Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Peri-urban occupation“

Abstract Contemporary urban sprawl and urban functional centrality at the regional scale have made the classical urban-rural dichotomy no longer valid. Instead, urban development generates a range of peri-urban transitional areas in which urban and rural uses are mixed in a fragmented land mosaic. The main objective of this paper is to detect opportunitites for the revitalisation of peri-urban agriculture based on an analysis and comparison of its evolution in two different regional contexts in Spain. The peri-urban space is delimited according to density, topography and perceptual criteria. Aerial images and cartographic bases are used to identify land quality and land use changes in the areas, concluding that peri-urban agriculture has suffered both urban occupation and internal changes in crops and agricultural uses, experiencing a process of decline. Innovative initiatives performed in these spaces are also explored as opportunities for revitalisation from a multifunctional approach, linking urban population to peri-urban agriculture, organic farming or landscape management. This analysis serves as a prerequisite to develop new policies for the planning of peri-urban agriculture at local and regional scales, based on a deep understanding of the territory and its evolution.

The conceptual and methodological debate on urban form has grown in the last decades to recognize that social, economic, demographic and political processes can contribute to the development of new urban forms, especially those related to urban sprawl, as well as to find alternative methodologies for measuring them. Spatial metrics derived from landscape ecology arise as principal indicators to measure urban form. This paper proposes a typology of the urban occupation of Portuguese municipalities. It uses land use/cover data from 1990 and 2006 to extract built-up areas, and it presents five spatial metrics alongside seventeen statistical indicators from 1991 to 2011 most commonly used in the literature to characterize urban occupation. It uses a self-organising map as a visual tool to identify trends and relationships among variables and to cluster municipalities. Based on the self-organising map’s visual clustering, six types of urban occupation of Portuguese municipalities are proposed. In addition, the paper discusses the added value of using indicators that describe both the patterns and the characteristics of the municipalities for making spatial planning decisions in Portugal. The observed results show that spatial metrics are particularly adequate for measuring peri-urban municipalities (urban sprawl areas). These results represent the first multidimensional and systematic analysis of Portuguese urban occupation and they can be the first step in the integration of spatial metrics as indicators that are suitable for the analysis of spatial planning, and also for comparative purposes at a broader geographical scale.

This is a study about the experience of dwelling in the boundary of the metropolitan area in Guadalajara, Mexico, a place in which there have been various housing scenarios considered as progressive and rational with isomorphic traits, as it is the case of La Azucena. The aim of the article is to identify the hostile forces that peri-urban residents face and the impact that these anthropic forces may produce in the process of inhabiting those periurban areas. In this context, it was necessary to build an index of occupancy using the statistics application SPSS for obtaining a later georeference using the program ArcMap. Thus, it was obtained the Index of Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin and the sphericity test given by Barlett for these three established measurements: health, education and occupancy. In the conceptual precepts of the systems, there are some complex interactions based on the processes of peri-urban planning.

In this paper, we present a comparison of two rural landscapes in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, where the dynamics of occupation have differed since the end of the ancient world in terms of both the degree of resilience of settlements and the land use. Our purpose was to explore the social, political, economic, and environmental factors that could explain why there has been a long-term cross-cultural occupation of some resilient sites and landscapes for almost a millennium, while there have been only very specific temporary occupations in other areas. The first part of this paper describes the archaeological investigations carried out by means of intensive survey methods, geophysics, and some excavations in peripheral and peri-urban spaces. In the second part, we reflect on whether the use of the same methodology in all cases allows us to compare and understand what makes societies sustainable (or not) over time through their archaeological record.

Latin American contemporary cities are facing a rapidly urban dispersion which is mainly occurring in periurban zones. Since these transitional spaces remain geographically and conceptually unclear, having a greater understanding of its landscape composition has become a key issue for territorial planning purposes. In this article, the Metropolitan District of Quito urban-rural gradient landscape composition and its spatiotemporal transformations are analysed. Using satellite images of very high resolution of two periods, five Land Use-Land Covers (LULC) were identified in sixty-four sample polygons. Based on that, a transition matrix and a stability index were developed to analyse landscape composition change intensity. Results demonstrate that peri-urban areas show the highest landscape instability, although through a great diversity of land occupation typologies. The four dominant typologies are analysed. Parsing LULCs independently, vegetation showed the greatest instability, which significantly alters ecosystems and their services. On the other hand, mega-road infrastructure appears to be one of the most dramatic drivers of peri-urban transformation, since samples crossed by new highways experienced the greatest landscape transformation on average. Finally, this methodology and insights could be extrapolated to other Latin American cities, where micro-scale policymaking should be a priority in scenarios of complex and highly heterogeneous peri-urbanization.

Latin American contemporary cities are facing a rapidly urban dispersion which is mainly occurring in periurban zones. Since these transitional spaces remain geographically and conceptually unclear, having a greater understanding of its landscape composition has become a key issue for territorial planning purposes. In this article, the Metropolitan District of Quito urban-rural gradient landscape composition and its spatiotemporal transformations are analysed. Using satellite images of very high resolution of two periods, five Land Use-Land Covers (LULC) were identified in sixty-four sample polygons. Based on that, a transition matrix and a stability index were developed to analyse landscape composition change intensity. Results demonstrate that peri-urban areas show the highest landscape instability, although through a great diversity of land occupation typologies. The four dominant typologies are analysed. Parsing LULCs independently, vegetation showed the greatest instability, which significantly alters ecosystems and their services. On the other hand, mega-road infrastructure appears to be one of the most dramatic drivers of peri-urban transformation, since samples crossed by new highways experienced the greatest landscape transformation on average. Finally, this methodology and insights could be extrapolated to other Latin American cities, where micro-scale policymaking should be a priority in scenarios of complex and highly heterogeneous peri-urbanization.

Background: Immunization is one of the simplest and cost-effective ways to protect a child from infectious diseases and mortality worldwide, and while global immunization coverage has increased dramatically the impact is low in developing countries like Pakistan, where many children remain unvaccinated or partially vaccinated. Aim: To determine the potential factors related to parents that impact the uptake of immunization in children living in the peri-urban area of Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted between Oct 2020 to May 2021. Purposive sampling technique based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria was used and a total of 100 parents of children were interviewed using the self-developed structured questionnaire focusing on factors like socio-demographic, parental health-seeking behavior, parental knowledge and perception of immunization and the reasons why a child is partially immunized. The data was collected from two EPI centers from the peri-urban area of Karachi to determine the parental factors associated with child immunization. Results: The results of the study show association between Child immunization and father occupation (p=0.000), parental education (p=0.000) and household income (p-value=0.000). history of sibling’s complete vaccination 35(70%), frequency of maternal antenatal visits 41(82%) accompanied by the husband 37 (74%) and have delivered the child in hospital 50(100%) by an obstetrician 50 (100) and for medical treatment child is always taken to a hospital 47(94%). Parents who consider vaccination important 48 (86%) with the significance of (p=0.001) and they have awareness regarding the total number of immunizations 38(76%) have fully immunized children. Conclusion: According to the study, parental education, occupation, income, health-seeking behavior, father’s involvement, child birth-related factors, parental awareness on immunization, perception of immunization Keywords: Immunization coverage, EPI, Parental factors, Peri-Urban, Sindh, Fully Immunized, Partially Immunized

Aim: To examine the drivers of urban expansion on peri-urban areas in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey research. Place and Duration of Study: Eyenkorin, Kwara State 2022. Methodology: From the literature review, fifteen (15) drivers of urban expansion at the peri-urban areas were highlighted. Afterwards a pilot survey was done on the 15 factors among experts in academia with relevant experiences in the built environment. The 15 factors were affirmed adequate for the study. A structured questionnaire survey on a 4-Point Likert Scale was administered to 332 household heads in the study area to colate opinions on how the highlighted factors influence urban expansion on the peripheral land. Weighted Mean Score, Factor Analysis and Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation were used to analyze the factors driving urban expansion in the study area. Weighted Mean Score was used to evaluate the individual factors driving urban expansion of peripheral lands in the study area. The Factor Analysis helped to identify the principal individual factors driving urban expansion at the study area and how they are related with to one another. Fuzzy Synthetic matrix was used to reveal the categories of factors driving urban expansion at the study area in order of their importance. Results: From study, Occupation and living related factors with a criticality index of 3.12 are the most critical drivers of urban expansion towards the periphery in the study area. This is followed by Accessibility comfort and Land speculation factors with a criticality index of 2.96; and Religious and Institutional factors with a criticality index of 2.72. However, in the study area, Socio-Cultural related factors with a criticality index of 1.22 are not significant drivers of urban expansion towards the periphery in the study area. Conclusion: The study revealed that there has been exponential spatial urban land use expansion in the peripheral area considered for the study. The study revealed that the factors driving urban expansion to the peripheral area centered around job/occupation related factors, housing and living factors, accessibility factors, religious and institutional factors. For the purpose of environmental preservation and a structured land use, attention should be given to the pace and pattern of urban expansion to achieve a sustainable land use. Hence, there is need to start giving attention to how urban expansion occurs and the land use activities that clusters around the landmarks driving the urban expansion at the peri-urban areas in order to ensure sustainable urban expansion especially in developing countries where this can be an oversight. This will help to optimize a balanced urban land use dynamics for the present and the future preservation of the environment.

Savings is increasingly being acknowledged as a powerful tool for poverty alleviation but the peri- -urban households who are mostly, low cadre workers, peasant farmers and small-scale business owners lacks savings services. This study analyzed savings mobilization on poverty alleviation among peri-urban households in Kwali and Bwari Area Councils Abuja. Cross-sectional primary data was used in this study. The data was collected with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire administered to 185 peri-urban farming households. Descriptive statistics (mean, frequency and percentage), Foster Greer Thorbecke index and ordered logit regression were used to analyze the collected data. The results that emanated from the analysis reveals that 98% of respondents are within the economic active age while 82% of them had formal education and average household size of 4 person. About 93% of households saved in one form or the other. About 51% of the respondent are non-poor while 49% are poor based on analysis of poverty status which revealed poverty incidence of 49%, poverty depth of 28% and poverty severity of 56%. The results further reveals that primary occupation and education reduces the likelihood of not being poor, but there is an increment in the likelihood of being very poor while farm size, savings, access to credit and income generated from secondary activities increases the probability of being non-poor, but reduces the probability of being very poor. Therefore, households should be encouraged by Governmental agencies to engage in secondary economic activities for multiple stream of income to improve on their poverty status. In addition, government should facilitate the establishment of Financial Institutions in the Peri- Urban areas to inculcate saving habit among the people.

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Contemporary the process of global urbanization is notable for the intensity of its expansion, also in Brazil, where the great majority of the population lives in urban areas, with a vibrant aspect of the dynamics of this occupation the configuration of a space called peri-urban. From this overview, this paper aims to analyze the consequences of the interaction between the land market and public interventions, in the formation and orientation of the dynamics of occupation of peri-urban areas, in the west region of the city of Juiz de Fora (Minas Gerais), also known as Cidade Alta (Uptown) in almost all its entirety, seeking to understand the role and influence of market land and public interventions in the process of its expansion, passing their socioeconomic characteristics, their occupation and the growth of the main neighborhoods that comprise it. For this purpose, besides the analysis based on a mixed methodology data of the market value of their land and their peculiar housing market, I sought to compare the numerical data with an analysis of features supported by observations of its main components and causes of the phenomena analyzed.The corpora related to the object of research are coming from data from the Territorial Urban Property Tax - a property tax, between the years 2000 to 2010, in each neighborhood and its subdivisions, as well as listings of the two largest newspapers in circulation of Juiz de Fora: Tribuna de Minas and Diário Regional. The result is an empirical analysis of the vectors of expansion in the region studied, addressing different forms of land use, especially for the installation of condominiums and discussion of socioeconomic and growth features, which in turn, show a highly speculative real estate in the region. It is intended to provide information to better understand this specific type of expansion, as well as the causes of the rise of areas similar to this locus, as a basis for the study of alternatives in terms of public policies in support of a concept of right to housing in their broadest sense of equity of access to public equipments and basic infrastructure in peri-urban areas.
Contemporaneamente, o processo de urbanização global destaca-se pela intensidade de sua expansão, também no Brasil, em que a grande maioria da população vive em áreas urbanas, sendo um aspecto pujante da dinâmica dessa ocupação a configuração de um espaço denominado periurbano. A partir desse panorama, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os reflexos da interação entre o mercado de terras e as intervenções públicas, na formação e orientação da dinâmica de ocupação de áreas periurbanas, da região Oeste da cidade de Juiz de Fora (Minas Gerais), também denominada como Cidade Alta , em quase toda a sua totalidade, buscando compreender a atuação e a influência do mercado de terras e das intervenções públicas no processo de sua expansão, perpassando suas características socioeconômicas, a sua ocupação e o crescimento dos principais bairros que a compõem. Para tanto, além da análise baseada em uma metodologia mista dos dados do valor venal de seus terrenos e o seu mercado imobiliário particular, buscou-se confrontar os dados numéricos com uma análise apoiada em observações de características de seus principais componentes e causas dos fenômenos analisados. Os corpora relacionados ao objeto da pesquisa são advindos de dados do Imposto Predial Territorial Urbano - IPTU, entre os anos de 2000 a 2010, em cada bairro e seus loteamentos, bem como anúncios dos dois jornais de maior circulação de Juiz de Fora: Tribuna de Minas e Diário Regional. O resultado é uma análise empírica sobre os vetores de expansão da região estudada, abordando as diferentes formas de ocupação do solo, com destaque para a instalação de condomínios e a discussão de aspectos socioeconômicos e de crescimento, que por sua vez, apontam para um mercado imobiliário altamente especulativo na região. Pretende-se fornecer subsídios para se melhor entender esse tipo específico de expansão, bem como as causas do surgimento de áreas semelhantes a esse lócus, como base de estudo para alternativas em termos de políticas públicas em prol de um conceito do direito à moradia em sua acepção mais ampla da equidade do acesso a equipamentos públicos e infraestrutura básica nos espaços periurbanos.

Le développement urbain est un important vecteur de la transformation de l'environnement à l’échelle mondiale, qui a provoqué énormes pressions sur les écosystèmes, en raison de l'évolution rapide des densités de population et des déplacements, et, en particulier, la migration des populations rurales vers les zones urbaines. Dans ce contexte, où les objectifs de conservation et de développement ont historiquement été antagonistes, les réserves naturelles sont apparues comme la principale stratégie mondiale de conservation de la biodiversité. Afin de vérifier les limites et les possibilités de concilier la protection de l'environnement et le développement urbain, cette étude a utilisé la perspective des études d'évaluation socio-environnementale, en se concentrant sur la question des relations entre la société et l'environnement dans les processus de urbanisation autour des réserves de biosphère. Dans ce sens, il identifie différents points d'intersection entre le thème de l’aménagement urbain et la notion de développement durable. Au cours de l'analyse comparative de trois cas de réserves de biosphère - Mata Atlântica (Brésil), Yancheng (Chine) et Camargue (France) - nous examinons l'expérience d'occupation des zones de transition de ces réserves de biosphère situées sur les zones côtières. Les études de cas apportent des informations supplémentaires qui permettent de renforcer l'hypothèse selon laquelle le processus de développement urbain dans les zones de transition des réserves a déclenché le renforcement des stratégies sociales et écologiques prédatrices de l'occupation urbaine et périurbaine. La fragmentation socioéconomique et socioculturelle de la nature et des communautés locales a contribué à l'intensification des indices de pollution de l'environnement et à la diminution de la productivité biologique dans les régions côtières. Enfin, les travaux ont reconnu l'importance du renforcement d'un système de planification intégrée et participative capable de corriger et de prévenir l'aggravation des réels foyers de détérioration de l'environnement naturel et bâti, induite par l’occupation urbaine et périurbaine. On considère qu’il est indispensable d’augmenter de l'effort de recherche interdisciplinaire pour la mise en place de politiques alternatives telle que l’écotourisme
Urban development is an important driver of environmental change on a global scale, which has exerted enormous pressure on ecosystems thanks to rapidly changing population densities and displacement, particularly migration from rural to urban areas. In this context, in which conservation and development objectives have historically been antagonistic, nature reserves have emerged as the main global strategy for biodiversity conservation. In order to verify the limits and possibilities of reconciling environmental protection and urban development, this study used the perspective of socio-environmental assessment studies, focusing on the issue of relations between society and the environment in urbanization processes around biosphere reserves. In this sense, it identifies different points of intersection between the theme of urban planning experiences and the notion of sustainable development. In the comparative analysis of three biosphere reserve cases - Mata Atlântica (Brazil), Yancheng (China) and Camargue (France) - we examine the experience of occupying of the transition zones of these biosphere reserves, located in coastal areas. The case studies offer additional information to reinforce the hypothesis that the urban development process in transition zones of the reserves has involved the reinforcement of predatory social and ecological strategies of urban and peri-urban occupation. The socio-economic and socio-cultural fragmentation of nature and local communities has contributed to the intensification of environmental pollution indices and the reduction of biological productivity in coastal regions. Finally, the work recognized the importance of strengthening an integrated and participatory planning system capable of correcting and preventing the deterioration of the natural and built environment caused by urban and peri-urban ocupation. it is considered essential to open up interdisciplinary research efforts to explore alternative policies for the sector, such as ecotourism
O desenvolvimento urbano é um importante motor da mudança ambiental em escala global, que tem exercido uma enorme pressão sobre os ecossistemas, graças à rápida mudança das densidades populacionais e deslocamentos, particularmente a migração das áreas rurais para as áreas urbanas. Neste contexto, em que os objetivos de conservação e de desenvolvimento tem sido historicamente antagônicos, as reservas naturais apresentam-se como a principal estratégia global de conservação da biodiversidade. A fim de verificar os limites e possibilidades de conciliar a proteção ambiental e o desenvolvimento urbano, neste estudo utilizou-se a perspectiva dos estudos de avaliação socioambiental, centrando-se na questão das relações entre a sociedade e o ambiente nos processos de urbanização em torno das reservas da biosfera. Nesse sentido, identifica diferentes pontos de intersecção entre o tema da planejamento urbano e a noção de desenvolvimento sustentável. Na análise comparativa dos três casos de Reservas da Biosfera - Mata Atlântica (Brasil), Yancheng (China) e Camargue (França) - examina a experiência de ocupação das áreas de transição dessas reservas biosfera, situadas em regiões costeiras. Os estudos de caso fornecem informações adicionais que reforçam a hipótese de que o processo de desenvolvimento urbano em zonas de transição das reservas envolvem o fortalecimento de estratégias sociais e ecológicas predatórias de ocupação urbana e periurbana. A fragmentação sócio-econômica e sociocultural da natureza e das comunidades locais tem contribuído à intensificação dos índices de poluição ambiental e a diminuição da produtividade em regiões costeiras. Finalmente, o trabalho reconheceu a importância de fortalecer um sistema de planejamento integrado e participativo que possa corrigir e prevenir o agravamento dos verdadeiros focos de deterioração do ambiente natural e construído induzido pela ocupação urbana e peri-urbana. Considera-se imprescindível a abertura do esforço de pesquisa interdisciplinar, para a exploração de políticas alternativas para o setor, como o ecoturismo. Palavras-chave: Urbanização, desenvolvimento urbano-turístico, ocupação periurbana, desenvolvimento sustentável, reservas da biosfera, ecoturismo

AbstractContrary to trends in many European countries, income inequality in Turkey, measured by the Gini coefficient, has declined between 1994 and 2014, with a small but consistent increase since then. Turkish income inequality is among the highest in OECD countries, with levels not lower than 0.4. This chapter will examine residential socio-economic segregation in Istanbul against the backdrop of this relatively stable and high-income inequality. The chapter shows signs that residential segregation is on the rise. Istanbul has undergone a radical change in the 2000s thanks to active intervention by the state in the real estate market by opening up large pieces of land in the outskirts and gentrifying inner-city areas once occupied by unauthorized settlements that once were home to the poor. Dynamics of urban development, fueled by rapid urban sprawl in peri-urban areas and ceaseless gentrification of inner-city areas, gave way to diverse patterns of segregation depending on the already existing divisions and physical geography of cities. Given the lack of neighbourhood level data on either occupations or income, this chapter analyses segregation through indices based on fertility and educational level, which we know from detailed household microdata are closely correlated with income. On the basis of 2000 and 2017 neighbourhood data, we show that in Istanbul, there is a clearly visible pattern where the poor are progressively pushed further to the city limits, while some parts of built-up areas once home to middle classes, were recaptured by the poor. The result in some parts of the city is a juxtaposition of seemingly conflicting patterns: parts of the inner city were reclaimed by the poor while some parts were gentrified led by the nascent urban elite. The urban periphery was partly occupied by the bourgeoning middle classes and was also home to the urban poor who were displaced by urban transformation projects.

In Timor-Leste, forms and patterns of connection to land have been transformed by the impacts of Portuguese colonialism, Indonesian occupation, and civil conflict, all of which have generated widespread displacement. Multiple bases for land claims now exist, and this has been the catalyst for a land claims collection and land titling process in the post-independence era. Between 2008 and 2012 a project called Ita Nia Rai (Tetum: Our Land), funded by US aid agency USAID, collected land claims in urban and peri-urban areas as a precursor to issuing land titles. Land titling and cadastral mapping processes privilege an understanding of land as property. In Timor-Leste, the Ita Nia Rai process also assumes and reinforces an equivalence between urban and modern, and rural and customary. Four case-studies of informants involved in the land reform process, however, reveal urban and peri-urban spaces as sites of dynamic interplay between customary and modern practices.

During the archeological intervention survey to mitigate the impact of Largo das Mouras Velhas and surrouding streets urban project in Faro (2017), a few new burial graves belonging to the northern necropolis of Ossonoba were identified. It is presented the stratigraphic context, the typology and architecture of the graves and the related funerary furniture retrieved, as it is sought to integrate these new findings in the overall picture of the Ossonoba’s burial spaces already known. In this intervention it was also identified, for the first time in this northwest part of the city, traces of Medieval Islamic times. This context, witnessed by a simple detritic pit sealed between the 12th and 13th centuries, allows us to relaunch the discussion about Ocsonoba’s peri-urban occupation strategy.

Abstract This chapter introduces the cases considered in this book: two land occupations in Cape Town’s peri-urban townships. One was evicted, whereas the other was officially tolerated. But according to the existing urban studies literature, we would expect the opposite outcome: it was, after all, the less visible of the two occupations that was evicted, located on less valuable land. This chapter develops an alternative theory of the state that helps us understand this counterintuitive outcome. The key, it argues, is paying attention to the self-organization of urban squatters. How they organize themselves affects how they are perceived by the state, which ultimately shapes eviction outcomes. Governmental decisions, therefore, do not occur in a vacuum but are the outcome of complex entanglements among a variety of actors. Drawing on social and political theory, the chapter concludes by theorizing the state as an expanded terrain of struggle through which policy outcomes must pass.

Reflection on human rights in cities goes directly to basic housing conditions. Such conditions are related to the broad debate on sanitation policies, as they promote access to drinking water and wastewater collection, which are essential elements for promoting healthy and sustainable cities. In Brazil, there are still problems regarding access to basic sanitation for a large part of the population, especially those who live in consolidated periphery areas and in peri-urban areas of large cities, which, despite being close to important basins and water sources, remain with problems of access to water and sewerage. This is the example of the municipalities of the Baixada Fluminense (Rio de Janeiro Lowlands) that are part of the Guandu Hydrographic Basin (RH-II), namely: Paracambi, Seropédica, Itaguaí, Japerí and Queimados. Such cities have unique characteristics in the metropolitan context of Rio de Janeiro, marked by the growth of occupations in urban areas in recent years and the need to expand access to sanitation for its population. This problem involves the universal issue of access to sanitation and the sustainability of the watershed in the region, which guarantees the supply of more than 9 million inhabitants of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. In order to think of this scenario, this work has as its methodological scope the analysis of public policies for the sanitation sector, having as a context the urban and territorial dimension of the urban periphery of Rio de Janeiro. It is also based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the evolution of access to water and sanitary sewerage in the region, with emphasis on urban-metropolitan municipalities fully inserted in the Guandu Basin.

The peri-urban area of the Huerta de Murcia, around the city of Murcia, in southeast Spain, fundamentally dedicated to agriculture, has undergone a process of peri-urbanisation during the past 40 years, caused by un-regulated construction. This agricultural area of about 10,000Ha originates from the ninth century, and is linked to an extensive network of canals channelled from the Segura River. This long-established irrigation system provides a much divided and fragmented agrarian morphology. Most building has been carried out over the last 4 decades, mainly of family housing but also of holiday properties, and this construction has not been regulated, resulting in a spontaneous phenomenon of dispersed occupation. Despite an apparent spontaneity and disorder in this occupation, this study uses an analysis methodology based on ortho-photographic series and cadastral data to show the existence of occupancy patterns, which vary over different periods. The analyses of these patterns, in addition to a proposed classification, are the main subjects of the study, and will show how goals and methodologies for intervention and action may be set up.

O território contemporâneo é complexo e repleto de conflitos entre diferentes agentes produtores de espaço, principalmente em espaços de interface rural-urbana. Os conceitos de rural e urbano foram historicamente construídos a través de definições que priorizaram o urbano e desconsideraram o rural, promovendo uma visão urbano-centrada no planejamento territorial no Brasil. Oartigo objetiva analisar o papel de um assentamento rural como um espaço de interface rural-urbana dentro de uma região metropolitana brasileira, usando como estudo de caso o Assentamento Marapicú, localizado no periurbano da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. São apresentadas algumas questões conceituais e descrito o processo de ocupação e de planejamento desse território.São múltiplas as facetas do rural, do urbano e suas interfaces, contudo ainda há uma visão homogeneizada de território no Brasil. A proposta é ampliar este debate, explicitando os conflitos de uso e ocupação do solo na produção do espaço. The contemporary territory is complex and full of conflicts between different agents producing space, mainly in areas of rural-urban interface. The rural and urban concepts were historically constructed through settings that prioritized the urban space and disregarded rural space, promoting an urban-centric view in territorial planning in Brazil. This study analyzes the role of a rural settlement as a rural-urban interface space within a Brazilian metropolitan region, using as a case study the settlement Marapicú, located in the peri-urbans paces of the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro. Some conceptual issues are presented and described the process of occupation and planning that territory. There are multiple facets of rural, urban and their interfaces, however there is still a homogenized view of territory in Brazil. The proposal is to extend this debate, explaining conflicts of use and occupation in the production of space.

Otimizar o consumo de espaço e recursos naturais é uma meta recomendável para atingir maior sustentabi-lidade urbana, assim como racionalizar e gerenciar eficientemente os fluxos urbanos. O presente artigo apresenta uma etapa de uma pesquisa no campo do Desenho Urbano que questiona como se configuram os espaços do entorno de terminais de ônibus. O objetivo é refletir sobre resultados e consequências de projetos urbanos (urban design), principalmente aqueles que afetam parcelas significativas da população, como as condições de mobilidade em centros metropolitanos. Curitiba é pólo de uma região metropolitana formada por 29 municípios, sendo que 13 deles são abrangidos pelo sistema de transporte integrado RIT, que transporta diariamente cerca de 2 milhões de usuários. A justificativa para o estudo deriva da ampliação do sistema RIT em face à expansão periurbana, limitações ambientais e otimização do uso do solo urbani-zado. A metodologia é de pontuação por categorias de elementos existentes e escala de valores, como primeira etapa para obter indicadores para gestão ambiental urbana. Optimizing the occupation of space and the use of natural resources is a recommended goal in order to achieve greater urban sustainability, and so is rationalizing and managing efficiently urban flow. This article presents a step of a research in the field of Urban Design that questions how are urban spaces configured in the surroundings of bus stations. The objective is to reflect about results and consequences of urban pro-jects (urban design), especially those affecting a significant part of the population, such as mobility condi-tions in metropolitan centers. Curitiba is the pole of a metropolitan area composed by 29 municipalities, but 13 of them comprised by the integrated transportation system known as RIT, which transports approximately 2 million users daily. The study is justified by the upcoming extension of the RIT system in face of peri-urban growing, environmental limits and the balance for urbanized soil needs. The methodology is of punctuating per categories existing elements and scales of values as first stage as to obtain pointers to manage the ur-ban environment.