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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Peak load solution“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Peak load solution"
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Gorev, V. A. „Model load in case of an internal explosion“. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, Nr. 3 (12.07.2021): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.03.5-15.
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Introduction. Presently, there are no model loads that describe the burst effect of an internal explosion. The goal of the article is to design a model load that characterizes an internal explosion with regard for the effect of inertial safety structures. The author provides relevant examples.Methods. The experiment and the numerical modeling identify the characteristics of an internal explosion, primarily, its destructive effect. First of all, these characteristics include the pressure value and rate in the process of the first peak formation. A drop follows the first peak. Another rise to the second peak is followed by the final pressure drop. The rise to the first peak is described by a cubic parabola. The constant value of pressure is equal to the highest value of the two peaks. It replaces the drop and rise between the peaks. The linear dependence describes the area of the final pressure drop, so that the deformation is completed at the end point. The time of the pressure rise is determined by breakup, and it takes account of the characteristics of safety structures. The time of the second peak is the time when the flame area is maximal.Results and discussion. The deformation that may occur before the first peak represents a solution to the equation, describing the beam motion. This equation is provided in the article. The deformation between the peaks is determined by the balance of energy. The deformation, that occurs when the pressure drops, is identified by the solution to the motion equation. The solution is subject to the deformation completion condition.Conclusions. The results show that the time between the peaks is important when the pressure is close to maximal. The analysis identifies the conditions under which deformation remains elastic. These results can be contributed to the assessment of the bearing capacity of buildings that accommodate explosive production facilities. This approach ensures conservative results.
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Kumar, Sanjeet, Deepak Kumar, Jayant Jain und Jaswant Kumar Hirwani. „Influence of load, sliding speed, and microstructure on wear response of AZ91 Mg alloy“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 230, Nr. 12 (05.08.2016): 1462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116638601.
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This article deals with the tribological study of solution-treated and peak aged AZ91 Mg alloy. Tribological studies were carried out using reciprocating sliding contact under lubricated conditions. The effect of load, sliding speed, and microstructure on wear response of AZ91 Mg alloy was investigated. The wear response was characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping. The peak aged alloy showed excellent wear resistance against Al6351 Al alloy as compared with solution-treated alloy. The formation of γ-Mg17Al12 precipitates in aged sample was found to increase the wear resistance. The specific wear rate for peak aged alloy was almost one-third than that of solution-treated alloy. In both the samples, i.e. solution-treated and peak aged, the coefficient of friction decreases with increase in sliding speed at low load, while the behavior of peak aged sample was found to be opposite at higher load. At low load, the wear mode for peak aged sample was oxidative which further shifted to adhesive at higher loads.
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Liu, Chun Yang, Bing Xin Li, Jin San Ju, Xiu Gen Jiang und Xiao Chuan You. „Numerical Solution of Elas-Plastic Impact Load of Tube Column“. Advanced Materials Research 33-37 (März 2008): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.33-37.363.
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The explicit numerical method is used to trace the impact procedure of the tube columns impacted by a rigid body. The bar and rectangle tube models are both used to simulate the tube column. The elastic and elas-plastic impact load with different mass ratio and impact speed are obtained. The calculation results show that: for elastic models, the bigger the mass ratio and the higher the rigid body speed, the bigger the peak value of elastic impact load; at the same time, the more obvious the reduction effect of local buckling of rectangle tube on the peak value of impact load and the longer the contact time of tube model; so the peak value of impact load of the rectangle tube is not proportional to the rigid body speed. The stress wave in the tube causes a little difference between the load curves of tube model and bar model. For elas-plastic models, the higher the rigid body speed and the smaller the mass ratio, the bigger the peak value of impact load and the longer the contact time. The higher the rigid body speed, the bigger the difference between elastic and elas-plastic impact load peak value due to the expanding of plasticity. Because of the effect of local buckling, the peak value of elas-plastic impact load of rectangle tube is always lower than that of bar.
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Popov, I. P. „Peak Load Balancing for Engineering Vehicles“. Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, Nr. 3 (132) (Juni 2020): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2020-3-85-93.
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The paper considers the possibility of equipping engineering vehicles with inertial capacitance energy storage units, which should allow the power plant loads to be evened out, in turn leading to reducing the output power, mass and dimensions of the plant. In a range of engineering vehicles, such as excavators, bulldozers, diesel shunter locomotives and so on, loads are of a substantially irregular character. Peak loads are what determines the output power of power plants. It is evident that the power plant is not fully loaded most of the time. We propose a technological solution for balancing peak loads in engineering vehicles. Since operation modes of engineering vehicles change relatively frequently, it is efficient and advisable to equip them with energy storage units. The storage unit will not only level the power plant load, but also allow the energy to be recuperated during deceleration, which should improve the energy efficiency of the machine. We present the theoretical background required to develop an inertial capacitance energy storage unit, which is implemented as a direct current machine featuring a super flywheel. Employing flywheels in engineering vehicles is feasible due to their total mass requirements being flexible. Another advantage of certain engineering vehicles is their electro-mechanical transmission, the presence of which should minimise the development effort concerning the inertial capacitance energy storage unit discussed in the paper engineering vehicle, energy storage unit, super flywheel, power plant, energy efficiency
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Huang, Zhiyuan, Ruihua Xu, Wei Fan, Feng Zhou und Wei Liu. „Service-Oriented Load Balancing Approach to Alleviating Peak-Hour Congestion in a Metro Network Based on Multi-Path Accessibility“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 5 (01.03.2019): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051293.
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To further improve the service quality and reduce safety risks in current congested metro systems during peak hours, this paper presents a load balancing (LB) approach so that available capacity can be utilized more effectively in order to alleviate peak hour congestion. A set of under-utilized yet effective alternative routes were searched using a deletion algorithm (DA) in order to share the passenger loads on overcrowded metro line segments. An optimization model was constructed based on an improved route generalized time utility function considering the penalties of both in-vehicle congestion and transfers. A detailed load balancing solution was generated based on the proposed algorithm. A real-world example of three overloaded metro line segments in the Shanghai metro network were selected and used to verify the feasibility and validity of the developed load balancing method. The results show that the load balancing method can effectively reduce the overcrowding situation to a great extent. Finally, two prospective inducing schemes are discussed to help implement the load balancing solution in the actual metro system in an efficient and effective manner.
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Baranovsky, Vladimir, und Maxim Lipatov. „Marine steam-gas semi-closed cycle power plant for peak loads“. Energy Safety and Energy Economy 2 (April 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18635/2071-2219-2021-2-21-25.
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A wide range of efficient gas turbine engines has been developed at UEC NPO Saturn, Russia. Those engines can be successfully used for developing a marine steam-gas semi-closed cycle power plant to compensate peak loads on ships and vessels. This compact steam-gas power plant will demonstrate high efficiency which doesn’t change significantly depending on the load when compared to conventional steam-gas power plants. Also, this solution can possibly change the diesel engine prevalence among marine power plants.
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Kumar, D. Sai. „Demand Side Management Techniques for Peak Reduction“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, Nr. VII (30.07.2021): 2911–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36979.
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Industrial growth is the back bone for the development of any nation. Industries are mainly dependent on electrical energy. But from the various studies, the sources for electrical energy are decreasing gradually, and in turn, the gap is increasing between the supplier and the load. The solution for this scenario is optimal utilization of resources. To overcome this problem , the concept Demand Side Management (DSM) has emerged in Power System Planning and Management. The principle objective of DSM is mutual understanding between the supplier and the consumer for maximizing benefits and minimizing inconvenience. The aim of this research work is selection and application of appropriate DSM techniques to industrial and domestic loads for peak load management and energy conservation, that is to control the maximum demand during the peak hours and saving the energy by using the energy efficient and intelligent appliances like air conditioners and water heaters. DSM includes techniques like the End Use Equipment Control, the Load Priority Technique, he Peak Clipping & Valley filling, the Differential Tariff and Resizing of the equipment. Depending upon the application, all the techniques may be applied sequentially, or only a few of them can be applied. There is a lot of ambiguity in the selection of DSM techniques, because the application of each DSM technique depends on the case study and the problem associated with the respective case study. After comprehensive understanding of a particular case, a thorough investigation and subsequent data analysis pave the way for the selection of appropriate DSM technique/techniques
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Chen, Zhi Wei, und Jian Gang Wu. „Study on Generalized Fatigue Damage under Random Loading“. Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 1161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.1161.
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Generalized fatigue damage is derived based on S-N curve under constant amplitude loads with S characterizes the load cycle by the combination of load peak and load amplitude. For random fatigue loads, a natural choice is to use half cycle (Range) counting method. Rain Flow counting is popular due to its useful nature to pick-out full cycles among random loads. It is found in the present research through analysis and verified by experimental results that Rain Flow counting seriously overestimate the damage for the actual true random loads owing to its inherent nature and the Range counting method is more reliable. As the filtering threshold increases gradually, the overestimation effect by Rain Flow counting method becomes less, and the calculated damages by Rain Flow and Range counting begin to converge. The filtering threshold damage corresponding to the “fatigue limits” for the concerned case was calculated. According to equal damage principle, the filtering threshold amplitudes were derived and found to vary with the load peaks. In practice, an acceptable solution is to use quasi-variable filtering thresholds.
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Kim, Hyung-Joon, und Mun-Kyeom Kim. „Multi-Objective Based Optimal Energy Management of Grid-Connected Microgrid Considering Advanced Demand Response“. Energies 12, Nr. 21 (30.10.2019): 4142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214142.
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This paper proposes an optimal energy management approach for a grid-connected microgrid (MG) by considering the demand response (DR). The multi-objective optimization framework involves minimizing the operating cost and maximizing the utility benefit. The proposed approach combines confidence-based velocity-controlled particle swarm optimization (CVCPSO) (i.e., PSO with an added confidence term and modified inertia weight and acceleration parameters), with a fuzzy-clustering technique to find the best compromise operating solution for the MG operator. Furthermore, a confidence-based incentive DR (CBIDR) strategy was adopted, which pays different incentives in different periods to attract more DR participants during the peak period and thus ensure the reliability of the MG under the peak load. In addition, the peak load shaving factor (PLSF) was employed to show that the reliability of the peak load had improved. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach were verified by conducting simulations at two different scales of MG test systems. The results confirm that the proposed approach not only enhances the MG system peak load reliability, but also facilitates economical operation with better performance in terms of solution quality and diversity.
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Conteh, Abdul, Mohammed Elsayed Lotfy, Oludamilare Bode Adewuyi, Paras Mandal, Hiroshi Takahashi und Tomonobu Senjyu. „Demand Response Economic Assessment with the Integration of Renewable Energy for Developing Electricity Markets“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 7 (27.03.2020): 2653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072653.
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Electricity disparity in sub-Saharan Africa is a multi-dimensional challenge that has significant implications on the current socio-economic predicament of the region. Strategic implementation of demand response (DR) programs and renewable energy (RE) integration can provide efficient solutions with several benefits such as peak load reduction, grid congestion mitigation, load profile modification, and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. In this research, an incentive and price-based DR programs model using the price elasticity concepts is proposed. Economic analysis of the customer benefit, utility revenue, load factor, and load profile modification are optimally carried out using Freetown (Sierra Leone) peak load demand. The strategic selection index is employed to prioritize relevant DR programs that are techno-economically beneficial for the independent power producers (IPPs) and participating customers. Moreover, optimally designed hybridized grid-connected RE was incorporated using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to meet the deficit after DR implementation. GA is used to get the optimal solution in terms of the required PV area and the number of BESS to match the net load demand after implementing the DR schemes. The results show credible enhancement in the load profile in terms of peak period reduction as measured using the effective load factor. Moreover, customer benefit and utility revenues are significantly improved using the proposed approach. Furthermore, the inclusion of the hybrid RE supply proves to be an efficient approach to meet the load demand during low peak and valley periods and can also mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Peak load solution"
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Strömqvist, Bodil. „Fjärrvärmedriven Absorptionskyla : En ekonomisk undersökning av olika spetslösningar“. Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42412.
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This independent degree project has been implemented on behalf of FVB Sverige AB in collaboration Sundsvall Energi AB with the initial purpose of mapping manufacturers of hot water driven absorption chillers. After that, several technical solutions are examined to manage the peak load of a theoretical object which cannot produce the cooling power required with only an absorptions chiller, due to limitations in the district heating supply. The market study has shown that the supply of absorption chillers with drive temperatures of 70–90˚C is limited to a few manufacturers. World Energy offers a unit with drive temperatures of 70 ˚C and efficiency (COP) of 0,4. Due to limitations of district heating flow, a unit with drive temperature of 85 ˚C and efficiency of 0,77 is chosen. The technical solutions are dimensioned for a building with a peak power of 264 kilowatt, where the required peak load ranges from 31 to 39 kilowatt. The technical solutions examined are a solar collector system, tap water heat exchanger, and a conventional compressor driven chiller. The solar collectors are dependent on location but use no refrigerants that are affected by the F-gas regulation. The tap water solution consumes large flows of tap water, but the installation is simple. The conventional chiller is not location dependent but uses ozone degrading refrigerants and has a high cost of operation. From an economic perspective the technical solutions are equally profitable with a present net value of approximately 500 000 SEK and pay-back of 13 years. The examination has also shown that the present value is one million crowns in sales of heat and building after a ten-year period. In conclusion the conventional chiller has the biggest prerequisites to be used as a standardised solution for buildings with a bigger cooling load. Based on the technical and economical conditions.
Buchteile zum Thema "Peak load solution"
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Anwar, Adnan, Md Apel Mahmud, Md Jahangir Hossain und Himanshu Roy Pota. „Distributed Generation Capacity Planning for Distribution Networks to Minimize Energy Loss“. In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, 76–95. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9911-3.ch005.
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This chapter presents an unbalanced multi-phase optimal power flow (UMOPF) based planning approach to determine the optimum capacities of multiple distributed generation units in a distribution network. An adaptive weight particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to find the global optimum solution. To increase the efficiency of the proposed scheme, a co-simulation platform is developed. Since the proposed method is mainly based on the cost optimization, variations in loads and uncertainties within DG units are also taken into account to perform the analysis. An IEEE 123 node distribution system is used as a test distribution network which is unbalanced and multi-phase in nature, for the validation of the proposed scheme. The superiority of the proposed method is investigated through the comparisons of the results obtained that of a Genetic Algorithm based OPF method. This analysis also shows that the DG capacity planning considering annual load and generation uncertainties outperform the traditional well practised peak-load planning.
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Ahmad, Sadiq, Ayaz Ahmad und Raziq Yaqub. „Optimized Energy Consumption and Demand Side Management in Smart Grid“. In Smart Grid as a Solution for Renewable and Efficient Energy, 1–25. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0072-8.ch001.
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This chapter reviews prevailing methodologies and future techniques to optimize energy consumption. It discerns that smart grid provides better tools and equipment to control and monitor the consumer load, and optimize the energy consumption. Smart grid is essentially composed of smart energy equipment, advance metering infrastructure and Phasor Measurement Units (Synchrophaors) that helps to achieve optimized energy consumption. The chapter also places focus on demand side management and optimized energy consumption scheduling; and establishes that both, the utilities, as well as the users can play a vital role in intelligent energy consumption and optimization. The literature review also reveals smart protection, self-healing systems and off-peak operation result in minimizing transmission and distribution losses, as well as optimizing the energy consumption.
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Yu, Hongyan, Srikanta Patnaik, Shenjia Ji, Liguo Jia und Tengxiao Yang. „Design and Implementation of Multi-Agent Online Auction Systems in Cloud Computing“. In Research Anthology on Architectures, Frameworks, and Integration Strategies for Distributed and Cloud Computing, 251–69. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5339-8.ch012.
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Due to the high maintenance cost of traditional online auction system, poor load balance ability and down problems occurring in the peak value of system access, this paper aims to propose a solution to transit from traditional online auction system to cloud computing to get higher work efficiency, lower expenditure and less energy cost. The GAE platform is used to deploy application of the overall framework of online auction system in cloud computing, including development environment as well as online auction system components, and software architecture. The online auction negotiation algorithms in cloud computing are also proposed. Based on these key technologies, the business processes of the online auction system in cloud computing is designed, including users' login system, starting an auction, bidding processes, online auction data storage, and logout system. The online auction system constructed on GAE platform with cloud computing resources and storage ability can reduce the pressure of terminal equipment, which is more robust than traditional online auction system facing users' changeable needs in the process of online auction.
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Gawanmeh, Amjad, Ahmad Alomari, Alain April, Ali Alwadi und Sazia Parvin. „Green Evolutionary-Based Algorithm for Multiple Services Scheduling in Cloud Computing“. In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 51–82. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3038-1.ch003.
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The era of cloud computing allowed the instant scale up of provided services into massive capacities without the need for investing in any new on site infrastructure. Hence, the interest of this type of services has been increased, in particular, by medium scale entities who can afford to completely outsource their data-center and their infrastructure. In addition, large companies may wish to provide support for wide range of load capacities, including peak ones, however, this will require very higher costs in order to build larger data centers internally. Cloud services can provide services for these companies according to their need whether in peak load capacity of low ones. Therefore, resource sharing and provisioning is considered one of the most challenging problems in cloud based services since these services have become more numerous and dynamic. As a result, assigning tasks and services requests into available resources has become a persistent problem in cloud computing, given the large number of variables, and the increasing types of services, demand, and requirement. Scheduling services using a limited number of resources is problem that has been under study since the evolution of cloud computing. However, there are several open areas for improvements due to the large number of optimization variables. In general, the scheduling of services on available resources is considered NP complete. As a result, several heuristic based methods were proposed in order to enhance the efficiency of cloud systems. Since the problem has several optimization parameters, there are still several improvements that can be done in this area. This chapter discusses the formalization of the problem of scheduling multiple tasks by single user and multiple users, and then presents a proposed solution for each individual case. First, an algorithm is presented and evaluated for optimum schedule that allocates a number of subtasks on a given number of resources; the algorithm was shown to be linear vs. number of users. Then, an algorithm is presented to address the problem of multiple users allocations, each, with multiple subtasks. The algorithm was design using the single user allocation algorithm as a selection function. Since, this problem is known to be NP complete, heuristic based methods are usually used in order to provide better solutions. Therefore, a green evolutionary based algorithm is proposed in order to address the problem of resource allocation with large number of users. In addition, the algorithm presents allocation schedule with better utility, while the execution time is linear vs. different parameters. The results obtained in this work show that it overcomes the outcome of one of the most efficient algorithms presented in this regard that was based on game theory. Further, this method works with no restrictions on the problem parameters as opposed to game theory methods that require certain parameters restrictions on cost vector or compaction time matrix. On the other hand, the main limitation of the proposed algorithm is that it is only applicable to the scheduling problem of multiple tasks that has one price vector and one execution time vector. However, scheduling multiple users, each with subtasks that have their own price and execution time vector, is very complex problem and beyond the scope of this work, hence it will be addressed in future work.
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Molla, Tesfahun. „Smart Home Energy Management System“. In Handbook of Research on New Solutions and Technologies in Electrical Distribution Networks, 191–206. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1230-2.ch011.
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With the development of smart grid technology, residents can schedule their power consumption pattern in their home to minimize electricity expense, reducing peak-to-average ratio (PAR) and peak load demand. The two-way flow of information between electric utilities and consumers in smart grid opened new areas of applications. In this chapter, the general architectures of the home energy management systems (HEMS) are introduced in a home area network (HAN) based on the smart grid scenario. Efficient scheduling methods for home power usage are discussed. The energy management controller (EMC) receives the demand response (DR) information indicating the Time-of use electricity price (TOUP) through the home gateway (HG). With the DR signal, the EMC achieves an optimal power scheduling scheme that can be delivered to each electric appliance by the HG.
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Tamburini, Luca, Maurizio Rossi und Davide Brunelli. „Electronic and ICT Solutions for Smart Buildings and Urban Areas“. In Renewable and Alternative Energy, 1776–804. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1671-2.ch064.
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Nowadays, residential hybrid energy systems are moving from being a pure theoretical exercise to real applications for new urban areas. The growing interest related to the needs of reducing pollution, the phasing out of fossil fuel resources and the need to safeguard the environment, have led to a large number of studies and solutions to reduce fuel consumption and to manage energy sources in a better way, leading to an innovative concept of the city where smart infrastructures are in place. In this chapter we introduce the concept of hybrid energy systems, namely buildings that can exploit both renewable energy sources and the grid. On top of it, a system manager schedules the usage of electrical appliances to minimize the electricity bill while providing peak shaving and load balancing services to utilities and service providers.
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Tamburini, Luca, Maurizio Rossi und Davide Brunelli. „Electronic and ICT Solutions for Smart Buildings and Urban Areas“. In Handbook of Research on Social, Economic, and Environmental Sustainability in the Development of Smart Cities, 165–92. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8282-5.ch009.
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Nowadays, residential hybrid energy systems are moving from being a pure theoretical exercise to real applications for new urban areas. The growing interest related to the needs of reducing pollution, the phasing out of fossil fuel resources and the need to safeguard the environment, have led to a large number of studies and solutions to reduce fuel consumption and to manage energy sources in a better way, leading to an innovative concept of the city where smart infrastructures are in place. In this chapter we introduce the concept of hybrid energy systems, namely buildings that can exploit both renewable energy sources and the grid. On top of it, a system manager schedules the usage of electrical appliances to minimize the electricity bill while providing peak shaving and load balancing services to utilities and service providers.
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West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. „Divergence without Speciation“. In Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122343.003.0028.
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Part II discussed the developmental origins of novelty in terms of how the phenotype is reorganized during evolution. It did not deal extensively with the problem of adaptedness during evolutionary transitions. How are we to explain transitions from one well-adapted state to another? Many still-influential discussions of adaptive shifts, such as Simpson’s (1944) treatment of quantum evolution and Wright’s (1932) discussion of shifting balance, associate change with fitness cost. Speciational theories of change depict change as dependent upon reproductively isolated populations in new environments. This chapter discusses divergence without reproductive isolation of novel forms, where the presumed cost of change is sidestepped because of the presence of adaptive options in the population undergoing change. Darwin’s solution to the problem of maladaptation during change was strict gradualism in monomorphically adapted populations. Darwin (1859 [1966]) reasoned that transitions between specialized adaptive states need not be disruptive if they were to occur by a series of small steps. Wright’s (1932) shifting balance is another solution to the same problem, but in Wright’s theory, change is initiated by a chance combination of genes that happens to suit a population to a new adaptive mode. Without a gradual adaptive change or a lucky gene combination, a shift between two peaks on Wright’s adaptive landscape would imply passing through a valley of inferior adaptedness. Alternative phenotypes offer a third kind of solution, one that requires neither strict gradualism in a monomorphic population nor chance genetic events. In species with alternative phenotypes, a recurrent novelty that happens to prove advantageous to some individuals or in some circumstances can be refined via gradual genetic accommodation as an optional trait. Since this involves developmental diversification, not transformation or loss of existing traits, the new option develops as a new specialization alongside old ones. Shapiro notes that conditional expression of alternative phenotypes is a way of having two adaptive specializations “without carrying a genetic load,” or a cost of genotypes that oblige expression of phenotypes less favorable than the fittest one.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Peak load solution"
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Vani, B., R. Deepalakshmi und S. Suriya. „Web based testing — An optimal solution to handle peak load“. In 2013 International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Informatics and Mobile Engineering (PRIME). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icprime.2013.6496439.
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Halford, C. K., und R. F. Boehm. „Modeling of Phase Change Material Peak Load Shifting“. In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76035.
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Peak demand for electricity in many parts of the country, and particularly the desert southwest, is of critical concern to utilities. Any reasonable solutions that can be used for shifting some of the peak demand to off-peak should be seriously considered. For locations with high air conditioning demand, one possibility is to use a phase-change material in the ceiling insulation that may melt during peak demand periods and then be refrozen off peak. The purpose of our work is the development of a numerical model to evaluate the load shifting abilities of this type of approach. The simulation is based upon the solution to the one-dimensional diffusion equation driven by a sinusoidally varying ambient temperature imposed on the outer surface. In developing the model, the phase change material is taken as a horizontal layer within the insulation. Its location and mass are treated as parameters. Other variables such as the characteristic ambient temperature variations and the thermostat set point are varied relative to the phase change temperature. The output of the model is the time varying heat flux at the inner surface over the period of a day. Comparisons are made to the temporal variations of the heat flows without the application of the phase change material to those with the phase change material.
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Michaelis, Stefan, Andreas Lewandowski, Kai Daniel, Faqir Zarrar Yousaf und Christian Wietfeld. „A comprehensive mobility management solution for handling peak load in cellular network scenarios“. In the 6th ACM international symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1454659.1454662.
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Rogers, Austin, und Bryan Rasmussen. „A Generalized Approach for Commercial and Industrial Load Shifting Control“. In ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5191.
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Load shifting is one means whereby buildings may reduce their peak demand and provide other services to the electric grid. Current rate tariffs penalize facility peak demand, and large commercial and industrial buildings may realize cost savings by reducing this facility peak demand. The successful shifting of electric load requires some knowledge or prediction of the peak demand. This prediction is generally imperfect, and the resulting load shifting control is sub-optimal. This paper develops the optimal load shifting operations using a battery energy storage system under certain assumptions. This optimal solution is then used to develop a generalized strategy for load shifting battery control with the purpose of reducing peak 15-minute demand. This generalized strategy involves a prediction of the target demand level and a prediction of the current 15 minute period. The method whereby these predictions are made is critical to the success of load shifting. The general control logic may be used to analyze the sensitivity of load shifting to prediction error and sampling rate..
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Kong, Weifeng, Lingqiao Teng, Shaomin Zhang, Dedi Zhang, Xian Liu und Bin Shao. „A power peak load shifting mixing with solar energy solution for hybrid energy system of the telecommunication base station“. In 2018 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intlec.2018.8612415.
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Sessions, John W., Brad W. Hanks, Tyler E. Lewis, Brian D. Jensen, Dallin L. Lindstrom und Sandra H. Burnett. „Saline Solution Effects on Propidium Iodide Uptake in Nanoinjected HeLa Cells“. In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35431.
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Being able to deliver molecular loads to the intracellular space of mammalian cells is a key initial step of genetic engineering. In the following work, experimentation with nanoinjection, a non-viral molecular load delivery technique, was examined in regards to transmembrane delivery of propidium iodide (PI), a dye that cannot penetrate the cell membrane and fluoresces when bound to genetic material. Investigation includes two environmental factors: peak pulse amplitude (1.5 to 3, 5, 7, or 9 V) and saline type (HBSS, PBS with potassium, and PBS without potassium). Results indicate that PBS with potassium has significantly higher PI uptake efficiency than the other two saline solutions for pulsed voltages of 3V, 5V, and 7V (with the peak value being 3.352 times greater than the positive control). Also, cell viability analysis indicates that there is a measureable reduction in cell viability for voltage protocol samples in comparison to non-voltage protocol samples. Cell viabilities range from 74.5% to 89.4% for voltage protocol samples. Findings suggest that a possible combination of physical/electrical variables work in concert with biological mechanisms to contribute to overall cell survival and PI uptake efficiency in nanoinjection.
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Suzuki, Nobuhisa, und Masao Toyoda. „Critical Compressive Strain of Linepipes Related to Workhardening Parameters“. In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28253.
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An approximate solution to predict a critical compressive strain at the peak load (the peak load strain hereinafter) of linepipes subjected to axial compression is proposed in this paper. The approximate solution is derived from the deformation theory applying the stress-strain relationship with non–linear hardening properties, which have not been taken into account in a number of current equations applied for pipeline design. The approximate solution proposed in this paper is a closed form equation, which is useful and effective for the practical application. The parameters in the Ramberg-Osgood representation expressing workhardenability of the linepipes are successfully introduced for the approximate solution. The effectiveness and accuracy of the approximate solution are verified comparing the critical compressive strains of several API 5L grade linepipes obtained by finite element analyses.
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Khalaf, Poya, Hanz Richter, Antonie J. van den Bogert und Dan Simon. „Multi-Objective Optimization of Impedance Parameters in a Prosthesis Test Robot“. In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9848.
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We design a control system for a prosthesis test robot that was previously developed for transfemoral prosthesis design and test. The robot’s control system aims to mimic human walking in the sagittal plane. It has been seen in previous work that trajectory control alone fails to produce human-like forces. Therefore, we utilize an impedance controller to achieve reasonable tracking of motion and force simultaneously. However, these objectives conflict. Impedance control design can therefore be viewed as a multi-objective optimization problem. We use an evolutionary multi-objective strategy called Multi-Objective Invasive Weed Optimization (MOIWO) to design the impedance controller. The multi-objective optimization problem admits a set of equally valid alternative solutions known as the Pareto optimal set. We use a pseudo weight vector approach to select a single solution from the Pareto optimal set. Simulation results show that a solution that is selected for pure motion tracking performs very accurate motion tracking (RMS error of 0.06 cm) but fails to produce the desired forces (RMS error of 70% peak load). On the other hand, a solution that is selected for pure force tracking successfully tracks the desired force (RMS error of 12.7% peak load) at the expense of motion trajectory errors (RMS error of 4.5 cm).
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Nurhalim, Azriyenni, Firdaus und Syaiful Bahri. „Solar Electric Power Generator (SEPG) as a solution for peak load in household sector as energy conservation system: A case study in Pekanbaru City of Indonesia“. In 2011 International Conference & Utility Exhibition on Power and Energy Systems: Issues and Prospects for Asia (ICUE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icuepes.2011.6497746.
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Bredmose, Henrik, und Niels G. Jacobsen. „Breaking Wave Impacts on Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations: Focused Wave Groups and CFD“. In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20368.
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Extreme wave loads from breaking waves on a monopile foundation are computed within a 3D CFD model. The wave impacts are obtained by application of focused wave groups. For a fixed position of the monopile, the focus location of the wave group is varied to produce impacts with front shapes that varies from early stages of breaking to broken waves. The CFD results for in-line force are compared to load estimates obtained from the Morison equation. The peak loads determined with this simple method are smaller than those of the CFD solution. The computational results appear to suggest that for the impacts of spilling breakers the peak force gets smaller the more developed the breaking is. This is in qualitative agreement with a finding from shallow water impacts on vertical walls: the strongest wave loads are associated with breakers that hit the structure with slightly overturning front. Extensions of the study are discussed.