Zeitschriftenartikel: „Pellet injection“

1

Nagami, M. „Pellet injection“. Nuclear Fusion 33, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1993): 1583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/33/10/413.

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2

Wingen, A., B. C. Lyons, R. S. Wilcox, L. R. Baylor, N. M. Ferraro, S. C. Jardin und D. Shiraki. „Simulation of pellet ELM triggering in low-collisionality, ITER-like discharges“. Nuclear Fusion 61, Nr. 12 (18.11.2021): 126059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac34d7.

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Abstract 3D nonlinear, as well as 2D linear M3D-C1 simulations are used to model ELM triggering by small pellets in DIII-D discharges in the ITER relevant, peeling-limited pedestal stability regime. A critical pellet size threshold is found in both experiment and modeling depending on pedestal conditions, pellet velocity and injection direction. Using radial injection at the outboard midplane, the threshold is determined by M3D-C1 for multiple time slices of a DIII-D low-collisionality discharge that has pellet ELM triggering. Experimental observations show that a larger pellet size than the standard 1.3 mm diameter is necessary for ELM triggering; 1.8 mm pellets triggered several ELMs in cases where a smaller pellet failed. The M3D-C1 simulations are in good agreement with these observations. While the 2D linear simulations give insight into the change of growth rates for various toroidal modes with pellet size, the 3D nonlinear simulations apply a pellet ablation model that mimics the actual injection with good match to the experiment. The 3D nonlinear simulation confirms the pellet ELM triggering for a pellet size larger than the threshold found by the linear simulations.

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3

Szepesi, Tamás, Albrecht Herrmann, Gábor Kocsis, Ádám Kovács, József Németh und Bernhard Ploeckl. „Table-top pellet injector (TATOP) for impurity pellet injection“. Fusion Engineering and Design 96-97 (Oktober 2015): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.01.045.

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4

Combs, S. K. „Pellet injection technology“. Review of Scientific Instruments 64, Nr. 7 (Juli 1993): 1679–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143995.

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5

Kovács, Á., S. Zoletnik, D. Réfy, G. Papp, S. Hegedűs, T. Szepesi, E. Walcz et al. „Acceleration of cryogenic pellets for Shattered Pellet Injection“. Fusion Engineering and Design 202 (Mai 2024): 114303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2024.114303.

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6

Sheikh, U. A., D. Shiraki, R. Sweeney, P. Carvalho, S. Jachmich, E. Joffrin, M. Lehnen et al. „Disruption thermal load mitigation with shattered pellet injection on the Joint European Torus (JET)“. Nuclear Fusion 61, Nr. 12 (12.11.2021): 126043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac3191.

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Abstract Disruption mitigation remains a critical, unresolved challenge for ITER. To aid in addressing this challenge, a shattered pellet injection (SPI) system was installed on JET and experiments conducted at a range of thermal energy fractions and stored energies in excess of 7 MJ. The primary goals of these experiments were to investigate the efficacy of the SPI on JET and the ability of the plasma to assimilate multiple pellets. Single pellet injections produced a saturation in total radiated energy (W rad) with increasing injected neon content, suggesting total radiation of stored thermal energy. Further increases in injected neon quantities resulted in reduced cooling times and current quench (CQ) durations, indicating higher impurity assimilation. No significant variation in CQ duration or W rad was observed when varying the deuterium content at fixed neon quantities. Higher assimilation, inferred by shorter CQ durations, was measured when a mechanical punch was used to launch the pellets and this was attributed to a lower pellet velocity leading to higher solid content in the pellet plume and larger fragments penetrating deeper into the plasma. Radiation asymmetries averaged over the cooling time were inferred from Emis3D and ranged from 1.6 to 1.9. Asymmetries averaged over the entire disruption sequence were found to increase at higher thermal energy fractions. The radiated energy fractions decreased with increasing thermal energy fractions but this trend was eliminated when toroidal asymmetries were accounted for with Emis3D. Pure deuterium pellets were able to produce cooling times of up to 75 ms with a gradual loss in thermal stored energy of up to 80%. Experiments with multiple pellet injection indicated W rad can be increased through pellet superposition and density can be increased with an additional D2 injection without a reduction in W rad. KPRAD modelling accurately reproduced the cooling times and the CQ duration at high thermal energies. Assimilation estimates from KPRAD indicated CQ rates scale strongly whilst W rad scales weakly and saturates with assimilated neon content. Comparable W rad can be achieved with lower assimilated neon quantities as longer cooling times are attained. Thus reduced neon content can be preferential in a thermal load mitigation scheme as it may reduce radiation asymmetries and prevent flash melting.

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7

Mori, Y., K. Ishii, R. Hanayama, S. Okihara, Y. Kitagawa, Y. Nishimura, O. Komeda et al. „Ten hertz bead pellet injection and laser engagement“. Nuclear Fusion 62, Nr. 3 (03.02.2022): 036028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac3d69.

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Abstract A laser inertial fusion energy (IFE) reactor requires repetitive injection of fuel pellets and laser engagement to fuse fusion fuel beyond a few Hz. We demonstrate 10 Hz free-fall bead pellet injection and laser engagement with γ-ray generation. Deuterated polystyrene beads with a diameter of 1 mm were engaged by counter illuminating ultra-intense laser pulses with an intensity of 5 × 1017 W cm−2 at 10 Hz. The spatial distribution of free-fall beads was 0.86 mm in the horizontal direction and 0.18 mm in the vertical direction. The system operated for more than 5 min and 3500 beads were supplied with achieved frequencies of 2.1 Hz for illumination on the beads and 0.7 Hz for γ-ray generation; these frequencies were three times greater than with the previous 1 Hz injection system. The duration of operation was limited by the pellet supply. This injection and engagement system could be used for laser IFE research platforms.

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8

Sudo, Shigeru. „Vision of pellet injection experiments.“ Kakuyūgō kenkyū 55, Nr. 3 (1986): 272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/jspf1958.55.272.

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9

McFarlane, JD, GJ Judson, RK Turnbull und BR Kempe. „An evaluation of copper-containing soluble glass pellets, copper oxide particles and injectable copper as supplements for cattle and sheep“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, Nr. 2 (1991): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910165.

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The efficacy of 3 copper (Cu) supplements in maintaining adequate Cu status in Shorthorn heifers and Merino wethers was investigated in 3 experiments on alkaline peat soils in the South East of South Australia. The Cu supplements used were: soluble glass pellets containing Cu; copper oxide particles (CuO); Cu as a subcutaneous injection. Pasture contained moderate to high concentrations of molybdenum (Mo) (2.9-12.3 mg/kg), moderate Cu (3.8-8.7 mg/kg) and adequate sulfur (>1.7 g/kg) to limit the absorption of dietary Cu in ruminants. Shorthom heifers with normal Cu status were given 1 of 6 treatments (no Cu; 2 glass pellets; CuO at 3 doses; Cu injection) and introduced to the pasture (experiment 1). There was no liveweight response to any supplement. Relative to untreated heifers, mean liver Cu concentrations were raised only in heifers receiving the glass pellets or the highest dosage of CuO (20 g). The glass pellets maintained an adequate mean liver Cu concentration for at least 44 weeks but the CuO was effective for less than 24 weeks. Hypocupraemic heifers given 1 of 3 treatments (2 glass pellets; CuO; Cu injection) were significantly heavier (P<0.05) than the untreated heifers after 30 weeks (experiment 2). Mean plasma Cu concentrations were adequate at 30 weeks in the glass pellet and CuO groups, but mean liver concentrations indicated severe deficiency in all groups at 30 weeks. There was considerable individual variability in response to the glass pellet and CuO particle treatments, possibly due to the partial regurgitation of some of these orally dosed supplements. Merino wethers with adequate plasma and liver Cu concentrations received 1 of 5 treatments (no Cu; 1 glass pellet; 2 glass pellets; CuO; Cu injection) and were then grazed on a peat soil for a period of 1 year. Plasma Cu concentrations in the control group only indicated hypocupraemia at week 42. Liver Cu concentrations were higher (P<0.001) in all supplemented groups from week 18 to after week 30. Under the conditions of the experiments, 20 g CuO (the suggested dose) for the glass pellets or a single Cu injection were not sufficient to maintain the Cu status of heifers for 1 year. Repeat treatments or higher dose rates were required. The recommended dose rates of the supplements were adequate for wethers.

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10

Yuan, Shaohua, Nizar Naitlho, Roman Samulyak, Bernard Pégourié, Eric Nardon, Eric Hollmann, Paul Parks und Michael Lehnen. „Lagrangian particle simulation of hydrogen pellets and SPI into runaway electron beam in ITER“. Physics of Plasmas 29, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2022): 103903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0110388.

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Numerical studies of the ablation of pellets and shattered pellet injection (SPI) fragments into a runaway electron beam in ITER have been performed using a time-dependent pellet ablation code [Samulyak et al., Nucl. Fusion, 61(4), 046007 (2021)]. The code resolves detailed ablation physics near pellet fragments and large-scale expansion of ablated clouds. The study of a single-fragment ablation quantifies the influence of various factors, in particular, the impact ionization by runaway electrons and cross-field transport models, on the dynamics of ablated plasma and its penetration into the runaway beam. Simulations of SPI performed using different numbers of pellet fragments study the formation and evolution of the ablation clouds and their large-scale dynamics in ITER. The penetration depth of the ablation clouds is found to be of the order of 50 cm.

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11

Iwamura, Yasuhiro, Takao Yamasaki, Hirone Nakamura, Mitsuo Hashimoto und Kenzo Miya. „Application of EMILAC to pellet injection.“ Kakuyūgō kenkyū 58, Nr. 3 (1987): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/jspf1958.58.279.

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12

Sudo, Shigeru, und Naoki Tamura. „Tracer-encapsulated solid pellet injection system“. Review of Scientific Instruments 83, Nr. 2 (Februar 2012): 023503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3681447.

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13

Giovannozzi, E., S. V. Annibaldi, P. Buratti, B. Esposito, D. Frigione, L. Garzotti, S. Martini et al. „Vertical pellet injection in FTU discharges“. Nuclear Fusion 45, Nr. 5 (28.04.2005): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/45/5/011.

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14

Combs, S. K., L. R. Baylor, C. R. Foust, M. J. Gouge, T. C. Jernigan, S. L. Milora, J.-F. Artaud und A. Géraud. „High-Field-Side Pellet Injection Technology“. Fusion Technology 34, Nr. 3P2 (November 1998): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst98-a11963649.

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15

Pégourié, B., und J. ‐M Picchiottino. „Plasma density buildup after pellet injection“. Physics of Plasmas 3, Nr. 12 (Dezember 1996): 4594–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872030.

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16

Pégourié, B. „Review: Pellet injection experiments and modelling“. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 49, Nr. 8 (02.07.2007): R87—R160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/49/8/r01.

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17

Kim, Charlson C., Yueqiang Liu, Paul B. Parks, Lang L. Lao, Michael Lehnen und Alberto Loarte. „Shattered pellet injection simulations with NIMROD“. Physics of Plasmas 26, Nr. 4 (April 2019): 042510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5088814.

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18

Fisher, Raymond K., J. Stephen Leffler, Arthur M. Howald und Paul B. Parks. „Fast Alpha Diagnostics Using Pellet Injection“. Fusion Technology 13, Nr. 4 (Mai 1988): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst88-a25133.

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19

Ribeiro, C., R. Akers, F. Alladio, K. Axon, L. Baylor, G. F. Counsell, J. Dowling et al. „Pellet injection on START and MAST“. Fusion Engineering and Design 58-59 (November 2001): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-3796(01)00308-8.

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20

Park, SooHwan, HyunMyung Lee, JaeIn Song, KunSu Lee, InSik Woo, YoungOk Kim, HyunKi Park et al. „Progress of KSTAR pellet injection system“. Fusion Engineering and Design 146 (September 2019): 2430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.04.010.

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21

Wang, Zhehui, M. A. Hoffbauer, E. M. Hollmann, Z. Sun, Y. M. Wang, N. W. Eidietis, Jiansheng Hu, R. Maingi, J. E. Menard und X. Q. Xu. „Hollow pellet injection for magnetic fusion“. Nuclear Fusion 59, Nr. 8 (27.06.2019): 086024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab19eb.

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22

Dolan, Thomas J. „Lithium Deuteride/Lithium Tritide Pellet Injection“. Fusion Science and Technology 61, Nr. 3 (April 2012): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst12-a13537.

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23

Itoh, Sanae-Inoue, und Kimitaka Itoh. „Impurity Injection using Multiple-Shell Pellet“. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 26, Part 2, No. 8 (20.08.1987): L1338—L1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.26.l1338.

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24

Kuteev, B. V., A. P. Umov, I. V. Viniar, G. A. Baranov und V. N. Skripunov. „Pellet injection research and development program“. Plasma Devices and Operations 2, Nr. 3-4 (Januar 1994): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10519999408241154.

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25

Christensen, Logan, Riley Sanders und Jeffrey Olson. „“Magic Bullet”: Eccentric Macular Hole as a Complication from Dexamethasone Implant Insertion“. Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1706234.

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Introduction. Intravitreal drug injections and implants are generally safe but do carry some risk, from both the procedure itself and adverse effects of the medications. We report a case of an eccentric macular hole after dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®) administration.Ex vitroforce testing was performed to evaluate dexamethasone implant injection force.Methods. Five dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) applicators were placed 16 mm from a force plate and the force of the injected dexamethasone pellet was recorded in Newtons. Four dexamethasone implant applicators were placed 16 mm from a force plate in a basic saline solution and the force of the pellet was recorded.Results. Average maximum force in air was 0.77 N and 0.024 N in a basic saline solution (BSS).Conclusion. We present a case report of an eccentric macular hole after dexamethasone implant administration. We hypothesize a mechanical injury to the retina during insertion caused the macular hole. Force testing done in air demonstrated sufficient force from the pellet injection to cause retinal damage though injections done in BSS showed reduced forces.

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Nardon, E., A. Matsuyama, D. Hu und F. Wieschollek. „Post-thermal-quench shattered pellet injection for runaway electron seed depletion in ITER“. Nuclear Fusion 62, Nr. 2 (16.12.2021): 026003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac3ac6.

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Abstract The possibility of using shattered pellet injection after the thermal quench of an ITER disruption in order to deplete runaway electron (RE) seeds before they can substantially avalanche is studied. Analytical and numerical estimates of the required injection rate for shards to be able to penetrate into the forming RE beam and stop REs are given. How much material could be assimilated before the current quench (CQ) becomes too short is also estimated. It appears that, if hydrogen pellets were used, the required number of pellets to be injected during the CQ would be prohibitive, at least considering the present design of the ITER disruption mitigation system (DMS). For neon or argon, the required number of pellets, although large, might be within reach of the ITER DMS, but the assimilated fraction would have to be very small in order not to shorten the CQ excessively. This study suggests that other injection schemes, based for example on small tungsten pellets coated with a low Z material, may be worth exploring as an option for an upgrade of the ITER DMS.

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Rochendi, Agus Dendi, und Irfan Kampono. „Design and Build A Plastic Pellet Monitor System Prototype on An Injection Molding Plastic Storage Tank with The Blynk Application“. International Journal of Advanced Technology in Mechanical, Mechatronics and Materials 1, Nr. 3 (31.12.2020): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37869/ijatec.v1i3.29.

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Plastic injection molding machines, plastic pellet filling is generally done manually in a closed tank. Operators have difficulty seeing the level of plastic pellets in the storage tank, it disturbs work productivity. The research that was carried out was the prototype design of monitoring the volume of plastic pellets in the storage tank using the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor ESP8266 data processing equipped with LCD as well as data communication media. The plastic pellet tank monitor system can work properly as expected. The average accuracy of the ultrasonic sensor 1 is 97.2% and the average accuracy of the ultrasonic sensor 2 is 95.3%. Ultrasonic sensor readings in this study the minimum level is at 0 cm and the maximum level is 32.8 cm. It takes an average of 1.9 seconds from reaching the minimum limit until a notification appears on the Blynk application.

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Budiyantoro, Cahyo, Heru S. B. Rochardjo und Gesang Nugroho. „Overmolding of Hybrid Long and Short Carbon Fiber Polypropylene Composite: Optimizing Processing Parameters“. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, Nr. 4 (08.12.2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5040132.

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Injection overmolding was used to produce hybrid unidirectional continuous-short carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene. Polypropylene pellets containing short carbon fibers were melted and overmolded on unidirectional carbon fibers, which act as the core of the composite structure. Four factors were varied in this study: fiber pretension applied to unidirectional fibers, injection pressure, melting temperature, and backpressure used for melting and injecting the composite pellet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of these factors on fiber volume fraction, flexural strength, and impact strength of the hybrid composite. The relationship between factors and responses was analyzed using Box–Behnken Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Each aspect was divided into three levels. There were 27 experimental runs carried out, with three replicated center points. The results showed that the injection molding process parameters had no significant effect on the fiber’s volume fraction. On the other hand, melting temperature and fiber pretension significantly affected impact strength and flexural strength.

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Lee, Min-Kyung, Jae-Uk Lee, Min Ho Chang, Jin-Kuk Ha, Hyunmin Oh, In-Beum Lee und Euy Soo Lee. „Dynamic modeling of pellet production process for pellet injection system in ITER“. Fusion Engineering and Design 155 (Juni 2020): 111564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.111564.

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30

Li, L., G. Z. Zuo, J. S. Yuan, S. B. Zhao, D. H. Zhang, M. Huang und J. S. Hu. „Numerical investigation of Ne pellet formation for EAST shattered pellet injection system“. Fusion Engineering and Design 204 (Juli 2024): 114516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2024.114516.

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Panda, Vandana Sanjeev, und Aneesul Islam. „In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Garcinia indica fruit rind (Kokum) in rats“. Journal of Phytopharmacology 2, Nr. 5 (25.10.2013): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2013.2502.

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The aqueous extract of Garcinia indica fruit rind (GIE) was studied for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats. Wistar rats were orally administered GIE (400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg) and the standard drug diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg) 60 min prior to a subcutaneous injection of carrageenan (0.1 ml of 1% w/v) into their right hind paws to produce edema. The paw volumes were measured at various time intervals to assess the effect of drug treatment. In the granuloma model, 4 sterile cotton pellets were implanted in the ventral region in each rat. GIE (400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg) and the standard drug diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg) were administered orally for 8 days to the pellet implanted rats. The granuloma tissue formation was calculated from the dissected pellets and the activities of the marker enzymes AST, ALT and ALP were assayed from the serum. A significant reduction in paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma was observed with GIE treatment when compared with the carrageenan treated and cotton pellet implanted animals respectively. GIE treatment significantly attenuated the AST, ALT & ALP activities elevated by foreign body granulomas provoked in rats by the subcutaneous implantation of cotton pellets. It may be concluded that GIE possesses anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to an underlying antioxidant activity and/ or lysosomal membrane stabilization by virtue of its phenolic constituents.

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Klaywittaphat, Ponkris, Thawatchai Onjun, Roppon Picha, Jiraporn Promping und Boonyarit Chatthong. „Plasma Instability During ITBs Formation with Pellet Injection in Tokamak“. ASEAN Journal of Scientific and Technological Reports 25, Nr. 4 (20.11.2022): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55164/ajstr.v25i4.247569.

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JET H-mode plasma discharge 53212 simulation during the pellet fueling operation in the presence of an internal transport barrier is carried out using the 1.5D BALDUR integrated predictive modelling code. The plasma instability during ITB formation with pellet injection in a tokamak is investigated. These simulations use a neoclassical transport model and an anomalous transport model (either multimode or mixed Bohm/gyro-Bohm core transport model). The boundary condition is described at the top of the pedestal, which is calculated theoretically based on a combination of magnetic and flow shear stabilization pedestal width scaling and an infinite-n ballooning pressure gradient model. The toroidal flow calculation is based on the neoclassical viscosity toroidal velocity model. It was found that the shallower pellet does not destroy the ITB, which locating mainly between r/a = 0.8 and 0.9. Moreover, in the plasma center region (0.4<r/a<0.6) the effective electron thermal diffusivities do not change during the ablation time. However, the effective electron thermal diffusivities decrease after pellet ablation, which means a shallower pellet can improve the internal transport barrier.

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Hou, Jilei, Yue Chen, Guizhong Zuo, Jiansheng Hu, Songtao Mao, Xiaolin Yuan, Jia Huang et al. „MARFE movement and density fluctuations after deuterium pellet injections in H-mode plasmas on EAST tokamak“. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 64, Nr. 5 (07.04.2022): 055010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ac6048.

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Abstract The multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge (MARFE), which is generally considered to be the result of a radiation thermal instability in the edge and usually occurs in high density operation, has been first observed to move up and down along the poloidal cross-section due to edge cooling after cryogenic deuterium pellet injections in EAST tokamak with tungsten divertor. A maximum electron density of 0.84 × n GW has been obtained using continuous cryogenic pellet fueling. In the meantime, MARFEs, initially located near the divertors of EAST, moves to the inner wall on high field side after each pellet injection. This movement should be attributed to the asymmetry of the power flow to the two sides of the MARFE after pellet injections. Accompanied with MARFE movement, two kinds of strong density fluctuations have been observed. The ones with continuous and regular frequency spectrum, which does not cause a reduction of main plasma density, are confirmed to be induced by MARFE. The others, appearing with magnetic fluctuations, have been determined to be induced by the m/n = 2/1 magnetohydrodynamic activities after pellet injections. All the investigations in this paper will be meaningful for the steady high density operation of future fusion reactors, such as ITER.

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Volchyn, I., S. Kryvosheiev, A. Yasynetskyi, A. Zaitsev und O. Samchenko. „Selective non-catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in the production of iron ore pellets“. Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, Nr. 1 (28.02.2022): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-1/088.

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Purpose. Using mathematical modeling, to assess the feasibility of introducing a Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) system as a measure to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions from the production of iron ore pellets. To determine the peculiarities of using ammonia solution and urea solution as reagents for the SNCR process, the influence of the injection of these reagents on the temperature regime during iron pellet production, as well as assess the expected efficiency of the SNCR method for purification of exhaust gases from nitrogen oxides. Methodology. The research results have been obtained using CFD-modeling in the ANSYS Fluent software package. To model this process, a computational domain is constructed, which corresponds in size to the preheating zone (PRE zone) of the actual iron pellet production plant. Two series of calculations are performed for this domain: the first, without adding a reagent, and the second, with a urea solution as a reagent for the SNCR system. Findings. For the first series of calculations, the temperature field and the pressure field in the computational domain is obtained. Experimental research makes it possible to assert that the physical conditions of the mathematical model are close to those at a real plant for the production of pellets. In the second series of calculations, the temperature field in the computational domain is obtained and the influence of the reagent injection of the SNCR system is determined, namely, the temperature decrease in the PRE zone of the pellet production plant by 1025 . The expected efficiency of reduction of nitrogen oxides using a 50% urea solution is about 60%. Originality. It has been revealed that the process of urea solution evaporation is intense, which accelerates the beginning of urea decomposition and, accordingly, the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides. The temperature drop in the zone of moisture evaporation does not exceed 1025 C. The reagent injection (50% urea solution) with a consumption of 219 kg/h does not significantly affect the temperature regime in the PRE zone. Modeling the chemical reactions of the SNCR process with the injection of 50% urea solution droplets through lances into the PRE zone chamber indicates a 60% reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions. Practical value. The introduction of the SNCR system at pellet production plant can reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, which will have a positive impact on the environmental situation in metallurgical regions.

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Sato, Kohnosuke. „Studies Ice-Pellet Injection into Torus Plasmas“. IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 113, Nr. 12 (1993): 801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1990.113.12_801.

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36

Combs, S. K., S. L. Milora und C. R. Foust. „Simple pipe gun for hydrogen pellet injection“. Review of Scientific Instruments 57, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1986): 2636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139214.

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37

Park, Soo-Hwan, Hong-Tack Kim, Igor Vinyar, Juhyoung Lee, Alexander Lukin, Kyungmin Kim, Hyun-Ki Park, Hee-Jae Ahn und Jonghwa Lee. „Development of pellet injection system for KSTAR“. Fusion Engineering and Design 123 (November 2017): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.03.117.

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38

Kaufmann, M., K. Büchl, G. Fussmann, O. Gehre, K. Grassie, O. Gruber, G. Haas et al. „Pellet injection with improved confinement in ASDEX“. Nuclear Fusion 28, Nr. 5 (01.05.1988): 827–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/28/5/008.

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39

Fisher, R. K., J. M. McChesney, A. M. Howald, P. B. Parks, D. M. Thomas, S. C. McCool und W. L. Rowan. „Fast alpha diagnostics using carbon pellet injection“. Review of Scientific Instruments 61, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1990): 3196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141684.

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40

Strauss, H. R., und W. Park. „Magnetohydrodynamic effects on pellet injection in tokamaks“. Physics of Plasmas 5, Nr. 7 (Juli 1998): 2676–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872955.

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41

Kuteev, B. V. „Pellet-injection-based technologies for fusion reactors“. Technical Physics 44, Nr. 9 (September 1999): 1058–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1259470.

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42

Белокуров, А. А., Г. И. Абдуллина, Л. Г. Аскинази, Н. А. Жубр, В. А. Корнев, С. В. Крикунов, С. В. Лебедев, Д. В. Разуменко und А. С. Тукачинский. „Влияние градиента концентрации плазмы на возбуждение ионно-циклотронных колебаний в омических разрядах токамака ТУМАН-3М“. Письма в журнал технической физики 45, Nr. 18 (2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.18.48234.17907.

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In TUMAN-3M tokamak ohmic hydrogen and deuterium discharges oscillations with ion cyclotron (IC) frequency were detected. Fast magnetic probes poloidal array in TUMAN-3M is capable of detecting several harmonics of IC frequency of main plasma isotope. Fuel pellet injection significantly reduces IC oscillations intensity, though after complete pellet evaporation returns to initial level. IC oscillations localization and excitation conditions are of certain interest. Based on drift-cyclotron instability excitation theory and numerical modeling of scenarios with ohmic LH-transition and pellet-injection plasma parameters (density gradient primarily) effect on IC oscillations excitation was studied.

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Lengyel, L. L., R. Schneider, O. J. W. F. Kardaun, R. Burhenn, H. P. Zehrfeld, I. Yu Veselova, I. Yu Senichenkov, V. A. Rozhansky und P. J. Lalousis. „Pellet - Plasma Interaction: an Analysis of Pellet Injection Experiments by Means of a Multi-Dimensional MHD Pellet Code“. Contributions to Plasma Physics 48, Nr. 9-10 (Dezember 2008): 623–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.200810096.

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44

Wilcox, R. S., L. R. Baylor, A. Bortolon, M. Knolker, C. J. Lasnier, D. Shiraki, I. Bykov et al. „Pellet triggering of edge localized modes in low collisionality pedestals at DIII-D“. Nuclear Fusion 62, Nr. 2 (22.12.2021): 026017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac3b8b.

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Abstract Edge localized modes (ELMs) are triggered using deuterium pellets injected into plasmas with ITER-relevant low collisionality pedestals, and the resulting peak ELM energy fluence is reduced by approximately 25%–50% relative to natural ELMs destabilized at similar pedestal pressures. Cryogenically frozen deuterium pellets are injected from the low-field side of the DIII-D tokamak at frequencies lower than the natural ELM frequency, and heat flux is measured by infrared cameras. Ideal MHD pedestal stability calculations show that without pellet injection, these low collisionality pedestals were limited by their current density (peeling-limited) rather than their pressure gradient (ballooning-limited). ELM triggering success correlates strongly with pellet mass, consistent with the theory that a large pressure perturbation is required to trigger an ELM in low collisionality discharges that are far from the ballooning stability boundary. For sufficiently large pellets, both instantaneous and time-integrated ELM energy deposition measured by infrared cameras is reduced with respect to naturally occurring ELMs at the inner strike point, which is the position where it is largest for natural ELMs. Energy fluence at the outer strike point is less effected. Cameras observing both heat flux and D-alpha emission often find significant toroidally asymmetric striations in the outboard far scrape-off layer resulting from ELMs that are triggered by pellets. Toroidal asymmetries at the inner strike point are similar between natural and pellet-triggered ELMs, suggesting that the reduction in peak heat flux and total fluence at that location is robust for the conditions reported here.

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Papáček, Štěpán, Karel Petera, Petr Císař, Vlastimil Stejskal und Mohammadmehdi Saberioon. „Experimental & Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of the Suitability of Different Solid Feed Pellets for Aquaculture Systems“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 19 (04.10.2020): 6954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196954.

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Fish feed delivery is one of the challenges which fish farmers encounter daily. The main aim of the feeding process is to ensure that every fish is provided with sufficient feed to maintain desired growth rates. The properties of fish feed pellet, such as water stability, degree of swelling or floating time, are critical traits impacting feed delivery. Some considerable effort is currently being made with regard to the replacement of fish meal and fish oil with other sustainable alternative raw materials (i.e., plant or insect-based) with different properties. The main aim of this study is to investigate the motion and residence time distribution (RTD) of two types of solid feed pellets with different properties in a cylindrical fish tank. After experimental identification of material and geometrical properties of both types of pellets, a detailed 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study for each type of pellets is performed. The mean residence time of pellets injected at the surface of the fish tank can differ by up to 75% depending on the position of the injection. The smallest residence time is when the position is located at the center of the liquid surface (17 s); the largest is near the edge of the tank (75 s). The maximum difference between the two studied types of pellets is 25% and it increases with positions closer to the center of the tank. The maximum difference for positions along the perimeter at 3/4 tank radius is 8%; the largest residence times are observed at the opposite side of the water inlet. Based on this study, we argue that the suitability of different solid feed pellets for aquaculture systems with specific fish can be determined, and eventually the pellet composition (formula) as well as the injection position can be optimized.

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Kasai, Satoshi. „Solid hydrogen pellet injection in high temperature plasmas.“ Kakuyūgō kenkyū 59, Nr. 3 (1988): 162–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/jspf1958.59.162.

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47

ISHIZAKI, Ryuichi, und Noriyoshi NAKAJIMA. „MHD Simulations of Pellet Injection in the LHD“. Plasma and Fusion Research 9 (2014): 3403130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/pfr.9.3403130.

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48

Fisher, R. K., J. M. McChesney, A. W. Howald, P. B. Parks, J. A. Snipes, J. L. Terry, E. S. Marmar, S. J. Zweben und S. S. Medley. „Alpha particle diagnostics using impurity pellet injection (invited)“. Review of Scientific Instruments 63, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1992): 4499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143705.

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49

Baylor, L. R., S. K. Combs, R. C. Duckworth, M. S. Lyttle, S. J. Meitner, D. A. Rasmussen und S. Maruyama. „Pellet Injection Technology and Its Applications on ITER“. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 44, Nr. 9 (September 2016): 1489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2016.2550419.

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50

Munaretto, S., S. Dal Bello, P. Innocente, M. Agostini, F. Auriemma, S. Barison, A. Canton et al. „RFX-mod wall conditioning by lithium pellet injection“. Nuclear Fusion 52, Nr. 2 (24.01.2012): 023012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/52/2/023012.

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