a) the management value of individual-specific and longitudinal data for the management of harmful human-wildlife interactions and (b) the potential for social learning to contribute to the development and persistence of these interactions. The findings of this study indicate that population decline in Cockburn Sound could be induced by: (1) a reduction in the Sound?s environmental carrying capacity or (2) mortality, injury, and behavioural changes resulting from interactions with humans. The potential for such a decline and evidence demonstrating the harmful effects of human activities on dolphins supports the application of preventative approach to the management of illegal feeding and entanglement and a precautionary approach to environmental impact assessments of proposed developments. Mitigation of direct human-dolphins like illegal feeding requires an enforcement and education program to encourage more responsible human attitudes towards interactions with dolphins. Research on the ecology and composition of finfish assemblages and the trophic structure of the Kwinana shelf would assist efforts to mitigate the impact of human-induced habitat change.
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Finn, Hugh. „Conservation biology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Perth metropolitan waters“. Finn, Hugh (2005) Conservation biology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Perth metropolitan waters. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/49/.
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This thesis examines two potential conservation problems for a residential sub-population of ~75 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Cockburn Sound, a small embayment within the southern metropolitan waters of Perth, Western Australia: (1) human-induced habitat change and (2) illegal feeding (i.e. unregulated provisioning) of dolphins. The work is important because Cockburn Sound is the most intensively utilised marine environment in Western Australia and industrial, commercial, and recreational uses of the area will intensify in coming decades. These considerations, coupled with the demographic and ecological vulnerability of residential populations of small cetaceans, suggested a risk of population decline without a more informed scientific basis for management. This study (2000 - 2003) complemented an earlier study of the Cockburn Sound dolphins (1993 - 1997) to provide a decade-long longitudinal study of the population. The original contributions of this study relate to: (a) the foraging ecology of dolphins;(b) the effects and mechanisms of human-dolphin interaction, particularly interactions based on unregulated provisioning; and (c) an integration of previous research and other information.
Studies of the foraging ecology of dolphins within Cockburn Sound were undertaken between 2000-2 to determine the areas used by dolphins and their feeding behaviours so that the implications of human-induced habitat change could be assessed. These studies used belt transect sampling and event-specific sampling of foraging aggregations of dolphins to quantify the foraging habitat use of dolphins within the Sound and to characterise spatial and temporal patterns in aggregations of foraging dolphins. The results showed that the density of foraging dolphins varied significantly across habitats and that foraging aggregations consistently occur in an area known as the Kwinana Shelf during the austral autumn-spring period. The studies also suggested that the foraging ecology of dolphins in Cockburn Sound reflects the consistent utilisation of both: (a) low-density prey species (i.e. individual or weakly-schooling prey) and (b) high-density prey species (i.e. schooling species such as forage fish). These findings indicate that ecosystem-based conservations of the population should consider the conservation requirements of dolphin prey species and the ecological integrity of key foraging habitats like the Kwinana Shelf.
Human-dolphin interactions based on the illegal feeding of dolphins in Cockburn Sound escalated between 1993 and 2003. By 2003, a total of 14 individuals exhibited behaviours indicative of conditioning to human interaction by food reinforcement, including some individuals that engaged in provisioning interactions on a chronic (i.e. long-term) basis. Observations of the effects of unregulated provisioning indicated that: (a) provisioned dolphins sustained increased higher rates of human-induced injury than non-provisioned dolphins and (b) provisioning was associated with substantial and enduring behavioural changes including changes in ranging and association patterns. Other observations of human-induced injury in Cockburn Sound included seven instances of calf entanglement. These findings indicate that the effects of illegal feeding and other forms of direct human-dolphin interaction (e.g. entanglement) could achieve biological significance for the population.
The possible contribution of (a) human influences, (b) social learning, and (c) behavioural propensities (e.g. age and sex) on the acquisition of an attraction response to human provisioning was examined through logistic regression analysis using age, sex, use of high-boat density areas, and the number of close associates that were previously provisioned as predictor variables and the acquisition of an attraction response as the dependent variable. This analysis was supplemented by behavioural observations of interactions between provisioned and naive individuals during provisioning interactions. The results supported three findings: (1) a relatively high level of exposure to human provisioners was a significant predictor for the acquisition of an attraction response by dolphins; (2) social learning contributed to the acquisition of an attraction response in those individuals that more frequently utilised high-boat density areas; and (3) the potential contribution of behavioural propensities relating to age and sex was uncertain. These conclusions suggest that the acquisition of an attraction response to human provisioning can best be understood as the outcome of a complex of interacting factors.
The findings also indicate: (a) the management value of individual-specific and longitudinal data for the management of harmful human-wildlife interactions and (b) the potential for social learning to contribute to the development and persistence of these interactions. The findings of this study indicate that population decline in Cockburn Sound could be induced by: (1) a reduction in the Sound?s environmental carrying capacity or (2) mortality, injury, and behavioural changes resulting from interactions with humans. The potential for such a decline and evidence demonstrating the harmful effects of human activities on dolphins supports the application of preventative approach to the management of illegal feeding and entanglement and a precautionary approach to environmental impact assessments of proposed developments. Mitigation of direct human-dolphins like illegal feeding requires an enforcement and education program to encourage more responsible human attitudes towards interactions with dolphins. Research on the ecology and composition of finfish assemblages and the trophic structure of the Kwinana shelf would assist efforts to mitigate the impact of human-induced habitat change.
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Oliver, Chantal. „Haemodialysis water pre-treatment plant wireless monitoring system Royal Perth Hospital“. Thesis, Oliver, Chantal (2012) Haemodialysis water pre-treatment plant wireless monitoring system Royal Perth Hospital. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/10209/.
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Currently most of the remotely monitored equipment at Royal Perth Hospital is hardwired, but is gradually being replaced with wireless systems with the development of cheaper and more reliable solutions.
This thesis tests and compares two wireless systems and analyses which one best fits Royal Perth Hospital’s requirements. Thorough testing and comparison was required because once installed, the selected solution was required to be the main monitoring system used in the future.
From there the selected system was installed and commissioned within the Pre-Treatment Plant of Haemodialysis. Commissioning of the chosen software entailed configuring the manufacturers Web Server with required sensor settings, alarm limits and email addresses. In addition to the installation, this thesis briefly investigates the possibility of a fully automated chlorine analyser for the Pre-Treatment Plant. This would create an excellent long term logging solution with the nurses no longer needing to hand test chlorine levels each day.
Although the Web Server satisfied the hospitals needs in the short term, a longer term solution needed to be found. Perl script was created to communicate from the Web Servers data tables to Royal Perth Hospitals’ server. This script was able to transfer all required data and pass it through to the new server, Fully Automated Nagios. This new script allows for improved data viewing, emailing capabilities, and longer term data storage.
This thesis summarises the work required to install, commission and configure a system that monitors pressures, temperature and contact switches, as well as educate the reader on the development, implementation and testing of such a system.
Since the Technical Services Division has an ISO 9001 accredited QA system, as required a large part of this thesis focused on the development of the project details, such as the development of wiring diagrams, server templates, comment logs, bill of materials and most importantly, the complete service and operator manuals.
Through the research and development of this thesis it was found that the project could be used to monitor other wards and so could be repeated in the future within Royal Perth Hospital and possibly Western Australian Health.
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Hillman, Alison. „Urbanisation and small marsupials in the greater Perth region, Western Australia“. Thesis, Hillman, Alison (2016) Urbanisation and small marsupials in the greater Perth region, Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/33177/.
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Background
Quenda (Isoodon obesulus) and brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) remain in many areas of Perth, Western Australia, despite urbanisation. This thesis investigated the impacts of urbanisation on the parasitic infections, morphometrics and reproductive fitness of these marsupials. Parasite screening particularly investigated the presence of parasites that quenda and possums may be acquiring from humans and pets in urbanised environments.
Methods
This cross sectional study targeted free-ranging quenda and brushtail possums in Perth. Trapping was undertaken on 29 bushland sites and 35 urbanised sites. Trapped marsupials were sampled for gastrointestinal and macroscopic ecto- parasites and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, and morphometrics were measured. Statistical analyses included linear and logistic regression, Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistic and analysis of similarities in parasite communities.
Results
287 quenda and 33 brushtail possums were sampled across 55 sites. Parasitic infections were common in Perth quenda, and less so in brushtail possums. Twelve parasite taxa were identified infecting these host species for the first time. In quenda, some differences in parasite prevalences, odds of infection, intensities of infection, and parasite communities, were observed in quenda trapped in urbanised environments compared to bushland. In quenda, Giardia spp. infection was common, and typically the non-zoonotic G. peramelis. Analyses suggest that the primary influence on the distribution of Giardia spp. infection in quenda is population density. Quenda trapped in urbanised environments were heavier on average than quenda trapped in bushland, in the absence of convincing evidence of a difference in skeletal morphometrics. Bushland adult female quenda had increased odds of having an active pouch than those in urbanised environments.
Conclusions
Quenda and brushtail possums in Perth are not commonly infected with gastrointestinal and macroscopic ecto- parasites of humans and domestic animal origin. Quenda in urbanised environments have a tendency towards obesity. Urbanised environments may negatively impact fecundity of female quenda.
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Bowers, Craig. „The scientific history of the Perth Observatory from 1960 to 1993“. Thesis, Bowers, Craig (2016) The scientific history of the Perth Observatory from 1960 to 1993. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/35154/.
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The Perth Observatory has existed as a State funded astronomical research institute, in Western Australia, since 1896. From its humble beginning, providing the fundamental services of time, tides, meteorology and support to surveying for a fledgling State, it subsequently grew to become a major southern hemisphere contributor to astronomy.
During the first seventy plus years, when it was located in the Perth CBD, its focus was mostly on the provision of information to the Western Australian population, and astronomical research was seen as luxury.
When it was forced to move out of the CBD in the mid 1960s, the new Perth Observatory opened with negotiated international astronomical programs that were more astronomy focused than in its earlier years. These included, the compilation of the largest southern star catalogues, a successful photographic astrometric program on minor planets and comets and the involvement in a worldwide observing program on solar system planets.
The subsequent forty-‐six year period (1969-‐2015) also saw increases in staff, which had previously been limited by war, politics and state financial issues; there were also several reviews of its operation and attempts at closure.
This thesis is a review of the Perth Observatory’s management and leadership, its scientific programs and the changes in society, politics and technology, which influenced its scientific services and research programs over the years (1963 – 2013). The aim of this work is to evaluate the contributions to the State and the research achievements of the Perth Observatory during the last 50 years of its life.
With the termination of professional research at the Observatory announced during the writing of this thesis, the final chapter presents the conclusions that can be drawn from the thesis that answer the fundamental research questions: -
1.“What prompted the Observatory to shift from Mt Eliza to Bickley and how did this relocation shape the scientific and cultural contribution of the Perth Observatory to Western Australia, Australia and the world in subsequent decades?”.
2.“What were the major scientific achievements of the Perth Observatory between 1966 and 1993?”; and
3.“What were the major factors that led to its closure as a research institution in 2013?”.
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Philippou, Paul S. „"There is only one P in Perth - and, it stands for Pullars!" : the labour, trade-union, and co-operative movements in Perth, c. 1867 to c. 1922“. Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/f11aa3e9-69a6-43dd-9fc0-009f6912424f.
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In recent years a number of studies within Scottish labour history have added to the discipline’s understanding and knowledge of the history of the labour and trade-union movements of several Scottish towns/cities hitherto neglected by a historiography traditionally dominated by research into the West-Central Belt. These studies, of which this thesis forms part, provide data against which generalising narratives which purport to describe the development of the labour and trade-union movements in Britain can be read - a process which ultimately must improve these now orthodox narratives or see them replaced. The thesis also provides a historical description of the progress of the labour and trade- union movements in Perth, c. 1867 to c. 1922. This study of Perth is unique in that Perth’s labour and trade-union movements have been almost entirely neglected and thus the thesis provides a substantial body of fresh observations and data in the form of a critical and comparative history of the Perth labour and trade- union movements, c. 1867 to c. 1922. Comparative considerations within the thesis revolve around existing studies of the labour and trade-union movements of Scotland’s main industrial towns/cities/areas including Paisley and the Vale of Leven which shared common features with Perth. In gathering evidence use has been made of an array of primary sources. Both qualitative and quantitative methods feature throughout the thesis which is arranged using a thematic and chronological structure. The thesis also examines the Perth co-operative movement and the city’s working-class housing, in so far as they offer an understanding of the reasons for the historical development of working-class consciousness and support for Labour in Perth. The thesis provides an example of a development of class consciousness and support for Labour that shows strong deviation with those (according to conventional Scottish labour history) found in many other parts of Scotland. In particular, the thesis considers why a significant proportion of the Perth working class either remained loyal to Liberalism or shifted allegiance to Conservatism in the very early 1920s at which point the death agony of the Liberal Party had become deafening and the rise of Labour inexorable. In addition, the thesis examines the slow development of trade unionism in Perth and its failure to make any substantial headway until almost the conclusion of the Great War. The thesis when placed alongside studies such as Catriona Macdonald’s work on Paisley adds to the case for a fragmented development of class and trade-union consciousness across Scotland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The motor for the deviation between Perth and elsewhere is shown to be due to a ‘local identity’ - in particular a lingering and powerful industrial paternalism, the absence of a sizeable and powerful branch of the Independent Labour Party, and an insular craft-union dominated trades council. Additionally, the Perth working class is shown to have played a significant role in its own subordination going so far as to act to maintain the local industrial order even as Perth’s industrial paternalists and Liberal elites were abandoning the consensus upon which it was built.
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Maule, Linda J. „An exploratory study of exhibitionism amongst adult men in Perth: a qualitative perspective as a guide for treatment“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1690.
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The aim of this research is to talk to a sample of exhibitionists who are currently under the supervision of the Ministry of Justice (MOJ) in Perth, Western Australia in order to ascertain whether current treatment approaches used within the MOJ are the most effective and appropriate for this group of sex offenders. It was considered that the most effective research method would be a qualitative approach in order to gain insight into the offender's understanding of their offending behaviour and to attempt to identify their areas of treatment need. Through personal observations in working with exhibitionists and supported by the literature, an interview schedule was developed to combine a detailed social history with questions on communication, childhood issues, father issues and stress. Twenty voluntary participants were interviewed, having been accessed through the correctional community and prison environments. The objectives were (1) To identify any categories of exhibitionists and therefore better utilise treatment resources, (2) To identify the role of stress and communication deficits in offending behaviour of exhibitionists, (3) To determine whether exhibitionists would be more effectively treated within their own discrete population or with other types of sex offenders and (4) To identify a more appropriate treatment model. Another area of interest which was not specifically focussed on was whether findings would emerge which could predict which exhibitionists would progress to more serious sexual offending.The study found 3 categories of exhibitionist (1) Adolescent Onset Career Exhibitionists, (2) Adult Onset Career Exhibitionists and (3) Situational Response Exhibitionists. Whilst the first 2 categories contained participants whose offending was entrenched once commenced, either in early adolescence or adulthood, the latter group appeared to offend as a specific response to a life crisis. Further, findings indicated that there were 3 levels of communication deficits ranging from poor communication (65% of participants) to an inability to express negatively perceived emotions such as sadness or fear. All but one participant experienced high levels of stress and had difficulty coping with their symptoms. Again, all but one participant expressed unsatisfactory relationships with their fathers ranging from abandonment to emotional distance and 50% of the participants experienced physical, sexual and/or emotional abuse.A model of treatment was recommended which allowed for increased flexibility, allowing resources to be focussed on those offenders with the highest need. Further recommendations included increased liaison with the courts and Community Corrections in order to facilitate a more integrated approach to the client. It was also considered that exhibitionists should continue working within groups which contained other types of sex offenders.