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Dissertationen zum Thema „Perceptual cognition“
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1
Grönroos, Gösta. „Plato on perceptual cognition“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-120001.
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The aim of the study is to spell out and consider Plato' s views on perceptual cognition. It is argued that Plato is cornrnitted to the view that perceptual cognition can be rational, and that beliefs about the sensible world need not be confused or ill-founded. Plato' s interest in the matter arises from worries over the way in which his forerunners and contemporaries conceived of perceptual cognition. They conceived of cognitive processes in terms of corporeal changes and attempted to explain perceptual cognition in causal terms. The problem with such accounts, according to Plato, is that they make perceptual cognition an entirely passive process, and seem incapable of accommodating the freedom of reason. Plato's main target is Protagoras' view on cognition and he accuses him of conflating different cognitive phenomena that ought to be kept apart. More particularly, he suggests that Protagoras' 'man the measure' thesis is based on the conflation of sen se perception (aisthesis), belief (doxa) and appearing (phantasia), and that Protagoras is cornmitted to the view that beliefs are arrived at in a non-rational way. It is shown how Plato takes issue with Protagoras by disentangling these three cognitive phenomena. It is argued that Plato' s way of understanding these notions leaves room for the possibility that reason plays apart in perceptual cognition and that we arrive at beliefs in a rational way. In the course of spelling out the argument, Plato' s views on a number of topics are scrutinised: the perceptual mechanism; the objects of sense perception; perceptual content; the nature of belief; the eon trast between belief and appearing; the nation of reason.aisthesis, doxa, phantasia, being, reason, Plato, Protegoras
2
Saha, Roy Subhash Chandra. „Perceptual cognition (a philosophical study)“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/65.
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3
Leboe, Jason P. Milliken Bruce. „The inferential basis of perceptual performance /“. *McMaster only, 2002.
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4
Jack, Anthony Ian. „Perceptual awareness in visual masking“. Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313804.
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5
Chau, Ka-hung Bolton, und 周嘉鴻. „Relationships between perceptual-cognitive functions subserved by frontal regions“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4579019X.
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6
Hughson, Angus Rannoch Leith. „Cork and talk: The cognitive and perceptual bases of wine expertise“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/490.
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A number of previous studies have found that wine experts can more accurately discriminate between and describe wine samples than novices. However, the mechanisms that underlie these disparities remain unclear. This collection of studies is an investigation of whether the expert advantage is based on long-term memory structures, such as found for other obviously more cognitive skills, such as chess and bridge expertise. Experiments 1, 2 and 3 investigated whether wine experts are better than novices in recall of wine descriptions. It was hypothesised that experts would show more accurate recall than novices, although only when the descriptions were configured in a meaningful manner, that is, consistent with grape varieties commonly grown in Australia. The findings were as expected, with experts showing impaired recall for descriptions that did not match any grape variety (Experiment 2). In addition, expert recall was superior on an incidental task (Experiment 3), when recall was unexpected, suggesting that experts automatically refer to verbal long-term memory structures during a wine-related task. These structures consist of wine-relevant terms, and are organised by their relationship to grape varieties, and more broadly, grape colour. Experiments 4, 5, 6 and 7 investigated the role of the above-mentioned long-term memory structures in expert descriptive ability. The results supported their involvement, since expert�s ability to identify components was affected by sample configuration (Experiment 6) in a similar way to that found for recall of wine descriptions. Additional evidence comes from the finding that, novices, when provided with a small set of grape-relevant labels during a descriptive task, performed better than subjects given either no list or a long list of labels relevant to all the different grape varieties (Experiment 4). While experts correctly identified more flavours than novices, they also made more errors (Experiment 6), suggesting that verbal long-term memory structures do not increase the accuracy of the identification of aromas and flavours by experts. Rather, they inform experts as to which labels are likely to be correct for particular styles of wine. Experiments 8, 9 and 10 investigated both the discrimination performance of novices, intermediates and experts, as well as the role of long-term memory structures in any expert discriminative advantage. Experts (Experiments 8 and 10) and intermediates (Experiment 9) showed greater powers of discrimination than novices. However, results were equivocal in relation to the role of verbal long-term memory structures (Experiment 10), suggesting that other factors, such as perceptual learning and or memory, may be important in the expert discriminative advantage. Overall, results from these studies illustrate that long-term memory structures are essential, not only in domains of expertise that are obviously based on cognitive skills, but also that of descriptive ability with respect to wine. However, unlike in other domains, these structures do not serve to improve the relative accuracy of descriptive performance, at least with regard to aromas and flavours.
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Hughson, Angus Rannoch Leith. „Cork and talk: The cognitive and perceptual bases of wine expertise“. University of Sydney. Psychology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/490.
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A number of previous studies have found that wine experts can more accurately discriminate between and describe wine samples than novices. However, the mechanisms that underlie these disparities remain unclear. This collection of studies is an investigation of whether the expert advantage is based on long-term memory structures, such as found for other obviously more cognitive skills, such as chess and bridge expertise. Experiments 1, 2 and 3 investigated whether wine experts are better than novices in recall of wine descriptions. It was hypothesised that experts would show more accurate recall than novices, although only when the descriptions were configured in a meaningful manner, that is, consistent with grape varieties commonly grown in Australia. The findings were as expected, with experts showing impaired recall for descriptions that did not match any grape variety (Experiment 2). In addition, expert recall was superior on an incidental task (Experiment 3), when recall was unexpected, suggesting that experts automatically refer to verbal long-term memory structures during a wine-related task. These structures consist of wine-relevant terms, and are organised by their relationship to grape varieties, and more broadly, grape colour. Experiments 4, 5, 6 and 7 investigated the role of the above-mentioned long-term memory structures in expert descriptive ability. The results supported their involvement, since expert�s ability to identify components was affected by sample configuration (Experiment 6) in a similar way to that found for recall of wine descriptions. Additional evidence comes from the finding that, novices, when provided with a small set of grape-relevant labels during a descriptive task, performed better than subjects given either no list or a long list of labels relevant to all the different grape varieties (Experiment 4). While experts correctly identified more flavours than novices, they also made more errors (Experiment 6), suggesting that verbal long-term memory structures do not increase the accuracy of the identification of aromas and flavours by experts. Rather, they inform experts as to which labels are likely to be correct for particular styles of wine. Experiments 8, 9 and 10 investigated both the discrimination performance of novices, intermediates and experts, as well as the role of long-term memory structures in any expert discriminative advantage. Experts (Experiments 8 and 10) and intermediates (Experiment 9) showed greater powers of discrimination than novices. However, results were equivocal in relation to the role of verbal long-term memory structures (Experiment 10), suggesting that other factors, such as perceptual learning and or memory, may be important in the expert discriminative advantage. Overall, results from these studies illustrate that long-term memory structures are essential, not only in domains of expertise that are obviously based on cognitive skills, but also that of descriptive ability with respect to wine. However, unlike in other domains, these structures do not serve to improve the relative accuracy of descriptive performance, at least with regard to aromas and flavours.
8
Zhao, Tinghao. „The Perceptual Basis of Abstract Concepts in Polysemy Networks – An Interdisciplinary Study“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1511400502977642.
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9
Andrillon, Thomas. „The sleeping brain at work : perceptual processing and learning in human sleep Thomas Andrillon“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEE004/document.
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Tous les soirs, nous nous endormons; tous les matins, nous nous réveillons. De ce qui advient entre temps nous gardons peu de souvenirs. Les personnes qui nous entourent pourraient nous dire que nous avons bougé, parlé, ri ou crié, que les émotions les plus vives ont pris le contrôle de notre corps sans pour autant avoir laissé le moindre souvenir. Ou encore, les personnes qui nous entourent ont pu bouger, parler, rire ou crier sans que nous nous en rendîmes compte le moins du monde. Ou au contraire, nous pouvons émerger de la plus fantastique des aventures dans un lit pourtant bien calme,bercé par le calme tic-tac de l’horloge. Il semble que le sommeil opère une dissociation complète entre ce qui arrive dans notre environnement immédiat et dans notre esprit,sans pour autant que la chose éveille en nous la moindre alarme. À tout moment qui plus est, nous pouvons nous réveiller et reprendre conscience de notre environnement de façon quasi instantanée. Curieusement, il semble que certains sons aient une plus grande facilité à nous réveiller que d’autres. Sommes-nous donc complètement déconnectés de notre environnement quand nous dormons ?Every night we fall asleep and every morning we wake up. From what happens in the meantime, little is remembered. Others may say that we have moved, talked, laughed orcried, that the strongest and most vivid emotions took control of our body without leaving the faintest memory behind. Or others may have moved, talked, laughed or cried without our slightest notice. On the contrary, we can emerge from the most fantastic adventure in a quiet bed, cradled by a peaceable ticking clock. Without causing us much alarm, it seems that sleep entails a dissociation between what happens in ourenvironment and within our mind. Yet, at any moment, we can wake up and immediately regain consciousness of the surrounding world. Interestingly, it seems that certain sounds are more likely to awake us than others.Thus, are we completely disconnected from our environment when we sleep?
10
Silverman, David. „The sensorimotor theory of perceptual experience“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5544.
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The sensorimotor theory is an influential, non-mainstream account of perception and perceptual consciousness intended to improve in various ways on orthodox theories. It is often taken to be a variety of enactivism, and in common with enactivist cognitive science more generally, it de-emphasises the theoretical role played by internal representation and other purely neural processes, giving theoretical pride of place instead to interactive engagements between the brain, non-neural body and outside environment. In addition to offering a distinctive account of the processing that underlies perceptual consciousness, the sensorimotor theory aims to offer a new and improved account the logical and phenomenological character of perceptual experience, and the relation between physical and phenomenal states. Since its inception in a 2001 paper by O'Regan and Noë, the theory has prompted a good deal of increasingly prominent theoretical and practical work in cognitive science, as well as a large body of secondary literature in philosophy of cognitive science and philosophy of perception. In spite of its influential character, many of the theory's most basic tenets are incompletely or ambiguously defined, and it has attracted a number of prominent objections. This thesis aims to clarify the conceptual foundations of the sensorimotor theory, including the key theoretical concepts of sensorimotor contingency, sensorimotor mastery, and presence-as-access, and defends a particular understanding of the respective theoretical roles of internal representation and behavioural capacities. In so doing, the thesis aims to highlight the sensorimotor theory's virtues and defend it from some leading criticisms, with particular attention to a response by Clark which claims that perception and perceptual experience plausibly depend on the activation of representations which are not intimately involved in bodily engagements between the agent and environment. A final part of the thesis offers a sensorimotor account of the experience of temporally extended events, and shows how with reference to this we can better understand object experience.
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Possin, Katherine L. „Visuospatial and visual object cognition in early Parkinson's disease“. Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3250074.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed April 4, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-166).
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Colreavy, Erin Patricia. „Unsupervised categorization : perceptual shift, strategy development, and general principles“. University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0232.
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Unsupervised categorization is the task of classifying novel stimuli without external feedback or guidance, and is important for every day decisions such as deciding whether emails fall into 'interesting
13
Reike, Dennis [Verfasser], und Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Schwarz. „A look behind perceptual performance in numerical cognition / Dennis Reike ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Schwarz“. Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2017. http://d-nb.info/121840342X/34.
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14
Novakova, Lucia. „PERCEPTIONS IN PREDICTING ACTOR AND PARTNER SEXUAL AND RELATIONAL SATISFACTION IN COUPLE RELATIONSHIPS“. UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/hes_etds/37.
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The present exploration of perceptual accuracy and bias in romantic relationships bridges a gap in the literature on the ability of partners to estimate one another’s level of relational and sexual satisfaction, and its impact on their own and their partner’s level of satisfaction. A sample of 50 couples, recruited internationally, in continuously monogamous relationships of at least six-months in length completed online assessments of their relationship. The degree of accuracy and bias of their perception was established by comparing actor’s estimates of their partner’s satisfaction with the partner’s actual, self-reported satisfaction scores. The actor-partner interdependence model (APIM; Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, 2006) revealed significant partner effects (but no actor effects): the underestimation of perceived partner’s sexual and relational satisfaction predicted an increase in partner’s actual sexual and relational satisfaction. Overestimation of partner’s satisfaction, on the other hand, predicted a decrease in partner’s actual satisfaction. Authors hypothesize that under-perception of partner’s satisfaction motivates corrective relationship behaviors, which, in turn, increases the experience of satisfaction of the relationship partner.
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Cornish, Kim M. „Variations in spatial cognition in adults and children : influence of handedness, familial sinistrality and sex“. Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242847.
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16
See, Pirita E. „Subtle Perceptual Dehumanization of Victimized Groups: The Visual Victim Dehumanization Hypothesis“. Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1406288607.
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17
Michael, Elizabeth. „Dissociable sources of uncertainty in perceptual decision making“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:581e8fc9-1e12-4877-a89a-44cdc67c45e2.
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The natural world provides sensory systems with noisy and ambiguous information, which is often transformed into a more stable categorical percept. This thesis aims to investigate the nature of the neural representations in the visual system that support this transformation. To do so, we will employ a behavioural task that requires participants to average several independent sources of perceptual information. This task allows for the dissociation of two theoretically orthogonal sources of decision uncertainty: the mean distance of the perceptual information from a category boundary and the variability of the evidence under consideration. Behaviourally, both decreasing the mean distance to bound of information and increasing information variability are associated with increased errors and prolonged response times. We will present a computational model that can account for the independent behavioural effects of these two sources of uncertainty by assuming that categorical decisions are made on the basis of a probabilistic transformation of perceptual evidence. BOLD measurements demonstrate that these effects of mean and variability are supported by a partially dissociable network of brain regions. Electroencephalography demonstrates the differential influence of mean and variance in the pre- and post-decision period. Furthermore, we show that there is adaptation at the level of the perceptual representation to the information variance. Not only does this show that the visual system must represent information at the summary level, in addition to individual feature-based representation, but it also suggests that the costs associated with this form of perceptual uncertainty can be largely mitigated by the adoption of a more suitable representational range.
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Redick, Thomas Scott. „Working Memory Capacity, Perceptual Speed, and Fluid Intelligence: An Eye Movement Analysis“. Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11202006-143305/.
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19
Turkon, Thomas J. „Cultural characteristics of learning and perceptual skills of Southeast Alaskan native 5-year-olds“. PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3526.
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This study examined the use of cognitive skills by 5-year-old Alaskan Native children on a standardized testing instrument. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence (WPPSI) were administered to 23 boys and 17 girls of predominantly Tlingit, Tsimshean, and Haida ancestry. A standardized parent interview was used to collect bio-demographic data. Mean scores for the sample displayed significant differences between the Performance and Verbal scales, with the strongest performance in the Spatial subtests, and lowest in the Sequential subtests. Scores were significantly associated with variables representing culture-specific self identity and behavior, but were most strongly associated with family size. Factor Analysis suggested a distinct three factor structure consisting of (1) a Performance-Spatial, (2) a Verbal-Semantic, and (3) a Sequential factor. Variability in the use of cognitive skills, non-verbal behavior, and selective attention are viewed as unique cultural adaptations which can impede interethnic communication, creating negative outcomes in the education of American Indian and Alaskan Native children.
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Stepanenko, Walter Scott. „Passionate Cognition: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion and the Role of the Emotions inCognition“. University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1396533522.
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21
Brockbank-Chasey, Samuel. „Of colors and words : perceptual and semantic influences in the cognitive processing of color“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0353.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’influence de facteurs perceptifs et psycholinguistiques sur la couleur, en tant que construction cognitive. Des millions de teintes peuvent être discriminées alors que moins d’une centaine de termes de couleur existe. L’origine des onze termes basiques identifiés dans la littérature reste débattue, mais serait plutôt perceptive pour les couleurs uniques noir, blanc, rouge, vert, jaune et bleu, et liée à un consensus culturel et langagier pour orange, marron, rose, violet et gris. La couleur aurait aussi une dimension émotionnelle, comme le suggère l’expression langagière « voir rouge ». Dans ce travail, une première étude a examiné l’organisation conceptuelle des 11 termes de couleur basiques. Les participants devaient fournir le niveau de proximité entre chacun des termes pris deux-a-deux. Les résultats ont montré que l’espace coloré conceptuel était corrélé à l’espace coloré perceptif pour toutes les couleurs uniques sauf le jaune. Les autres couleurs basiques s’organisaient selon des facteurs perceptifs, ainsi que culturels, en relation avec leur association à certains concepts ou connaissances sémantiques. Une deuxième étude a permis de préciser la familiarité et la valence émotionnelle de couleurs basiques et non-basiques présentées sous forme de mots ou de patchs. La familiarité et l’arousal étaient supérieurs pour les couleurs basiques présentés sous forme de mots, suggérant une conceptualisation plus accessible que pour les non-basiques et les patchs. Des mesures de valence émotionnelle, arousal, familiarité et d'association aux six émotions basiques pour 33 mots et 33 patchs de couleurs basiques et non-basiques sont fournies comme outil potentiel pour de futures recherches. Une troisième étude se focalise sur un pigment médiéval ayant un spectre de réflectance plat, mais dont des appariements et dénominations confirment une illusion de bleu pour la moitié des observateurs. Une tâche de Stroop a été adaptée pour tester les effets perceptifs et sémantiques sur la présence de cette illusion. Des effets de congruence ont été obtenus en associant ce pigment au mot gris tout comme au mot bleu. Les résultats montraient (a) un ancrage des réponses à la teinte ambigüe vers la catégorie disponible la plus ressemblante, témoignant de l’élasticité de la représentation de couleur, et (b) que l’effet de congruence de la tâche de Stroop dépendait également de facteurs perceptifs, tel un contraste coloré crée en manipulant le fond d’écran. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats amènent de nouveaux éléments précisant l’interaction des traitements perceptifs et psycholinguistiques dans l’interprétation de l’environnement coloréThe objective of this thesis is to study the influence of perceptive and psycholinguistic factors on color, considered as a cognitive construction. Millions of hues can be discriminated while less than a hundred color terms are used. The origin of the eleven basic color terms identified in the literature is still debated, but may be more perceptive for the unique colors black, white, red, green, yellow and blue, and linked to cultural and linguistic consensus for orange, brown, purple and grey. Color may also have an emotional dimension, as denotes for example the expression “seeing red”. In this work, a first study investigated the conceptual organization of the 11 basic color terms. Participants had to provide proximity levels for each two-by-two pairs of the terms. Results showed that the conceptual color space is correlated to the perceptual color space for all unique colors but yellow. Other basic colors were organized based on perceptive factors, and also cultural ones, in relation to their association with certain concepts or semantic knowledge. A second study focalized on familiarity and emotional valence of basic and non-basic colors presented as words or as patches. Familiarity and arousal were higher for basic colors presented as words, which may be explained by a more accessible conceptualization than for non-basic colors and patches. Measures of emotional valence and associations with the six basic emotions for 33 color words and 33 patches, basic and non-basic, are provided as a potential tool for future research. A third study investigated a medieval pigment with a flat reflectance spectrum, but for which pairings and denominations confirmed an illusory blue for half of observers. A Stroop task was adapted to test perceptive and semantic effects on the presence of this illusion. Congruency effects were obtained upon association of this pigment as much with the word grey as with the word blue. Results showed (a) an anchoring of responses to the ambiguous hue biased towards the most resembling available category, testifying to the elasticity of color representation, and (b) that the congruence effect in the Stroop task also depended on perceptive factors, such as a color contrast created by manipulating background color during the task. On the whole, these results bring new elements specifying the interaction of perceptive and psycholinguistic processing in the interpretation of the colored environment
22
Phipps, Donita Annette. „The effect of time-stress on the acquisition and transfer of a perceptual decision making skill“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28873.
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23
Folke, Nils Erik Tomas. „The pragmatics of confidence in perceptual and value-based choice“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274961.
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Humans can often report a subjective sense of confidence in a decision before knowing its outcome. Such confidence judgements are positively correlated to accuracy in perceptual and memory tasks, but the strength of this relationship (known as metacognitive accuracy) differs across people and contexts. Computationally, confidence judgements are believed to relate to the strength of evidence favouring each option, but it has been suggested that confidence also captures information from other sources, such as response time. This thesis explores the pragmatics of confidence: what factors influence confidence judgements, how accurate confidence judgements are, and how they might influence future behaviour. Our knowledge of the antecedents of confidence is extended by this work in two ways, by introducing novel predictors of confidence and by increasing our understanding of well-known ones. I find that bilinguals have worse metacognitive accuracy than monolinguals. This bilingual deficiency in metacognitive accuracy cannot be explained by response time and stimulus strength, suggesting that there is at least one important predictor of confidence that remains unaccounted for. I introduce such a predictor in a new eye tracking correlate of confidence: Gaze-shift-frequency, the number of saccades between options, negatively predicts subsequent confidence in perceptual and value-based decisions. In the value domain, the total value of the options is shown to positively relate to confidence despite being negatively related to accuracy, the first such dissociation to be recorded, as far as I am aware. The dissertation extends our understanding of response time as a predictor of confidence by showing that it influences confidence more for judgements that are made after a choice, relative to those made simultaneously with the choice. This differential influence of response time explains the higher metacognitive accuracy of sequential confidence reports. I explore the consequences of confidence judgements in the context of value-based choice. Lower levels of confidence are associated with changes of mind when the same options recur in subsequent trials. To test whether these changes of mind are rational, I approximate choice accuracy in the value domain. I propose a novel method based on the transitivity of the full choice set, so that choices that violate the most transitive ordering of the items can be treated as errors. I find that participants who were more metacognitively accurate showed a decrease in transitivity violations over time. These results extend prior work linking confidence judgements to error correction in the perceptual domain.
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Rizzi, Emanuele. „The Relationship between Attention to Preview and Action during Roadway Tracking“. The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu153331644665238.
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25
Banks, Briony. „Perceptual plasticity in adverse listening conditions : factors affecting adaptation to accented and noise-vocoded speech“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/perceptual-plasticity-in-adverse-listening-conditions-factors-affecting-adaptation-to-accented-and-noisevocoded-speech(c5227984-13b8-4e33-9233-5e1715cf8516).html.
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Adverse listening conditions can be a hindrance to communication, but humans are remarkably adept at overcoming them. Research has begun to uncover the cognitive and behavioural mechanisms behind this perceptual plasticity, but we still do not fully understand the reasons for variability in individual responses. The research reported in this thesis addressed several factors which would further this understanding. Study 1 examined the role of cognitive ability in recognition of, and perceptual adaptation to, accented speech. A measure of executive function predicted greater and more rapid perceptual adaptation. Vocabulary knowledge predicted overall recognition of the accented speech, and mediated the relationship between working memory and recognition accuracy. Study 2 compared recognition of, and perceptual adaptation to, accented speech with and without audiovisual cues. The presence of audiovisual cues improved recognition of the accented speech in noise, but not perceptual adaptation. Study 3 investigated when perceivers make use of visual speech cues during recognition of, and perceptual adaptation to, audiovisual noise-vocoded speech. Listeners’ eye gaze was analysed over time and related to their performance. The percentage and length of fixations on the speaker’s mouth increased during recognition of individual sentences, while the length of fixations on the mouth decreased as perceivers adapted to the noise-vocoded speech over the course of the experiment. Longer fixations on the speaker’s mouth were related to better speech recognition. Results demonstrate that perceptual plasticity of unfamiliar speech is driven by cognitive processes, but can also be modified by the modality of speech (audiovisual or audio-only). Behavioural responses, such as eye gaze, are also related to our ability to respond to adverse conditions. Speech recognition and perceptual adaptation were differentially related to the factors in each study and therefore likely reflect different processes; these measures should therefore both be considered in studies investigating listeners’ response to adverse conditions. Overall, the research adds to our understanding of the mechanisms and behaviours involved in perceptual plasticity in adverse listening conditions.
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Hu, Hongzhan. „Exploring the concept of feedback with perspectives from psychology and cognitive science“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Interaktiva och kognitiva system, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-107090.
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This study explores the concept of feedback from various perspectives in psychology and cognitive science. Specifically, the theories of ecological psychology, situated and Distributed Cognition, Cognitive Systems Engineering and Embodied cognition are investigated and compared. Cognitive Systems Engineering provides a model of feedback and related constructs, to understand human behavior in complex working environments. Earlier theories such as ecological psychology, considered feedback as direct perception. Situated cognition clearly inherits ideas from ecological psychology, whereas distributed cognition provides a deeper understanding of feedback through artifact use. Cognitive Systems Engineering provides a systematic view of feedback and control. This framework is a suitable perspective to understanding feedback in human-machine settings.
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Rat-Fischer, Lauriane. „Cognitive, perceptual and motor bases for the acquisition of tool use in infants“. Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05H110/document.
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L'utilisation d'outils est définie comme la capacité d'agir sur un objet par l'intermédiaire d'un autre objet. On sait que cette capacité se met en place vers la fin de la seconde année de vie chez l'enfant. Malgré un intérêt grandissant pour l'étude de l'apprentissage de l'utilisation d'outils, les étapes ainsi que les mécanismes sous-jacents de cet apprentissage restent très peu connus. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons cherché à savoir à partir de quel âge et dans quelles conditions le jeune enfant apprend à utiliser un outil pour rapprocher un objet hors de portée. Dans une première étude transversale, inspirée d'une étude préliminaire longitudinale sur 5 enfants entre 12 et 20 mois (Annexes 2 et 3), nous avons testé des bébés âgés de 14 à 22 mois sur une tâche d'utilisation d'un râteau pour approcher un jouet hors de portée (Article 1). Plusieurs conditions de relations spatiales entre le râteau et le jouet ont été comparées. Les résultats ont montré que les premiers succès spontanés apparaissent dès 14 mois lorsque le jouet est initialement placé contre le râteau ou dans sa trajectoire. Lorsque le jouet est placé à distance du râteau sur la table, les premières réussites spontanées n'apparaissent qu'entre 18 et 22 mois. De même lorsqu'un adulte fait la démonstration de cette condition, l'enfant n'est sensible à la démonstration qu'à partir de 18 mois. Dans la continuité de cette étude, une analyse plus fine des données nous a permis de mettre en évidence l'âge à partir duquel les enfants planifient leur action pour utiliser un outil (Article 2). Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence qu'avant 18 mois, les enfants sont principalement influencés par leur préférence pour la main droite lorsqu'ils prennent le râteau. Au contraire, les enfants plus âgés ont plutôt tendance à varier la main utilisée en fonction de la position du jouet par rapport au râteau. Ces résultats mettent en évidence une meilleure anticipation de l'action et de son résultat chez les enfants en phase d'acquisition de la capacité à utiliser un outil. Une observation faite lors de ces premières études transversale et longitudinale a retenu notre attention. En effet, lorsque le jouet était fixé directement sur le râteau, tous les enfants étaient capables de le récupérer dès 12 mois. Cela suggère que l'enfant a acquis dès 12 mois la notion d'objet composite. Lors d'une étude complémentaire, nous avons observé un changement significatif de la connaissance de la notion de connexion entre objets entre 6 et 8 mois. À partir de 8 mois, on observe une anticipation visuelle vers la partie distale d'un objet composite lors de la prise de sa partie proche, montrant que l'enfant comprend qu'il peut agir sur la partie proche d'un objet composite pour atteindre la partie hors de portée de cet objet. A 8 mois l'enfant utilise donc la notion de connexion lorsqu'il interagit avec des objets composites. De même, on sait que dès 10-12 mois, lorsqu'un objet hors de portée est attaché à l'extrémité d'une ficelle à portée de sa main, un enfant tire sur la ficelle avant de chercher à prendre l'objet. Pourtant, lorsque dans une étude pilote nous avons présenté à des enfants de 16 mois un choix de plusieurs ficelles dont une seule était connectée à l'objet, les enfants ne choisissaient pas systématiquement la ficelle connectée. Nous avons cherché à savoir pourquoi même à 16 mois, l'enfant n'utilise pas cette notion de connexion entre objets pour résoudre cette tâche (Article 3). Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une étude comparant les performances des enfants à cette tâche (condition action) avec leurs comportements visuels vis-à-vis de la scène lorsqu'un adulte résolvait la tâche devant eux (condition vision)Tool use is the ability to act on an object with another object. In human infants, this ability develops toward the end of the second year of life. Despite a recent resurgence of interest in the study of tool-use learning in infancy, very little is known about the developmental steps in this learning or the underlying mechanisms. The present thesis presents a series of investigations on the age and conditions under which infants learn to use a tool to retrieve an out-of-reach object. In a first cross-sectional study (Paper 1), based on a preliminary study on 5 infants followed longitudinally from 12 to 20 months of age (Appendices 2 and 3), infants aged 14 to 22 months were tested on a task involving the use of a rake-like tool to retrieve an out-of-reach toy. Infants' performance across variations in the spatial relationship between the rake and the toy was explored. The results showed that infants as young as 14 months of age succeeded spontaneously when the toy was initially placed against the rake or at least lay in the shortest trajectory between the rake and the infant. When the toy was placed at some distance from the rake, outside its shortest trajectory, infants only succeeded spontaneously at the task around 18 to 22 months of age. Likewise, when an adult demonstrated how to use the rake in the same spatial conditions, infants showed sensitivity to the demonstration only starting at 18 months of age. In a follow up of this study, a finer analysis of the data was conducted, which yielded insight on the age at which infants start to plan their action when using a tool (Paper 2). This analysis showed that before 18 months of age, infants were mostly influenced by their manual preference toward the right hand when grasping the tool. In contrast, starting 18 months, infants were more likely to vary the hand they used for grasping according to the toy's position in relation to the tool (right or left). These results show that infants who are in the phase of acquiring tool use are better able to anticipate the action than younger infants. One observation from these first cross-sectional and longitudinal studies was of particular interest. When the toy was attached to the rake, all infants were spontaneously able to successfully retrieve the toy starting at 12 months of age. This suggests that at this age, infants have already acquired the notion of composite objects. In a complementary study, a significant change was observed between 6 and 9 months of age in the understanding of the notion of spatial connectedness between objects. Starting at 8 months of age, infants befan to show visual anticipation toward the distal part of the composite object when grasping its proximal part. Thus, 8-month-old infants use the notion of connectedness when acting on composite objects. This is in line with results from previous studies showing that around 10-12 months infants pull a string to which an out-of-reach object is attached before trying to grasp the object. However, in a pilot study where 16-month-old infants were presented a choice of several strings, only one of which was connected to the out-of-reach object, infants did not systematically choose the connected string. This led us to an investigation of why, at 16 months, infants do not use the notion of connectedness between objects in order to solve this task (Paper 3). To do so a study was conducted comparing infants' performance on the multiple strings task (action condition) with their looking behaviours at the same multiple-string scene when an adult solved the task in front of them (vision condition). The results showed that only infants who succeeded at the task themselves were able to visually anticipate which string the adult had to pull in order to retrieve the object. Additionally, the results showed that lack of inhibitory control partly explains infants' failure at the task
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Lafferty, Patricia. „THE STABILITY OF FIELD DEPENDENCE AMONG ALCOHOLICS IN TREATMENT AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMBEDDED FIGURES TEST PERFORMANCE AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT“. Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275265.
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Hodgson, Eric P. „The interaction of transient and enduring spatial representations using visual cues to maintain perceptual engagement /“. Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1217959226.
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Deschamps, Loïc. „Suppléance perceptive et cognition sociale : étude des interactions tactiles minimalistes“. Thesis, Compiègne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013COMP2079/document.
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Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’élaboration d’espaces numériques d’interaction tactile, en tant qu’ils sont rendus possibles par la connexion en réseau d’un dispositif de suppléance perceptive. Dans ce contexte, nous avons articulé une recherche appliquée, centrée sur les analyses d’usage du dispositif dans des contextes écologiques, à une recherche fondamentale, dirigée par les questions théoriques soulevées par les usages eux-mêmes.Pour cela, la méthodologie minimaliste nous offre une occasion originale d’étudier la constitution même des rencontres interpersonnelles, à travers un espace de couplage sensorimoteur inédit. Nos résultats généraux suggèrent que le processus de l’interaction est une dynamique relationnelle autonome qui émerge de l’engagement mutuel des participants. Dans une approche énactive et interactionniste de la cognition sociale, il s’agit alors de considérer que le croisement perceptif entre deux sujets, même réduit à son expression la plus simple, consiste en la rencontre de deux activités perceptives construisant du sens. Dans le contexte de rencontres strictement dyadiques, nous tentons de caractériser cette dynamique, de façon à en isoler les éléments constitutifs. Nous montrons alors que la coordination interpersonnelle résulte d’un processus actif de co-ajustements dynamiques qui se joue autant à un niveau microscopique (qualité de l’accroche perceptive) qu’à un niveau macroscopique (organisation de séquences d’interaction). Dans le contexte de l’exploration mutuelle d’un contenu numérique, nous montrons que cette dynamique d’interaction permet aux participants de faire sens de leurs engagements respectifs en fonction des objets présents. La coordination des activités perceptives se présente alors comme le support de la co-constitution d’un monde partagé de significations, à travers une compréhension interpersonnelle ancrée dans un contexte pragmatique. En outre, l’articulation des expérimentations et des analyses d’usage écologiques nous a conduits à proposer des spécifications techniques et fonctionnelles pour les espaces numériques partagés, de façon à proposer un dispositif pertinent pour les utilisateurs déficients visuelsOur research is part of the design of tactile interaction digital spaces, as they are made possible by a network connection between perceptual supplementation devices. Within this framework, we articulated an applied research, focused on the analysis of use of the device in ecological contexts, with a fundamental one, led by theoretical issues raised by the usage itself. In this respect, minimalist methodology gives us an opportunity to study the very constitution of interpersonal encounters, through a new space of sensorimotor coupling for users.Our overall results suggest that interaction process is an autonomous relational dynamics that emerges from the mutual engagement of participants. Within an enactive and interactionist approach of social cognition, we consider that this perceptual crossing, even when reduced to its simplest expression, involves the meeting of two perceptual activities which inherently produce sense. In the context of strictly dyadic encounters, we try to characterize this dynamic, so as to isolate its fundamental features. We show that interpersonal coordination results from an active process of dynamic co-adjustments that unfolds both on a microscopic level (quality of the perceptual coupling) and on a macroscopic level (organization of interaction sequences). In the case of mutual exploration of digital content, we show that this dynamic interaction allows participants to make sense of their respective engagement relatively to the present objects. The coordination of perceptual activities is then presented as a support for the co-constitution of a shared world of meanings, from an interpersonal understanding rooted in a pragmatic context.In addition, these experiments, coupled to ecological usage analysis, have led us to propose technical and functional specifications for shared digital spaces, so as to provide a relevant device for visually impaired users
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Le, Groux Sylvain. „Situated, perceptual, emotive and cognitive music systems: a psychologically grounded approach to interactive music composition“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/32043.
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This thesis introduces a novel situated interactive composition system called the SMuSe
(for Situated Music Server) that is grounded on principles of modern cognitive science,
provides perceptual control of sound synthesis and includes emotional feedback. It
illustrates both a new music composition paradigm and a synthetic psychology
approach to the study of music perception, emotion and cognition. The SMuSe is
composed of cognitively plausible modules implemented as a hierarchy of musical
agents and relies on distributed control, parallelism, emergence and embodiment. By
interacting with its environment, which provides feedback via multiple sensors, the
system generates complex adaptive affective musical structures. Focusing on the
micro-level of sound generation, we present two complementary techniques that give
high-level perceptual control over low-level sound synthesis parameters. In a first
implicit approach, a support vector machine algorithm learns to automatically map
perceptual features such as loudness, pitch and brightness onto additive synthesis
parameters. In a second approach, a physically-inspired synthesis model provides
explicit access to perceptual and physical parameters such as pitch, loudness,
brightness, attack time, inharmonicity and damping. Moving from the study of music
generation and control towards the study of the musical experience itself, we then
evaluate how the music generated by the SMuSe influences the listeners' emotional
responses. A first psychoacoustics experiment shows the significant influence of
structural (scale, register, harmony), expressive (velocity, tempo, articulation) and
timbre (brightness, attack time, spectral flux) parameters on the emotional scales of
valence, arousal and dominance. An additional large scale experiment involving
dementia patients (an illness known to induce cognitive and affective deficits) shows
that specific sound features (e.g. low loudness, low brightness) provoke specific
emotional responses within the patients (e.g. low stress). Moreover, the patients'
emotional responses differ from the age-matched control group, and the analysis
shows an increased emotional sensitivity to sounds as the severity of the disease
increases. These results suggest that sound-based therapy and diagnosis for dementia
are possible. Finally, the maturity and flexibility of the SMuSe music system are
demonstrated by a series of real-world applications including the sonification of a
mixed-reality space, a study on physiologically-based musical interaction, a
neurofeedback musical interface, a closed loop system based on reinforcement
learning of emotional feedback, and a large scale multimedia performance using
brain-computer interfaces. A situated, perceptive, emotive and cognitive approach to
the design of musical systems paves the way for new applications for therapy but also
for interactive gaming and novel physiologically-based instruments. Our approach
provides a well-grounded paradigm to develop advanced synthetic aesthetics system
that can inform our understanding of the psychological processes on which they rely.Esta tesis introduce un nuevo sistema de composición situada e interactiva llamado SMuSe (por Situated Music Server). Dicho sistema está basado en principios extraídos de la ciencia cognitiva moderna, proporciona control perceptual sobre la síntesis sonora e incluye feedback emocional. Por lo tanto, ilustra tanto un paradigma nuevo para la composición musical, como un sintético enfoque psicológico al estudio de la percepción musical, las emociones y la cognición. SMuSe consta de diversos modulos, plausibles desde un punto de vista cognitivo, implementados como una jerarquía de agentes. El funcionamiento de SMuSe explota los principios de control distribuido, paralelismo, emergencia y embodiment. En función del feedback obtenido por la interacción con el entorno, el sistema genera complejas estructuras musicales afectivas. En concreto, a nivel de generación de sonido, presentamos dos técnicas complementarias que proporcionan un control perceptivo de alto nivel sobre parámetros concretos de síntesis sonora. En un primer método implícito, un algoritmo de support vector machine aprende a traducir automáticamente características perceptuales, como volumen, tono y brillo en parámetros de síntesis aditiva. En el segundo método, un modelo físico de síntesis proporciona explícitamente acceso a parámetros perceptivos y físicos, tales como tono, volumen, brillo, tiempo de ataque, inarmonía y factor de amortiguamiento. En lo que respecta al estudio de la experiencia musical en sí misma, evaluamos la influencia de la música generada por SMuSe en las respuestas emocionales del sujeto. Un primer experimento psicoacústico muestra la influencia significativa que tienen parámetros estructurales (escala,registro, armonía), expresivos (velocidad, tempo, articulación) y de timbre (brillo, ataque, flujo espectral) en la escalas emocionales de valencia, activacíon y dominancia. Adicionalmente, un experimento de gran escala realizado con pacientes de demencia, una patología que asociada a déficits afectivos y cognitivos, demuestra que los pacientes responden emocionalmente a rasgos específicos del sonido (e.g. bajo volumen y brillo inducen poca tensión). Además, la respuesta emocional de los pacientes difiere si se compara con la mostrada por un grupo de control con la misma edad media. De tal manera, una mayor respuesta emocional aparece asociada a un mayor grado de demencia. Estos resultados sugieren que sería posible desarrollar técnicas basadas en el uso de música tanto para el tratamiento de la demencia como para su diagnóstico. Para concluir, la madurez y flexibilidad de SMuSe se demuestra con una serie de aplicaciones que incluyen la sonificación de un espacio de realidad mixta, un estudio acerca de la interacción musical mediante datos fisiológicos, un interfaz musical basado en feedback neurológico, un sistema basado en aprendizaje por refuerzo del feedback emocional, y una performance multimedia de gran escala controlada mediante interfaces cerebro-máquina. Este enfoque situado, perceptivo, emocional y cognitivo al diseño de sistemas musicales abre la posibilidad de desarrollar aplicaciones no sólo terapéuticas sino también para los juegos interactivos y nuevos interfaces que empleen fisiología. Nuestra propuesta proporciona un sólido paradigma para el desarrollo de sistemas de síntesis de estéticas avanzadas, que puedan servir para entender los procesos psicológicos subyacentes
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Moreno, Sala María Teresa. „The influence of perceptual shift, cognitive abilities and environmental factors on young children's development of absolute and relative pitch perception /“. Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85941.
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The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether a shift from absolute to relative pitch perception occurs during early childhood. Other factors that can influence the development of absolute pitch, such as cognitive abilities and the child's environment were examined. Young children completed (n=88): (1) a variety of pitch tasks (absolute and relative pitch tests) prior to and after two months of focused instruction on absolute and relative pitch, (2) tests of cognitive abilities, and (3) a questionnaire gathering information about family musical environment.The results indicate that a shift from absolute to relative perception occurs between the ages of 5 and 7. Children younger than six demonstrated limited ability to perform relational tasks such as ordering bells, identifying transposed intervals, and comparing pitches. However, they memorized target pitches better than the older children, matched target tones on the xylophone and sang newly learned songs in their original key more often than did the older children. Older children benefited to a larger extent from the training on relative pitch. Cognitive and spatial abilities were related to absolute pitch development: children who identified pitches better had a more sequential and a less simultaneous way of processing information. Family musical environment seems to have influenced the development of absolute pitch. Implications for the acquisition of absolute pitch are discussed.
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Goller, Aviva Idit. „Perceptual abnormalities in amputees : phantom pain, mirror-touch synaesthesia and referred tactile sensations“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39679/.
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It is often reported that after amputation people experience "a constant or inconstant ... sensory ghost ... faintly felt at time, but ready to be called up to [their] perception" (Mitchell, 1866). Perceptual abnormalities have been highlighted in amputees, such as sensations in the phantom when being stroked elsewhere (Ramachandran et al., 1992) or when observing someone in pain (Giummarra and Bradshaw, 2008). This thesis explored the perceptual changes that occur following amputation whist focusing on pain, vision and touch. A sample of over 100 amputees were recruited through the National Health Service. Despite finding no difference in phantom pain based on physical amputation details or nonpainful perceptual phenomena, results from Paper 1 indicated that phantom pain may be more intense, with sensations occurring more frequently, in amputees whose pain was triggerinduced. The survey in Paper 2 identified a group of amputees who in losing a limb acquired mirror-touch synaesthesia. Higher levels of empathy found in mirror-touch amputees might mean that some people are predisposed to develop synaesthesia, but that it takes sensory loss to bring dormant cross-sensory interactions into consciousness. Although the mirror-system may reach supra-threshold levels in some amputees, the experiments in Paper 3 suggested a relatively intact mirror-system in amputees overall. Specifically, in a task of apparent biological motion, amputees showed a similar, although weaker, pattern of results to normalbodied participants. The results of Paper 4 showed that tactile spatial acuity on the face was also largely not affected by amputation, as no difference was found between the sides ipsilateral and contralateral to the stump. In Paper 5 cross-modal cuing was used to investigate whether referred tactile sensations could prime a visually presented target in space occupied by the phantom limb. We conclude that perception is only moderately affected in most amputees, but that in some the sensory loss causes normally sub-threshold processing to enhance into conscious awareness.
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Martínez, de la Mora Daniela 1983. „The Universality of perceptual and linguistic constraints in the extraction of rule-like patterns : a cross-species comparison“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/113604.
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Studies have shown that linguistic and perceptual constraints are
important for speech processing. First, rule-like structures are more
easily learned over vowels than over consonants. Second, sequences
varying in pitch and duration are grouped following the Iambic –
Trochaic Law (ITL). In this research, I investigated the origins of
these linguistic and perceptual constraints. My aim was to test if
vowels’ acoustic saliency was the reason why they are the preferred
target for abstract computations, and to explore the extent to which
the principles of the ITL come from evolutionary heritage or
language experience. Results show that rats learn rules over
consonants and vowels with the same ease, so saliency is
insufficient to explain the asymmetries observed in humans. This
also shows that animals share with humans the trochaic principle of
the ITL, but they lack the iambic-grouping bias, which might rely
on language experience.Diversos estudios han encontrado que limitaciones perceptuales y de aprendizaje intervienen en el procesamiento del lenguaje. Primero, que el aprendizaje de reglas se realiza mejor sobre las vocales. Segundo, que secuencias alternando en frecuencia y duración son agrupadas siguiendo la Ley Yámbico-Trocaico (LYT). En esta investigación busqué esclarecer el origen de estas limitaciones lingüísticas y perceptuales. Mi objetivo fue estudiar si la preferencia por las vocales se debe a su prominencia acústica e investigar hasta qué punto la LYT es producto de la herencia evolutiva o de la experiencia lingüística. Los resultados muestran que las ratas computan reglas sobre vocales y consonantes, por lo que las asimetrías funcionales observadas en humanos no se explican por la saliencia acústica de las vocales. También sugieren que animales y humanos comparten el principio trocaico de la LYT, pero no el yámbico, el cual podría emerger tras años de experiencia con el lenguaje nativo.
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Posid, Tasha Irene. „The small-large divide: The development of infant abilities to discriminate small from large sets“. Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104371.
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Thesis advisor: Sara CordesThesis advisor: Ellen Winner
Evidence suggests that humans and non-human animals have access to two distinct numerical representation systems: a precise "object-file" system used to visually track small quantities (<4) and an approximate, ratio-dependent analog magnitude system used to represent all natural numbers. Although many studies to date indicate that infants can discriminate exclusively small sets (e.g., 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3) or exclusively large sets (4 vs. 8, 8 vs. 16), a robust phenomenon exists whereby they fail to compare sets crossing this small-large boundary (2 vs. 4, 3 vs. 6) despite a seemingly favorable ratio of difference between the two set sizes. Despite these robust failures in infancy (up to 14 months), studies suggest that 3-year old children no longer encounter difficulties comparing small from large sets, yet little work has explored the development of this phenomenon between 14 months and 3 years of age. The present study investigates (1) when in development infants naturally overcome this inability to compare small vs. large sets, as well as (2) what factors may facilitate this ability: namely, perceptual variability and/or numerical language. Results from three cross-sectional studies indicate that infants begin to discriminate between small and large sets as early as 17 months of age. Furthermore, infants seemed to benefit from perceptual variability of the items in the set when making these discriminations. Moreover, although preliminary evidence suggests that a child's ability to verbally count may correlate with success on these discriminations, simply exposure to numerical language (in the form of adult modeling of labeling the cardinality and counting the set) does not affect performance
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology
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Connor, Bonnie B. „Response Guided Errorless Learning with Normal Elderly“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2809/.
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This study investigates the use of response guidance for errorless learning of a perceptual motor task in normal elderly. It provides normative data for a study with stroke patients using this technique for cognitive rehabilitation. While errorless learning has been shown to be more effective on most tasks than trial and error learning for people with memory impairments, its use with normal individuals has received limited attention. The questions of interest were whether errorless training of the perceptual motor task was more effective for improving and retaining accuracy; and whether both accuracy and response speed were more resistant to the effects of increased cognitive demands. A sample of 43 normal elderly in the United Kingdom, ranging in age from 60 to 77, completed an assessment of intelligence, memory, and attention. They then received training, over two sessions one week apart, to mark the midpoint of Judd Arrows presented on a computer screen using a cross cursor moved by an active force feedback joystick (AFF). During training the errorless group received AFF guidance to the correct midpoint, while the errorful group received none, and both received auditory and visual knowledge of results. There was no AFF during baseline or post test measures. Training was to criterion in each session with a discontinue rule if accuracy did not improve. At the end of session two both groups were given a cognitively challenging task concurrent with the arrow bisection. Results revealed that both groups improved their accuracy through training with the errorless group being significantly more accurate and tending to be faster in the final post tests of both sessions. The errorless group was significantly faster than the errorful group under the cognitive challenge, without sacrificing accuracy. These results suggest not only that AFF is an effective means of implementing errorless perceptual motor learning, but elderly individuals trained in this manner do not sacrifice accuracy for speed. Implications of these results are discussed.
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Bottemanne, Laure. „Influence de la motivation liée à autrui sur la décision : corrélats computationnels et magnétoencéphalographiques chez l’Homme“. Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1257/document.
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L’homme est un animal social. La majorité des décisions que nous prenons se font dans un contexte social et dépendent d’autrui, ce qui implique des calculs cérébraux complexes qui incluent tous les facteurs contextuels et environnementaux. La majorité des études ultérieures de la prise en compte d’autrui dans la décision ont utilisé des tâches de partage de récompenses entre soi et autrui. Les choix possibles amènent le décideur à considérer autrui, mais dans le but de gagner soi-même une récompense ; donc dans un contexte où les récompenses liées à soi et les récompenses liées à autrui sont confondues. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse avait pour but une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes cérébraux soutenant l’intégration d’autrui dans la prise de décision, sans que la récompense pour autrui n’interfère directement avec soi. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur le cadre théorique de la décision perceptuelle et des modèles de diffusion pour l'étude i) des modifications du processus décisionnel induites par une récompense monétaire allant à autrui et ii) de l’impact de l’effet d’audience (le fait de se sentir observé) sur la décision. Nos résultats computationnels montrent qu'une récompense pour autrui, par rapport à une récompense pour soi, et une audience, par rapport au secret, modifient le taux de dérive de la variable de décision. En magnétoencéphalographie, nos résultats indiquent que les décisions pour soi et pour autrui diffèrent pendant, mais aussi après, la prise de décision dans des zones cérébrales associées avec la transformation sensori-motrice, l'ajustement du compromis entre rapidité et justesse et avec la cognition sociale. Ainsi, le cortex temporal montre des différences de -1170 millisecondes (ms) à -1023 ms, de -993 ms à -915 ms et de -343 ms à -188 ms en amont de la réponse. Ce qui suppose une influence sur l’intégration des preuves sensorielles. Après la décision, les régions frontales ont également montré des différences entre soi et autrui, de 153 ms à 303 ms post-réponse, suggérant une différence entre soi et autrui dans l’ajustement du compris entre justesse et rapidité. Le bénéficiaire de la récompense associée à la décision modifie les paramètres décisionnels et les corrélats cérébraux de la décision perceptuelle, démontrant l’importance du contexte social dans l’implémentation de la prise de décision chez l’Homme. Ce travail appuie également l’utilité des modèles mathématiques tels que les modèles de diffusion dans la compréhension des processus décisionnels, même de ceux découlant de la cognition socialeHumans are inherently social: most of human’s decisions are within a social context and depend on others. For more than a century, researchers explore aspects of social cognition. Aiming to understand human behavior in social contexts, neuro-economic researches showed that taking others into account involve complex brain computations that include all environmental and contextual factors. However, most of the work was made using money allocation tasks; mixing self-affecting and other-affecting rewards into the decision making process. The present work intended the understanding of the brain mechanisms underpinning the integration of others into the decision making process for decisions that include others and do not interfere with self-rewards.Taking advantage of mathematical models from the drift diffusion models framework, we conducted experiments investigating how others influence the mechanistic of perceptual decisions and their correlates in the human brain. We showed that taking rewards for others into account and being observed by others influence the drift rate of the decision variable. The drift rate is higher in audience than in secret and higher for self-rewards than for other-rewards. These results indicate that others are integrated into the accumulation process together with the evidence available for making a decision. At the brain level, we found difference between self and other decisions over the anterior temporal and centro-frontal cortices during decision making. This suggests that the beneficiary of a decision modifies sensory-motor transformation processes. In addition, self- and other-affecting difference showed difference over the medial frontal sensors after the decision making process, indicating a variation in the speed-accuracy tradeoff adjustment process
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Delbecque, Laure. „Incidence de l'imagerie motrice sur les apprentissages moteurs“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210527.
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The topic of this work is motor imagery. Through 7 different studies, the process and proprieties of motor imagery and its impact on motor learning were assessed. It was found that this cognitive activity is closely linked to the motor system. This characteristic underlies the positive effects of motor imagery on motor learning. This can have many practical applications in the domain of sport and motor rehabilitation.
Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Portex, Marine. „La directionnalité de l’écrit : Evolution développementale et contribution au traitement des formes de lettres“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0881/document.
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La directionnalité est une composante perceptivo-motrice et culturellement déterminée qui intervient de façon prééminente dans l’acquisition initiale de l’écriture. Cette thèse visait à apporter des données empiriques et des éclairages théoriques nouveaux sur 1) son évolution au cours du développement et, 2) sa contribution à la production et à la reconnaissance des formes de lettres. Ces deux axes de recherche ont été déclinés en cinq études. Une première étude investiguait le poids de l’influence culturelle sur la directionnalité graphique au long du développement. Elle permettait de comparer les performances de tracé chez des enfants âgés de 5 à 9 ans dans des conditions où des contraintes biomécaniques, syntaxiques et sémantiques variaient. Les résultats faisaient apparaître un renforcement de l’influence culturelle sur la directionnalité graphique à partir de 6 ans. Cependant, les enfants les plus âgés (9 ans) se montraient capables d’adopter des procédures plus flexibles et de se désengager de contraintes culturelles afin de satisfaire des contraintes contextuelles. La deuxième étude examinait l’évolution développementale de la directionnalité de l’écrit chez des enfants âgés de 4 à 11 ans en comparant la production de formes communes à l’écriture et au dessin. Les résultats obtenus mettaient en évidence une acquisition synchrone des invariants universels (i.e., l’écriture est uni-directionnelle) et des spécificités culturelles du système d’écriture (i.e., la langue est transcrite de gauche à droite). Dans le deuxième axe de recherche, deux études avaient pour objectif de mettre à l’épreuve des faits des hypothèses explicatives récentes de l’écriture en miroir dans l’acquisition initiale et typique de l’écrit. La comparaison de productions en temps réel et appariées d’écritures en miroir et d’écritures conventionnelles chez des enfants pré-lettrés révélait une implication majeure de la directionnalité de l’écrit et une invariance cinématique. Enfin, la dernière étude a permis de mettre en évidence, à l’aide d’un paradigme d’entrainement, une contribution de la directionnalité de l’écriture au rappel de l’orientation de lettres a été mise en évidence chez des enfants pré-lettrés. Les résultats obtenus sont discutés dans une approche incarnée de la cognition et des pistes pédagogiques sont amorcéesDirectionality is a crucial perceptual-motor and culturally-based component of early writing acquisition. This research was aimed at providing empirical data and new theoretical insights on 1) its developmental evolution and, 2) its contribution to the production and the recognition of the shapes of letters. Five studies have been devised to fulfill the research objectives.The first study was aimed at investigating how print experience, as a cultural factor, influences directional tendencies in children’s drawing in the interplay with biomechanical, syntactic and semantic factors. Results showed a reinforcement of cultural influence on directional tendencies from 6 years onward. Older children were better able to disengage from a prevalent embodied behavior to meet contextual constraints. The second study examined the specific developmental evolution of writing directionality in children aged from 4 to 11 years while producing the same shapes in both writing and drawing tasks. The results suggested that universal and culture-specific features of writing appear concomitantly and early on in children’s productions. Another two studies were aimed to empirically test competing accounts of mirror writing in preliterate children. On-line productions of paired conventional and mirror writings revealed a predominant role of writing directionality and a kinematic invariance. Finally, a training study showed a contribution of writing directionality to the subsequent recall of the shapes of letters. Results are discussed in terms of embodiment and perspectives in educational settings
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Lee, Michael P. „THE EFFECTS OF ALTERNATE-LINE SHADING ON VISUAL SEARCH IN GRID-BASED GRAPHIC DESIGNS“. UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/51.
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Objective: The goal of this research was to determine whether alternate-line shading (zebra-striping) of grid-based displays affects the strategy (i.e., “visual flow”) and efficiency of serial search. Background: Grids, matrices, and tables are commonly used to organize information. A number of design techniques and psychological principles are relevant to how viewers’ eyes can be guided through such visual works. One common technique for grids, “zebra-striping,” is intended to guide eyes through the design, or “create visual flow” by alternating shaded and unshaded rows or columns. Method: 13 participants completed a visual serial search task. The target was embedded in a grid that had 1) no shading, 2) shading of alternating rows, or 3) shading of alternating columns. Response times and error rates were analyzed to determine search strategy and efficiency. Results: Our analysis found evidence supporting a weak effect of shading on search strategy. The direction of shading had an impact on which parts of the grid were responded to most rapidly. However, a left-to-right reading bias and middle-to-outside edge effect were also found. Overall performance was reliably better when the grid had no shading. Exploratory analyses suggest individual differences may be a factor. Conclusion: Shading seems to create visual flow that is relatively weak compared to search strategies related to the edge effect or left-to-right reading biases. In general, however, the presence of any type of shading reduced search performance. Application: Designers creating a grid-based display should not automatically assume that shading will change viewers search strategies. Furthermore, although strategic shading may be useful for tasks other than that studied here, our current data indicate that shading can actually be detrimental to visual search for complex (i.e., conjunctive) targets.
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Stark, Jeannette. „Using Secondary Notation to Influence the Model User's Attention“. Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-226605.
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Recently cognitive principles have been discussed for Conceptual Modeling with the aim to increase domain understanding, model comprehension and modeling efficiency. In particular, the principle of Perceptual Discriminability, which discusses the visual differences of modeling constructs, reveals potential for model comprehension if human attention is influenced in a way that important modeling constructs are more easily detected, and can hence faster be processed. Yet, so far no conditions how the human gaze can be influenced have been defined and evaluated for Conceptual Modeling. This dissertation extends Perceptual Discriminability for conditions to attract human attention for those constructs that are important for model comprehension. Furthermore, these conditions are applied to constructs of two different modeling grammars in general as well as to elements of the process flow of Business Process Models. To evaluate the results a laboratory experiment of extended Perceptual Discriminability is described in which significant differences have been identified for process flow comprehension. For the demonstration of the potential of extended Perceptual Discriminability BPMN secondary notation is improved by emphasizing those constructs that are most important for model comprehension. Therefore, those constructs that are important for model comprehension have been identified within a content analysis and have been worked on according to the conditions of extended Perceptual Discriminability for those visual variables that are free for an application in secondary notation.
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Santos, Fernanda Pontes dos. „Efeitos do treinamento auditivo formal nas funções auditivas de crianças e adolescentes vítimas de maus-tratos e com distúrbio de processamento auditivo“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5170/tde-31032015-164119/.
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Introdução: Os maus-tratos infantis são uma grande problemática em termos de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo. Crianças vítimas de maus-tratos desenvolvem uma série de alterações físicas, emocionais e, consequentemente, sociais. A importância do entendimento e reabilitação da função auditiva tem sido amplamente estudada, no entanto, nesta população específica de crianças vítimas de maus-tratos, ainda há carência de pesquisas neste sentido. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito do treinamento auditivo formal nas funções auditivas de crianças e adolescentes vítimas de maus-tratos e com Distúrbio de Processamento Auditivo. Método: Participaram do estudo 34 sujeitos com idade entre 8 e 16 anos, vítimas de maus-tratos, atendidos em um programa de atendimento global e multidisciplinar direcionado a esta população, o Programa Equilíbrio (Programa do Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria da Faculdade de Medicina da USP em parceria com a Prefeitura de São Paulo). Os sujeitos foram divididos em quatro grupos (G1, G2, G3I e G3II). Todos os grupos realizaram uma avaliação de processamento auditivo inicial. Após esta avaliação inicial, G1 foi, imediatamente, submetido a Treinamento auditivo Formal (TAF) por 3 meses e reavaliado após conclusão desta intervenção; o grupo G2 foi utilizado como controle, tendo sido reavaliado, também, após 3 meses, porém sem a realização de TAF; o grupo G3 foi, inicialmente, utilizado como controle - G3I; tendo sido, a exemplo do grupo 2, reavaliado após 3 meses sem realização de TAF no período. Em seguida a esta segunda avaliação, o G3 foi submetido ao TAF e, novamente, reavaliado após a conclusão desta intervenção, funcionando, agora, também como grupo estudo - G3II. Com relação à intervenção, essa se consistiu em 12 sessões de treinamento auditivo formal, realizadas semanalmente (1 vez por semana), as quais foram estruturadas baseando-se em pesquisas anteriores, mas adaptadas, levando em consideração as particularidades da população estudada. Resultados: Foi evidenciada melhora significante nas habilidades auditivas treinadas que puderam ser visualizadas nos resultados da maioria dos testes aplicados nos grupos G1 (Estudo) e G3II após o treinamento auditivo formal. Por outro lado, não houve mudança significante nos resultados dos testes aplicados nas avaliações 1 e 2 dos grupos G2 (Controle) e G3I realizadas com espaçamento de três meses sem realização de TAF no período. Ainda foi possível visualizar correlação entre aderência, gênero e idade, e o resultado final da intervenção, e também correlação entre aderência e tipo de diagnóstico psiquiátrico. Conclusão: O Programa de TAF de 12 sessões foi eficiente para esta população no que diz respeito à melhora das habilidades auditivas avaliadas e treinadas. Houve influência na melhora das variáveis: gênero (feminino), aderência (maior aderência apresentando melhora mais acentuada) e idade (crianças menores). Além disto, a variável aderência apresentou correlação com o tipo de diagnóstico psiquiátrico, sendo vista piora na presença de, pelo menos, um diagnóstico do tipo internalizanteIntroduction: Child abuse is a big issue in terms of public health in Brazil and worldwide. Children and adolescents maltreatments develop a range of physical, emotional and social changes accordingly. The importance of understanding and rehabilitation of auditory function has been widely studied, however this specific population, there is still lack of research in this direction. Objective: To investigate the effect of formal auditory training on auditory function in children and adolescents who are victims of abuse and Auditory Processing Disorder. Method: The study included 33 subjects aged between 8 and 16 years, victims of abuse, enrolled in a program of comprehensive multidisciplinary care for this population, the Balance Program (Program of the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine USP in partnership with the Municipality of São Paulo). The subjects were divided into four groups (G1, G2, and G3i G3II). All groups performed an initial evaluation of auditory processing. After this initial assessment, G1 was immediately subjected to Formal auditory training (FAT) for 3 months and reevaluated after completion of the intervention; G2 was used as control and was also re-evaluated after 3 months but without conducting FAT; G3 group was initially used as a control - G3i; being, such as group 2, reevaluated after 3 months without performing the FAT period. Following this second evaluation, the G3 was submitted to the FAT and again reassessed after completion of the intervention, now also working as a study group - G3II. With regard to intervention, it consisted of 12 sessions of formal auditory training held weekly (1 weekly), which were structured on the basis of previous research, but adapted, taking into account the particularities of the studied population. Results: Was evidenced significant improvement in auditory skills trained that could be visualized in the results of most tests used in G1 (Study) and G3II after formal auditory training. On the other hand, no significant change in test results applied in assessments 1 and 2 of G2 (Control) and G3i groups conducted with spacing of three months without performing the TAF period. Yet been possible to visualize the correlation between adherence, gender and age and the outcome of the intervention and also correlation between adherence and type of psychiatric diagnosis. Conclusion: The FAT program of 12 sessions was effective for this population regarding the improvement of the evaluated and trained listening skills. No influence on the improvement of the variables: gender (female), adherence (Increased grip featuring a more pronounced improvement) and age (younger children). Furthermore, the adherence variable correlated with the type of psychiatric diagnosis, worsening the presence of at least one diagnosis of internalizing type being viewed
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Ward, Paul. „The development of perceptual-cognitive expertise“. Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2002. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4967/.
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Feldman, Jacob 1965. „Perceptual decomposition as inference“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13693.
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Casasanto, Daniel J. „Perceptual foundations of abstract thought“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34129.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-78).
How do people think about things they can never see or touch? The ability to invent and reason about domains such as time, ideas, or mathematics is uniquely human, and is arguably the hallmark of human sophistication. Yet, how people mentally represent these abstract domains has remained one of the great mysteries of the mind. This dissertation explores a potential solution: perhaps the mind recruits old structures for new uses. Perhaps sensory and motor representations that result from physical interactions with the world (e.g., representations of physical space) are recycled to support our thinking about abstract phenomena. This hypothesis is motivated, in part, by patterns observed in language: in order to talk about abstract things, speakers often recruit metaphors from more concrete or perceptually rich domains. For example, English speakers often talk about time using spatial language (e.g., a long vacation; a short meeting). Cognitive linguists have argued such expressions reveal that people conceptualize abstract domains like time metaphorically, in terms of space. Although linguistic evidence for this Conceptual Metaphor Theory is abundant, the necessary nonlinguistic evidence has been elusive.
(cont.) In two series of experiments, I investigated whether mental representations that result from physical experience underlie people's more abstract mental representations, using the domains of space and :!I.:e as a testbed. New experimental tools were developed in order to evaluate Conceptual Metaphor Theory as an account of the evolution and structure of abstract concepts, and to explore relations between language and nonlinguistic thought. Hypotheses about the way people represent space and time were based on patterns in metaphorical language, but were tested using simple psychophysical tasks with nonlinguistic stimuli and responses. Results of the first set of experiments showed that English speakers incorporate irrelevant spatial information into their estimates of time (but not vice versa), suggesting that people not only talk about time using spatial language, but also think about time using spatial representations. The second set of experiments showed that (a) speakers of different languages rely on different spatial metaphors for duration, (b) the dominant metaphor in participants' first languages strongly predicts their performance on nonlinguistic time estimation tasks, and (c) training participants to use new spatiotemporal metaphors in language changes the way they estimate time.
(cont.) Together, these results demonstrate that the metaphorical language people use to describe abstract phenomena provides a window on their underlying mental representations, and also shapes those representations. The structure of abstract domains such as time appears to depend, in part, on both linguistic experience and on physical experience in perception and motor action.
by Daniel J. Casasanto.
Ph.D.
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Feldman, Jacob 1965. „Perceptual categories and world regularities“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12883.
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Dobnik, Simon. „Teaching mobile robots to use spatial words“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d3e8d606-212b-4a8e-ba9b-9c59cfd3f485.
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The meaning of spatial words can only be evaluated by establishing a reference to the properties of the environment in which the word is used. For example, in order to evaluate what is to the left of something or how fast is fast in a given context, we need to evaluate properties such as the position of objects in the scene, their typical function and behaviour, the size of the scene and the perspective from which the scene is viewed. Rather than encoding the semantic rules that define spatial expressions by hand, we developed a system where such rules are learned from descriptions produced by human commentators and information that a mobile robot has about itself and its environment. We concentrate on two scenarios and words that are used in them. In the first scenario, the robot is moving in an enclosed space and the descriptions refer to its motion ('You're going forward slowly' and 'Now you're turning right'). In the second scenario, the robot is static in an enclosed space which contains real-size objects such as desks, chairs and walls. Here we are primarily interested in prepositional phrases that describe relationships between objects ('The chair is to the left of you' and 'The table is further away than the chair'). The perspective can be varied by changing the location of the robot. Following the learning stage, which is performed offline, the system is able to use this domain specific knowledge to generate new descriptions in new environments or to 'understand' these expressions by providing feedback to the user, either linguistically or by performing motion actions. If a robot can be taught to 'understand' and use such expressions in a manner that would seem natural to a human observer, then we can be reasonably sure that we have captured at least something important about their semantics. Two kinds of evaluation were performed. First, the performance of machine learning classifiers was evaluated on independent test sets using 10-fold cross-validation. A comparison of classifier performance (in regard to their accuracy, the Kappa coefficient (κ), ROC and Precision-Recall graphs) is made between (a) the machine learning algorithms used to build them, (b) conditions under which the learning datasets were created and (c) the method by which data was structured into examples or instances for learning. Second, with some additional knowledge required to build a simple dialogue interface, the classifiers were tested live against human evaluators in a new environment. The results show that the system is able to learn semantics of spatial expressions from low level robotic data. For example, a group of human evaluators judged that the live system generated a correct description of motion in 93.47% of cases (the figure is averaged over four categories) and that it generated the correct description of object relation in 59.28% of cases.
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Mauney, Lisa M. „Individual Differences in Cognitive, Musical, and Perceptual Abilities“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13972.
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The increasing use of auditory graphs and sonifications in technology is leading to a wider variety of system users, which, in turn, suggests a need for research in how differences between individual listeners affect sound interpretation. As a first step in this arena, the current study investigates the question of whether or not cognitive abilities and musical experience predict frequency and tempo discrimination in individuals. Participants in the study were 30 undergraduate students from Georgia Institute of Technology and 20 adults from the Atlanta, Georgia community. In the cognitive ability session, participants completed the Operation Span (Ospan) task as a measure of working memory capacity and the Ravens Progressive Matrices task as a measure of spatial reasoning. In the auditory discrimination session, participants performed a tempo and a frequency discrimination task. Demographics on age, gender, handedness, years of playing a musical instrument, and years of formal musical training were also collected.
A correlational analysis of all variables was performed. Paired-samples t-tests on the Weber fractions of the six threshold means were also performed to determine if there were any significant differences between the frequency thresholds and the tempo thresholds. Lastly, multiple hierarchical regressions were performed on each of the six dependent variables to identify significant predictors of frequency and tempo discrimination. The paired samples t-tests show a significant difference between 250 Hz and 840 Hz and between 250 Hz and 1600 Hz, a violation of Webers Law. However, this violation of Webers Law may be explained by the small sample size used in the study. The t-tests also show a significant difference between the means of 150 ms and 250 ms and between the means of 250 ms and 350 ms. The results of the regression analyses show that good performance on Ravens seems to predict lower thresholds at 1600 Hz. The results also show that good scores on Ospan appear to predict lower thresholds at 350 ms ICI. In addition to these significant predictors from the regression analyses, there are many significant correlations that provide further support that cognitive abilities are related to frequency and tempo discrimination.
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Davis, Robert G. „Cognitive and perceptual factors in lighted architectural environments“. Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3239430.
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Mugglestone, Mark. „Perceptual and cognitive processes in mammographic image interpretation“. Thesis, University of Derby, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314245.
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